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Parlatini V, Bellato A, Gabellone A, Margari L, Marzulli L, Matera E, Petruzzelli MG, Solmi M, Correll CU, Cortese S. A state-of-the-art overview of candidate diagnostic biomarkers for Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2024; 24:259-271. [PMID: 38506617 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2024.2333277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental conditions and is highly heterogeneous in terms of symptom profile, associated cognitive deficits, comorbidities, and outcomes. Heterogeneity may also affect the ability to recognize and diagnose this condition. The diagnosis of ADHD is primarily clinical but there are increasing research efforts aiming at identifying biomarkers that can aid the diagnosis. AREAS COVERED We first discuss the definition of biomarkers and the necessary research steps from discovery to implementation. We then provide a broad overview of research studies on candidate diagnostic biomarkers in ADHD encompassing genetic/epigenetic, biochemical, neuroimaging, neurophysiological and neuropsychological techniques. Finally, we critically appraise current limitations in the field and suggest possible ways forward. EXPERT OPINION Despite the large number of studies and variety of techniques used, no promising biomarkers have been identified so far. Clinical and biological heterogeneity as well as methodological limitations, including small sample size, lack of standardization, confounding factors, and poor replicability, have hampered progress in the field. Going forward, increased international collaborative efforts are warranted to support larger and more robustly designed studies, develop multimodal datasets to combine biomarkers and improve diagnostic accuracy, and ensure reproducibility and meaningful clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Parlatini
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alessio Bellato
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
- Mind and Neurodevelopment (MiND) Research Cluster, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Alessandra Gabellone
- DiBraiN-Department of Translational Biomedicine Neurosciences, University "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Margari
- DiMePRe-J-Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine-Jonic Area, University "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Marzulli
- DiBraiN-Department of Translational Biomedicine Neurosciences, University "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Emilia Matera
- DiBraiN-Department of Translational Biomedicine Neurosciences, University "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | | | - Marco Solmi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- The Ottawa Hospital, Mental Health Department, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI) Clinical Epidemiology Program University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christoph U Correll
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Samuele Cortese
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- DiMePRe-J-Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine-Jonic Area, University "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
- Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York, NY, USA
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Bou Sader Nehme S, Sanchez-Sarasua S, Adel R, Tuifua M, Ali A, Essawy AE, Abdel Salam S, Hleihel W, Boué-Grabot E, Landry M. P2X4 signalling contributes to hyperactivity but not pain sensitization comorbidity in a mouse model of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1288994. [PMID: 38239187 PMCID: PMC10794506 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1288994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity that often persist until adulthood. Frequent comorbid disorders accompany ADHD and two thirds of children diagnosed with ADHD also suffer from behavioural disorders and from alteration of sensory processing. We recently characterized the comorbidity between ADHD-like symptoms and pain sensitisation in a pharmacological mouse model of ADHD, and we demonstrated the implication of the anterior cingulate cortex and posterior insula. However, few studies have explored the causal mechanisms underlying the interactions between ADHD and pain. The implication of inflammatory mechanisms has been suggested but the signalling pathways involved have not been explored. Methods: We investigated the roles of purinergic signalling, at the crossroad of pain and neuroinflammatory pathways, by using a transgenic mouse line that carries a total deletion of the P2X4 receptor. Results: We demonstrated that P2X4 deletion prevents hyperactivity in the mouse model of ADHD. In contrast, the absence of P2X4 lowered thermal pain thresholds in sham conditions and did not affect pain sensitization in ADHD-like conditions. We further analysed microglia reactivity and the expression of inflammatory markers in wild type and P2X4KO mice. Our results revealed that P2X4 deletion limits microglia reactivity but at the same time exerts proinflammatory effects in the anterior cingulate cortex and posterior insula. Conclusion: This dual role of P2X4 could be responsible for the differential effects noted on ADHD-like symptoms and pain sensitization and calls for further studies to investigate the therapeutic benefit of targeting the P2X4 receptor in ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bou Sader Nehme
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Sandra Sanchez-Sarasua
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Jaume I, Castellon, Spain
| | - Ramy Adel
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marie Tuifua
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Awatef Ali
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amina E. Essawy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sherine Abdel Salam
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Walid Hleihel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Eric Boué-Grabot
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Landry
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, IMN, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
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Cabana-Domínguez J, Llonga N, Arribas L, Alemany S, Vilar-Ribó L, Demontis D, Fadeuilhe C, Corrales M, Richarte V, Børglum AD, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Soler Artigas M, Ribasés M. Transcriptomic risk scores for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3493-3502. [PMID: 37537283 PMCID: PMC10618083 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder. We performed a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) using the latest genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis, in 38,691 individuals with ADHD and 186,843 controls, and 14 gene-expression reference panels across multiple brain tissues and whole blood. Based on TWAS results, we selected subsets of genes and constructed transcriptomic risk scores (TRSs) for the disorder in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of individuals with ADHD and controls. We found evidence of association between ADHD and TRSs constructed using expression profiles from multiple brain areas, with individuals with ADHD carrying a higher burden of TRSs than controls. TRSs were uncorrelated with the polygenic risk score (PRS) for ADHD and, in combination with PRS, improved significantly the proportion of variance explained over the PRS-only model. These results support the complementary predictive potential of genetic and transcriptomic profiles in blood and underscore the potential utility of gene expression for risk prediction and deeper insight in molecular mechanisms underlying ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Cabana-Domínguez
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Natalia Llonga
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Arribas
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Alemany
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Vilar-Ribó
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ditte Demontis
- Department of Biomedicine/Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Genomic Mechanisms of Disease, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christian Fadeuilhe
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Corrales
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanesa Richarte
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anders D Børglum
- Department of Biomedicine/Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Soler Artigas
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Tang H, Liang J, Chai K, Gu H, Ye W, Cao P, Chen S, Shen D. Artificial intelligence and bioinformatics analyze markers of children's transcriptional genome to predict autism spectrum disorder. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1203375. [PMID: 37528852 PMCID: PMC10390071 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1203375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), characterized by difficulties in social interaction and communication as well as restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, is extremely challenging to diagnose in toddlers. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial however. Methods In this study, we developed a machine learning classification model based on mRNA expression data from the peripheral blood of 128 toddlers with ASD and 126 controls. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between ASD and controls were identified. Results We identified genes such as UBE4B, SPATA2 and RBM3 as DEGs, mainly involved in immune-related pathways. 21 genes were screened as key biomarkers using LASSO regression, yielding an accuracy of 86%. A neural network model based on these 21 genes achieved an AUC of 0.88. Discussion Our findings suggest that the identified neurotransmitters and 21 immune-related biomarkers may facilitate the early diagnosis of ASD. The mRNA expression profile sheds light on the biological underpinnings of ASD in toddlers and potential biomarkers for early identification. Nevertheless, larger samples are needed to validate these biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huitao Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Liang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Keping Chai
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huaqian Gu
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiping Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Panlong Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shufang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daojiang Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Faustini G, Longhena F, Muscò A, Bono F, Parrella E, La Via L, Barbon A, Pizzi M, Onofri F, Benfenati F, Missale C, Memo M, Zizioli D, Bellucci A. Synapsin III Regulates Dopaminergic Neuron Development in Vertebrates. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233902. [PMID: 36497160 PMCID: PMC9739466 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by alterations in the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways. Polymorphisms in the Synapsin III (Syn III) gene can associate with ADHD onset and even affect the therapeutic response to the gold standard ADHD medication, methylphenidate (MPH), a monoamine transporter inhibitor whose efficacy appears related with the stimulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Interestingly, we previously showed that MPH can bind Syn III, which can regulate neuronal development. These observations suggest that Syn III polymorphism may impinge on ADHD onset and response to therapy by affecting BDNF-dependent dopaminergic neuron development. Here, by studying zebrafish embryos exposed to Syn III gene knock-down (KD), Syn III knock-out (ko) mice and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived neurons subjected to Syn III RNA interference, we found that Syn III governs the earliest stages of dopaminergic neurons development and that this function is conserved in vertebrates. We also observed that in mammals Syn III exerts this function acting upstream of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)- and cAMP-dependent protein kinase 5 (Cdk5)-stimulated dendrite development. Collectively, these findings own significant implications for deciphering the biological basis of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Faustini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Longhena
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessia Muscò
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Bono
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Parrella
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca La Via
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Barbon
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Franco Onofri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Via Leon Battista Alberti 2, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- IRCSS Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Cristina Missale
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Memo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Zizioli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.Z.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-(0)30-3717546 (D.Z.); +39-(0)30-3717380 (A.B.)
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Laboratory for Preventive and Personalized Medicine, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.Z.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-(0)30-3717546 (D.Z.); +39-(0)30-3717380 (A.B.)
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Cabana-Domínguez J, Soler Artigas M, Arribas L, Alemany S, Vilar-Ribó L, Llonga N, Fadeuilhe C, Corrales M, Richarte V, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Ribasés M. Comprehensive analysis of omics data identifies relevant gene networks for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:409. [PMID: 36153331 PMCID: PMC9509350 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder that results from the interaction of both genetic and environmental risk factors. Genome-wide association studies have started to identify multiple genetic risk loci associated with ADHD, however, the exact causal genes and biological mechanisms remain largely unknown. We performed a multi-step analysis to identify and characterize modules of co-expressed genes associated with ADHD using data from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 270 ADHD cases and 279 controls. We identified seven ADHD-associated modules of co-expressed genes, some of them enriched in both genetic and epigenetic signatures for ADHD and in biological pathways relevant for psychiatric disorders, such as the regulation of gene expression, epigenetics and immune system. In addition, for some of the modules, we found evidence of potential regulatory mechanisms, including microRNAs and common genetic variants. In conclusion, our results point to promising genes and pathways for ADHD, supporting the use of peripheral blood to assess gene expression signatures in psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, they highlight that the combination of multi-omics signals provides deeper and broader insights into the biological mechanisms underlying ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Cabana-Domínguez
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain. .,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María Soler Artigas
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.469673.90000 0004 5901 7501Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain ,grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Arribas
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Alemany
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Vilar-Ribó
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.469673.90000 0004 5901 7501Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Llonga
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Fadeuilhe
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.469673.90000 0004 5901 7501Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Corrales
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.469673.90000 0004 5901 7501Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanesa Richarte
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.469673.90000 0004 5901 7501Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.469673.90000 0004 5901 7501Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Mental Health, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain. .,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Jairaman A, McQuade A, Granzotto A, Kang YJ, Chadarevian JP, Gandhi S, Parker I, Smith I, Cho H, Sensi SL, Othy S, Blurton-Jones M, Cahalan MD. TREM2 regulates purinergic receptor-mediated calcium signaling and motility in human iPSC-derived microglia. eLife 2022; 11:e73021. [PMID: 35191835 PMCID: PMC8906810 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The membrane protein TREM2 (Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2) regulates key microglial functions including phagocytosis and chemotaxis. Loss-of-function variants of TREM2 are associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because abnormalities in Ca2+ signaling have been observed in several AD models, we investigated TREM2 regulation of Ca2+ signaling in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia (iPSC-microglia) with genetic deletion of TREM2. We found that iPSC-microglia lacking TREM2 (TREM2 KO) show exaggerated Ca2+ signals in response to purinergic agonists, such as ADP, that shape microglial injury responses. This ADP hypersensitivity, driven by increased expression of P2Y12 and P2Y13 receptors, results in greater release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum stores, which triggers sustained Ca2+ influx through Orai channels and alters cell motility in TREM2 KO microglia. Using iPSC-microglia expressing the genetically encoded Ca2+ probe, Salsa6f, we found that cytosolic Ca2+ tunes motility to a greater extent in TREM2 KO microglia. Despite showing greater overall displacement, TREM2 KO microglia exhibit reduced directional chemotaxis along ADP gradients. Accordingly, the chemotactic defect in TREM2 KO microglia was rescued by reducing cytosolic Ca2+ using a P2Y12 receptor antagonist. Our results show that loss of TREM2 confers a defect in microglial Ca2+ response to purinergic signals, suggesting a window of Ca2+ signaling for optimal microglial motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Jairaman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Amanda McQuade
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of CaliforniaIrvineUnited States
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Alberto Granzotto
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-PescaraChietiItaly
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G d'Annunzio of Chieti-PescaraChietiItaly
| | - You Jung Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, University of North CarolinaCharlotteUnited States
| | - Jean Paul Chadarevian
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Sunil Gandhi
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Ian Parker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Ian Smith
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Hansang Cho
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Department of Biophysics, Dept of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan UniversityGyeonggi-doRepublic of Korea
| | - Stefano L Sensi
- Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-PescaraChietiItaly
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G d'Annunzio of Chieti-PescaraChietiItaly
| | - Shivashankar Othy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- UCI Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of CaliforniaIrvineUnited States
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Michael D Cahalan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
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8
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Comparelli A, Polidori L, Sarli G, Pistollato A, Pompili M. Differentiation and comorbidity of bipolar disorder and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: A clinical and nosological perspective. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:949375. [PMID: 36032257 PMCID: PMC9403243 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.949375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar Disorder (BD) and Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are mental disorders with high degree of lifetime comorbidity. Both BD and ADHD are disorders with onset in childhood and early adolescence. Both disorders are often undiagnosed, misdiagnosed, and sometimes overdiagnosed, leading to high rates of morbidity and disability. The psychiatric and behavioral symptoms associated with ADHD and BD have significant overlap. Albeit the existence of a large body of literature, it is far from being clear whether comorbidity can be explained by the confounding overlap of operationally defined criteria or whether it reflects a genuine comorbidity of two biologically distinct disorders. The aim of this paper is to recognize and/or differentiate the pattern of ADHD across the course of BD from a nosological point of view, focusing on specific clinical and neurobiological dimensions. We found that some critical issues may help to fulfill the purpose of our perspective. We suggest that the relationship between ADHD and BD, based on clinical, developmental, and epidemiological commonalities, can be better clarified using four different scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Comparelli
- Department of Psychiatry, Sant'Andrea Hospital of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Polidori
- Psychiatry Residency Training Program, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sarli
- Psychiatry Residency Training Program, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Pistollato
- Psychiatry Residency Training Program, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pompili
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Suicide Prevention Centre, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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9
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O'Connell KS, Shadrin A, Bahrami S, Smeland OB, Bettella F, Frei O, Krull F, Askeland RB, Walters GB, Davíðsdóttir K, Haraldsdóttir GS, Guðmundsson ÓÓ, Stefánsson H, Fan CC, Steen NE, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Dale AM, Stefánsson K, Djurovic S, Andreassen OA. Identification of genetic overlap and novel risk loci for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4055-4065. [PMID: 31792363 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0613-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Differential diagnosis between childhood onset attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bipolar disorder (BD) remains a challenge, mainly due to overlapping symptoms and high rates of comorbidity. Despite this, genetic correlation reported for these disorders is low and non-significant. Here we aimed to better characterize the genetic architecture of these disorders utilizing recent large genome-wide association studies (GWAS). We analyzed independent GWAS summary statistics for ADHD (19,099 cases and 34,194 controls) and BD (20,352 cases and 31,358 controls) applying the conditional/conjunctional false discovery rate (condFDR/conjFDR) statistical framework that increases the power to detect novel phenotype-specific and shared loci by leveraging the combined power of two GWAS. We observed cross-trait polygenic enrichment for ADHD conditioned on associations with BD, and vice versa. Leveraging this enrichment, we identified 19 novel ADHD risk loci and 40 novel BD risk loci at condFDR <0.05. Further, we identified five loci jointly associated with ADHD and BD (conjFDR < 0.05). Interestingly, these five loci show concordant directions of effect for ADHD and BD. These results highlight a shared underlying genetic risk for ADHD and BD which may help to explain the high comorbidity rates and difficulties in differentiating between ADHD and BD in the clinic. Improving our understanding of the underlying genetic architecture of these disorders may aid in the development of novel stratification tools to help reduce these diagnostic difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S O'Connell
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Alexey Shadrin
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shahram Bahrami
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav B Smeland
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407, Oslo, Norway
| | - Francesco Bettella
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407, Oslo, Norway
| | - Florian Krull
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragna B Askeland
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - G Bragi Walters
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Katrín Davíðsdóttir
- The Centre for Child Development and Behaviour, Capital Area Primary Health Care, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gyða S Haraldsdóttir
- The Centre for Child Development and Behaviour, Capital Area Primary Health Care, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ólafur Ó Guðmundsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Chun C Fan
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders M Dale
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kári Stefánsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0407, Oslo, Norway. .,Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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10
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Pujol-Gualdo N, Sánchez-Mora C, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Ribasés M, Soler Artigas M. Integrating genomics and transcriptomics: Towards deciphering ADHD. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 44:1-13. [PMID: 33495110 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable condition that represents the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood, persisting into adulthood in around 40-65% of the cases. ADHD is characterised by age-inappropriate symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Mounting evidence points towards ADHD having a strong genetic component and the first genome-wide significant findings have recently been reported. However, the functional characterization of variants unravelled by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) is challenging. Likewise, gene expression profiling studies have also been undertaken and novel integrative approaches combining genomic and transcriptomic data are starting to be conducted, which offers an exciting way that might provide a more informative insight towards the genetic architecture of ADHD. In this review, we summarised current knowledge on genomics, transcriptomics and integrative approaches in ADHD, focusing on GWAS and GWAS meta-analyses (GWAS-MA)- as genomics analyses- microarray and RNA-seq- as transcriptomics analyses-, and studies integrating genomics and transcriptomics data. In addition, current strengths and limitations of such approaches are discussed and further research avenues are proposed in order to face unsolved issues. Although important progress has been made, there is still a long way ahead to elucidate the biological mechanisms of ADHD, which eventually may lead to more personalized approaches in the future. Large- scale research efforts and new technological and statistical approaches are envisaged as important means towards deciphering ADHD in the upcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natàlia Pujol-Gualdo
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Mora
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María Soler Artigas
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Genetics, Microbiology & Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Brain Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Maple Syrup Urine Disease: Implications for Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207490. [PMID: 33050626 PMCID: PMC7590055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by decreased activity of the branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC), which catalyzes the irreversible catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). Current management of this BCAA dyshomeostasis consists of dietary restriction of BCAAs and liver transplantation, which aims to partially restore functional BCKDC activity in the periphery. These treatments improve the circulating levels of BCAAs and significantly increase survival rates in MSUD patients. However, significant cognitive and psychiatric morbidities remain. Specifically, patients are at a higher lifetime risk for cognitive impairments, mood and anxiety disorders (depression, anxiety, and panic disorder), and attention deficit disorder. Recent literature suggests that the neurological sequelae may be due to the brain-specific roles of BCAAs. This review will focus on the derangements of BCAAs observed in the brain of MSUD patients and will explore the potential mechanisms driving neurologic dysfunction. Finally, we will discuss recent evidence that implicates the relevance of BCAA metabolism in other neurological disorders. An understanding of the role of BCAAs in the central nervous system may facilitate future identification of novel therapeutic approaches in MSUD and a broad range of neurological disorders.
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12
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Refining Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder Genetic Loci by Integrating Summary Data From Genome-wide Association, Gene Expression, and DNA Methylation Studies. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 88:470-479. [PMID: 32684367 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) identified the first genetic loci associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The next step is to use these results to increase our understanding of the biological mechanisms involved. Most of the identified variants likely influence gene regulation. The aim of the current study is to shed light on the mechanisms underlying the genetic signals and prioritize genes by integrating GWAS results with gene expression and DNA methylation (DNAm) levels. METHODS We applied summary-data-based Mendelian randomization to integrate ADHD and ASD GWAS data with fetal brain expression and methylation quantitative trait loci, given the early onset of these disorders. We also analyzed expression and methylation quantitative trait loci datasets of adult brain and blood, as these provide increased statistical power. We subsequently used summary-data-based Mendelian randomization to investigate if the same variant influences both DNAm and gene expression levels. RESULTS We identified multiple gene expression and DNAm levels in fetal brain at chromosomes 1 and 17 that were associated with ADHD and ASD, respectively, through pleiotropy at shared genetic variants. The analyses in brain and blood showed additional associated gene expression and DNAm levels at the same and additional loci, likely because of increased statistical power. Several of the associated genes have not been identified in ADHD and ASD GWASs before. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identified the genetic variants associated with ADHD and ASD that likely act through gene regulation. This facilitates prioritization of candidate genes for functional follow-up studies.
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Xie X, Meng H, Wu H, Hou F, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Xue Q, Zhang J, Gong J, Li L, Song R. Integrative analyses indicate an association between ITIH3 polymorphisms with autism spectrum disorder. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5223. [PMID: 32251353 PMCID: PMC7089985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is challenge to pinpoint the functional variants among numerous genetic variants. Investigating the spatial dynamics of the human brain transcriptome for genes and exploring the expression quantitative trait loci data may provide the potential direction to identify the functional variants among autism spectrum disorders (ASD) patients. In order to explore the association of ITIH3 with ASD, the present study included three components: identifying the spatial-temporal expression of ITIH3 in the developing human brain using the expression data from the Allen Institute for Brain Science; examining the cis-acting regulatory effect of SNPs on the ITIH3 expression using UK Brain Expression Consortium database; validating the effect of identified SNPs using a case-control study with samples of 602 cases and 604 controls. The public expression data showed that ITIH3 may have a role in the development of human brain and suggested a cis-eQTL effect for rs2535629 and rs3617 on ITIH3 in the hippocampus. Genetic analysis of the above two SNPs suggested that the over-dominant model of rs2535629 was significantly associated with decreased risk of ASD. Convergent lines of evidence supported ITIH3 rs25352629 as a susceptibility variant for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Xie
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Heng Meng
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fang Hou
- Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518019, China
| | - Yanlin Chen
- Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518019, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qi Xue
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Jianhua Gong
- Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518019, China
| | - Li Li
- Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518019, China.
| | - Ranran Song
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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14
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Transcriptome-wide association study of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder identifies associated genes and phenotypes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4450. [PMID: 31575856 PMCID: PMC6773763 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorder. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several loci associated with ADHD. However, understanding the biological relevance of these genetic loci has proven to be difficult. Here, we conduct an ADHD transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) consisting of 19,099 cases and 34,194 controls and identify 9 transcriptome-wide significant hits, of which 6 genes were not implicated in the original GWAS. We demonstrate that two of the previous GWAS hits can be largely explained by expression regulation. Probabilistic causal fine-mapping of TWAS signals prioritizes KAT2B with a posterior probability of 0.467 in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and TMEM161B with a posterior probability of 0.838 in the amygdala. Furthermore, pathway enrichment identifies dopaminergic and norepinephrine pathways, which are highly relevant for ADHD. Overall, our findings highlight the power of TWAS to identify and prioritize putatively causal genes. A recent GWAS reported 12 genetic loci for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here, Liao et al. perform transcriptomic imputation using these data and 12 brain-relevant tissues from GTEx and CMC to identify 9 genes associated with ADHD by TWAS, 3 of which had not yet been reported for ADHD.
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