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Tranter MM, Faget L, Hnasko TS, Powell SB, Dillon DG, Barnes SA. Postnatal Phencyclidine-Induced Deficits in Decision Making Are Ameliorated by Optogenetic Inhibition of Ventromedial Orbitofrontal Cortical Glutamate Neurons. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 4:264-274. [PMID: 38298783 PMCID: PMC10829674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is essential for decision making, and functional disruptions within the OFC are evident in schizophrenia. Postnatal phencyclidine (PCP) administration in rats is a neurodevelopmental manipulation that induces schizophrenia-relevant cognitive impairments. We aimed to determine whether manipulating OFC glutamate cell activity could ameliorate postnatal PCP-induced deficits in decision making. Methods Male and female Wistar rats (n = 110) were administered saline or PCP on postnatal days 7, 9, and 11. In adulthood, we expressed YFP (yellow fluorescent protein) (control), ChR2 (channelrhodopsin-2) (activation), or eNpHR 3.0 (enhanced halorhodopsin) (inhibition) in glutamate neurons within the ventromedial OFC (vmOFC). Rats were tested on the probabilistic reversal learning task once daily for 20 days while we manipulated the activity of vmOFC glutamate cells. Behavioral performance was analyzed using a Q-learning computational model of reinforcement learning. Results Compared with saline-treated rats expressing YFP, PCP-treated rats expressing YFP completed fewer reversals, made fewer win-stay responses, and had lower learning rates. We induced similar performance impairments in saline-treated rats by activating vmOFC glutamate cells (ChR2). Strikingly, PCP-induced performance deficits were ameliorated when the activity of vmOFC glutamate cells was inhibited (halorhodopsin). Conclusions Postnatal PCP-induced deficits in decision making are associated with hyperactivity of vmOFC glutamate cells. Thus, normalizing vmOFC activity may represent a potential therapeutic target for decision-making deficits in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Tranter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California
| | - Lauren Faget
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Thomas S. Hnasko
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Susan B. Powell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California
| | - Daniel G. Dillon
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samuel A. Barnes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California
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Calleja-Felipe M, Wojtas MN, Diaz-González M, Ciceri D, Escribano R, Ouro A, Morales M, Knafo S. FORTIS: a live-cell assay to monitor AMPA receptors using pH-sensitive fluorescence tags. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:324. [PMID: 34045447 PMCID: PMC8160262 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01457-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The real-time live fluorescent monitoring of surface AMPA receptors (AMPARs) could open new opportunities for drug discovery and phenotypic screening concerning neuropsychiatric disorders. We have developed FORTIS, a tool based on pH sensitivity capable of detecting subtle changes in surface AMPARs at a neuronal population level. The expression of SEP-GluA1 or pHuji-GluA1 recombinant AMPAR subunits in mammalian neurons cultured in 96-well plates enables surface AMPARs to be monitored with a microplate reader. Thus, FORTIS can register rapid changes in surface AMPARs induced by drugs or genetic modifications without having to rely on conventional electrophysiology or imaging. By combining FORTIS with pharmacological manipulations, basal surface AMPARs, and plasticity-like changes can be monitored. We expect that employing FORTIS to screen for changes in surface AMPARs will accelerate both neuroscience research and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Calleja-Felipe
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
| | - Magdalena Natalia Wojtas
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Marta Diaz-González
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Dalila Ciceri
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
| | - Raúl Escribano
- Fundación Biofísica Bizkaia/Biofisika Bizkaia Fundazioa (FBB), Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
| | - Alberto Ouro
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Miguel Morales
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain
| | - Shira Knafo
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, and The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of the Basque Country, Leioa, E-48940, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain.
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Turner CA, Lyons DM, Buckmaster CL, Aurbach EL, Watson SJ, Schatzberg AF, Akil H. Neural cell adhesion molecule peptide mimetics modulate emotionality: pharmacokinetic and behavioral studies in rats and non-human primates. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:356-363. [PMID: 29703997 PMCID: PMC6300554 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence highlights the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family in emotion modulation. Although ligands that activate FGF receptors have antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in animal models, FGF ligands have a broad range of actions both in the brain and the periphery. Therefore, identifying molecular partners that may function as allosteric modulators could offer new avenues for drug development. Since neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) activates FGF receptors, we asked whether peripherally administered NCAM peptide mimetics penetrate the brain and alter the behavior of standardized tests that have predictive validity for drug treatments of anxiety or depression. The NCAM peptide mimetic, plannexin, acutely increased and chronically decreased anxiety, but did not have antidepressant effects in rats. Another NCAM peptide mimetic, FGLL, had acute anxiogenic effects and chronic antidepressant effects in rats. A related NCAM peptide mimetic, FGLS, had antidepressant effects without modulating anxiety-like behavior, and these antidepressant effects were blocked by an AMPA receptor antagonist. Cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of FGLs correlated with blood plasma levels in rats and non-human primates, and CSF-to-blood ratios of FGLS were comparable in both species. Results indicate that NCAM peptide mimetics penetrate the brain and support the suggestion that FGLS may be a candidate for further development as a novel treatment for major depressive disorder in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cortney A. Turner
- 0000000086837370grid.214458.eMolecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - David M. Lyons
- 0000000419368956grid.168010.eDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305 USA
| | - Christine L. Buckmaster
- 0000000419368956grid.168010.eDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305 USA
| | - Elyse L. Aurbach
- 0000000086837370grid.214458.eMolecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Stanley J. Watson
- 0000000086837370grid.214458.eMolecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,0000000086837370grid.214458.eDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Alan F. Schatzberg
- 0000000419368956grid.168010.eDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305 USA
| | - Huda Akil
- 0000000086837370grid.214458.eMolecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA ,0000000086837370grid.214458.eDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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Soud K, Jørgensen SH, Woldbye DPD, Sørensen AT. The C-terminal flanking peptide of neuropeptide Y (NPY) is not essential for seizure-suppressant actions of prepro-NPY overexpression in male rats. J Neurosci Res 2018; 97:362-372. [PMID: 30367522 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The full coding sequence of neuropeptide Y (NPY), prepro-NPY, is sequentially metabolized into three peptides; an N-terminus 28-amino acid signaling peptide, the NPY peptide itself (NPY1-36), and a 30-amino acid C-terminus peptide, known as the C-terminal flanking peptide of neuropeptide-Y (CPON). While the signaling peptide directs intracellular trafficking and NPY1-36 is well characterized, the biological function of CPON is unknown. This is noteworthy because CPON is co-stored and co-released along with NPY1-36 and could thus potentially serve important functions. To assess the role of CPON, we adapted a viral genetic approach using two different vector designs encoding NPY, but where the CPON coding sequence was excluded from one of the vectors. Thus, the effect of CPON was indirectly assessed. Male rats received intrahippocampal injections of either a vector encoding NPY1-39 whose metabolism yields NPY1-36 and not CPON, or a prepro-NPY vector encoding both NPY1-36 and CPON. A third vector encoding EGFP served as control. We subsequently studied to what extent CPON might affect seizure susceptibility and memory performance, respectively, to address two important questions to evaluate the potential of NPY gene therapy in epilepsy. Both NPY vectors, as compared to EGFP control, were found to be equally effective at suppressing acute kainate-induced seizures, and both did not influence learning and memory performance in the Morris water maze. Thus CPON itself does not appear to aid actions governed by vector-mediated overexpression of NPY1-36 within the hippocampus. Whether CPON serves other important functions remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Soud
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Heide Jørgensen
- Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Paul Drucker Woldbye
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Toft Sørensen
- Neuropharmacology and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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NCAM Mimetic Peptides: Potential Therapeutic Target for Neurological Disorders. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1714-1722. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2594-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Asua D, Bougamra G, Calleja-Felipe M, Morales M, Knafo S. Peptides Acting as Cognitive Enhancers. Neuroscience 2017; 370:81-87. [PMID: 29030286 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present an overview of three peptides that, by improving synaptic function, enhance learning and memory in laboratory rodents. We summarize their structure, their mechanisms of action, and their effects on synaptic and cognitive function. First we describe FGL, a peptide derived from the neural cell adhesion molecule which improves cognition by the activation of the PKC pathway that triggers an activity-dependent delivery of AMPA receptors to the synapses. Then we describe PTD4-PI3KAc peptide that by activating PI3K signaling pathway it promotes synapse and spine formation and enhances hippocampal dependent memory. Lastly, we describe a new peptide derived from the well-known tumor suppressor PTEN that prevents pathological interactions between PTEN and PDZ proteins at synapses during exposure to Amyloid beta. This action prevents memory deterioration in mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Together, this review indicates how learning and memory can be improved by manipulating synaptic function and number through pharmacological treatment with peptides, and it establishes synaptic function as a valid target for cognitive enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Asua
- Molecular Cognition Laboratory, Biophysics Institute, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Campus Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Ghassen Bougamra
- Molecular Cognition Laboratory, Biophysics Institute, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Campus Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - María Calleja-Felipe
- Molecular Cognition Laboratory, Biophysics Institute, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Campus Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Miguel Morales
- Molecular Cognition Laboratory, Biophysics Institute, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Campus Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shira Knafo
- Molecular Cognition Laboratory, Biophysics Institute, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Campus Universidad del País Vasco, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain; Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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7
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Memantine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, improves working memory deficits in DGKβ knockout mice. Neurosci Lett 2016; 630:228-232. [PMID: 27495014 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) β is a type 1 isozyme of the DGK family. We previously reported that DGKβ was deeply involved in neurite spine formation, and DGKβ knockout (KO) mice exhibited behavioral abnormalities concerning spine formation, such as cognitive, emotional, and attentional impairment. Moreover, some of these abnormalities were ameliorated by the administration of a mood stabilizer. However, there is no data about how memory-improving drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease affect DGKβ KO mice. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of an anti-Alzheimer's drug, memantine on the working memory deficit observed in DGKβ KO mice. In the Y-maze test, the administration of memantine significantly improved working memory of DGKβ KO mice. We also found that the expression levels of the NR2A and NR2B N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits were increased in the prefrontal cortex, but decreased in the hippocampus of DGKβ KO mice. These altered expression levels of NR2 subunits might be related to the effect of an NMDA receptor antagonist, memantine. Taken together, these findings may support the hypothesis that DGKβ has a pivotal role in cognitive function.
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Grayson B, Barnes SA, Markou A, Piercy C, Podda G, Neill JC. Postnatal Phencyclidine (PCP) as a Neurodevelopmental Animal Model of Schizophrenia Pathophysiology and Symptomatology: A Review. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2016; 29:403-428. [PMID: 26510740 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction and negative symptoms of schizophrenia remain an unmet clinical need. Therefore, it is essential that new treatments and approaches are developed to recover the cognitive and social impairments that are seen in patients with schizophrenia. These may only be discovered through the use of carefully validated, aetiologically relevant and translational animal models. With recent renewed interest in the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia, postnatal administration of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP) has been proposed as a model that can mimic aspects of schizophrenia pathophysiology. The purpose of the current review is to examine the validity of this model and compare it with the adult subchronic PCP model. We review the ability of postnatal PCP administration to produce behaviours (specifically cognitive deficits) and neuropathology of relevance to schizophrenia and their subsequent reversal by pharmacological treatments. We review studies investigating effects of postnatal PCP on cognitive domains in schizophrenia in rats. Morris water maze and delayed spontaneous alternation tasks have been used for working memory, attentional set-shifting for executive function, social novelty discrimination for selective attention and prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle for sensorimotor gating. In addition, we review studies on locomotor activity and neuropathology. We also include two studies using dual hit models incorporating postnatal PCP and two studies on social behaviour deficits following postnatal PCP. Overall, the evidence we provide supports the use of postnatal PCP to model cognitive and neuropathological disturbances of relevance to schizophrenia. To date, there is a lack of evidence to support a significant advantage of postnatal PCP over the adult subchronic PCP model and full advantage has not been taken of its neurodevelopmental component. When thoroughly characterised, it is likely that it will provide a useful neurodevelopmental model to complement other models such as maternal immune activation, particularly when combined with other manipulations to produce dual or triple hit models. However, the developmental trajectory of behavioural and neuropathological changes induced by postnatal PCP and their relevance to schizophrenia must be carefully mapped out. Overall, we support further development of dual (or triple) hit models incorporating genetic, neurodevelopmental and appropriate environmental elements in the search for more aetiologically valid animal models of schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Grayson
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - S A Barnes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - A Markou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - C Piercy
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - G Podda
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - J C Neill
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Janhunen SK, Svärd H, Talpos J, Kumar G, Steckler T, Plath N, Lerdrup L, Ruby T, Haman M, Wyler R, Ballard TM. The subchronic phencyclidine rat model: relevance for the assessment of novel therapeutics for cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:4059-83. [PMID: 26070547 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Current treatments for schizophrenia have modest, if any, efficacy on cognitive dysfunction, creating a need for novel therapies. Their development requires predictive animal models. The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) hypothesis of schizophrenia indicates the use of NMDA antagonists, like subchronic phencyclidine (scPCP) to model cognitive dysfunction in adult animals. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to assess the scPCP model by (1) reviewing published findings of scPCP-induced neurochemical changes and effects on cognitive tasks in adult rats and (2) comparing findings from a multi-site study to determine scPCP effects on standard and touchscreen cognitive tasks. METHODS Across four research sites, the effects of scPCP (typically 5 mg/kg twice daily for 7 days, followed by at least 7-day washout) in adult male Lister Hooded rats were studied on novel object recognition (NOR) with 1-h delay, acquisition and reversal learning in Morris water maze and touchscreen-based visual discrimination. RESULTS Literature findings showed that scPCP impaired attentional set-shifting (ASST) and NOR in several labs and induced a variety of neurochemical changes across different labs. In the multi-site study, scPCP impaired NOR, but not acquisition or reversal learning in touchscreen or water maze. Yet, this treatment regimen induced locomotor hypersensitivity to acute PCP until 13-week post-cessation. CONCLUSIONS The multi-site study confirmed that scPCP impaired NOR and ASST only and demonstrated the reproducibility and usefulness of the touchscreen approach. Our recommendation, prior to testing novel therapeutics in the scPCP model, is to be aware that further work is required to understand the neurochemical changes and specificity of the cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna K Janhunen
- CNS Research, Research and Development, Orion Pharma, Orion Corporation, Tengstrominkatu 8, P.O. Box 425, 20101, Turku, Finland.
| | - Heta Svärd
- CNS Research, Research and Development, Orion Pharma, Orion Corporation, Tengstrominkatu 8, P.O. Box 425, 20101, Turku, Finland
| | - John Talpos
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Thomas Steckler
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Niels Plath
- Synaptic Transmission, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark
| | - Linda Lerdrup
- Synaptic Transmission, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark
| | - Trine Ruby
- Synaptic Transmission, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark
| | - Marie Haman
- Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roger Wyler
- Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Theresa M Ballard
- Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
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Diet-induced changes in brain structure and behavior in old gerbils. Nutr Diabetes 2015; 5:e163. [PMID: 26075640 PMCID: PMC4491854 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2015.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Aging is associated with many physiological alterations such as changes in metabolism, food intake and brain dysfunction. Possible ways to correct age-related brain dysfunction using dietary treatments still remains undeveloped. The aim of our research was to investigate whether long-term dietary treatment with 2-oxoglutarate (2-OX), which is involved in many regulatory pathways, together with pancreatic-like enzymes of microbial origin (PLEM), which ensure appropriate digestion and absorption of nutrients, affects age-related changes in the brain morphology and cognitive function in old Mongolian gerbils. Materials/methods: Experiment was comprised of two separate studies. Samples of the hippocampus were obtained from male Mongolian gerbils of different ages (n=63 in the first study, n=74 in the second study). Immunohistochemistry was used for visualization of the nestin/NeuN-positive neuronal progenitors. Changes in amount of neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAMs) were estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For assessment of cognitive and sensorimotor functions, the T-maze spontaneous alternation test and the adhesive removal test (ART) were used. The ultrastructure of the CA1 hippocampal area was visualized using transmission electron microscopy. Results: Long-term treatment with 2-OX+PLEM led to a significantly increased amount of nestin/NeuN-positive cells in the CA1 hippocampal area and positive changes in learning and sensorimotor functions. As for synaptic transmission, changes in the spatial distribution of synaptic vesicles, as well as the redistribution of NCAM forms, were observed in the hippocampal synapses of the old gerbils. Conclusions: Taken together, our data show that dietary supplementation with 2-OX+PLEM not only enhances the proliferation and differentiation of neuronal progenitors, but also improves age-related deficits in the morphological and functional state of the brain of old gerbils. Thus, suggesting that a 2-OX+PLEM-enriched diet could also improve brain functions that have deteriorated with age.
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Goncharova K, Ushakova G, Kovalenko T, Osadchenko I, Skibo G, Pierzynowski S. Diet supplemented with pancreatic-like enzymes of microbial origin restores the hippocampal neuronal plasticity and behaviour in young pigs with experimental exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Wang J, Zheng J, Zheng Q, Wu Y, Wu B, Huang S, Fang W, Guo X. FGL-functionalized self-assembling nanofiber hydrogel as a scaffold for spinal cord-derived neural stem cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 46:140-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Corbett NJ, Gabbott PL, Klementiev B, Davies HA, Colyer FM, Novikova T, Stewart MG. Amyloid-beta induced CA1 pyramidal cell loss in young adult rats is alleviated by systemic treatment with FGL, a neural cell adhesion molecule-derived mimetic peptide. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71479. [PMID: 23951173 PMCID: PMC3739720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased levels of neurotoxic amyloid-beta in the brain are a prominent feature of Alzheimer's disease. FG-Loop (FGL), a neural cell adhesion molecule-derived peptide that corresponds to its second fibronectin type III module, has been shown to provide neuroprotection against a range of cellular insults. In the present study impairments in social recognition memory were seen 24 days after a 5 mg/15 µl amyloid-beta(25-35) injection into the right lateral ventricle of the young adult rat brain. This impairment was prevented if the animal was given a systemic treatment of FGL. Unbiased stereology was used to investigate the ability of FGL to alleviate the deleterious effects on CA1 pyramidal cells of the amyloid-beta(25-35) injection. NeuN, a neuronal marker (for nuclear staining) was used to identify pyramidal cells, and immunocytochemistry was also used to identify inactive glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3β) and to determine the effects of amyloid-beta(25-35) and FGL on the activation state of GSK3β, since active GSK3β has been shown to cause a range of AD pathologies. The cognitive deficits were not due to hippocampal atrophy as volume estimations of the entire hippocampus and its regions showed no significant loss, but amyloid-beta caused a 40% loss of pyramidal cells in the dorsal CA1 which was alleviated partially by FGL. However, FGL treatment without amyloid-beta was also found to cause a 40% decrease in CA1 pyramidal cells. The action of FGL may be due to inactivation of GSK3β, as an increased proportion of CA1 pyramidal neurons contained inactive GSK3β after FGL treatment. These data suggest that FGL, although potentially disruptive in non-pathological conditions, can be neuroprotective in disease-like conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Corbett
- Open University, Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom.
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Broberg BV, Madsen KH, Plath N, Olsen CK, Glenthøj BY, Paulson OB, Bjelke B, Søgaard LV. A schizophrenia rat model induced by early postnatal phencyclidine treatment and characterized by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Behav Brain Res 2013; 250:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Amani M, Samadi H, Doosti MH, Azarfarin M, Bakhtiari A, Majidi-Zolbanin N, Mirza-Rahimi M, Salari AA. Neonatal NMDA receptor blockade alters anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in a sex-dependent manner in mice. Neuropharmacology 2013; 73:87-97. [PMID: 23688920 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockade in the neonatal period has a long-lasting influence on brain and behavior development and has been linked to an increased risk for neuropsychiatric disorders in later life. We sought to determine whether postnatal NMDA receptor blockade can affect normal development of body weight, corticosterone levels, anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in male and female mice in adulthood. For this purpose, male and female NMRI mice were treated with either saline or phencyclidine (PCP; 5 and 10 mg/kg, s.c.) on postnatal days (PND) 7, 9, and 11, and then subjected to different behavioral tests, including open field, elevated plus-maze, elevated zero-maze, light-dark box, tail suspension test and forced swimming test in adulthood. The results indicated that neonatal PCP treatment reduced body weight during neonatal and adulthood periods, and did not alter baseline corticosterone levels in both male and female mice. Moreover, this study obtained some experimental evidence showing the PCP at dose of 10 mg/kg increases stress-induced corticosterone levels, anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in males, while decreasing levels of anxiety without any significant effect on depression in female mice in adulthood. These data support the argument that neonatal NMDA receptor blockade can lead to behavioral abnormalities and psychiatric diseases in adulthood. Collectively, our findings suggest that neonatal exposure to PCP may have profound effects on the development of anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in a sex- and dose-dependent manner in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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16
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NCAM function in the adult brain: lessons from mimetic peptides and therapeutic potential. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1163-73. [PMID: 23494903 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAMs) are complexes of transmembranal proteins critical for cell-cell interactions. Initially recognized as key players in the orchestration of developmental processes involving cell migration, cell survival, axon guidance, and synaptic targeting, they have been shown to retain these functions in the mature adult brain, in relation to plastic processes and cognitive abilities. NCAMs are able to interact among themselves (homophilic binding) as well as with other molecules (heterophilic binding). Furthermore, they are the sole molecule of the central nervous system undergoing polysialylation. Most interestingly polysialylated and non-polysialylated NCAMs display opposite properties. The precise contributions each of these characteristics brings in the regulations of synaptic and cellular plasticity in relation to cognitive processes in the adult brain are not yet fully understood. With the aim of deciphering the specific involvement of each interaction, recent developments led to the generation of NCAM mimetic peptides that recapitulate identified binding properties of NCAM. The present review focuses on the information such advances have provided in the understanding of NCAM contribution to cognitive function.
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Clifton NE, Morisot N, Girardon S, Millan MJ, Loiseau F. Enhancement of social novelty discrimination by positive allosteric modulators at metabotropic glutamate 5 receptors: adolescent administration prevents adult-onset deficits induced by neonatal treatment with phencyclidine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225:579-94. [PMID: 22983144 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2845-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate-5 receptors (mGluR5), which physically and functionally interact with N-methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptors, likewise control cognitive processes and have been proposed as targets for novel classes of antipsychotic agent. Since social cognition is impaired in schizophrenia and disrupted by NMDA receptor antagonists like dizocilpine, we evaluated its potential modulation by mGluR5. Acute administration (0.63-40 mg/kg) of the mGluR5 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide (CDPPB) and ADX47273, reversed a delay-induced impairment in social novelty discrimination (SND) in adult rats. The action of CDPPB was blocked by the mGluR5 antagonist, 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (2.5-10 mg/kg), and was also expressed upon microinjection into frontal cortex (0.63-10 μg/side), but not striatum. Supporting an interrelationship between mGluR5 and NMDA receptors, enhancement of SND by CDPPB was blocked by dizocilpine (0.08 mg/kg) while, reciprocally, dizocilpine-induced impairment in SND was attenuated by CDPPB (10 mg/kg). The SND deficit elicited by post-natal administration of phencyclidine (10 mg/kg, days 7-11) was reversed by CDPPB or ADX47273 in adults at week 8. This phencyclidine-induced impairment in cognition emerged in adult rats from week 7 on, and chronic, pre-symptomatic treatment of adolescent rats with CDPPB over weeks 5-6 (10 mg/kg per day) prevented the appearance of SND deficits in adults until at least week 13. In conclusion, as evaluated by a SND procedure, mGluR5 PAMs promote social cognition via actions expressed in interaction with NMDA receptors and exerted in frontal cortex. MGluR5 PAMs not only reverse but also (when given during adolescence) prevent the emergence of cognitive impairment associated with a developmental model of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Clifton
- Neuroscience Research and Development Unit, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de ronde, Croissy-sur-Seine, Paris, France
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18
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Kaalund SS, Riise J, Broberg BV, Fabricius K, Karlsen AS, Secher T, Plath N, Pakkenberg B. Differential expression of parvalbumin in neonatal phencyclidine-treated rats and socially isolated rats. J Neurochem 2012; 124:548-57. [PMID: 23083323 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Decreased parvalbumin expression is a hallmark of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and has been associated with abnormal cognitive processing and decreased network specificity. It is not known whether this decrease is due to reduced expression of the parvalbumin protein or degeneration of parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PV(+) interneurons). In this study, we examined PV(+) expression in two rat models of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia: the environmental social isolation (SI) and pharmacological neonatal phencyclidine (neoPCP) models. Using a stereological method, the optical fractionator, we counted neurons, PV(+) interneurons, and glial cells in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus (HPC). In addition, we quantified the mRNA level of parvalbumin in the mPFC. There was a statistically significant reduction in the number of PV(+) interneurons (p = 0.021) and glial cells (p = 0.024) in the mPFC of neonatal phencyclidine rats, but not in SI rats. We observed no alterations in the total number of neurons, hippocampal PV(+) interneurons, parvalbumin mRNA expression or volume of the mPFC or HPC in the two models. Thus, as the total number of neurons remains unchanged following phencyclidine (PCP) treatment, we suggest that the decreased number of counted PV(+) interneurons represents a reduced parvalbumin protein expression below immunohistochemical detection limit rather than a true cell loss. Furthermore, these results indicate that the effect of neonatal PCP treatment is not limited to neuronal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne S Kaalund
- Research Laboratory for Stereology and Neuroscience, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Phencyclidine treatment increases NR2A and NR2B N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit expression in rats. Neuroreport 2012; 22:935-8. [PMID: 22015741 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e32834d2ef7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Administration of noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist phencyclidine to rats on postnatal days 7, 9, and 11 induces apoptosis in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In adulthood, these animals display cognitive impairment of working memory, reversal learning and attention that are similar to clinical observations in schizophrenia. In this study, expression of different NMDAR subunits, the postsynaptic mGlu5 receptor and the connecting NMDAR-mGluR5 intracellular postsynaptic density proteins have been measured in adult rats after treatment with phencyclidine on postnatal days 7, 9, and 11. We found that these animals exhibited elevated expression in medial prefrontal cortex of the NR2A and NR2B NMDA receptor subunits in adulthood. These results indicate how behavioral changes in a developmental model for cognitive dysfunction involve changes to specific molecular subsets of the cortical glutamate system.
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Gilmour G, Dix S, Fellini L, Gastambide F, Plath N, Steckler T, Talpos J, Tricklebank M. NMDA receptors, cognition and schizophrenia – Testing the validity of the NMDA receptor hypofunction hypothesis. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:1401-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Impact of the NCAM derived mimetic peptide plannexin on the acute cellular consequences of a status epilepticus. Neurosci Lett 2011; 501:173-8. [PMID: 21787839 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plannexin represents a NCAM-derived peptide mimicking trans-homophilic NCAM interaction, which proved to exert neuroprotective effects in vitro. The effect of plannexin was evaluated in a rat status epilepticus model. As expected, prolonged seizure activity resulted in a pronounced cell loss in hippocampal subregions. The comparison between the vehicle- and plannexin-treated animals with status epilepticus did not reveal neuroprotective effects of plannexin on mature neurons. However, treatment with plannexin partially prevented the reduction in the number of doublecortin-labeled neuronal progenitor cells, which was evident 48h following status epilepticus. In conclusion, the data might give first evidence that plannexin can protect immature neurons in vivo. Future studies are necessary to evaluate whether disease-modifying or preventive effects are observed in models of epileptogenesis.
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Dallerac G, Zerwas M, Novikova T, Callu D, Leblanc-Veyrac P, Bock E, Berezin V, Rampon C, Doyere V. The neural cell adhesion molecule-derived peptide FGL facilitates long-term plasticity in the dentate gyrus in vivo. Learn Mem 2011; 18:306-13. [DOI: 10.1101/lm.2154311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bisaz R, Schachner M, Sandi C. Causal evidence for the involvement of the neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM, in chronic stress-induced cognitive impairments. Hippocampus 2010; 21:56-71. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia asserts that the underlying pathology of schizophrenia has its roots in brain development and that these brain abnormalities do not manifest themselves until adolescence or early adulthood. Animal models based on developmental manipulations have provided insight into the vulnerability of the developing fetus and the importance of the early environment for normal maturation. These models have provided a wide range of validated approaches to answer questions regarding environmental influences on both neural and behavioral development. In an effort to better understand the developmental hypothesis of schizophrenia, animal models have been developed, which seek to model the etiology and/or the pathophysiology of schizophrenia or specific behaviors associated with the disease. Developmental models specific to schizophrenia have focused on epidemiological risk factors (e.g., prenatal viral insult, birth complications) or more heuristic models aimed at understanding the developmental neuropathology of the disease (e.g., ventral hippocampal lesions). The combined approach of behavioral and neuroanatomical evaluation of these models strengthens their utility in improving our understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and developing new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan B Powell
- University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA.
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25
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Cox ET, Brennaman LH, Gable KL, Hamer RM, Glantz LA, Lamantia AS, Lieberman JA, Gilmore JH, Maness PF, Jarskog LF. Developmental regulation of neural cell adhesion molecule in human prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 2009; 162:96-105. [PMID: 19393299 PMCID: PMC2739580 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is a membrane-bound cell recognition molecule that exerts important functions in normal neurodevelopment including cell migration, neurite outgrowth, axon fasciculation, and synaptic plasticity. Alternative splicing of NCAM mRNA generates three main protein isoforms: NCAM-180, -140, and -120. Ectodomain shedding of NCAM isoforms can produce an extracellular 105-115 kilodalton soluble neural cell adhesion molecule fragment (NCAM-EC) and a smaller intracellular cytoplasmic fragment (NCAM-IC). NCAM also undergoes a unique post-translational modification in brain by the addition of polysialic acid (PSA)-NCAM. Interestingly, both PSA-NCAM and NCAM-EC have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The developmental expression patterns of the main NCAM isoforms and PSA-NCAM have been described in rodent brain, but no studies have examined NCAM expression across human cortical development. Western blotting was used to quantify NCAM in human postmortem prefrontal cortex in 42 individuals ranging in age from mid-gestation to early adulthood. Each NCAM isoform (NCAM-180, -140, and -120), post-translational modification (PSA-NCAM) and cleavage fragment (NCAM-EC and NCAM-IC) demonstrated developmental regulation in frontal cortex. NCAM-180, -140, and -120, as well as PSA-NCAM, and NCAM-IC all showed strong developmental regulation during fetal and early postnatal ages, consistent with their identified roles in axon growth and plasticity. NCAM-EC demonstrated a more gradual increase from the early postnatal period to reach a plateau by early adolescence, potentially implicating involvement in later developmental processes. In summary, this study implicates the major NCAM isoforms, PSA-NCAM and proteolytically cleaved NCAM in pre- and postnatal development of the human prefrontal cortex. These data provide new insights on human cortical development and also provide a basis for how altered NCAM signaling during specific developmental intervals could affect synaptic connectivity and circuit formation, and thereby contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Cox
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Using the MATRICS to guide development of a preclinical cognitive test battery for research in schizophrenia. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 122:150-202. [PMID: 19269307 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are among the core symptoms of the disease, correlate with functional outcome, and are not well treated with current antipsychotic therapies. In order to bring together academic, industrial, and governmental bodies to address this great 'unmet therapeutic need', the NIMH sponsored the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) initiative. Through careful factor analysis and consensus of expert opinion, MATRICS identified seven domains of cognition that are deficient in schizophrenia (attention/vigilance, working memory, reasoning and problem solving, processing speed, visual learning and memory, verbal learning and memory, and social cognition) and recommended a specific neuropsychological test battery to probe these domains. In order to move the field forward and outline an approach for translational research, there is a need for a "preclinical MATRICS" to develop a rodent test battery that is appropriate for drug development. In this review, we outline such an approach and review current rodent tasks that target these seven domains of cognition. The rodent tasks are discussed in terms of their validity for probing each cognitive domain as well as a brief overview of the pharmacology and manipulations relevant to schizophrenia for each task.
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