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Liu Y, Yang L, Yan H, Feng C, Jiang W, Li W, Lei Y, Pang L, Liang M, Guo W, Luo S. Increased functional connectivity coupling with supplementary motor area in blepharospasm at rest. Brain Res 2023; 1817:148469. [PMID: 37355150 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the abnormalities of brain function in blepharospasm (BSP) and to illustrate its neural mechanisms by assuming supplementary motor area (SMA) as the entry point. METHODS Twenty-five patients with BSP and 23 controls underwent resting-state functional MRI, seed-based functional connectivity (FC), correlation analysis, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, and support vector machine (SVM) were applied to process the data. RESULTS Patients showed that the left medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), left lingual gyrus, right cerebellar crus I, and right lingual gyrus/cerebellar crus I had enhanced FC with the left SMA, whereas the right inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) had enhanced FC with the right SMA relative to controls. The FC between the left MPFC and left SMA was positively correlated with symptomatic severity. The ROC analysis verified that the abnormal FCs demonstrated in this study can separate patients and controls at high sensitivity and specificity. SVM analysis exhibited that combined FCs of the left SMA were optimal for distinguishing patients and control group at the accuracy of 89.58%, with sensitivity of 92.00% and specificity of 86.96%. CONCLUSIONS Several brain networks partake in the neurobiology of BSP. SMA plays a vital role in several brain networks and might be the key pathogenic factor in BSP. SIGNIFICANCE Providing novel evidence for the engagement of the MPFC in the motor symptoms of BSP, enhancing credibility of the thesis that SMA regulates the neurobiology of BSP, and providing ideas of screening susceptible population of BSP using neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Department of Neurology, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Haohao Yan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Changqiang Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Wenyan Jiang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Wenmei Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yiwu Lei
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Lulu Pang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Meilan Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Wenbin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Shuguang Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
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Schulz A, Richter F, Richter A. In vivo optogenetic inhibition of striatal parvalbumin-reactive interneurons induced genotype-specific changes in neuronal activity without dystonic signs in male DYT1 knock-in mice. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:448-463. [PMID: 36546658 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of early-onset torsion dystonia (TOR1A/DYT1) remains unclear. Like 70% of human mutation carriers, rodent models with ΔGAG mutation such as DYT1 knock-in (KI) mice do not show overt dystonia but have subtle sensorimotor deficits and pattern of abnormal synaptic plasticity within the striatal microcircuits. There is evidence that dysfunction of striatal parvalbumin-reactive (Parv+) fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) can be involved in dystonic signs. To elucidate the relevance of these GABAergic interneurons in the pathophysiology of DYT1 dystonia, we used in vivo optogenetics to specifically inhibit Parv+ and to detect changes in motor behavior and neuronal activity. Optogenetic fibers were bilaterally implanted into the dorsal striatum of male DYT1 KI mice and wild-type (WT) littermates expressing halorhodopsin (eNpHR3.0) in Parv+ interneurons. While stimulations with yellow light pulses for up to 60 min at different pulse durations and interval lengths did not induce abnormal movements, such as dystonic signs, immunohistochemical examinations revealed genotype-dependent differences. In contrast to WT mice, stimulated DYT1 KI showed decreased striatal neuronal activity, that is, less c-Fos reactive neurons, and increased activation of cholinergic interneurons after optogenetic inhibition of Parv+ interneurons. These findings suggest an involvement of Parv+ interneurons in an impaired striatal network in DYT1 KI mice, but at least short-term inhibition of these GABAergic interneurons is not sufficient to trigger a dystonic phenotype, similar to previously shown optogenetic activation of cholinergic interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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3
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Su JH, Hu YW, Song YP, Yang Y, Li RY, Zhou KG, Hu L, Wan XH, Teng F, Jin LJ. Dystonia-like behaviors and impaired sensory-motor integration following neurotoxic lesion of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in mice. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1102837. [PMID: 37064180 PMCID: PMC10101329 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPTg) is a vital interface between the basal ganglia and cerebellum, participating in modulation of the locomotion and muscle tone. Pathological changes of the PPTg have been reported in patients and animal models of dystonia, while its effect and mechanism on the phenotyping of dystonia is still unknown. Methods In this study, a series of behavioral tests focusing on the specific deficits of dystonia were conducted for mice with bilateral and unilateral PPTg excitotoxic lesion, including the dystonia-like movements evaluation, different types of sensory-motor integrations, explorative behaviors and gait. In addition, neural dysfunctions including apoptosis, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and neural activation of PPTg-related motor areas in the basal ganglia, reticular formations and cerebellum were also explored. Results Both bilateral and unilateral lesion of the PPTg elicited dystonia-like behaviors featured by the hyperactivity of the hindlimb flexors. Moreover, proprioceptive and auditory sensory-motor integrations were impaired in bilaterally lesioned mice, while no overt alterations were found for the tactile sensory-motor integration, explorative behaviors and gait. Similar but milder behavioral deficits were found in the unilaterally lesioned mice, with an effective compensation was observed for the auditory sensory-motor integration. Histologically, no neural loss, apoptosis, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration were found in the substantia nigra pars compacta and caudate putamen (CPu) following PPTg lesion, while reduced neural activity was found in the dorsolateral part of the CPu and striatal indirect pathway-related structures including subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus internus and substantia nigra pars reticular. Moreover, the neural activity was decreased for the reticular formations such as pontine reticular nucleus, parvicellular reticular nucleus and gigantocellular reticular nucleus, while deep cerebellar nuclei were spared. Conclusion In conclusion, lesion of the PPTg could elicit dystonia-like behaviors through its effect on the balance of the striatal pathways and the reticular formations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Su
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao-Wen Hu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Ping Song
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruo-Yu Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai-Ge Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Hu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Hua Wan
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Teng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Teng
| | - Ling-Jing Jin
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Ling-Jing Jin
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4
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Deep brain stimulation in animal models of dystonia. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 175:105912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Rauschenberger L, Knorr S, Pisani A, Hallett M, Volkmann J, Ip CW. Second hit hypothesis in dystonia: Dysfunctional cross talk between neuroplasticity and environment? Neurobiol Dis 2021; 159:105511. [PMID: 34537328 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the great mysteries in dystonia pathophysiology is the role of environmental factors in disease onset and development. Progress has been made in defining the genetic components of dystonic syndromes, still the mechanisms behind the discrepant relationship between dystonic genotype and phenotype remain largely unclear. Within this review, the preclinical and clinical evidence for environmental stressors as disease modifiers in dystonia pathogenesis are summarized and critically evaluated. The potential role of extragenetic factors is discussed in monogenic as well as adult-onset isolated dystonia. The available clinical evidence for a "second hit" is analyzed in light of the reduced penetrance of monogenic dystonic syndromes and put into context with evidence from animal and cellular models. The contradictory studies on adult-onset dystonia are discussed in detail and backed up by evidence from animal models. Taken together, there is clear evidence of a gene-environment interaction in dystonia, which should be considered in the continued quest to unravel dystonia pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Rauschenberger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Knorr
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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Cascalho A, Foroozandeh J, Hennebel L, Swerts J, Klein C, Rous S, Dominguez Gonzalez B, Pisani A, Meringolo M, Gallego SF, Verstreken P, Seibler P, Goodchild RE. Excess Lipin enzyme activity contributes to TOR1A recessive disease and DYT-TOR1A dystonia. Brain 2021; 143:1746-1765. [PMID: 32516804 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
TOR1A/TorsinA mutations cause two incurable diseases: a recessive congenital syndrome that can be lethal, and a dominantly-inherited childhood-onset dystonia (DYT-TOR1A). TorsinA has been linked to phosphatidic acid lipid metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster. Here we evaluate the role of phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP) enzymes in TOR1A diseases using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons from patients, and mouse models of recessive Tor1a disease. We find that Lipin PAP enzyme activity is abnormally elevated in human DYT-TOR1A dystonia patient cells and in the brains of four different Tor1a mouse models. Its severity also correlated with the dosage of Tor1a/TOR1A mutation. We assessed the role of excess Lipin activity in the neurological dysfunction of Tor1a disease mouse models by interbreeding these with Lpin1 knock-out mice. Genetic reduction of Lpin1 improved the survival of recessive Tor1a disease-model mice, alongside suppressing neurodegeneration, motor dysfunction, and nuclear membrane pathology. These data establish that TOR1A disease mutations cause abnormal phosphatidic acid metabolism, and suggest that approaches that suppress Lipin PAP enzyme activity could be therapeutically useful for TOR1A diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cascalho
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joyce Foroozandeh
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lise Hennebel
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jef Swerts
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stef Rous
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Beatriz Dominguez Gonzalez
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia and Department of Systems Medicine, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Meringolo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia and Department of Systems Medicine, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra F Gallego
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip Seibler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rose E Goodchild
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Liu Y, Xing H, Yokoi F, Vaillancourt DE, Li Y. Investigating the role of striatal dopamine receptor 2 in motor coordination and balance: Insights into the pathogenesis of DYT1 dystonia. Behav Brain Res 2021; 403:113137. [PMID: 33476687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
DYT1 or DYT-TOR1A dystonia is early-onset, generalized dystonia. Most DYT1 dystonia patients have a heterozygous trinucleotide GAG deletion in DYT1 or TOR1A gene, with a loss of a glutamic acid residue of the protein torsinA. DYT1 dystonia patients show reduced striatal dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) binding activity. We previously reported reduced striatal D2R proteins and impaired corticostriatal plasticity in Dyt1 ΔGAG heterozygous knock-in (Dyt1 KI) mice. It remains unclear how the D2R reduction contributes to the pathogenesis of DYT1 dystonia. Recent knockout studies indicate that D2R on cholinergic interneurons (Chls) has a significant role in corticostriatal plasticity, while D2R on medium spiny neurons (MSNs) plays a minor role. To determine how reduced D2Rs on ChIs and MSNs affect motor performance, we generated ChI- or MSN-specific D2R conditional knockout mice (Drd2 ChKO or Drd2 sKO). The striatal ChIs in the Drd2 ChKO mice showed an increased firing frequency and impaired quinpirole-induced inhibition, suggesting a reduced D2R function on the ChIs. Drd2 ChKO mice had an age-dependent deficient performance on the beam-walking test similar to the Dyt1 KI mice. The Drd2 sKO mice, conversely, had a deficit on the rotarod but not the beam-walking test. Our findings suggest that D2Rs on Chls and MSNs have critical roles in motor control and balance. The similarity of the beam-walking deficit between the Drd2 ChKO and Dyt1 KI mice supports our earlier notion that D2R reduction on striatal ChIs contributes to the pathophysiology and the motor symptoms of DYT1 dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Liu
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Hong Xing
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Fumiaki Yokoi
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - David E Vaillancourt
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yuqing Li
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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8
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Perl S, Richter F, Richter A. Striatal and cortical metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor expression and behavioral effects of the positive allosteric modulator CDPPB in a model of DYT1 dystonia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 196:172977. [PMID: 32615137 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptor is critically involved in corticostriatal plasticity which is disturbed in various animal models of dystonia. Recently, the positive allosteric modulator 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide (CDPPB) exerted prodyskinetic effects in a phenotypic model of episodic dystonia. In the DYT1 knock-in (KI) mouse, a model for a persistent type of dystonia, previous ex vivo electrophysiological experiments indicated that mGlu5 receptors are involved in abnormal striatal plasticity. Therefore, in the present study we examined the mGlu5 receptor expression in the striatum and cortex of DYT1 KI mice in comparison with wildtype littermates. By immunohistochemistry (IHC) we found a lower expression of mGlu5 receptors in the cortex (16%) and ventral striatum (10%) but not in the whole striatum of DYT1 KI mice, while mRNA levels were merely lower in the striatum of DYT1 KI mice (43%). However, mGlu5 receptor protein levels measured by western blotting showed no significant differences in tissue of the whole striatum and in the cortex between both genotypes. Since DYT1 KI mice do not exhibit dystonic symptoms, we investigated if CDPPB provokes dystonia or dyskinesia. CDPPB (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg intraperitoneal, i.p.) did not induce abnormal movements and the locomotor activity did not differ between DYT1 KI and wildtype mice. The present data do not provide evidence for a crucial role of the mGlu5 receptor in the pathophysiology of DYT1 dystonia, but corticostriatal changes are in line with the hypothesis of maladaptive plasticity in dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Perl
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Franziska Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Diverse Mechanisms Lead to Common Dysfunction of Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons in Distinct Genetic Mouse Models of Dystonia. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7195-7205. [PMID: 31320448 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0407-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and experimental data indicate striatal cholinergic dysfunction in dystonia, a movement disorder typically resulting in twisted postures via abnormal muscle contraction. Three forms of isolated human dystonia result from mutations in the TOR1A (DYT1), THAP1 (DYT6), and GNAL (DYT25) genes. Experimental models carrying these mutations facilitate identification of possible shared cellular mechanisms. Recently, we reported elevated extracellular striatal acetylcholine by in vivo microdialysis and paradoxical excitation of cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) by dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) agonism using ex vivo slice electrophysiology in Dyt1 ΔGAG/+ mice. The paradoxical excitation was caused by overactive muscarinic receptors (mAChRs), leading to a switch in D2R coupling from canonical Gi/o to noncanonical β-arrestin signaling. We sought to determine whether these mechanisms in Dyt1 ΔGAG/+ mice are shared with Thap1 C54Y/+ knock-in and Gnal +/- knock-out dystonia models and to determine the impact of sex. We found Thap1 C54Y/+ mice of both sexes have elevated extracellular striatal acetylcholine and D2R-induced paradoxical ChI excitation, which was reversed by mAChR inhibition. Elevated extracellular acetylcholine was absent in male and female Gnal +/- mice, but the paradoxical D2R-mediated ChI excitation was retained and only reversed by inhibition of adenosine A2ARs. The Gi/o-preferring D2R agonist failed to increase ChI excitability, suggesting a possible switch in coupling of D2Rs to β-arrestin, as seen previously in a DYT1 model. These data show that, whereas elevated extracellular acetylcholine levels are not always detected across these genetic models of human dystonia, the D2R-mediated paradoxical excitation of ChIs is shared and is caused by altered function of distinct G-protein-coupled receptors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dystonia is a common and often disabling movement disorder. The usual medical treatment of dystonia is pharmacotherapy with nonselective antagonists of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, which have many undesirable side effects. Development of new therapeutics is a top priority for dystonia research. The current findings, considered in context with our previous investigations, establish a role for cholinergic dysfunction across three mouse models of human genetic dystonia: DYT1, DYT6, and DYT25. The commonality of cholinergic dysfunction in these models arising from diverse molecular etiologies points the way to new approaches for cholinergic modulation that may be broadly applicable in dystonia.
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Landmann J, Richter F, Classen J, Richter A, Penninger JM, Bechmann I. Behavioral phenotyping of calcium channel (CACN) subunit α2δ3 knockout mice: Consequences of sensory cross-modal activation. Behav Brain Res 2019; 364:393-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Richter F, Bauer A, Perl S, Schulz A, Richter A. Optogenetic augmentation of the hypercholinergic endophenotype in DYT1 knock-in mice induced erratic hyperactive movements but not dystonia. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:649-658. [PMID: 30819512 PMCID: PMC6444071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most prevalent inherited form of generalized dystonia is caused by a mutation in torsinA (DYT1, ∆GAG) with incomplete penetrance. Rodent models with mutated torsinA do not develop dystonic symptoms, but previous ex vivo studies indicated abnormal excitation of cholinergic interneurons (ChI) and increased striatal acetylcholine. METHODS We used in vivo optogenetics to exacerbate this endophenotype in order to determine its capacity to trigger dystonic symptoms in freely behaving mice. Tor1a+/Δgag DYT1 mice and wildtype littermates expressing channelrhodopsin2 under the Chat promotor were implanted bilaterally with optical LED cannulae and stimulated with blue light pulses of varied durations. FINDINGS Six months old DYT1 KI mice but not wildtype controls responded with hyperactivity to blue light specifically at 25 ms pulse duration, 10 Hz frequency. Neuronal activity (c-Fos) in cholinergic interneurons was increased immediately after light stimulation and persisted only in DYT1 KI over 15 min. Substance P was increased specifically in striosome compartments in naïve DYT1 KI mice compared to wildtype. Under optogenetic stimulation substance P increased in wildtype to match levels in Dyt1 KI, and acetylcholinesterase was elevated in the striatum of stimulated DYT1 KI. No signs of dystonic movements were observed under stimulation of up to one hour in both genotypes and age groups, and the sensorimotor deficit previously observed in 6 months old DYT1 KI mice persisted under stimulation. INTERPRETATION Overall this supports an endophenotype of dysregulated cholinergic activity in DYT1 dystonia, but depolarizing cholinergic interneurons was not sufficient to induce overt dystonia in DYT1 KI mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Anne Bauer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Perl
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Weisheit CE, Pappas SS, Dauer WT. Inherited dystonias: clinical features and molecular pathways. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 147:241-254. [PMID: 29325615 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63233-3.00016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent decades have witnessed dramatic increases in understanding of the genetics of dystonia - a movement disorder characterized by involuntary twisting and abnormal posture. Hampered by a lack of overt neuropathology, researchers are investigating isolated monogenic causes to pinpoint common molecular mechanisms in this heterogeneous disease. Evidence from imaging, cellular, and murine work implicates deficiencies in dopamine neurotransmission, transcriptional dysregulation, and selective vulnerability of distinct neuronal populations to disease mutations. Studies of genetic forms of dystonia are also illuminating the developmental dependence of disease symptoms that is typical of many forms of the disease. As understanding of monogenic forms of dystonia grows, a clearer picture will develop of the abnormal motor circuitry behind this relatively common phenomenology. This chapter focuses on the current data covering the etiology and epidemiology, clinical presentation, and pathogenesis of four monogenic forms of isolated dystonia: DYT-TOR1A, DYT-THAP1, DYT-GCH1, and DYT-GNAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne E Weisheit
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Samuel S Pappas
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - William T Dauer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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13
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Hamann M, Plank J, Richter F, Bode C, Smiljanic S, Creed M, Nobrega JN, Richter A. Alterations of M1 and M4 acetylcholine receptors in the genetically dystonic (dt sz) hamster and moderate antidystonic efficacy of M1 and M4 anticholinergics. Neuroscience 2017; 357:84-98. [PMID: 28596119 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Striatal cholinergic dysfunction has been suggested to play a critical role in the pathophysiology of dystonia. In the dtsz hamster, a phenotypic model of paroxysmal dystonia, M1 antagonists exerted moderate antidystonic efficacy after acute systemic administration. In the present study, we examined the effects of the M4 preferring antagonist tropicamid and whether long-term systemic or acute intrastriatal injections of the M1 preferring antagonist trihexyphenidyl are more effective in mutant hamsters. Furthermore, M1 and M4 receptors were analyzed by autoradiography and immunohistochemistry. Tropicamide retarded the onset of dystonic attacks, as previously observed after acute systemic administration of trihexyphenidyl. Combined systemic administration of trihexyphenidyl (30mg/kg) and tropicamide (15mg/kg) reduced the severity in acute trials and delayed the onset of dystonia during long-term treatment. In contrast, acute striatal microinjections of trihexyphenidyl, tropicamid or the positive allosteric M4 receptor modulator VU0152100 did not exert significant effects. Receptor analyses revealed changes of M1 receptors in the dorsomedial striatum, suggesting that the cholinergic system is involved in abnormal striatal plasticity in dtsz hamsters, but the pharmacological data argue against a crucial role on the phenotype in this animal model. However, antidystonic effects of tropicamide after systemic administration point to a novel therapeutic potential of M4 preferring anticholinergics for the treatment of dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Hamann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, BFS, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Jagoda Plank
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstrasse 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 15, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Bode
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 15, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sinisa Smiljanic
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstrasse 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Meaghan Creed
- Neuroimaging Research Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - José N Nobrega
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstrasse 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 15, Leipzig, Germany.
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