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Đorović Đ, Lazarevic V, Aranđelović J, Stevanović V, Paslawski W, Zhang X, Velimirović M, Petronijević N, Puškaš L, Savić MM, Svenningsson P. Maternal deprivation causes CaMKII downregulation and modulates glutamate, norepinephrine and serotonin in limbic brain areas in a rat model of single prolonged stress. J Affect Disord 2024; 349:286-296. [PMID: 38199412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life stress is a major risk factor for later development of psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). An intricate relationship exists between various neurotransmitters (such as glutamate, norepinephrine or serotonin), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), as an important regulator of glutamatergic synaptic function, and PTSD. Here, we developed a double-hit model to investigate the interaction of maternal deprivation (MD) as an early life stress model and single prolonged stress (SPS) as a PTSD model at the behavioral and molecular levels. METHODS Male Wistar rats exposed to these stress paradigms were subjected to a comprehensive behavioral analysis. In hippocampal synaptosomes we investigated neurotransmitter release and glutamate concentration. The expression of CaMKII and the content of monoamines were determined in selected brain regions. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA was quantified by radioactive in situ hybridization. RESULTS We report a distinct behavioral phenotype in the double-hit group. Double-hit and SPS groups had decreased hippocampal presynaptic glutamatergic function. In hippocampus, double-hit stress caused a decrease in autophosphorylation of CaMKII. In prefrontal cortex, both SPS and double-hit stress had a similar effect on CaMKII autophosphorylation. Double-hit stress, rather than SPS, affected the norepinephrine and serotonin levels in prefrontal cortex, and suppressed BDNF gene expression in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. LIMITATIONS The study was conducted in male rats only. The affected brain regions cannot be restricted to hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and amygdala. CONCLUSION Double-hit stress caused more pronounced and distinct behavioral, molecular and functional changes, compared to MD or SPS alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Đorđe Đorović
- Neuro Svenningsson, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Anatomy "Niko Miljanic", School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Vesna Lazarevic
- Neuro Svenningsson, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jovana Aranđelović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe St, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Stevanović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe St, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Wojciech Paslawski
- Neuro Svenningsson, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaoqun Zhang
- Neuro Svenningsson, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Milica Velimirović
- Institute of Clinical and Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Petronijević
- Institute of Clinical and Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Laslo Puškaš
- Institute of Anatomy "Niko Miljanic", School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe St, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Neuro Svenningsson, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Tanelian A, Nankova B, Miari M, Sabban EL. Microbial composition, functionality, and stress resilience or susceptibility: unraveling sex-specific patterns. Biol Sex Differ 2024; 15:20. [PMID: 38409102 PMCID: PMC10898170 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-024-00590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following exposure to traumatic stress, women are twice as likely as men to develop mood disorders. Yet, individual responses to such stress vary, with some people developing stress-induced psychopathologies while others exhibit resilience. The factors influencing sex-related disparities in affective disorders as well as variations in resilience remain unclear; however, emerging evidence suggests differences in the gut microbiota play a role. In this study, using the single prolonged stress (SPS) model of post-traumatic stress disorder, we investigated pre- and post-existing differences in microbial composition, functionality, and metabolites that affect stress susceptibility or resilience in each sex. METHODS Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control or SPS groups. Two weeks following SPS, the animals were exposed to a battery of behavioral tests and decapitated a day later. Based on their anxiety index, they were further categorized as SPS-resilient (SPS-R) or SPS-susceptible (SPS-S). On the day of dissection, cecum, and selected brain tissues were isolated. Stool samples were collected before and after SPS, whereas urine samples were taken before and 30 min into the SPS. RESULTS Before SPS exposure, the sympathoadrenal axis exhibited alterations within male subgroups only. Expression of tight junction protein claudin-5 was lower in brain of SPS-S males, but higher in SPS-R females following SPS. Across the study, alpha diversity remained consistently lower in males compared to females. Beta diversity revealed distinct separations between male and female susceptible groups before SPS, with this separation becoming evident in the resilient groups following SPS. At the genus level, Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae_Incertae_Sedis, and Barnesiella exhibited sex-specific alterations, displaying opposing abundances in each sex. Additionally, sex-specific changes were observed in microbial predictive functionality and targeted functional modules both before and after SPS. Alterations in the microbial short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), were also observed, with major and minor SCFAs being lower in SPS-susceptible males whereas branched-chain SCFAs being higher in SPS-susceptible females. CONCLUSION This study highlights distinct pre- and post-trauma differences in microbial composition, functionality, and metabolites, associated with stress resilience in male and female rats. The findings underscore the importance of developing sex-specific therapeutic strategies to effectively address stress-related disorders. Highlights SPS model induces divergent anxiety and social behavioral responses to traumatic stress in both male and female rodents. SPS-resilient females displayed less anxiety-like behavior and initiated more interactions towards a juvenile rat than SPS-resilient males. Sex-specific pre-existing and SPS-induced differences in the gut microbial composition and predictive functionality were observed in susceptible and resilient rats. SPS-resilient males displayed elevated cecal acetate levels, whereas SPS-susceptible females exhibited heightened branched-chain SCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arax Tanelian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Bistra Nankova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Mariam Miari
- Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmo, Lund University Diabetes Center, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Esther L Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA.
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Huang G, Iqbal J, Shen D, Xue YX, Yang M, Jia X. MicroRNA expression profiles of stress susceptibility and resilience in the prelimbic and infralimbic cortex of rats after single prolonged stress. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1247714. [PMID: 37692297 PMCID: PMC10488707 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1247714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The experience of traumatic stress can engender lasting memories associated with the trauma, often resulting in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, only a minority of individuals develop PTSD symptoms upon exposure. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying the pathology of PTSD are poorly understood. Utilizing a rat model of PTSD, the Single Prolonged Stress (SPS) paradigm, we were able to differentiate between resilient and susceptible individuals. Fourteen days after the SPS exposure, we conducted the behavioral analyses using Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and Open Field (OF) tests to identify male rats as trauma resilient or susceptible. We focused on the microRNA (miRNA) profiles of the infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL) cortical regions, known to be crucial in regulating the stress response. Our investigation of stressed rats exposed to the SPS procedure yielded divergent response, and differential expression microRNAs (DEmiRs) analysis indicated significant differences in the IL and PL transcriptional response. In the IL cortex, the GO analysis revealed enriched GO terms in the resilient versus control comparison, specifically related to mitogen-activated protein kinase and MAP kinase signaling pathways for their molecular functions as well as cytosol and nucleoplasm for the biological process. In the susceptible versus resilient comparison, the changes in molecular functions were only manifested in the functions of regulation of transcription involved in the G1/S transition of the mitotic cell cycle and skeletal muscle satellite cell activation. However, no enriched GO terms were found in the susceptible versus control comparison. In the PL cortex, results indicated that the DEmiRs were enriched exclusively in the cellular component level of the endoplasmic reticulum lumen in the comparison between resilient and control rats. Overall, our study utilized an animal model of PTSD to investigate the potential correlation between stress-induced behavioral dysfunction and variations in miRNA expression. The aforementioned discoveries have the potential to pave the way for novel therapeutic approaches for PTSD, which could involve the targeted regulation of transcriptome expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengdi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Precision Psychiatric Technology, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Javed Iqbal
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Precision Psychiatric Technology, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dan Shen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yan-xue Xue
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Precision Psychiatric Technology, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, China
- Affiliated Mental Health Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Clinical College of Mental Health, ShenZhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- School of Mental Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaojian Jia
- Department of Addiction Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for Precision Psychiatric Technology, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, China
- Affiliated Mental Health Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Clinical College of Mental Health, ShenZhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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Tanelian A, Nankova B, Cheriyan A, Arens C, Hu F, Sabban EL. Differences in gut microbiota associated with stress resilience and susceptibility to single prolonged stress in female rodents. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 24:100533. [PMID: 36970450 PMCID: PMC10034505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to traumatic stress is a major risk factor for the development of neuropsychiatric disorders in a subpopulation of individuals, whereas others remain resilient. The determinants of resilience and susceptibility remain unclear. Here, we aimed to characterize the microbial, immunological, and molecular differences between stress-susceptible and stress-resilient female rats before and after exposure to a traumatic experience. Animals were randomly divided into unstressed controls (n = 10) and experimental groups (n = 16) exposed to Single Prolonged Stress (SPS), an animal model of PTSD. Fourteen days later, all rats underwent a battery of behavioral tests and were sacrificed the following day to collect different organs. Stool samples were collected before and after SPS. Behavioral analyses revealed divergent responses to SPS. The SPS treated animals were further subdivided into SPS-resilient (SPS-R) and SPS-susceptible (SPS-S) subgroups. Comparative analysis of fecal 16S sequencing before and after SPS exposure indicated significant differences in the gut microbial composition, functionality, and metabolites of the SPS-R and SPS-S subgroups. In line with the observed distinct behavioral phenotypes, the SPS-S subgroup displayed higher blood-brain barrier permeability and neuroinflammation relative to the SPS-R and/or controls. These results indicate, for the first time, pre-existing and trauma-induced differences in the gut microbial composition and functionality of female rats that relate to their ability to cope with traumatic stress. Further characterization of these factors will be crucial for understanding susceptibility and fostering resilience, especially in females, who are more likely than males to develop mood disorders.
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Chiu CW, Hsieh CY, Yang CH, Tsai JH, Huang SY, Sheu JR. Yohimbine, an α2-Adrenoceptor Antagonist, Suppresses PDGF-BB-Stimulated Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by Downregulating the PLCγ1 Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148049. [PMID: 35887391 PMCID: PMC9324260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Yohimbine (YOH) has antiproliferative effects against breast cancer and pancreatic cancer; however, its effects on vascular proliferative diseases such as atherosclerosis remain unknown. Accordingly, we investigated the inhibitory mechanisms of YOH in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB, a major mitogenic factor in vascular diseases. YOH (5–20 μM) suppressed PDGF-BB-stimulated a mouse VSMC line (MOVAS-1 cell) proliferation without inducing cytotoxicity. YOH also exhibited antimigratory effects and downregulated matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 expression in PDGF-BB-stimulated MOVAS-1 cells. It also promoted cell cycle arrest in the initial gap/first gap phase by upregulating p27Kip1 and p53 expression and reducing cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. We noted phospholipase C-γ1 (PLCγ1) but not ERK1/2, AKT, or p38 kinase phosphorylation attenuation in YOH-modulated PDGF-BB-propagated signaling pathways in the MOVAS-1 cells. Furthermore, YOH still inhibited PDGF-BB-induced cell proliferation and PLCγ1 phosphorylation in MOVAS-1 cells with α2B-adrenergic receptor knockdown. YOH (5 and 10 mg/kg) substantially suppressed neointimal hyperplasia in mice subjected to CCA ligation for 21 days. Overall, our results reveal that YOH attenuates PDGF-BB-stimulated VSMC proliferation and migration by downregulating a α2B-adrenergic receptor–independent PLCγ1 pathway and reduces neointimal formation in vivo. Therefore, YOH has potential for repurposing for treating atherosclerosis and other vascular proliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Ying Hsieh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (C.-H.Y.); (J.-H.T.)
| | - Chih-Hao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (C.-H.Y.); (J.-H.T.)
| | - Jie-Heng Tsai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (C.-H.Y.); (J.-H.T.)
| | - Shih-Yi Huang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine & Sciences, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.H.); (J.-R.S.); Tel.: +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 6543) (S.-Y.H.); +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 3199) (J.-R.S.)
| | - Joen-Rong Sheu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (C.-H.Y.); (J.-H.T.)
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.H.); (J.-R.S.); Tel.: +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 6543) (S.-Y.H.); +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 3199) (J.-R.S.)
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Tanelian A, Nankova B, Miari M, Nahvi RJ, Sabban EL. Resilience or susceptibility to traumatic stress: Potential influence of the microbiome. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 19:100461. [PMID: 35789769 PMCID: PMC9250071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to traumatic stress is a major risk factor for development of neuropsychiatric disorders in a sub-population of individuals, while others remain resilient. The mechanisms and contributing factors differentiating between these phenotypes are still unclear. We hypothesize that inter-individual differences in the microbial composition and function contribute to host resilience or susceptibility to stress-induced psychopathologies. The current study aimed to characterize gut microbial community before and after exposure to traumatic stress in an animal model of PTSD. Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into unstressed controls and experimental group subjected to Single Prolonged Stress (SPS). After 14 days, behavioral analyses were performed using Open Field, Social Interaction and Elevated Plus Maze tests. Based on the anxiety measures, the SPS group was further subdivided into resilient (SPS-R) and susceptible (SPS–S) cohorts. The animals were sacrificed after the last behavioral test and cecum, colon, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex were dissected. Prior to SPS and immediately after Open Field test, fecal samples were collected from each rat for 16S V3–V4 ribosomal DNA sequencing, whereas urine samples were collected before SPS, 90 min into immobilization and on the day of sacrifice to measure epinephrine and norepinephrine levels. Analyses of the fecal microbiota revealed significant differences in microbial communities and in their predictive functionality among the groups before and after SPS stressors. Before SPS, the SPS-S subgroup harbored microbiota with an overall pro-inflammatory phenotype, whereas SPS-R subgroup had microbiota with an overall anti-inflammatory phenotype, with predictive functional pathways enriched in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and decreased in amino acid metabolism and neurodegenerative diseases. After SPS, the gut microbial communities and their predictive functionality shifted especially in SPS cohorts, with volatility at the genus level correlating inversely with Anxiety Index. In line with the alterations seen in the gut microbiota, the levels of cecal short chain fatty acids were also altered, with SPS-S subgroup having significantly lower levels of acetate, valerate and caproate. The levels of acetate inversely correlated with Anxiety Index. Interestingly, urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine levels were also higher in the SPS-S subgroup at baseline and during stress, indicative of an altered sympathoadrenal stress axis. Finally, shorter colon (marker of intestinal inflammation) and a lower claudin-5 protein expression (marker for increased blood brain barrier permeability) were observed in the SPS-S subgroup. Taken together, our results suggest microbiota is a potential factor in predisposing subjects either to stress susceptibility or resilience. Moreover, SPS triggered significant shifts in the gut microbiota, their metabolites and brain permeability. These findings could lead to new therapeutic directions for PTSD possibly through the controlled manipulation of gut microbiota. It may enable early identification of individuals more likely to develop prolonged anxiogenic symptoms following traumatic stress. Preexisting individual differences in microbiome relate to host's stress response. Shift in the microbial composition differs in SPS-R and SPS-S subgroups after SPS. Cecal levels of acetate in SPS subgroups correlate inversely with anxiety index. Basal and stress-induced urinary catecholamine levels are higher in SPS-S subgroup. SPS-S subgroup has shorter colon, less cecal SCFA and lower brain TJ protein.
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The Role of Context Conditioning in the Reinstatement of Responding to an Alcohol-Predictive Conditioned Stimulus. Behav Brain Res 2021; 423:113686. [PMID: 34852244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Re-exposure to an unconditioned stimulus (US) can reinstate extinguished conditioned responding elicited by a conditioned stimulus (CS). We tested the hypothesis that the reinstatement of responding to an appetitive CS is driven by an excitatory association formed between the US and the context that the US was ingested in during US re-exposure. Male, Long-Evans rats were acclimated to drinking alcohol (15%, v/v) in the home-cage, then trained to associate an auditory CS with an alcohol-US that was delivered into a fluid port for oral intake. During subsequent extinction sessions, the CS was presented as before, but without alcohol. After extinction, rats were re-exposed to alcohol as in training, but without the CS (alcohol re-exposure). 24h later at test, the CS was presented as in training, but without alcohol. First, we tested the effect of extinguishing the context-alcohol association, formed during alcohol re-exposure, on reinstatement. Conducting four context extinction sessions across four days (spaced extinction) after the alcohol re-exposure session did not impact reinstatement. However, four context extinction sessions conducted across two days (massed extinction) prevented reinstatement. Next, we conducted alcohol re-exposure in a context that either differed from, or was the same as, the test context. One alcohol re-exposure session in a different context did not affect reinstatement, however, three alcohol re-exposure sessions in a different context significantly reduced reinstatement during the first CS trial. These results partially support the view that a context-US association formed during US re-exposure drives the reinstatement of responding to an appetitive, alcohol-predictive CS.
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Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Yang M, Yuan J, Cao Y, Xu L, Ma X, Lin S, An J, Wang S. Yohimbine hydrochloride inhibits benign prostatic hyperplasia by downregulating steroid 5α-reductase type 2. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 908:174334. [PMID: 34265299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a frequently encountered disease in older men that affects sexual function and is capable of causing lower urinary tract dysfunction. Unfortunately, current treatment options for BPH primarily seek to address the lower urinary tract dysfunction aspect of the disease and do not improve sexual function. Yohimbine has been effectively used for decades to treat erectile dysfunction. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of yohimbine on BPH and explore the associated underlying mechanisms. Thirty-six rats were randomly divided into the control, BPH, finasteride (1 mg/kg), and yohimbine (2, 4, and 8 mg/kg) groups. Except for the rats in the control group, those in the other groups were subcutaneously injected testosterone propionate (5 mg/kg/day) daily for a period of 4 weeks to establish BPH models. They were also administration the corresponding drug daily for a period of 6 weeks. After the treatments, in addition to determining prostate wet weight and index, the histopathological status of the prostate was observed, and the levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, prostatic acid phosphatase, the prostate-specific antigen, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and steroid 5α-reductase were determined. Specifically, the administration of 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg yohimbine inhibited prostatic index increase by 46.7, 55.1, and 69.3%, respectively, in BHP rats. Further, yohimbine significantly reduced the levels of dihydrotestosterone, prostatic acid phosphatase, prostate-specific antigen, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and steroid 5α-reductase, suggesting that it exerts beneficial effects against BPH by modulating the steroid 5α-reductase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani Zhao
- Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yao Li
- Key Laboratory Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Yang
- Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiani Yuan
- Air Force Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, The Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Chinese Materia Medica and Natural Medicines, School of Pharmacy, The Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuexinyu Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sisong Lin
- Key Laboratory Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junming An
- Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Siwang Wang
- Key Laboratory Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China.
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Aykac A, Şehirli AÖ, Gören MZ. Evaluation of the Effect of Prazosin Treatment on α-2c Adrenoceptor and Apoptosis Protein Levels in the Predator Scent-Induced Rat Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:1120-1129. [PMID: 32133592 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The predator scent-induced (PSI) stress model is a rat model used to mimic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in humans. There is growing evidence that prazosin, which blocks α-1 and is approved by the FDA as an anti-hypertensive drug, can potentially be of use in the treatment of PTSD-related sleep disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of prazosin treatment on behavioral parameters (freezing time, total transitions, and rearing frequency measured from the open field; anxiety index, total entries and time spent in open arms calculated from the elevated plus maze), apoptotic proteins and α-2c-AR in fear memory reconsolidation in the PSI stress rat model. We used western blot analysis to determine the effect of prazosin (0.5 mg/kg/ip) on α-2c-AR and apoptotic protein expression changes in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. It was determined that in the stress group, there was increased freezing time and anxiety index, and decreased rearing frequency, total transitions, total entries, and time spent in open arms compared to the control groups. Following PSI-stress, pro-apoptotic (bax) protein expression levels increased and α-2c AR and anti-apoptotic protein (bcl-2) levels decreased in investigated all brain regions. The majority of stress-induced changes were recovered with prazosin treatment. The results of our study may potentially be useful in understanding the effect of prazosin treatment, given the fact that the amygdala, frontal cortex, and hippocampus regions are affected for stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asli Aykac
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Near East University Boulevard, 99138, Nicosia, Cyprus. .,Bioinformatics and Computational Research Group, DESAM Institute, Near East University, Boulevard, 99138, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Ahmet Özer Şehirli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, Near East University Boulevard, 99138, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - M Zafer Gören
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Başıbüyük Health Campus, Başıbüyük Road No: 9/2 Maltepe, 34854, Istanbul, Turkey
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Le Dorze C, Borreca A, Pignataro A, Ammassari-Teule M, Gisquet-Verrier P. Emotional remodeling with oxytocin durably rescues trauma-induced behavioral and neuro-morphological changes in rats: a promising treatment for PTSD. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:27. [PMID: 32066681 PMCID: PMC7026036 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that reactivated memories are malleable and can integrate new information upon their reactivation. We injected rats with oxytocin to investigate whether the delivery of a drug which dampens anxiety and fear before the reactivation of trauma memory decreases the emotional load of the original representation and durably alleviates PTSD-like symptoms. Rats exposed to the single prolonged stress (SPS) model of PTSD were classified 15 and 17 days later as either resilient or vulnerable to trauma on the basis of their anxiety and arousal scores. Following 2 other weeks, they received an intracerebral infusion of oxytocin (0.1 µg/1 µL) or saline 40 min before their trauma memory was reactivated by exposure to SPS reminders. PTSD-like symptoms and reactivity to PTSD-related cues were examined 3-14 days after oxytocin treatment. Results showed that vulnerable rats treated with saline exhibited a robust PTSD syndrome including increased anxiety and decreased arousal, as well as intense fear reactions to SPS sensory and contextual cues. Exposure to a combination of those cues resulted in c-fos hypo-activation and dendritic arbor retraction in prefrontal cortex and amygdala neurons, relative to resilient rats. Remarkably, 83% of vulnerable rats subjected to oxytocin-based emotional remodeling exhibited a resilient phenotype, and SPS-induced morphological alterations in prelimbic cortex and basolateral amygdala were eliminated. Our findings emphasize the translational potential of the present oxytocin-based emotional remodeling protocol which, when administered even long after the trauma, produces deep re-processing of traumatic memories and durable attenuation of the PTSD symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Le Dorze
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Antonella Borreca
- Santa Lucia Foundation, via del fosso di fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Annabella Pignataro
- Santa Lucia Foundation, via del fosso di fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Pascale Gisquet-Verrier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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11
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Calpe-López C, García-Pardo MP, Martínez-Caballero MA, Santos-Ortíz A, Aguilar MA. Behavioral Traits Associated With Resilience to the Effects of Repeated Social Defeat on Cocaine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 13:278. [PMID: 31998090 PMCID: PMC6962131 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between stress and drug use is well demonstrated. Stress-induced by repeated social defeat (RSD) enhances the conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by cocaine in mice. The phenomenon of resilience understood as the ability of subjects to overcome the negative effects of stress is the focus of increasing interest. Our aim is to characterize the behavior of resilient animals with respect to the effects of RSD on the CPP induced by cocaine. To this end, 25 male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to stress by RSD during late adolescence, while other 15 male mice did not undergo stress (controls). On the 2 days following the last defeat, all the animals carried out the elevated plus maze (EPM) and Hole Board, Social Interaction, Tail Suspension and Splash tests. Three weeks later, all the animals performed the CPP paradigm with a low dose of cocaine (1 mg/kg). Exposure to RSD decreased all measurements related to the open arms of the EPM. It also reduced social interaction, immobility in the tail suspension test (TST) and grooming in the splash test. RSD exposure also increased the sensitivity of the mice to the rewarding effects of cocaine, since only defeated animals acquired CPP. Several behavioral traits were related to resilience to the potentiating effect of RSD on cocaine CPP. Mice that showed less submission during defeat episodes, a lower percentage of time in the open arms of the EPM, low novelty-seeking, high social interaction, greater immobility in the TST and a higher frequency of grooming were those that were resilient to the long-term effects of social defeat on cocaine reward since they behaved like controls and did not develop CPP. These results suggest that the behavioral profile of resilient defeated mice is characterized by an active coping response during episodes of defeat, a greater concern for potential dangers, less reactivity in a situation of inevitable moderate stress and fewer depressive-like symptoms after stress. Determining the neurobehavioral substrates of resilience is the first step towards developing behavioral or pharmacological interventions that increase resilience in individuals at a high risk of suffering from stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Calpe-López
- Neurobehavioural Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behavior Research Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Pilar García-Pardo
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Martínez-Caballero
- Neurobehavioural Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behavior Research Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandra Santos-Ortíz
- Neurobehavioural Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behavior Research Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Asunción Aguilar
- Neurobehavioural Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behavior Research Unit, Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Abstract
Understanding the neurobiological basis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is fundamental to accurately diagnose this neuropathology and offer appropriate treatment options to patients. The lack of pharmacological effects, too often observed with the most currently used drugs, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), makes even more urgent the discovery of new pharmacological approaches. Reliable animal models of PTSD are difficult to establish because of the present limited understanding of the PTSD heterogeneity and of the influence of various environmental factors that trigger the disorder in humans. We summarize knowledge on the most frequently investigated animal models of PTSD, focusing on both their behavioral and neurobiological features. Most of them can reproduce not only behavioral endophenotypes, including anxiety-like behaviors or fear-related avoidance, but also neurobiological alterations, such as glucocorticoid receptor hypersensitivity or amygdala hyperactivity. Among the various models analyzed, we focus on the social isolation mouse model, which reproduces some deficits observed in humans with PTSD, such as abnormal neurosteroid biosynthesis, changes in GABAA receptor subunit expression and lack of pharmacological response to benzodiazepines. Neurosteroid biosynthesis and its interaction with the endocannabinoid system are altered in PTSD and are promising neuronal targets to discover novel PTSD agents. In this regard, we discuss pharmacological interventions and we highlight exciting new developments in the fields of research for novel reliable PTSD biomarkers that may enable precise diagnosis of the disorder and more successful pharmacological treatments for PTSD patients.
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13
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Alpha 2-adrenergic dysregulation in congenic DxH recombinant inbred mice selectively bred for a high fear-sensitized (H-FSS) startle response. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 188:172835. [PMID: 31805289 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with anxiety disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exhibit exaggerated fear responses and noradrenergic dysregulation. Fear-related responses to α2-adrenergic challenge were therefore studied in DxH C3H/HeJ-like recombinant inbred (C3HLRI) mice, which are a DBA/2J-congenic strain selectively bred for a high fear-sensitized startle (H-FSS). C3HLRI mice showed an enhanced acoustic startle response and immobility in the forced swim test compared to DBA/2J controls. The α2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (Yoh; 5.0 mg/kg) induced an anxiogenic and the α2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine (Clon; 0.1 mg/kg) an anxiolytic effect in the open field (OF) in C3HLRI but not DBA/2J mice. In auditory fear-conditioning, Yoh (5.0 mg/kg)-treated C3HLRI mice showed higher freezing during fear recall and extinction learning than DBA/2J mice, and a higher ceiling for the Yoh-induced deficit in fear extinction. No strain differences were observed in exploration-related anxiety/spatial learning or the Clon-induced (0.1 mg/kg) corticosterone surge. A global analysis of the behavioral profile of the two mouse strains based on observed and expected numbers of significant behavioral outcomes indicated that C3HLRI mice showed significantly more often fear- and stress-related PTSD-like behaviors than DBA/2J controls. The analysis of the robustness of significant outcomes based on false discovery rate (FDR) thresholds confirmed significant differences for the strain-Yoh-interactions in the OF center and periphery, the Yoh-induced general extinction deficit, strain differences in conditioned fear levels, and at the dose of 5.0 mg/kg for the Yoh-induced ceiling in freezing levels among others. The current findings are consistent with previous observations showing alterations in the central noradrenergic system of C3HLRI mice (Browne et al., 2014, Stress 17:471-83). Based on their behavioral profile and response to α2-adrenergic stimulation, C3HLRI mice are a valuable genetic model for studying adrenergic mechanisms of anxiety disorders and potentially also of PTSD.
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Lguensat A, Bentefour Y, Bennis M, Ba-M'hamed S, Garcia R. Susceptibility and Resilience to PTSD-Like Symptoms in Mice Are Associated with Opposite Dendritic Changes in the Prelimbic and Infralimbic Cortices Following Trauma. Neuroscience 2019; 418:166-176. [PMID: 31487540 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is triggered by exposure to traumatic events, but not everyone who experiences trauma develops this disorder. Like humans, PTSD-like symptoms develop in some laboratory rodents (susceptible individuals), while others express less or no symptoms (resilient individuals). Here, considering (i) the putative causal role of fear conditioning in PTSD development and (ii) the involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the regulation of conditioned fear response, we tested whether trauma-associated changes in the mPFC may discriminate stress-resilient from stress-susceptible mice. From data on avoidance behavior (as a major symptom), we found that trauma-exposed mice displayed a bimodal distribution in their step-through latency, with low avoider (stress-resilient) individuals and high avoider (stress-susceptible) individuals. Dendrites of Golgi-Cox-stained neurons were analyzed in two parts of the mPFC: the prelimbic (PrL) and infralimbic (IL) areas. In the resilient phenotype, the total number of dendrites decreased in the PrL and increased in the IL; however, it decreased only in the IL in the susceptible phenotype compared to controls. These findings demonstrate that the type of post-trauma morphological changes in the mPFC is associated with susceptibility or resilience to trauma-related symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmae Lguensat
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Neurobiologie et Comportement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique, URAC 37, Cadi Ayyad Université, Marrakech, Maroc; Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix-Marseille Université & Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Yassine Bentefour
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Neurobiologie et Comportement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique, URAC 37, Cadi Ayyad Université, Marrakech, Maroc
| | - Mohamed Bennis
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Neurobiologie et Comportement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique, URAC 37, Cadi Ayyad Université, Marrakech, Maroc
| | - Saadia Ba-M'hamed
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Neurobiologie et Comportement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique, URAC 37, Cadi Ayyad Université, Marrakech, Maroc
| | - René Garcia
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR7289, Aix-Marseille Université & Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France.
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15
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Modelling posttraumatic stress disorders in animals. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 90:117-133. [PMID: 30468906 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Animal models of posttraumatic stress disorder are useful tools to reveal the neurobiological basis of the vulnerability to traumatic events, and to develop new treatment strategies, as well as predicting treatment response contributing to personalized medicine approach. Different models have different construct, face and predictive validity and they model different symptoms of the disease. The most prevalent models are the single prolonged stress, electric foot-shock and predator odor. Freezing as 're-experiencing' in cluster B and startle as 'arousal' in cluster E according to DSM-5 are the most frequently studied parameters; however, several other symptoms related to mood, cognitive and social skills are part of the examinations. Beside behavioral characteristics, symptoms of exaggerated sympathetic activity and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis as well as signs of sleep disturbances are also warranted. Test battery rather than a single test is required to describe a model properly and the results should be interpreted in a comprehensive way, e.g. creating a z-score. Research is shifting to study larger populations and identifying the features of the resilient and vulnerable individuals, which cannot be easily done in humans. Incorporation of the "three hit theory" in animal models may lead to a better animal model of vulnerability and resilience. As women are twice as vulnerable as men, more emphasize should be taken to include female animals. Moreover, hypothesis free testing and big data analysis may help to identify an array of biomarkers instead of a single variable for identification of vulnerability and for the purpose of personalized medicine.
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16
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Gisquet-Verrier P, Le Dorze C. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use Disorder as Two Pathologies Affecting Memory Reactivation: Implications for New Therapeutic Approaches. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:26. [PMID: 30814940 PMCID: PMC6381044 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present review, we provide evidence indicating that although post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD) are two distinct pathologies with very different impacts on people affected by these chronic illnesses, they share numerous common characteristics, present high rates of co-morbidity, and may result from common physiological dysfunctions. We propose that these pathologies result from hyper reactivity to reminders, and thus should be considered as two disorders of memory, treated as such. We review the different possibilities to intervene on pathological memories such as extinction therapy and reconsolidation blockade. We also introduce new therapeutic avenues directly indicate by our recent proposal to replace the consolidation/reconsolidation hypothesis by the integration concept. State dependency and emotional remodeling are two innovative treatments that have already provided encouraging results. In summary, this review shows that the discovery of reactivation-dependent memory malleability has open new therapeutic avenues based on the reprocessing of pathological memories, which constitute promising approaches to treat PTSD and SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Gisquet-Verrier
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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17
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Gisquet-Verrier P, Riccio DC. Memory integration: An alternative to the consolidation/reconsolidation hypothesis. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 171:15-31. [PMID: 30343034 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The original concept of consolidation considers that memory requires time to be fixed. Since 2000, a comparable protein-dependent re-stabilization phase, called reconsolidation, has been assumed to take place after memory retrieval. This consolidation/reconsolidation hypothesis, has dominated the literature for more than 50 years, despite compelling evidence that is inconsistent with it. In this review, we present an historical overview and explain how, despite serious criticisms, this hypothesis has persisted for decades and become accepted as a dogma. Based on both older and more recent evidence, we next propose the concept of memory integration which involves the linkage or embedding of new material into an already existing representation. We believe integration provides a viable explanation for retrograde amnesia in place of the consolidation/reconsolidation hypothesis. Integration can further be the basis for several major cases of memory alteration such as time dependent memory enhancement, interference, counter-conditioning, updating and other instances of memory malleability. In a final section we consider the implications this new concept may have for memory processes and its translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Gisquet-Verrier
- Neuro-PSI, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât 446, Orsay, F-91405, France.
| | - David C Riccio
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
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18
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Deslauriers J, Toth M, Der-Avakian A, Risbrough VB. Current Status of Animal Models of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Behavioral and Biological Phenotypes, and Future Challenges in Improving Translation. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:895-907. [PMID: 29338843 PMCID: PMC6085893 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Increasing predictability of animal models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has required active collaboration between clinical and preclinical scientists. Modeling PTSD is challenging, as it is a heterogeneous disorder with ≥20 symptoms. Clinical research increasingly utilizes objective biological measures (e.g., imaging, peripheral biomarkers) or nonverbal behaviors and/or physiological responses to complement verbally reported symptoms. This shift toward more-objectively measurable phenotypes enables refinement of current animal models of PTSD, and it supports the incorporation of homologous measures across species. We reviewed >600 articles to examine the ability of current rodent models to probe biological phenotypes of PTSD (e.g., sleep disturbances, hippocampal and fear-circuit dysfunction, inflammation, glucocorticoid receptor hypersensitivity) in addition to behavioral phenotypes. Most models reliably produced enduring generalized anxiety-like or depression-like behaviors, as well as hyperactive fear circuits, glucocorticoid receptor hypersensitivity, and response to long-term selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Although a few paradigms probed fear conditioning/extinction or utilized peripheral immune, sleep, and noninvasive imaging measures, we argue that these should be incorporated more to enhance translation. Data on female subjects, on subjects at different ages across the life span, or on temporal trajectories of phenotypes after stress that can inform model validity and treatment study design are needed. Overall, preclinical (and clinical) PTSD researchers are increasingly incorporating homologous biological measures to assess markers of risk, response, and treatment outcome. This shift is exciting, as we and many others hope it not only will support translation of drug efficacy from animal models to clinical trials but also will potentially improve predictability of stage II for stage III clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Deslauriers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Hospital, La Jolla, California
| | - Mate Toth
- Department of Behavioural Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andre Der-Avakian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Victoria B Risbrough
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs Hospital, La Jolla, California.
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19
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Le Dorze C, Tassin JP, Chauveau F, Gisquet-Verrier P. Behavioral and Noradrenergic Sensitizations in Vulnerable Traumatized Rats Suggest Common Bases with Substance Use Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:611-620. [PMID: 29754278 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to strengthen our hypothesis of a common physiological basis for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders. This paper investigates the possibility that rats exposed to a PTSD model exhibit noradrenergic and behavioral sensitization, as observed following repeated drugs of abuse injections. First, rats received a single prolonged stress (SPS), combining three consecutive stressors. They were then tested, 2 weeks after the trauma for PTSD-like symptoms to discriminate between vulnerable and resilient rats. When microdialysis was performed in the prelimbic cortex (Experiment 1), larger increases of noradrenaline (NA) release in response to amphetamine were observed in vulnerable rats when compared to control and resilient animals. Experiment 2 showed that trauma-vulnerable rats exhibited increases in locomotor activity relative to controls, in response to an exposure to trauma-associated cues. These data demonstrate that a single trauma exposure induces in vulnerable animals both, a noradrenergic sensitization evidenced within the prelimbic cortex and behavioral sensitization obtained after a physiologic activation of the noradrenergic system. However, Experiment 3 showed that when NA system was activated by amphetamine (1 mg/kg), a decrease in behavioral sensitization was obtained in vulnerable rats. We proposed that this decreased locomotor activity results from an additional stress-induced increased reactivity of mesocortical dopaminergic neurons, known to counteract the consequences of cortical noradrenergic release in rats. These results support our hypothesis that noradrenergic sensitization represents a common physiological basis, involved both in PTSD and drug addiction and suggest new common therapeutic approaches for these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Le Dorze
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât 446, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Jean-Pol Tassin
- Sorbonne Universite, Neuroscience Paris Seine, UMCR18, CNRS UMR 8246, Inserm U1130, 7 Quai St Bernard, 75252, Paris, France
| | - Fréderic Chauveau
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Brétigny sur Orge Cedex, France
| | - Pascale Gisquet-Verrier
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI), Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât 446, 91405, Orsay, France.
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20
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Lisieski MJ, Eagle AL, Conti AC, Liberzon I, Perrine SA. Single-Prolonged Stress: A Review of Two Decades of Progress in a Rodent Model of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:196. [PMID: 29867615 PMCID: PMC5962709 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common, costly, and often debilitating psychiatric condition. However, the biological mechanisms underlying this disease are still largely unknown or poorly understood. Considerable evidence indicates that PTSD results from dysfunction in highly-conserved brain systems involved in stress, anxiety, fear, and reward. Pre-clinical models of traumatic stress exposure are critical in defining the neurobiological mechanisms of PTSD, which will ultimately aid in the development of new treatments for PTSD. Single prolonged stress (SPS) is a pre-clinical model that displays behavioral, molecular, and physiological alterations that recapitulate many of the same alterations observed in PTSD, illustrating its validity and giving it utility as a model for investigating post-traumatic adaptations and pre-trauma risk and protective factors. In this manuscript, we review the present state of research using the SPS model, with the goals of (1) describing the utility of the SPS model as a tool for investigating post-trauma adaptations, (2) relating findings using the SPS model to findings in patients with PTSD, and (3) indicating research gaps and strategies to address them in order to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lisieski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Andrew L Eagle
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Alana C Conti
- Research and Development Service, John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Mental Health Service, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Shane A Perrine
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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21
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Daws SE, Joseph NF, Jamieson S, King ML, Chévere-Torres I, Fuentes I, Shumyatsky GP, Brantley AF, Rumbaugh G, Miller CA. Susceptibility and Resilience to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-like Behaviors in Inbred Mice. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:924-933. [PMID: 28778658 PMCID: PMC5683920 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The limited neurobiological understanding of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been partially attributed to the need for improved animal models. Stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) in rodents recapitulates many PTSD-associated behaviors, including stress-susceptible and stress-resilient subgroups in outbred rats. Identification of subgroups requires additional behavioral phenotyping, a confound to mechanistic studies. METHODS We employed a SEFL paradigm in inbred male and female C57BL/6 mice that combines acute stress with fear conditioning to precipitate traumatic-like memories. Extinction and long-term retention of extinction were examined after SEFL. Further characterization of SEFL effects on male mice was performed with additional behavioral tests, determination of regional activation by Fos immunofluorescence, and RNA sequencing of the basolateral amygdala. RESULTS Stressed animals displayed persistently elevated freezing during extinction. While more uniform in females, SEFL produced male subgroups with differential susceptibility that were identified without posttraining phenotyping. Additional phenotyping of male mice revealed PTSD-associated behaviors, including extinction-resistant fear memory, hyperarousal, generalization, and dysregulated corticosterone in stress-susceptible male mice. Altered Fos activation was also seen in the infralimbic cortex and basolateral amygdala of stress-susceptible male mice after remote memory retrieval. Key behavioral outcomes, including susceptibility, were replicated by two independent laboratories. RNA sequencing of the basolateral amygdala revealed transcriptional divergence between the male subgroups, including genes with reported polymorphic association to patients with PTSD. CONCLUSIONS This SEFL model provides a tool for development of PTSD therapeutics that is compatible with the growing number of mouse-specific resources. Furthermore, use of an inbred strain allows for investigation into epigenetic mechanisms that are expected to critically regulate susceptibility and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie E Daws
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Nadine F Joseph
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Sarah Jamieson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Michelle L King
- Behavioral Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | | | - Illeana Fuentes
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Gavin Rumbaugh
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Courtney A Miller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida.
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22
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Binge-pattern cocaine administration causes long-lasting behavioral hyperarousal but does not enhance vulnerability to single prolonged stress in rats. Psychiatry Res 2017; 257:95-101. [PMID: 28750215 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine use disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) commonly co-occur. This could be due to vulnerability to post-traumatic symptoms conferred by previous exposure to cocaine. Therefore, we combined chronic binge-pattern cocaine with a model of psychological trauma (single prolonged stress) to determine whether the behavioral effects of psychological trauma are enhanced in cocaine-sensitized individuals. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats received 14 days of cocaine (15mg/kg/injection) or saline in a binge pattern (3 injections per day, 1h apart). Seven days after the last injection animals were exposed to traumatic stress or a control procedure. Seven days after stress, activity and anxiety-like behaviors were measured. Binge-pattern cocaine increased locomotor activity in the open field and elevated plus maze, and both cocaine and SPS exposure increased the rapidity with which rats moved through grooming sequences. Neither binge-pattern cocaine nor SPS increased anxiety-like behaviors, and no interactions were found between binge-pattern cocaine exposure and SPS exposure. A behavioral phenotype categorization approach demonstrated that cocaine-exposed groups expressed a high incidence of hyperactivity-like symptoms. These results suggest that binge-pattern cocaine exposure causes a long-lasting hyper-exploratory phenotype but does not make individuals more vulnerable to a later traumatic stress exposure.
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Malikowska N, Fijałkowski Ł, Nowaczyk A, Popik P, Sałat K. Antidepressant-like activity of venlafaxine and clonidine in mice exposed to single prolonged stress - A model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Pharmacodynamic and molecular docking studies. Brain Res 2017; 1673:1-10. [PMID: 28797691 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a growing issue worldwide characterized by stress and anxiety in response to re-experiencing traumatic events which strongly impair patient's quality of life and social functions. Available antidepressant and anxiolytic drugs are not efficacious in the majority of treated individuals. This necessitates a significant medical demand to develop novel therapeutic strategies for PTSD. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Animal model of PTSD was induced using a mouse single prolonged stress protocol (mSPS). To assess the activity of venlafaxine and clonidine, the forced swim test (FST) was used repeatedly 24h, 3days, 8days, 15days and 25days after mSPS. To get insight into a possible mechanism of anti-PTSD action, molecular docking procedure was utilized for the most active drug. This in silico part comprised molecular docking of enantiomers of venlafaxine to human transporters for serotonin (hSERT), norepinephrine (hNET) and dopamine (hDAT). KEY RESULTS In mSPS-subjected mice FST revealed the effectiveness of venlafaxine, however in non SPS-subjected mice both venlafaxine and clonidine were active. Molecular docking studies indicated that the affinity of venlafaxine to monoamine transporters is growing in the following rank order: hDAT<hNET<hSERT. Both venlafaxine enantiomers present different selectivity and binding mode. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Venlafaxine but not clonidine was effective in an animal model of PTSD. Its mechanism of action, i.e., SERT, NET and DAT inhibition indicates potential drug targets for PTSD treatment. We expect that these results will contribute to a broader application of VLX in PTSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Malikowska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Łukasz Fijałkowski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 2 dr. A. Jurasza St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alicja Nowaczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 2 dr. A. Jurasza St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Piotr Popik
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St., 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kinga Sałat
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
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Brodnik ZD, Black EM, Clark MJ, Kornsey KN, Snyder NW, España RA. Susceptibility to traumatic stress sensitizes the dopaminergic response to cocaine and increases motivation for cocaine. Neuropharmacology 2017; 125:295-307. [PMID: 28778834 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients with post-traumatic stress disorder have a heightened vulnerability to developing substance use disorders; however, the biological underpinnings of this vulnerability remain unresolved. We used the predator odor stress model of post-traumatic stress disorder with segregation of subjects as susceptible or resilient based on elevated plus maze behavior and context avoidance. We then determined behavioral and neurochemical differences across susceptible, resilient, and control populations using a panel of behavioral and neurochemical assays. Susceptible subjects showed a significant increase in the motoric and dopaminergic effects of cocaine, and this corresponded with heightened motivation to self-administer cocaine. Resilient subjects did not show differences in the motoric effects of cocaine, in dopamine signaling in vivo, or in any measure of cocaine self-administration. Nonetheless, we found that these animals displayed elevations in both the dopamine release-promoting effects of cocaine and dopamine autoreceptor sensitivity ex vivo. Our results suggest that the experience of traumatic stress may produce alterations in dopamine systems that drive elevations in cocaine self-administration behavior in susceptible subjects, but may also produce both active and passive forms of resilience that function to prevent gross changes in cocaine's reinforcing efficacy in resilient subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Brodnik
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 2900 W Queen Lane, Philadelphia PA, 19129, United States
| | - Emily M Black
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 2900 W Queen Lane, Philadelphia PA, 19129, United States
| | - Meagan J Clark
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 2900 W Queen Lane, Philadelphia PA, 19129, United States
| | - Kristen N Kornsey
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 2900 W Queen Lane, Philadelphia PA, 19129, United States
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- Drexel University, A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Rodrigo A España
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 2900 W Queen Lane, Philadelphia PA, 19129, United States.
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Gisquet-Verrier P, Tolédano D, Le Dorze C. Bases physiologiques communes pour les troubles de stress post-traumatique et la dépendance aux drogues d’abus : conséquences pour de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques. Therapie 2017; 72:357-366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Le Dorze C, Gisquet-Verrier P. Effects of multiple brief exposures to trauma-associated cues on traumatized resilient and vulnerable rats. Brain Res 2016; 1652:71-80. [PMID: 27717871 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intrusive re-experiencing of a trauma is a core symptom in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and is often triggered by contextual cues associated with the event. It is not yet established if intrusive re-experiencing is the consequence of PTSD, or if it could contribute to the development of PTSD following a traumatic event. The present study (1) examined the impact of repeated brief re-exposures to trauma reminders on the strength of PTSD-like symptoms, as well as on their time-development and (2) investigated the reactivity over time to these cues in trauma resilient and vulnerable rats, defined on the basis of the PTSD-like symptoms they demonstrated. Rats were exposed to a Single Prolonged Stress, combining three different stresses (2-h restraint, 20-min forced swim and CO2 unconsciousness) delivered together with tone and odor cues and preceded by an inhibitory avoidance conditioning or a control procedure. During the following two weeks, reminded rats were briefly re-exposed to trauma-associated cues either 4 or 8 times. The results indicated that 4 re-exposures to the same cue strengthened PTSD-like symptoms (anxiety, arousal, fear to trauma-cue). However 8 re-exposures to similar or different trauma-cues did not alter PTSD-like symptoms and led to a rapid extinction of the fear reactivity to these cues. The present results further indicated that shortly after trauma, both resilient and vulnerable rats strongly reacted to trauma-associated cues, while only vulnerable rats reacted long after the trauma, suggesting a slower loss of fear responses to trauma cues in these rats. We concluded that re-experiencing may participate in, but cannot be solely responsible for, the development of long-term PTSD effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Le Dorze
- Neuro-PSI, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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