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Escamilla-Flores AV, Núñez-Anita RE, Arenas-Arrocena MC, Perez-Duran F, Calderón-Rico F, Santos-Cruz J, Acosta-Torres LS, Delgado-García JJ, Villanueva-Sánchez FG. Synthesis of biocompatible hydrogel of alginate-chitosan enriched with iron sulfide nanocrystals. SLAS Technol 2024; 29:100158. [PMID: 38908548 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2024.100158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
This work aimed to synthesize and characterize a biocompatible hydrogel of alginate and chitosan enriched with iron sulfide nanocrystals. Three concentrations of iron sulfide nanocrystals (FeS2NCs) 0.03905, 0.0781, and 0.2343 mg/ml were used. Gel swelling was determined using phosphate-buffered saline solution at 1, 2, 4, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h. The microstructure, the morphology, and the elastic strength were determined by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and rheological studies, respectively. The functional groups were identified through Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Biocompatibility was determined in a murine model; after seven days of subdermal inoculation, histological sections stained with H&E were analyzed, and then histopathological features were evaluated. All the compounds obtained showed a loss modulus lower than the storage modulus. The 0.2343 mg/ml FeS2NCs hydrogel showed higher swelling than the control. In the in vivo evaluation, no adverse effects were found. The presence of FeS2NCs was well tolerated in the subcutaneous tissue of mice, according to histopathological analysis. The hydrogels synthesized with added FeS2NCs demonstrate a swelling ratio of 150 %, rheologically exhibiting gel-like behavior rather than viscous liquids. Furthermore, they did not present any adverse effects on the subcutaneous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aish Valdemar Escamilla-Flores
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard UNAM no. 2011, Col. Predio El Saucillo y El Potrero, Guanajuato C. P. 37689, México
| | - Rosa Elvira Núñez-Anita
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro Km. 9.5, Tarímbaro C. P. 58893, México
| | - Ma Concepción Arenas-Arrocena
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard UNAM no. 2011, Col. Predio El Saucillo y El Potrero, Guanajuato C. P. 37689, México.
| | - Francisco Perez-Duran
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro Km. 9.5, Tarímbaro C. P. 58893, México
| | - Fernando Calderón-Rico
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro Km. 9.5, Tarímbaro C. P. 58893, México
| | - José Santos-Cruz
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas s/n 76010, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Laura Susana Acosta-Torres
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard UNAM no. 2011, Col. Predio El Saucillo y El Potrero, Guanajuato C. P. 37689, México.
| | - José Jorge Delgado-García
- División de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus León, Loma del Bosque 103, CP 37000, León, Gto, México
| | - Francisco Germán Villanueva-Sánchez
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard UNAM no. 2011, Col. Predio El Saucillo y El Potrero, Guanajuato C. P. 37689, México
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Kurban N, Qin Y, Zhao HL, Hu X, Chen X, Zhao YY, Peng YS, Wang HB, Cui SY, Zhang YH. Chronic Stress-Induced Elevation of Melanin-Concentrating Hormone in the Locus Coeruleus Inhibits Norepinephrine Production and Associated With Depression-Like Behaviors in Rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2024; 27:pyad069. [PMID: 38135278 PMCID: PMC10799331 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyad069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that projects throughout the central nervous system, including the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC). Our previous study suggested that MCH/MCH receptor 1 (MCHR1) in the LC may be involved in the regulation of depression. The present study investigated whether the role of MCH/MCHR1 in the LC in depression-like behaviors is associated with the regulation of norepinephrine. METHOD Chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) and an acute intra-LC microinjection of MCH induced depression-like behaviors in rats. The MCHR1 antagonist SNAP-94847 was also microinjected in the LC in rats that were suffering CUS or treated with MCH. The sucrose preference, forced swim, and locomotor tests were used for behavioral evaluation. Immunofluorescence staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection were used to explore the mechanism of MCH/MCHR1 in the regulation of depression-like behaviors. RESULTS CUS induced an abnormal elevation of MCH levels and downregulated MCHR1 in the LC, which was highly correlated with the formation of depression-like behaviors. SNAP-94847 exerted antidepressant effects in CUS-exposed rats by normalizing tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine β hydroxylase, and norepinephrine in the LC. An acute microinjection of MCH induced depression-like behaviors through its action on MCHR1. MCHR1 antagonism in the LC significantly reversed the MCH-induced downregulation of norepinephrine production by normalizing MCHR1-medicated cAMP-PKA signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirmed that the MCH/MCHR1 system in the LC may be involved in depression-like behaviors by downregulating norepinephrine production. These results improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of depression that is related to the MCH/MCHR1 system in the LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhumar Kurban
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Ling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Yi Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Shuo Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Su-Ying Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yong-He Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing, China
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Brivio P, Gallo MT, Gruca P, Lason M, Litwa E, Fumagalli F, Papp M, Calabrese F. Resilience to chronic mild stress-induced anhedonia preserves the ability of the ventral hippocampus to respond to an acute challenge. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022:10.1007/s00406-022-01470-0. [PMID: 36018382 PMCID: PMC10359391 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01470-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Stress is a major precipitating factor for psychiatric disorders and its effects may depend on its duration and intensity. Of note, there are differences in individual susceptibility to stress, with some subjects displaying vulnerability and others showing resistance. Furthermore, the ability to react to stressful-life events can alter the response to a subsequent new stressor. Hence, we investigated whether the vulnerability and resilience to the chronic mild stress (CMS) paradigm, in terms of the hedonic phenotype, are paralleled by a different response when facing a novel acute challenge. Specifically, rats submitted to CMS were stratified based on their sucrose intake into vulnerable (anhedonic rats showing reduce intake of sucrose) and resilient (rats not showing the anhedonic-like behavior) subgroups and then further exposed to an acute restraint stress (ARS). Then, neuronal activation was investigated by measuring the gene expression of early immediate (IEG) genes such as Arc and Cfos and early response (ERG) genes, such as Gadd45β, Sgk1, Dusp1, and Nr4a1, in brain regions that play a crucial role in the stress response. We found that resilient rats preserve the ability to increase ERG expression following the ARS selectively in the ventral hippocampus. Conversely, such ability is lost in vulnerable rats. Interestingly, the recovery from the anhedonic phenotype observed in vulnerable rats after 3 weeks of rest from the CMS procedure also parallels the restoration of the ability to adequately respond to the challenge. In conclusion, these findings support the role of the ventral subregion of the hippocampus in the management of both chronic and acute stress response and point to this brain subregion as a critical target for a potential therapeutic strategy aimed at promoting stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Brivio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Gallo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Piotr Gruca
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Lason
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Litwa
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Fabio Fumagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariusz Papp
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Francesca Calabrese
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Jung J, Lee SM, Lee MJ, Ryu JS, Song JH, Lee JE, Kang G, Kwon OS, Park JY. Lipidomics reveals that acupuncture modulates the lipid metabolism and inflammatory interaction in a mouse model of depression. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:424-436. [PMID: 33607237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a serious disease that has considerable impact on lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses. Recent studies have shown that leptin, which is well known as a mediator of energy homeostasis and is a cytokine in inflammatory response, plays an important role in depression. Acupuncture is widely used to treat depression; however, the underlying mechanisms and the effect of acupuncture on depression remain poorly understood. In this study, we utilized the chronic restraint stress (CRS) induced depression model and acupuncture treatment was performed at KI10, LR8, LU8, LR4 (AP) or non-acupoint (NP). Then, lipidomics was applied to investigate the effects of acupuncture on lipid metabolism and analyze leptin signals in the brain and changes of immune markers. Acupuncture treatment at AP improved depression-like behavior in an open-field test, forced swimming test, and marble burying test. Concurrently, CRS mice treated with AP acupuncture (CRS + AP) had significantly lower levels of aspartate aminotransaminase (AST, liver injury markers) and exhibited different lipid patterns in liver lipidomic profiles. In particular, triglycerides (TGs) contributed the change of lipid patterns. Compared to the CRS mice, TGs with relatively high degrees of unsaturated fatty acids increased in the CRS + AP mice, but did not change in CRS mice treated with NP acupuncture (CRS + NP). The levels of leptin in plasma and leptin receptor positive cells in the brain (hypothalamus and hippocampus) decreased and increased, respectively, in the CRS + AP mice, while opposite patterns were exhibited in the CRS and CRS + NP mice. These results indicated that acupuncture treatment at AP attenuated leptin insensitivity in CRS mice. Additionally, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were decreased in the spleen, plasma, and liver of CRS + AP mice, which was one of results of alleviation of leptin resistance. In conclusion, these results show that AP acupuncture treatment effectively alleviated the depression-like behavior, affected immune responses, and altered hepatic lipid metabolism through the attenuation of leptin insensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeyoun Jung
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - So Min Lee
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ju Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sang Ryu
- College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Song
- College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Lee
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Geonhui Kang
- Clinical Trial Center, Wonkwang University Gwangju Hospital, 1140-23 Hoejae-ro, Nam-Gu, Gwangju 16729, Republic of Korea
| | - O Sang Kwon
- Department of Meridian and Acupuncture Points, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeun Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, 62 Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea.
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Verbitsky A, Dopfel D, Zhang N. Rodent models of post-traumatic stress disorder: behavioral assessment. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:132. [PMID: 32376819 PMCID: PMC7203017 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0806-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the etiology and expression of psychiatric disorders are complex, mammals show biologically preserved behavioral and neurobiological responses to valent stimuli which underlie the use of rodent models of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is a complex phenotype that is difficult to model in rodents because it is diagnosed by patient interview and influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. However, given that PTSD results from traumatic experiences, rodent models can simulate stress induction and disorder development. By manipulating stress type, intensity, duration, and frequency, preclinical models reflect core PTSD phenotypes, measured through various behavioral assays. Paradigms precipitate the disorder by applying physical, social, and psychological stressors individually or in combination. This review discusses the methods used to trigger and evaluate PTSD-like phenotypes. It highlights studies employing each stress model and evaluates their translational efficacies against DSM-5, validity criteria, and criteria proposed by Yehuda and Antelman's commentary in 1993. This is intended to aid in paradigm selection by informing readers about rodent models, their benefits to the clinical community, challenges associated with the translational models, and opportunities for future work. To inform PTSD model validity and relevance to human psychopathology, we propose that models incorporate behavioral test batteries, individual differences, sex differences, strain and stock differences, early life stress effects, biomarkers, stringent success criteria for drug development, Research Domain Criteria, technological advances, and cross-species comparisons. We conclude that, despite the challenges, animal studies will be pivotal to advances in understanding PTSD and the neurobiology of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Verbitsky
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - David Dopfel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Nanyin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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Costa-Ferreira W, Morais-Silva G, Gomes-de-Souza L, Marin MT, Crestani CC. The AT1 Receptor Antagonist Losartan Does Not Affect Depressive-Like State and Memory Impairment Evoked by Chronic Stressors in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:705. [PMID: 31293424 PMCID: PMC6598205 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of the treatment with the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) antagonist losartan in the depressive-like state and memory impairment evoked by exposure to either homotypic (i.e., repeated exposure to the same type of stressor) or heterotypic (i.e., exposure to different aversive stimuli) chronic stressors in rats. For this, male Wistar rats were subjected to a 10 days regimen of repeated restraint stress (RRS, homotypic stressor) or chronic variable stress (CVS, heterotypic stressor) while being concurrently treated daily with losartan (30 mg/kg/day, p.o.). Depressive-like state was evaluated by analysis of the alterations considered as markers of depression (decreased sucrose preference and body weight and coat state deterioration), whereas cognitive non-emotional performance was tested using the novel object recognition (NOR) test. Locomotor activity was also evaluated in the open field test. Both RRS and CVS impaired sucrose preference and caused coat state deterioration, whereas only CVS impaired body weight gain. Besides, RRS impaired short-term memory (but not long-term memory) in the NOR test. Neither depressive-like state nor memory impairment evoked by the chronic stressors was affected by the treatment with losartan. Nevertheless, CVS increased the locomotion, which was inhibited by losartan. Taken together, these results provide evidence that the chronic treatment with losartan does not affect the depressive-like state and memory impairment evoked by either homotypic or heterotypic chronic stress regimens in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian Costa-Ferreira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.,Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Gessynger Morais-Silva
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.,Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Lucas Gomes-de-Souza
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.,Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T Marin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.,Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Crestani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.,Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, Brazil
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Rabasa C, Askevik K, Schéle E, Hu M, Vogel H, Dickson SL. Divergent Metabolic Effects of Acute Versus Chronic Repeated Forced Swim Stress in the Rat. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:427-433. [PMID: 30703287 PMCID: PMC6590371 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study sought to examine divergence regarding the impact of acute versus chronic repeated stress on energy balance. METHODS Rats were exposed to either chronic repeated forced swim (FS) stress for 7 days or an acute stress (a single FS). Body weight and food intake were measured daily. Metabolic parameters explored included brown adipose tissue (BAT) weight and activity. RESULTS Chronic repeated FS stress decreased body weight and caloric efficiency. It also increased the relative weight of BAT. The same stressor delivered only once did not alter adrenal or BAT weight, but it did increase the metabolic activity of BAT. In stress-naive rats, acute FS stress induced an anorexigenic response during the first day after the stressor that caused a reduction in body weight (that persisted for 4 days). By contrast, the chronic FS rats did not show an anorexigenic response after the final stressor, and there was no change in body weight during the following 4 days. CONCLUSIONS Rats exposed to chronic repeated FS stress adapt to the stressor over time; they become less sensitive to its anorexigenic effects and its metabolic effects in BAT, adaptations that ultimately reduce sensitivity to the weight-lowering effects of an acute stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rabasa
- Department of Physiology/EndocrineInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Kaisa Askevik
- Department of Physiology/EndocrineInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Erik Schéle
- Department of Physiology/EndocrineInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Physiology/EndocrineInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of Traditional Chinese MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Heike Vogel
- Department of Physiology/EndocrineInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of Experimental DiabetologyGerman Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam‐RehbrueckeNuthetalGermany
| | - Suzanne L. Dickson
- Department of Physiology/EndocrineInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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Vieira JO, Duarte JO, Costa-Ferreira W, Crestani CC. Influence of pre-existing hypertension on neuroendocrine and cardiovascular changes evoked by chronic stress in female rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 97:111-119. [PMID: 30015006 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated neuroendocrine, autonomic, and cardiovascular changes evoked by daily exposure to the same type of stressor (homotypic) or different aversive stressor stimuli (heterotypic) in 60-days-old female normotensive Wistar rats and female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Both strains of rats were exposed for 10 consecutive days to either the homotypic stressor repeated restraint stress (RRS) or the heterotypic stressor chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). As expected, SHR had higher baseline blood pressure values and impaired baroreflex activity in relation to normotensive animals. Besides, SHR presented higher plasma corticosterone levels and decreased thymus weight. Both RRS and CUS increased baseline plasma corticosterone concentration and decreased body weight gain in both normotensive and SHR rats. In addition, both stress protocols caused hypertrophy of adrenal glands in normotensive rats. Regarding the cardiovascular effects, RRS increased basal heart rate in both rat strains, which was mediated by an increase in sympathetic tone to the heart. Besides, RRS increased baroreflex-mediated tachycardia in SHR animals, while CUS increased cardiac parasympathetic activity and pacemaker activity in normotensive rats. Taken together, these results indicate a stress type-specific effect, as identified by a vulnerability of both strains to the deleterious cardiovascular effects evoked by the homotypic stressor and a resilience to the impact of the heterotypic stressor. Vulnerability of hypertensive rats was evidenced by the absence of CUS-evoked adaptive cardiovascular responses and an increase of baroreflex tachycardia in SHR animals subjected to RRS. The somatic and HPA axis changes were overall independent of the chronic stress regimen and pre-existing hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas O Vieira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Joint UFSCar-UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Josiane O Duarte
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Joint UFSCar-UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Willian Costa-Ferreira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Joint UFSCar-UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Crestani
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Joint UFSCar-UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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9
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Vieira JO, Duarte JO, Costa-Ferreira W, Morais-Silva G, Marin MT, Crestani CC. Sex differences in cardiovascular, neuroendocrine and behavioral changes evoked by chronic stressors in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 81:426-437. [PMID: 28823849 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the physiological, somatic and behavioral changes evoked by daily exposure to the same type of stressor (homotypic) or different aversive stressor stimuli (heterotypic) in male and female rats. For this, adult Wistar rats were subjected to a 10days regimen of repeated restraint stress (RRS, homotypic stressor) or chronic variable stress (CVS, heterotypic stressor). Effects evoked by CVS included: (i) adrenal hypertrophy and decreased body weight gain in male animals, (ii) a sympathetically-mediated increase in basal heart rate in males, and (iii) a rise in plasma corticosterone concentration and anxiogenic effects in female animals. The homotypic stressor RRS also induced an increase in plasma corticosterone and anxiogenic effects in females, decreased body weight gain in males and evoked a sympathetically-mediated increase in heart rate in both sexes. Changes in cardiovascular function and autonomic activity evoked by both stressors were followed by impairment of baroreflex activity in males, but not female animals. Both chronic stressors evoked changes in blood pressure responsiveness to vasoconstrictor and vasodilator agents in both sexes. Taken together, these results indicate that regardless of chronic stress regimen males are more vulnerable to somatic effects of chronic stressors, while females appear to be more susceptible to neuroendocrine and behavioral changes. Present findings also indicate that females are selectively vulnerable to cardiovascular and autonomic changes evoked by homotypic stressors. Nevertheless, homotypic and heterotypic stressors similarly affect cardiovascular function and autonomic activity in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas O Vieira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Josiane O Duarte
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Willian Costa-Ferreira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gessynger Morais-Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T Marin
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Crestani
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Sex-dependent impact of early-life stress and adult immobilization in the attribution of incentive salience in rats. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190044. [PMID: 29324797 PMCID: PMC5764258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) induces long-term effects in later functioning and interacts with further exposure to other stressors in adulthood to shape our responsiveness to reward-related cues. The attribution of incentive salience to food-related cues may be modulated by previous and current exposures to stressors in a sex-dependent manner. We hypothesized from human data that exposure to a traumatic (severe) adult stressor will decrease the attribution of incentive salience to reward-associated cues, especially in females, because these effects are modulated by previous ELS. To study these factors in Long-Evans rats, we used as an ELS model of restriction of nesting material and concurrently evaluated maternal care. In adulthood, the offspring of both sexes were exposed to acute immobilization (IMO), and several days after, a Pavlovian conditioning procedure was used to assess the incentive salience of food-related cues. Some rats developed more attraction to the cue predictive of reward (sign-tracking) and others were attracted to the location of the reward itself, the food-magazine (goal-tracking). Several dopaminergic markers were evaluated by in situ hybridization. The results showed that ELS increased maternal care and decreased body weight gain (only in females). Regarding incentive salience, in absolute control animals, females presented slightly greater sign-tracking behavior than males. Non-ELS male rats exposed to IMO showed a bias towards goal-tracking, whereas in females, IMO produced a bias towards sign-tracking. Animals of both sexes not exposed to IMO displayed an intermediate phenotype. ELS in IMO-treated females was able to reduce sign-tracking and decrease tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the ventral tegmental area and dopamine D1 receptor expression in the accumbens shell. Although the predicted greater decrease in females in sign-tracking after IMO exposure was not corroborated by the data, the results highlight the idea that sex is an important factor in the study of the long-term impact of early and adult stressors.
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Sanchís-Ollé M, Ortega-Sánchez JA, Belda X, Gagliano H, Nadal R, Armario A. Lithium-induced malaise does not interfere with adaptation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to stress. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 75:77-83. [PMID: 28095308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that adaptation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to repeated exposure to a stressor does not follow the rules of habituation and can be fully expressed after a single experience with severe stressors. In the present work we tested the hypothesis that adaptation could be impaired if animals experience malaise during initial exposure to the stressor. To this end, animals were allowed to drink saccharin for 30min before being exposed for 3h to immobilization on boards (IMO), a severe stressor; then they were given either saline or lithium ip after the first hour of IMO. Stress-naïve rats followed exactly the same procedure except IMO. Exposure to IMO caused a strong activation of the HPA axis whereas the effect of lithium was modest. Both IMO and lithium administration resulted in conditioned taste aversion to saccharin when evaluated 4days later. When all animals were exposed to IMO 6days later, reduced HPA response and less impact on body weight was observed in the two groups previously exposed to IMO as compared with stress-naïve rats. Therefore, lithium administration during the first IMO exposure did not affect adaptation of the HPA axis and weight gain. These results indicate that malaise per se only weakly activated the HPA axis and argue against the hypothesis that signs of physical malaise during exposure to the stressor could impair HPA adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sanchís-Ollé
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Red de trastornos adictivos and CIBERSAM, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Animal Physiology Unit, School of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan A Ortega-Sánchez
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Red de trastornos adictivos and CIBERSAM, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Animal Physiology Unit, School of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Belda
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Red de trastornos adictivos and CIBERSAM, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Animal Physiology Unit, School of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Humberto Gagliano
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Red de trastornos adictivos and CIBERSAM, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Animal Physiology Unit, School of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Nadal
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Red de trastornos adictivos and CIBERSAM, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Psychobiology Unit, School of Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Armario
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Red de trastornos adictivos and CIBERSAM, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Animal Physiology Unit, School of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Costa-Ferreira W, Vieira JO, Almeida J, Gomes-de-Souza L, Crestani CC. Involvement of Type 1 Angiontensin II Receptor (AT1) in Cardiovascular Changes Induced by Chronic Emotional Stress: Comparison between Homotypic and Heterotypic Stressors. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:262. [PMID: 27588004 PMCID: PMC4988975 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Consistent evidence has shown an important role of emotional stress in pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, studies in animal models have demonstrated that daily exposure to different stressor (heterotypic stressor) evokes more severe changes than those resulting from repeated exposure to the same aversive stimulus (homotypic stressor), possibly due to the habituation process upon repeated exposure to the same stressor. Despite these pieces of evidence, the mechanisms involved in the stress-evoked cardiovascular dysfunction are poorly understood. Therefore, the present study investigated the involvement of angiotensin II (Ang II) acting on the type 1 Ang II receptor (AT1) in the cardiovascular dysfunctions evoked by both homotypic and heterotypic chronic emotional stresses in rats. For this purpose, we compared the effect of the chronic treatment with the AT1 receptor antagonist losartan (30 mg/kg/day, p.o.) on the cardiovascular and autonomic changes evoked by the heterotypic stressor chronic variable stress (CVS) and the homotypic stressor repeated restraint stress (RRS). RRS increased the sympathetic tone to the heart and decreased the cardiac parasympathetic activity, whereas CVS decreased the cardiac parasympathetic activity. Additionally, both stressors impaired the baroreflex function. Alterations in the autonomic activity and the baroreflex impairment were inhibited by losartan treatment. Additionally, CVS reduced the body weight and increased the circulating corticosterone; however, these effects were not affected by losartan. In conclusion, these findings indicate the involvement of angiotensin II/AT1 receptors in the autonomic changes evoked by both homotypic and heterotypic chronic stressors. Moreover, the present results provide evidence that the increase in the circulating corticosterone and body weight reduction evoked by heterotypic stressors are independent of AT1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian Costa-Ferreira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP-Universidade Estadual PaulistaAraraquara, Brazil; Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, UFSCar-UNESPSão Carlos, Brazil
| | - Jonas O Vieira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP-Universidade Estadual PaulistaAraraquara, Brazil; Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, UFSCar-UNESPSão Carlos, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP-Universidade Estadual PaulistaAraraquara, Brazil; Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, UFSCar-UNESPSão Carlos, Brazil
| | - Lucas Gomes-de-Souza
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP-Universidade Estadual PaulistaAraraquara, Brazil; Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, UFSCar-UNESPSão Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Crestani
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP-Universidade Estadual PaulistaAraraquara, Brazil; Joint UFSCar-UNESP Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, UFSCar-UNESPSão Carlos, Brazil
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13
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Crestani CC. Emotional Stress and Cardiovascular Complications in Animal Models: A Review of the Influence of Stress Type. Front Physiol 2016; 7:251. [PMID: 27445843 PMCID: PMC4919347 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotional stress has been recognized as a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The impact of stress on physiological and psychological processes is determined by characteristics of the stress stimulus. For example, distinct responses are induced by acute vs. chronic aversive stimuli. Additionally, the magnitude of stress responses has been reported to be inversely related to the degree of predictability of the aversive stimulus. Therefore, the purpose of the present review was to discuss experimental research in animal models describing the influence of stressor stimulus characteristics, such as chronicity and predictability, in cardiovascular dysfunctions induced by emotional stress. Regarding chronicity, the importance of cardiovascular and autonomic adjustments during acute stress sessions and cardiovascular consequences of frequent stress response activation during repeated exposure to aversive threats (i.e., chronic stress) is discussed. Evidence of the cardiovascular and autonomic changes induced by chronic stressors involving daily exposure to the same stressor (predictable) vs. different stressors (unpredictable) is reviewed and discussed in terms of the impact of predictability in cardiovascular dysfunctions induced by stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos C Crestani
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brasil
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15
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Stress dynamically regulates behavior and glutamatergic gene expression in hippocampus by opening a window of epigenetic plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:14960-5. [PMID: 26627246 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516016112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitatory amino acids play a key role in both adaptive and deleterious effects of stressors on the brain, and dysregulated glutamate homeostasis has been associated with psychiatric and neurological disorders. Here, we elucidate mechanisms of epigenetic plasticity in the hippocampus in the interactions between a history of chronic stress and familiar and novel acute stressors that alter expression of anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. We demonstrate that acute restraint and acute forced swim stressors induce differential effects on these behaviors in naive mice and in mice with a history of chronic-restraint stress (CRS). They reveal a key role for epigenetic up- and down-regulation of the putative presynaptic type 2 metabotropic glutamate (mGlu2) receptors and the postsynaptic NR1/NMDA receptors in the hippocampus and particularly in the dentate gyrus (DG), a region of active neurogenesis and a target of antidepressant treatment. We show changes in DG long-term potentiation (LTP) that parallel behavioral responses, with habituation to the same acute restraint stressor and sensitization to a novel forced-swim stressor. In WT mice after CRS and in unstressed mice with a BDNF loss-of-function allele (BDNF Val66Met), we show that the epigenetic activator of histone acetylation, P300, plays a pivotal role in the dynamic up- and down-regulation of mGlu2 in hippocampus via histone-3-lysine-27-acetylation (H3K27Ac) when acute stressors are applied. These hippocampal responses reveal a window of epigenetic plasticity that may be useful for treatment of disorders in which glutamatergic transmission is dysregulated.
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16
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Jauregui-Huerta F, Zhang L, Yañez-Delgadillo G, Hernandez-Carrillo P, García-Estrada J, Luquín S. Hippocampal cytogenesis and spatial learning in senile rats exposed to chronic variable stress: effects of previous early life exposure to mild stress. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:159. [PMID: 26347648 PMCID: PMC4539520 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we exposed adult rats to chronic variable stress (CVS) and tested the hypothesis that previous early-life exposure to stress changes the manner in which older subjects respond to aversive conditions. To this end, we analyzed the cytogenic changes in the hippocampus and hippocampal-dependent spatial learning performance. The experiments were performed on 18-month-old male rats divided into four groups as follows: Control (old rats under standard laboratory conditions), Early-life stress (ELS; old rats who were exposed to environmental noise from postnatal days, PNDs 21–35), CVS + ELS (old rats exposed to a chronic stress protocol who were previously exposed to the early-life noise stress) and CVS (old rats who were exposed only to the chronic stress protocol). The Morris Water Maze (MWM) was employed to evaluate the spatial learning abilities of the rats at the end of the experiment. Immunohistochemistry against 5′Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) was also conducted in the DG, CA1, CA2 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. We confocally analyzed the cytogenic (BrdU-labeled cells) and astrogenic (BrdU + GFAP-labeled cells) changes produced by these conditions. Using this procedure, we found that stress diminished the total number of BrdU+ cells over the main proliferative area of the hippocampus (i.e., the dentate gyrus, DG) but increased the astrocyte phenotypes (GFAP + BrdU). The depleted BrdU+ cells were restored when the senile rats also experienced stress at the early stages of life. The MWM assessment demonstrated that stress also impairs the ability of the rats to learn the task. This impairment was not present when the stressful experience was preceded by the early-life exposure. Thus, our results support the idea that previous exposure to mild stressing agents may have beneficial effects on aged subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Jauregui-Huerta
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Limei Zhang
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México, Mexico
| | - Griselda Yañez-Delgadillo
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Pamela Hernandez-Carrillo
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Joaquín García-Estrada
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente (CIBO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Sonia Luquín
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Chauhan E, Bali A, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Cross stress adaptation: Phenomenon of interactions between homotypic and heterotypic stressors. Life Sci 2015. [PMID: 26209870 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Individuals have an inherent capacity to cope with stressors in the form of stress adaptation. Apart from stress adaptation there is another well documented phenomenon known as cross stress adaptation. In this, there is a reduction in stress responsiveness to a novel stressor (in which the adapted organism had never encountered previously) in previously exposed organisms with another stressor given in either continuous or intermittent. However, regarding the existence of cross stress adaptation, there are mixed reports revealing that the positive cross stress adaptation exists between altitude and heat stress; swim and inescapable shock stress, hypoxia and cold stress, psychosocial stressor and exercise. However, there are other reports which reveal the non-existence of cross adaptation between forced swim and noise stress and cold and immobilized stress. The exact mechanisms responsible for cross stress adaptation are not defined and need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitika Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Anjana Bali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Amteshwar Singh Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India.
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18
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Wilson MA, Grillo CA, Fadel JR, Reagan LP. Stress as a one-armed bandit: Differential effects of stress paradigms on the morphology, neurochemistry and behavior in the rodent amygdala. Neurobiol Stress 2015; 1:195-208. [PMID: 26844236 PMCID: PMC4721288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroplasticity may be defined as the ability of the central nervous system (CNS) to respond to changes in the internal and external environment and it is well established that some stimuli have the ability to facilitate or impair neuroplasticity depending on the pre-existing milieu. A classic example of a stimulus that can both facilitate and impair neuroplasticity is stress. Indeed, the ability of CNS to respond to acute stress is often dependent upon the prior stress history of the individual. While responses to acute stress are often viewed as adaptive in nature, stress reactivity in subjects with prior chronic stress experiences are often linked to neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety. In rodent studies, chronic stress exposure produces structural and functional alterations in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex that are consistent across different types of stress paradigms. Conversely, the amygdala appears to exhibit differential structural and functional responses to stress that are dependent on a variety of factors, including the type of stressor performed and the duration of the stress paradigm. This is most evident in output measures including morphological analysis of amygdala neurons, measurement of glutamatergic tone in amygdalar subdivisions and the analysis of amygdala-centric behaviors. Accordingly, this review will provide an overview of the effects of stress on the structural and functional plasticity of the rodent amygdala, especially in relation to the differential effects of repeated or chronic stress paradigms on dendritic architecture, neurochemistry of the glutamatergic system and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene A. Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- WJB Dorn Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Claudia A. Grillo
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jim R. Fadel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Lawrence P. Reagan
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- WJB Dorn Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, D40, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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19
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Bali A, Jaggi AS. Electric foot shock stress adaptation: Does it exist or not? Life Sci 2015; 130:97-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Coutellier L, Gilbert V, Shepard R. Npas4 deficiency increases vulnerability to juvenile stress in mice. Behav Brain Res 2015; 295:17-25. [PMID: 25911220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
During specific windows of postnatal brain development, individuals are particularly susceptible to developing mental illnesses in adulthood. Adolescence is such a window during which environmental stress can have long-lasting consequences on social and cognitive functions. In individuals, highly vulnerable to stress, a relatively mild stressful situation can trigger the onset of psychiatric conditions. The genetic factors and mechanisms underlying vulnerability to stress are not well understood. Here, we show that variations in expression of the brain-specific transcription factor Npas4 contributes to the long-term consequences of juvenile stress on cognitive abilities. We observed that transgenic Npas4-deficient mice exposed to chronic mild stress during adolescence (but not during adulthood) develop prefrontal cortex-dependent cognitive deficits in adulthood, while the same stress did not affect Npas4 wild-type mice. These cognitive deficits were accompanied by fewer neuroblasts in the subventricular zone, and reduced ability of these immature neuronal cells to migrate away from this neurogenic zone toward cortical regions. These findings suggest for the first time that the transcription factor Npas4 could play a significant role in coping with juvenile stress. They also suggest that Npas4 could modulate resilience or vulnerability to stress by mediating the effects of stress on neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Coutellier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Valerie Gilbert
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ryan Shepard
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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21
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Ampuero E, Luarte A, Santibañez M, Varas-Godoy M, Toledo J, Diaz-Veliz G, Cavada G, Rubio FJ, Wyneken U. Two Chronic Stress Models Based on Movement Restriction in Rats Respond Selectively to Antidepressant Drugs: Aldolase C As a Potential Biomarker. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyv038. [PMID: 25813018 PMCID: PMC4648154 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically depressed individuals respond to different types of antidepressants, suggesting that different neurobiological mechanisms may be responsible for their depression. However, animal models to characterize this are not yet available. METHODS We induced depressive-like behaviors in rats using 2 different chronic stress models: restraint in small cages or immobilization in adaptable plastic cones. Both models increased anxiety responses evaluated by novelty-suppressed feeding and the elevated plus-maze; increased learned helplessness evaluated by the tail suspension and forced swimming tests; and increased anhedonia evaluated by the sucrose preference test. RESULTS We assessed the ability of 2 different types of antidepressants to ameliorate depressive-like behaviors. We administered the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine or the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor reboxetine once daily for 28 days to rats that received either chronic restraint or immobilization stress, or no stress. Behavioral analysis revealed that fluoxetine ameliorated depressive-like behaviors when induced by chronic restraint stress, whereas reboxetine ameliorated these behaviors when induced by chronic immobilization stress. To further test biological differences between both models, we evaluated the levels of Aldolase C, an enzyme expressed by forebrain astrocytes that is regulated by antidepressant treatment, in the cerebrospinal fluid: chronic restraint stress, but not immobilization stress, increased the levels of Aldolase C. Moreover, the presence of astrocyte-derived Aldolase C-GFP in the cerebrospinal fluid indicates its central origin. CONCLUSIONS Two stress paradigms induced depressive-like behaviors that were sensitive to different antidepressant treatments. Biomarkers such as Aldolase C could help determine optimal antidepressant treatments for clinically depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ursula Wyneken
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Chile (Dr Ampuero, Mr Luarte, Dr Santibañez, Mr Toledo, Drs Varas-Godoy, Cavada, Rubio, and Wyneken); Laboratorio de Neurobiologia, Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile (Dr Ampuero); Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile (Dr Diaz-Veliz); Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Dr Varas-Godoy).
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22
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Scorrano F, Carrasco J, Pastor‐Ciurana J, Belda X, Rami‐Bastante A, Bacci ML, Armario A. Validation of the long‐term assessment of hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal activity in rats using hair corticosterone as a biomarker. FASEB J 2014; 29:859-67. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-254474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Scorrano
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Animal Physiology UnitFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Bologna40064Ozzano dell'EmiliaBolognaItaly
- Unitat de Fisiologia Animal (Facultat de Veterinaria)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
| | - Javier Carrasco
- Unitat de Fisiologia Animal (Facultat de Biociències)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat Autonòma de Barcelona08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
- Red de trastornos adictivos (RTA)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Jordi Pastor‐Ciurana
- Unitat de Fisiologia Animal (Facultat de Biociències)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat Autonòma de Barcelona08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
- Red de trastornos adictivos (RTA)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Xavier Belda
- Unitat de Fisiologia Animal (Facultat de Biociències)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat Autonòma de Barcelona08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
- Red de trastornos adictivos (RTA)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Alicia Rami‐Bastante
- Unitat de Fisiologia Animal (Facultat de Biociències)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat Autonòma de Barcelona08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
- Red de trastornos adictivos (RTA)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Maria Laura Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Animal Physiology UnitFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Bologna40064Ozzano dell'EmiliaBolognaItaly
| | - Antonio Armario
- Unitat de Fisiologia Animal (Facultat de Biociències)Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat Autonòma de Barcelona08193BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
- Red de trastornos adictivos (RTA)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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