1
|
Arciniega-Martínez IM, Reséndiz Albor AA, Cárdenas Jaramillo LM, Gutiérrez-Meza JM, Falfán-Valencia R, Mendoza Arroyo B, Yépez-Ortega M, Pacheco-Yépez J, Abarca-Rojano E. CD4 +/IL‑4 + lymphocytes of the lamina propria and substance P promote colonic protection during acute stress. Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:63. [PMID: 34958108 PMCID: PMC8767552 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Life stress may influence symptom onset and severity in certain gastrointestinal disorders in association with a dysregulated intestinal barrier. It has been widely accepted that stress triggers the hypothalamus‑pituitary‑adrenal (HPA) axis, releasing corticosterone, which promotes intestinal permeability. In response, colonic inflammation alters mucosal immune homeostasis and destroys the colonic architecture, leading to severe intestinal diseases. Endogenous substance P (SP) does not inhibit the initial extent of the HPA axis response to restraint stress, but it reduces the duration of the stress, suggesting that SP plays an important role in the transition between acute and chronic stress. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of two groups of mice exposed to stress, including acute and chronic stress. The corticosterone was evaluated by ELISA, colon samples were obtained to detected polymorphonuclear cells by hematoxylin and eosin staining, goblet and mast cells were identified by immunocytochemistry and cytokine‑producing CD4+ T cells were analyzed by flow cytometry assays, adhesion proteins in the colon epithelium by western blotting and serum SP levels by ELISA. The results demonstrated an increase in the number of polymorphonuclear, goblet and mast cells, a decrease in claudin‑1 expression and an elevation in E‑cadherin expression during acute stress. Increased E‑cadherin expression was also detected during chronic stress. Moreover, it was found that acute stress caused a shift towards a predominantly anti‑inflammatory immune response (T helper 2 cells), as shown by the increase in the percentage of CD4+/IL‑6+ and CD4+/IL4+ lymphocytes in the lamina propria and the increase in serum SP. In conclusion, this response promoted colonic protection during acute stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Maciel Arciniega-Martínez
- Postgraduate Studies and Research Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, 11340 Mexico City, México
| | - Aldo Arturo Reséndiz Albor
- Postgraduate Studies and Research Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, 11340 Mexico City, México
| | - Luz María Cárdenas Jaramillo
- Morphology Coordination, Department of Basic Disciplinary Training, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, 11340 Mexico City, México
| | - Juan Manuel Gutiérrez-Meza
- Postgraduate Studies and Research Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, 11340 Mexico City, México
- Morphology Coordination, Department of Basic Disciplinary Training, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, 11340 Mexico City, México
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, 14080 Mexico City, México
| | - Belen Mendoza Arroyo
- Postgraduate Studies and Research Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, 11340 Mexico City, México
| | - Mariazell Yépez-Ortega
- Postgraduate Studies and Research Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, 11340 Mexico City, México
| | - Judith Pacheco-Yépez
- Postgraduate Studies and Research Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, 11340 Mexico City, México
| | - Edgar Abarca-Rojano
- Postgraduate Studies and Research Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, 11340 Mexico City, México
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schank JR, Heilig M. Substance P and the Neurokinin-1 Receptor: The New CRF. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 136:151-175. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
3
|
Chewing unflavored gum does not reduce cortisol levels during a cognitive task but increases the response of the sympathetic nervous system. Physiol Behav 2016; 154:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
4
|
Ubaldi M, Ricciardelli E, Pasqualini L, Sannino G, Soverchia L, Ruggeri B, Falcinelli S, Renzi A, Ludka C, Ciccocioppo R, Hardiman G. Biomarkers of hippocampal gene expression in a mouse restraint chronic stress model. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 16:471-82. [PMID: 25916519 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute stress provides many beneficial effects whereas chronic stress contributes to a variety of human health issues including anxiety, depression, gastrointestinal problems, cardiac disease, sleep disorders and obesity. The goal of this work was to identify, using a rodent model, hippocampal gene signatures associated with prolonged chronic stress representing candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets for early diagnosis and pharmacological intervention for stress induced disease. MATERIALS & METHODS Mice underwent 'restraint stress' over 7 consecutive days and hippocampal gene-expression changes were analyzed at 3, 12 and 24 h following the final restraint treatment. RESULTS Data indicated that mice exposed to chronic restraint stress exhibit a differential gene-expression profile compared with non-stressed controls. The greatest differences were observed 12 and 24 h following the final stress test. CONCLUSION Our study indicated that Gpr88, Ttr, Gh and Tac1 mRNAs were modulated in mice exposed to chronic restraint stress. These transcripts represent a panel of biomarkers and druggable targets for further analysis in the context of chronic stress associated disease in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Ubaldi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, Camerino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ubaldi M, Cannella N, Ciccocioppo R. Emerging targets for addiction neuropharmacology: From mechanisms to therapeutics. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 224:251-84. [PMID: 26822362 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug abuse represents a considerable burden of disease and has enormous economic impacts on societies. Over the years, few medications have been developed for clinical use. Their utilization is endowed with several limitations, including partial efficacy or significant side effects. On the other hand, the successful advancement of these compounds provides an important proof of concept for the feasibility of drug development programs in addiction. In recent years, a wealth of information has been generated on the psychological mechanisms, genetic or epigenetic predisposing factors, and neurobiological adaptations induced by drug consumption that interact with each other to contribute to disease progression. It is now clear that addiction develops through phases, from initial recreational use to excessive consumption and compulsive drug seeking, with a shift from positive to negative reinforcement driving motivated behaviors. A greater understanding of these mechanisms has opened new vistas in drug development programs. Researchers' attention has been shifted from investigation of classical targets associated with reward to biological substrates responsible for negative reinforcement, impulse loss of control, and maladaptive mechanisms resulting from protracted drug use. From this research, several new biological targets for the development of innovative therapies have started to emerge. This chapter offers an overview of targets currently under scrutiny for the development of new medications for addiction. This work is not exhaustive but rather it provides a few examples of how this research has advanced in recent years by virtue of studies carried out in our laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Ubaldi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Nazzareno Cannella
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ong LK, Guan L, Damanhuri H, Goodchild AK, Bobrovskaya L, Dickson PW, Dunkley PR. Neurobiological consequences of acute footshock stress: effects on tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation and activation in the rat brain and adrenal medulla. J Neurochem 2013; 128:547-60. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Kooi Ong
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute; The University of Newcastle; NSW Australia
| | - Liying Guan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute; The University of Newcastle; NSW Australia
| | - Hanafi Damanhuri
- The Australian School of Advance Medicine; Macquarie University; NSW Australia
- Biochemistry Department; Faculty of Medicine; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Ann K. Goodchild
- The Australian School of Advance Medicine; Macquarie University; NSW Australia
| | - Larisa Bobrovskaya
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences; University of South Australia; SA Australia
| | - Phillip W. Dickson
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute; The University of Newcastle; NSW Australia
| | - Peter R. Dunkley
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and Hunter Medical Research Institute; The University of Newcastle; NSW Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang LM, Yu L, Jin HJ, Zhao H. Substance P receptor antagonist in lateral habenula improves rat depression-like behavior. Brain Res Bull 2013; 100:22-8. [PMID: 24157953 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) levels are closely related with the pathogenesis of depression. Recent work has focused on antidepressive effect of substance P receptor antagonist (SPA), however, its action site and mechanism remain largely unresolved. Our previous results showed that the lateral habenula (LHb) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of depression. The current study investigated the effects of SPA microinjected into LHb on the behavioral responses of two rat models that exhibit depression-like behavior. To produce adult rats that exhibit depression-like behavior, rats were either exposed to chronic mild stress (CMS), or chronically administered clomipramine (CLI), a tricyclic antidepressant, during the neonatal state of life. The forced-swimming test (FST) was used to evaluate behavioral responses. Furthermore, we measured serotonin (5-HT) levels in dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) using microdialysis. The FST showed a decreased immobility time and an increased climbing time after SPA injection into the LHb of depression-like behavior rats. In addition, 5-HT levels in DRN increased after SPA was microinjected into LHb of the rats that exhibited depression-like behavior. This study demonstrates that LHb mediates antidepressive effect of SPA by increasing 5-HT levels in the DRN, suggesting that the LHb may be a potential target of antidepressant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Yang
- Department of Physiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Physiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Hui-Juan Jin
- Department of Physiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Neuroscience Research Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schank JR, Ryabinin AE, Giardino WJ, Ciccocioppo R, Heilig M. Stress-related neuropeptides and addictive behaviors: beyond the usual suspects. Neuron 2012; 76:192-208. [PMID: 23040815 PMCID: PMC3495179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Addictive disorders are chronic, relapsing conditions that cause extensive disease burden. Genetic factors partly account for susceptibility to addiction, but environmental factors such as stressful experiences and prolonged exposure of the brain to addictive drugs promote its development. Progression to addiction involves neuroadaptations within neurocircuitry that mediates stress responses and is influenced by several peptidergic neuromodulators. While corticotrophin releasing factor is the prototypic member of this class, recent work has identified several additional stress-related neuropeptides that play an important role in regulation of drug intake and relapse, including the urocortins, nociceptin, substance P, and neuropeptide S. Here, we review this emerging literature, discussing to what extent the properties of these neuromodulators are shared or distinct and considering their potential as drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse R. Schank
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Inst. on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Andrey E. Ryabinin
- Dept. of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098
| | - William J. Giardino
- Dept. of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, Camerino University, Italy
| | - Markus Heilig
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Inst. on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Delgado-Morales R, del Río E, Gómez-Román A, Bisagno V, Nadal R, de Felipe C, Armario A. Adrenocortical and behavioural response to chronic restraint stress in neurokinin-1 receptor knockout mice. Physiol Behav 2011; 105:669-75. [PMID: 22019828 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Brain substance P and its receptor (neurokinin-1, NK1) have a widespread brain distribution and are involved in an important number of behavioural and physiological responses to emotional stimuli. However, the role of NK1 receptors in the consequences of exposure to chronic stress has not been explored. The present study focused on the role of these receptors in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) response to daily repeated restraint stress (evaluated by plasma corticosterone levels), as well as on the effect of this procedure on anxiety-like behaviour, spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze (MWM), a hippocampus-dependent task. Adult null mutant NK1-/- mice, with a C57BL/6J background, and the corresponding wild-type mice showed similar resting corticosterone levels and, also, did not differ in corticosterone response to a first restraint. Nevertheless, adaptation to the repeated stressor was faster in NK1-/- mice. Chronic restraint modestly increased anxiety-like behaviour in the light-dark test, irrespective of genotype. Throughout the days of the MWM trials, NK1-/- mice showed a similar learning rate to that of wild-type mice, but had lower levels of thigmotaxis and showed a better retention in the probe trial. Chronic restraint stress did not affect these variables in either genotype. These results indicate that deletion of the NK1 receptor does not alter behavioural susceptibility to chronic repeated stress in mice, but accelerates adaptation of the HPA axis. In addition, deletion may result in lower levels of thigmotaxis and improved short-term spatial memory, perhaps reflecting a better learning strategy in the MWM.
Collapse
|
10
|
Culman J, Das G, Ohlendorf C, Haass M, Maser-Gluth C, Zuhayra M, Zhao Y, Itoi K. Blockade of tachykinin NK1/NK2 receptors in the brain attenuates the activation of corticotrophin-releasing hormone neurones in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and the sympathoadrenal and pituitary-adrenal responses to formalin-induced pain in the rat. J Neuroendocrinol 2010; 22:467-76. [PMID: 20210847 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.01987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from pharmacological studies has implicated substance P (SP), a natural ligand of tachykinin NK(1) receptors which can also interact with NK(2) receptors, in the generation of pressor and tachycardic responses to stress. Using selective blockade of brain NK(1) and NK(2) receptors, we tested in conscious rats the hypothesis that SP initiates, within the neuronal brain circuits, the sympathoadrenal, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and behavioural responses to noxious stimuli. Formalin injected s.c. through a chronically implanted catheter in the area of the lower leg was used as a pain stimulus. Rats were pretreated i.c.v. with vehicle or the selective, nonpeptide antagonists of tachykinin NK(1) and NK(2) receptors, RP 67580 and SR 48968, respectively. Ten minutes thereafter, formalin was injected s.c. and the cardiovascular responses were recorded, plasma concentrations of catecholamines, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone were determined and the expression of the inducible transcription factor c-Fos in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei was detected to identify neurones which were activated during pain stimulation. Blockade of NK(1) and NK(2) receptors attenuated the formalin-induced increases in mean arterial pressure and heart rate, adrenaline and ACTH concentrations in plasma, and completely abolished the pain-induced c-Fos expression in corticotrophin-releasing hormone neurones localised in the parvocellular division of the PVN. The results obtained provide pharmacological evidence that tachykinins, most probably SP, act as mediators within the neuronal circuits linked to the initiation and control of the cardiovascular, sympathoadrenal, HPA and behavioural responses to pain stimuli and provide an excitatory input to corticotrophin-releasing hormone neurones in the PVN to activate the HPA axis. Our data demonstrating the inhibition of the complex response pattern to noxious stimuli and stress are consistent with the proposed anxiolytic and antidepressant activity of NK(1) and NK(2) receptor antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Culman
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li L, Gao X, Zhao J, Ji X, Wei H, Luo Y. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid substance P in post-stroke patients with depression. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009; 63:298-304. [PMID: 19566760 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the correlation between the incidence of post-stroke depression (PSD) and the levels of substance P (SP) in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). METHODS Ninety-one stroke patients were divided into PSD (n = 46) and post-stroke (without depression) groups (n = 45). PSD must have occurred 2-4 weeks after the onset of the stroke and was determined by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD). In addition, the subjects were divided into anterior (n = 67) and posterior circulation stroke groups (n = 24) based on the location of the focus as determined by computed tomography. All recruited patients were graded by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). RESULTS The results included the following findings: (i) the level of plasma SP in the PSD group (58.47 +/- 14.39) was higher than that of the PS group (36.98 +/- 9.49; P = 0.000), while the level of CSF SP in the PSD group (72.13 +/- 13.06) was higher than that of the post-stroke group (37.30 +/- 12.57; P = 0.03); (ii) the level of plasma SP was positively correlated with the HAMD and NIHSS score; (iii) the level of plasma SP (38.45 +/- 12.23), the HAMD score (9.08 +/- 8.72), and the NIHSS score (3.25 +/- 1.90) of the anterior stroke group (51.21 +/- 16.27, 17.46 +/- 15.96, and 6.91 +/- 3.30, respectively) were higher than those of the posterior stroke group (38.45 +/- 12.23, 9.08 +/- 8.7, and 3.25 +/- 1.90, respectively; P = 0.017, P = 0.001, and P = 0.000, respectively). CONCLUSIONS SP in the plasma and CSF of patients exhibited a close correlation with neural damage and the incidence of PSD. This study also suggested that anterior hemispheric strokes may play a significant role in development of PSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ilin Y, Richter-Levin G. Enriched environment experience overcomes learning deficits and depressive-like behavior induced by juvenile stress. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4329. [PMID: 19180243 PMCID: PMC2631645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mood disorders affect the lives and functioning of millions each year. Epidemiological studies indicate that childhood trauma is predominantly associated with higher rates of both mood and anxiety disorders. Exposure of rats to stress during juvenility (JS) (27–29 days of age) has comparable effects and was suggested as a model of induced predisposition for these disorders. The importance of the environment in the regulation of brain, behavior and physiology has long been recognized in biological, social and medical sciences. Here, we studied the effects of JS on emotional and cognitive aspects of depressive-like behavior in adulthood, on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity and on the expression of cell adhesion molecule L1 (L1-CAM). Furthermore, we combined it with the examination of potential reversibility by enriched environment (EE) of JS – induced disturbances of emotional and cognitive aspects of behavior in adulthood. Three groups were tested: Juvenile Stress –subjected to Juvenile stress; Enriched Environment – subjected to Juvenile stress and then, from day 30 on to EE; and Naïves. In adulthood, coping and stress responses were examined using the elevated plus-maze, open field, novel setting exploration and two way shuttle avoidance learning. We found that, JS rats showed anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in adulthood, altered HPA axis activity and altered L1-CAM expression. Increased expression of L1-CAM was evident among JS rats in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and Thalamus (TL). Furthermore, we found that EE could reverse most of the effects of Juvenile stress, both at the behavioral, endocrine and at the biochemical levels. The interaction between JS and EE resulted in an increased expression of L1-CAM in dorsal cornu ammonis (CA) area 1 (dCA1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yana Ilin
- Department of Psychology, The Institute for the Study of Affective Neuroscience (ISAN), University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gal Richter-Levin
- Department of Psychology, The Institute for the Study of Affective Neuroscience (ISAN), University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ebner K, Muigg P, Singewald G, Singewald N. Substance P in Stress and Anxiety. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1144:61-73. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1418.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|