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de Miranda AS, de Brito Toscano EC, O'Connor JC, Teixeira AL. Targeting inflammasome complexes as a novel therapeutic strategy for mood disorders. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2024; 28:401-418. [PMID: 38871633 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2024.2366872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammasome complexes, especially NLRP3, have gained great attention as a potential therapeutic target in mood disorders. NLRP3 triggers a caspase 1-dependent release of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, and seems to interact with purinergic and kynurenine pathways, all of which are implicated in mood disorders development and progression. AREAS COVERED Emerging evidence supports NLRP3 inflammasome as a promising pharmacological target for mood disorders. We discussed the available evidence from animal models and human studies and provided a reflection on drawbacks and perspectives for this novel target. EXPERT OPINION Several studies have supported the involvement of NLRP3 inflammasome in MDD. However, most of the evidence comes from animal models. The role of NLRP3 inflammasome in BD as well as its anti-manic properties is not very clear and requires further exploration. There is evidence of anti-manic effects of P2×R7 antagonists associated with reduction in the brain levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in a murine model of mania. The involvement of other NLRP3 inflammasome expressing cells besides microglia, like astrocytes, and of other inflammasome complexes in mood disorders also deserves further investigation. Preclinical and clinical characterization of NLRP3 and other inflammasomes in mood disorders is needed before considering translational approaches, including clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Silva de Miranda
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Eliana Cristina de Brito Toscano
- Laboratory of Research in Pathology, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF) Medical School, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Jason C O'Connor
- Department of Pharmacology, Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, South Texas Veterans Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Antonio Lucio Teixeira
- The Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, Lozano Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Zhao D, Wu Y, Zhao H, Zhang F, Wang J, Liu Y, Lin J, Huang Y, Pan W, Qi J, Chen N, Yang X, Xu W, Tong Z, Cheng J. Midbrain FA initiates neuroinflammation and depression onset in both acute and chronic LPS-induced depressive model mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 117:356-375. [PMID: 38320681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Both exogenous gaseous and liquid forms of formaldehyde (FA) can induce depressive-like behaviors in both animals and humans. Stress and neuronal excitation can elicit brain FA generation. However, whether endogenous FA participates in depression occurrence remains largely unknown. In this study, we report that midbrain FA derived from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a direct trigger of depression. Using an acute depressive model in mice, we found that one-week intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of LPS activated semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) leading to FA production from the midbrain vascular endothelium. In both in vitro and in vivo experiments, FA stimulated the production of cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Strikingly, one-week microinfusion of FA as well as LPS into the midbrain dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN, a 5-HT-nergic nucleus) induced depressive-like behaviors and concurrent neuroinflammation. Conversely, NaHSO3 (a FA scavenger), improved depressive symptoms associated with a reduction in the levels of midbrain FA and cytokines. Moreover, the chronic depressive model of mice injected with four-week i.p. LPS exhibited a marked elevation in the levels of midbrain LPS accompanied by a substantial increase in the levels of FA and cytokines. Notably, four-week i.p. injection of FA as well as LPS elicited cytokine storm in the midbrain and disrupted the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by activating microglia and reducing the expression of claudin 5 (CLDN5, a protein with tight junctions in the BBB). However, the administration of 30 nm nano-packed coenzyme-Q10 (Q10, an endogenous FA scavenger), phototherapy (PT) utilizing 630-nm red light to degrade FA, and the combination of PT and Q10, reduced FA accumulation and neuroinflammation in the midbrain. Moreover, the combined therapy exhibited superior therapeutic efficacy in attenuating depressive symptoms compared to individual treatments. Thus, LPS-derived FA directly initiates depression onset, thereby suggesting that scavenging FA represents a promising strategy for depression treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danrui Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035. China
| | - Yiqing Wu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035. China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035. China
| | - Fengji Zhang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035. China
| | - Junting Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035. China
| | - Yiying Liu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035. China
| | - Jing Lin
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035. China
| | - Yirui Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, China
| | - Wenhao Pan
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035. China
| | - Jiahui Qi
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035. China
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology 437100, Hubei, China.
| | - Wen Xu
- School of Basic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Zhiqian Tong
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035. China.
| | - Jianhua Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035. China.
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Yin R, Zhang K, Li Y, Tang Z, Zheng R, Ma Y, Chen Z, Lei N, Xiong L, Guo P, Li G, Xie Y. Lipopolysaccharide-induced depression-like model in mice: meta-analysis and systematic evaluation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1181973. [PMID: 37359525 PMCID: PMC10285697 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1181973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a complex and biologically heterogeneous disorder. Recent studies have shown that central nervous system (CNS) inflammation plays a key role in the development of depression. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression-like model in mice is commonly used to studying the mechanisms of inflammation-associated depression and the therapeutic effects of drugs. Numerous LPS-induced depression-like models in mice exist and differ widely in animal characteristics and methodological parameters. Here, we systematically reviewed studies on PubMed from January 2017 to July 2022 and performed cardinal of 170 studies and meta-analyses of 61 studies to support finding suitable animal models for future experimental studies on inflammation-associated depression. Mouse strains, LPS administration, and behavioral outcomes of these models have been assessed. In the meta-analysis, forced swimming test (FST) was used to evaluate the effect size of different mouse strains and LPS doses. The results revealed large effect sizes in ICR and Swiss mice, but less heterogeneity in C57BL/6 mice. For LPS intraperitoneal dose, the difference did not affect behavioral outcomes in C57BL/6 mice. However, in ICR mice, the most significant effect on behavioral outcomes was observed after the injection of 0.5 mg/kg LPS. Our results suggests that mice strains and LPS administration play a key role in the evaluation of behavioral outcomes in such models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Yin
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Kailing Zhang
- Basic Medical School, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yingming Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zilei Tang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Ruiyu Zheng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Basic Medical School, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zonghan Chen
- Academic Affairs Department, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Na Lei
- Basic Medical School, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Xiong
- School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Aromatic Chinese Herb Research, Yunnan Provincial University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Innovation Team of Application Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory of Disease Prevention, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Peixin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Aromatic Chinese Herb Research, Yunnan Provincial University, Kunming, China
- College of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Gang Li
- Basic Medical School, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Aromatic Chinese Herb Research, Yunnan Provincial University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuhuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Aromatic Chinese Herb Research, Yunnan Provincial University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Innovation Team of Application Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory of Disease Prevention, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
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NLRP3 Inflammasome: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Target in Major Depressive Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010133. [PMID: 36613574 PMCID: PMC9820112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent psychiatric disorder, whose pathophysiology has been linked to the neuroinflammatory process. The increased activity of the Nod-like receptor pyrin containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, an intracellular multiprotein complex, is intrinsically implicated in neuroinflammation by promoting the maturation and release of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. Interestingly, individuals suffering from MDD have higher expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components and proinflammatory cytokines when compared to healthy individuals. In part, intense activation of the inflammasome may be related to autophagic impairment. Noteworthy, some conventional antidepressants induce autophagy, resulting in less activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. In addition, the fast-acting antidepressant ketamine, some bioactive compounds and physical exercise have also been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties via inflammasome inhibition. Therefore, it is suggested that modulation of inflammasome-driven pathways may have an antidepressant effect. Here, we review the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of MDD, highlighting that pathways related to its priming and activation are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of MDD.
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Crocin, the main active saffron (Crocus sativus L.) constituent, as a potential candidate to prevent anxiety and depressive-like behaviors induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress. Neurosci Lett 2022; 791:136912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ramalho JB, Spiazzi CC, Bicca DF, Rodrigues JF, Sehn CP, da Silva WP, Cibin FWS. Beneficial effects of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris LL95 treatment in an LPS-induced depression-like model in mice. Behav Brain Res 2022; 426:113847. [PMID: 35306095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests that neuroinflammation, activation of the immune system, and the composition of the intestinal microbiota are involved in the pathology of depression. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a probiotic intervention using Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris LL95 in ameliorating mood disorders in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression-like mouse model. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups and treated with 5 mg/kg LPS via intraperitoneal injection to induce depression-like symptoms, followed by oral administration of LL95 for one week (1 × 109 CFU/mouse). The animals were then subjected to a series of behavioral assessments, including open field, sucrose preference, and forced swimming tests. In addition, we evaluated the levels of reactive oxygen species, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β in the hippocampal tissues of these animals, and also determined their fecal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) content. LL95 intervention improved LPS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice, including decreased sucrose preference and increased immobility time in the forced swim test. LL95 treatment reversed the LPS-induced increase in hippocampal levels of reactive oxygen species and tumor necrosis factor-α, and of interleukin-1β to a lesser extent. Furthermore, LL95 intervention increased the fecal LAB content in these animals, suggesting changes in the gut microbiota. These findings suggest that LL95 exerts antidepressant-like effects in LPS-induced depression, which may be attributed to modulation of the oxidative status and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the hippocampus and alteration in the LAB content of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Bernera Ramalho
- Laboratório de Estresse Oxidativo, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Campus Uruguaiana, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Chiapinotto Spiazzi
- Laboratório de Estresse Oxidativo, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Campus Uruguaiana, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo Ferreira Bicca
- Laboratório de Estresse Oxidativo, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Campus Uruguaiana, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Ferreira Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Estresse Oxidativo, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Campus Uruguaiana, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Pohl Sehn
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas (LaftamBio), Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Campus Itaqui, 97650-000 Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Wladimir Padilha da Silva
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial (DCTA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Francielli Weber Santos Cibin
- Laboratório de Estresse Oxidativo, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Campus Uruguaiana, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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Protease-activated receptor 2 activation induces behavioural changes associated with depression-like behaviour through microglial-independent modulation of inflammatory cytokines. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:229-242. [PMID: 34888704 PMCID: PMC8770450 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-06040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide but currently prescribed treatments do not adequately ameliorate the disorder in a significant portion of patients. Hence, a better appreciation of its aetiology may lead to the development of novel therapies. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we have built on our previous findings indicating a role for protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) in sickness behaviour to determine whether the PAR2 activator, AC264613, induces behavioural changes similar to those observed in depression-like behaviour. METHODS AC264613-induced behavioural changes were examined using the open field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), elevated plus maze (EPM), and novel object recognition test (NOR). Whole-cell patch clamping was used to investigate the effects of PAR2 activation in the lateral habenula with peripheral and central cytokine levels determined using ELISA and quantitative PCR. RESULTS Using a blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeable PAR2 activator, we reveal that AC-264613 (AC) injection leads to reduced locomotor activity and sucrose preference in mice but is without effect in anxiety and memory-related tasks. In addition, we show that AC injection leads to elevated blood sera IL-6 levels and altered cytokine mRNA expression within the brain. However, neither microglia nor peripheral lymphocytes are the source of these altered cytokine profiles. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal that PAR2 activation results in behavioural changes often associated with depression-like behaviour and an inflammatory profile that resembles that seen in patients with MDD and therefore PAR2 may be a target for novel antidepressant therapies.
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Cannabidiol prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behavior and alters cytokine and neurotrophic factor levels in the brain. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1680-1693. [PMID: 34218397 PMCID: PMC8254454 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects millions of people worldwide. While the exact pathogenesis is yet to be elucidated, the role of neuro-immune signaling has recently emerged. Despite major advances in pharmacotherapy, antidepressant use is marred by limited efficacy and potential side effects. Cannabidiol (CBD), a phytocannabinoid, exerts antidepressant-like effects in experimental animals. This study investigated the impact of CBD on sickness behavior (SB), a measure of depressive-like response, and neuro-immune changes induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in mice. Methods Socially isolated rodents were administered with LPS to trigger SB. and treated with CBD or its vehicle. Animals were submitted to forced swimming test, to evaluate depressive-like behavior, and to open field test, to evaluate locomotory activity. Immediately after behavioral analyses, animals were euthanized and had their hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus dissected, to proceed neurotrophins and cytokines analyses. ELISA was used to detect IL-1β, BDNF and NGF; and cytometric beads array to measure IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 levels. Results CBD effectively prevented SB-induced changes in the forced swim test without altering spontaneous locomotion. This phytocannabinoid also partially reversed LPS-evoked IL-6 increase in both the hypothalamus and hippocampus. In addition, CBD prevented endotoxin-induced increase in BDNF and NGF levels in the hippocampus of SB animals. Conclusions Apparently, CBD prevents both behavioral and neuro-immunological changes associated with LPS-induced SB, which reinforces its potential use as an antidepressant which modulates neuroinflammation. This opens up potentially new therapeutic avenues in MDD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43440-021-00301-8.
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Xia J, Gu L, Guo Y, Feng H, Chen S, Jurat J, Fu W, Zhang D. Gut Microbiota Mediates the Preventive Effects of Dietary Capsaicin Against Depression-Like Behavior Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:627608. [PMID: 33987106 PMCID: PMC8110911 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.627608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsaicin (CAP) is an active ingredient in chili pepper that is frequently consumed. It exerts various pharmacological activities, and also has potential effects on mental illness. However, its mechanism of antidepressant effects is still unclear. Based on the emerging perspective of the gut-brain axis, we investigated the effects of dietary CAP on gut microbes in mice with depression-like behaviors induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). C57BL/6J male mice (four weeks old) were given specific feed (standard laboratory chow or laboratory chow plus 0.005% CAP) for 4 months. During the last five days, LPS (0.052/0.104/0.208/0.415/0.83 mg/kg, 5-day) was injected intraperitoneally to induce depression. Behavioral indicators and serum parameters were measured, and gut microbiota were identified by sequencing analysis of the 16S gene. This study showed that dietary CAP improved depressive-like behavior (sucrose preference test, forced swimming test, tail suspension test) and levels of 5-HT and TNF-α in serum of LPS-induced mice with depression-like behaviors. In addition, CAP could recover abnormal changes in depression-related microbiota. Especially at the genus level, CAP enhanced the variations in relative abundance of certain pivotal microorganisms like Ruminococcus, Prevotella, Allobaculum, Sutterella, and Oscillospira. Correlation analysis revealed changes in microbiota composition that was closely related to depressive behavior, 5-HT and TNF-α levels. These results suggested that dietary CAP can regulate the structure and number of gut microbiota and play a major role in the prevention of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Gu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yitong Guo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongyan Feng
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuhan Chen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jessore Jurat
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenjing Fu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongfang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Hamieh AM, Mallaret G, Meleine M, Lashermes A, Roumeau S, Boudieu L, Barbier J, Aissouni Y, Ardid D, Gewirtz AT, Carvalho FA, Marchand F. Toll-like receptor 5 knock-out mice exhibit a specific low level of anxiety. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 93:226-237. [PMID: 33516921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While toll-like receptors (TLRs), which mediate innate immunity, are known to play an important role in host defense, recent work suggest their involvement in some integrated behaviors, including anxiety, depressive and cognitive functions. Here, we investigated the potential involvement of the flagellin receptor, TLR5, in anxiety, depression and cognitive behaviors using male TLR5 knock-out (KO) mice. We aobserved a specific low level of basal anxiety in TLR5 KO mice with an alteration of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis (HPA) response to acute restraint stress, illustrated by a decrease of both plasma corticosterone level and c-fos expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus where TLR5 was expressed, compared to WT littermates. However, depression and cognitive-related behaviors were not different between TLR5 KO and WT mice. Nor there were significant changes in the expression of some cytokines (IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α) and other TLRs (TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4) in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala and hippocampus of TLR5 KO mice compared to WT mice. Moreover, mRNA expression of BDNF and glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus and amygdala, respectively, was not different. Finally, acute intracerebroventricular administration of flagellin, a specific TLR5 agonist, or chronic neomycin treatment did not exhibit a significant main effect, only a significant main effect of genotype was observed between TLR5 KO and WT mice. Together, those findings suggest a previously undescribed and specific role of TLR5 in anxiety and open original prospects in our understanding of the brain-gut axis function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hamieh
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107 NEURO-DOL, Pharmacologie fondamentale et clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Porsolt SAS, Glatigné, 53940 Le Genest-Saint-Isle, France
| | - G Mallaret
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107 NEURO-DOL, Pharmacologie fondamentale et clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - M Meleine
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107 NEURO-DOL, Pharmacologie fondamentale et clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - A Lashermes
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107 NEURO-DOL, Pharmacologie fondamentale et clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - S Roumeau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107 NEURO-DOL, Pharmacologie fondamentale et clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - L Boudieu
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107 NEURO-DOL, Pharmacologie fondamentale et clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - J Barbier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107 NEURO-DOL, Pharmacologie fondamentale et clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Y Aissouni
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107 NEURO-DOL, Pharmacologie fondamentale et clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - D Ardid
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107 NEURO-DOL, Pharmacologie fondamentale et clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - A T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
| | - F A Carvalho
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107 NEURO-DOL, Pharmacologie fondamentale et clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - F Marchand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107 NEURO-DOL, Pharmacologie fondamentale et clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Rebai R, Jasmin L, Boudah A. Agomelatine effects on fat-enriched diet induced neuroinflammation and depression-like behavior in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 135:111246. [PMID: 33453676 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that a high fat diet (HFD) induces oxidative stress on the central nervous system (CNS), which predisposes to mood disorders and neuroinflammation. In this study we postulated that in addition to improving mood, antidepressant therapy would reverse inflammatory changes in the brain of rats exposed to a HFD. To test our hypothesis, we measured the effect of the antidepressant agomelatine (AGO) on anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors, as well as on CNS markers of inflammation in rats rendered obese. Agomelatine is an agonist of the melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 and an antagonist of the serotonin receptors 5HT2B and 5HT2C. A subset of rats was also treated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to determine how additional neuroinflammation alters behavior and affects the response to the antidepressant. Specifically, rats were subjected to a 14-week HFD, during which time behavior was evaluated twice, first at the 10th week prior to LPS and/or agomelatine, and then at the 14th week after a bi-weekly exposure to LPS (250 μg/kg) and daily treatment with agomelatine (40 mg/kg). Immediately after the second behavioral testing we measured the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), markers of oxidative stress thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TABRS), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), the growth factor BDNF, as well as the apoptosis marker caspase-3. Our results show that a HFD induced an anxiety-like behavior in the open field test (OFT) at the 10th week, followed by a depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test (FST) at the 14th week. In the prefrontal and hippocampal cortices of rats exposed to a HFD we noted an overproduction of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and TABRS, together with an increase in caspase-3 activity. We also observed a decrease in BDNF, as well as reduced CAT and GPx activity in the same brain areas. Treatment with agomelatine reversed the signs of anxiety and depression, and decreased the cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β), TABRS, as well as caspase-3 activity. Agomelatine also restored BDNF levels and the activity of antioxidant enzymes CAT and GPx. Our findings suggest that the anxiolytic/antidepressant effect of agomelatine in obese rats could result from a reversal of the inflammatory and oxidative stress brought about by their diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redouane Rebai
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences, University Mohamed Khider of Biskra, BP 145 RP, 07000, Biskra, Algeria; Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Higher School of Biotechnology, Ville universitaire Ali Mendjeli, BP E66 25100, Constantine, Algeria.
| | - Luc Jasmin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 707 Parnassus Ave Suite D-1201, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Abdennacer Boudah
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Higher School of Biotechnology, Ville universitaire Ali Mendjeli, BP E66 25100, Constantine, Algeria.
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12
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Komleva YK, Lopatina OL, Gorina IV, Shuvaev AN, Chernykh A, Potapenko IV, Salmina AB. NLRP3 deficiency-induced hippocampal dysfunction and anxiety-like behavior in mice. Brain Res 2021; 1752:147220. [PMID: 33358726 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been classified as a trigger of behavioral alterations and cognitive impairments in many neurological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, major depression, anxiety and others. Regardless of the cause of neuroinflammation, key molecules, which sense neuropathological conditions, are intracellular multiprotein signaling inflammasomes. Increasing evidence shows that the inflammatory response, mediated by activated nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-, leucine-rich repeat- and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes, is associated with the onset and progression of a wide range of diseases of the CNS. However, whether the NLRP3 inflammasome in the CNS is involved in the learning, development of anxiety and adult neurogenesis remains elusive. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess NLRP3 inflammasome contribution in anxiety and reveal its potential involvement in the experimental acquisition of fear responses and hippocampal neurogenesis. Behavioral, immunohistochemical and electrophysiological alterations were measured to evaluate role of neuroinflammation in the limbic system of mice. In this study, we describe interrelated neurophysiological mechanisms, which culminate in absence of NLRP3 inflammasome in young 4 months mice. These include the following: anxious behavior and deterioration in learning and memory of fear conditioning; impairment of adult neurogenesis; reduction and altered morphology of astrocytes in the brain; hyperexcitability in basolateral amygdala (BLA); impaired activation in axons of pyramidal cells of CA1 hippocampal zone in NLRP3 KO mice particularly via the Schaffer collateral pathway; and impaired synaptic transduction in pyramidal cells mediated by an embarrassment of neurotransmitter release from presynaptic site in CA3 hippocampal zone. The present study has demonstrated the novel findings that basal level of NLRP3 inflammasome in the brain of young mice is required for conditioning-induced plasticity in the ventral hippocampus and the basolateral amygdala. The deletion of NLRP3 impair synaptic transduction and caused anxiety-like behavior and labored fear learning, suggesting that low grade inflammation, mediated by NLRP3 expression, play a key role in memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia K Komleva
- Depatment of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Russia.
| | - Olga L Lopatina
- Depatment of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Russia
| | - Iana V Gorina
- Depatment of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Anton N Shuvaev
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Russia
| | - Anatoly Chernykh
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Russia
| | - Ilia V Potapenko
- Depatment of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Alla B Salmina
- Depatment of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Russia
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13
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Antidepressants of different classes cause distinct behavioral and brain pro- and anti-inflammatory changes in mice submitted to an inflammatory model of depression. J Affect Disord 2020; 268:188-200. [PMID: 32174477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressed patients present increased plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and neuroinflammatory alterations. Here, we determined the neuroimmune effects of different classes of ADs by using the LPS inflammatory model of depression. METHODS Male rats received amitriptyline (AMI) a tricyclic, S-citalopram (ESC) a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, tranylcypromine (TCP) a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, vortioxetine (VORT) a multimodal AD or saline for ten days. One-hour after the last AD administration, rats were exposed to LPS 0.83 mg/kg or saline and 24 h later were tested for depressive-like behavior. Plasma corticosterone, brain levels of nitrite, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, phospho-cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein (CREB) and nuclear factor (NF)-kB p 65 were determined. RESULTS LPS induced despair-like, impaired motivation/self-care behavior and caused anhedonia. All ADs prevented LPS-induced despair-like behavior, but only VORT rescued impaired self-care behavior. All ADs prevented LPS-induced increase in brain pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6] and T-helper 1 cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon-γ]. VORT increased striatal and hypothalamic IL-4 levels. All ADs prevented LPS-induced neuroendocrine alterations represented by increased levels of hypothalamic nitrite and plasma corticosterone response. VORT and ESC prevented LPS-induced increase in NF-kBp65 hippocampal expression, while ESC, TCP and VORT, but not IMI, prevented the alterations in phospho-CREB expression. LIMITATIONS LPS model helps to understand depression in a subset of depressed patients with immune activation. The levels of neurotransmitters were not determined. CONCLUSION This study provides new evidence for the immunomodulatory effects of ADs, and shows a possible superior anti-inflammatory profile of TCP and VORT.
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Li T, Zheng LN, Han XH. Fenretinide attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) and depressive-like behavior in mice by targeting Nrf-2 signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:109680. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Fang K, Li HR, Chen XX, Gao XR, Huang LL, Du AQ, Jiang C, Li H, Ge JF. Quercetin Alleviates LPS-Induced Depression-Like Behavior in Rats via Regulating BDNF-Related Imbalance of Copine 6 and TREM1/2 in the Hippocampus and PFC. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1544. [PMID: 32009956 PMCID: PMC6978986 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a polyphenol with multiple biological activities, and results of our preliminary study showed that it could shorten the immobility time of mice in the forced swimming test and tail suspending test. The aim of this study was to investigate its effects on the behavioral performance of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged rats and explore the potential mechanism. The results showed that intragastrical administration of quercetin (40 mg/kg) could improve the bodyweight gain of LPS-challenged rats, increase the saccharin preference index in the saccharin preference test and the novel arm preference index in the Y-maze, and decrease the immobility time in the FST. However, it showed no significant effect on the performance of LPS-challenged rats in the Morris water maze and the plasma concentrations of nesfatin-1, C-reactive protein (CRP), and IL-6. Results of western blot showed that the expression levels of BDNF, Copine 6, p-TrkB, and the triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells (TREM) 1 were decreased in both the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of LPS-challenged rats, while the expression of TREM2 was increased. The protein expression of synapsin-1 was decreased in the hippocampus without significant changes in the PFC. These imbalance protein expressions could be balanced by treatment with quercetin. The results suggested that quercetin could alleviate LPS-induced depression-like behaviors and impairment of learning and memory in rats, the mechanism of which might be involved with regulating the BDNF-related imbalance expression of Copine 6 and TREM1/2 in the hippocampus and the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hua-Rong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xing-Xing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xin-Ran Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | | | - An-Qi Du
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chuan Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hua Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The First Clinical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jin-Fang Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei, China.,The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Horita JKHA, da Silva MCM, Ferrari CZ, Vieira ELM, Moreira FA, de Oliveira ACP, Reis HJ. Evaluation of Brain Cytokines and the Level of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in an Inflammatory Model of Depression. Neuroimmunomodulation 2020; 27:87-96. [PMID: 33176302 DOI: 10.1159/000511181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Major depressive disorder is considered a global public health problem. Inflammatory processes are likely involved in its pathophysiology, but the underlying mechanisms have remained uncertain.Here, we used the model of systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection to test the hypothesis that depressive-like behaviors occur along with changes in the levels of cytokines and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus (HC), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and hypothalamus (HT), and can be prevented by dexamethasone administration. METHODS Adult C57Bl/6 male mice were first isolated for 10 days, and thereafter received an injection of dexamethasone (6 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.]), saline followed by LPS (0.83 mg/kg, i.p.), or saline. After 6 h, animals were subjected to the forced-swim test (FST) and open-field tests. Immediately after the behavioral tests, they were euthanized and their brains were collected for the biochemical analyses. RESULTS LPS increased the immobility time and reduced the distance travelled in the FST and open-field test, respectively. Dexamethasone increased the immobility time in saline-treated mice but reduced this behavior in the LPS group. LPS increased the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and interferon (IFN)-γ in most of the regions evaluated. Dexamethasone prevented LPS-induced IL-6 in the HC, PFC, and HT. Interestingly, dexamethasone increased IL-4 and IL-10 levels in both the LPS- and saline-treated groups. Although dexamethasone reduced BDNF in saline-treated mice, it prevented LPS-induced reduction in this neurotrophic factor. CONCLUSION In summary, dexamethasone decreased proinflammatory and increased anti-inflammatory levels of cytokines and prevented a reduction in BDNF levels induced by the inflammatory stimulus. Thus, the attenuation of depressive-like behavior induced by dexamethasone may be related to the effects on these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carolina Zaniboni Ferrari
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Fabricio A Moreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Helton José Reis
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil,
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Zhao J, Lao L, Cui W, Rong J. Potential link between the RagA-mTOR-p70S6K axis and depressive-behaviors during bacterial liposaccharide challenge. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:211. [PMID: 31711501 PMCID: PMC6844034 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial infection is a potential risk factor for depression. However, little is known about the mechanistic link between bacterial endotoxin and depressive-like behaviors. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether liposaccharide (LPS) could induce depressive-like behaviors in mice via sequentially activating small GTPase RagA, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and p70S6K. METHODS C57BL/6 N mice were treated with 0.83 mg/kg LPS by intraperitoneal injection for 24 h. The animals were assessed for depressive-like behaviors by forced swim test and tail suspension test. The expression levels of RagA, mTOR, and p70S6K were determined in mice, primary cortical neurons, neural stem cells, and PC12 cells. RESULTS LPS effectively induced depressive-like behaviors in mice. Biochemical examination revealed that LPS not only upregulated RagA expression but also activated mTOR/p70S6K pathway in mouse brains. LPS challenge also achieved a similar effect in primary cortical neurons, neural stem cells, and PC12 cells. Following the silencing of RagA expression with specific siRNA, LPS failed to induce mTORC1 translocation to the lysosomal membranes in PC12 cells. These results suggested that LPS might sequentially upregulate RagA and activate mTOR and p70S6K pathways in mice and neural stem cells. CONCLUSIONS This study for the first time demonstrated that LPS might induce depressive-like behaviors in mice via the upregulation of RagA and subsequent activation of mTOR/p70S6K pathway. Such information may highlight the RagA-mTOR-p70S6K signaling cascade as a novel therapeutic target for the development of new anti-depressant therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hongkong, China.,Department of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Hong Kong Branch of Zhu's School of Gynecology of Chinese Medicine from Shanghai Workstation of Zhu Nansun, National Master of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong, China.,Yu Jin, Master of Gynaecology of Chinese Medicine and Integrative Medicine, Integrative Medicine Workstation for Training and Research (Hong Kong Branch), Hong Kong, China
| | - Lixing Lao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hongkong, China.,Department of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Hong Kong Branch of Zhu's School of Gynecology of Chinese Medicine from Shanghai Workstation of Zhu Nansun, National Master of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong, China.,Yu Jin, Master of Gynaecology of Chinese Medicine and Integrative Medicine, Integrative Medicine Workstation for Training and Research (Hong Kong Branch), Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianhui Rong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hongkong, China. .,The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China.
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Modulation of LPA1 receptor-mediated neuronal apoptosis by Saikosaponin-d: A target involved in depression. Neuropharmacology 2019; 155:150-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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