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Aujla PK, Hu M, Hartley B, Kranrod JW, Viveiros A, Kilic T, Owen CA, Oudit GY, Seubert JM, Julien O, Kassiri Z. Loss of ADAM15 Exacerbates Transition to Decompensated Myocardial Hypertrophy and Dilation Through Activation of the Calcineurin Pathway. Hypertension 2023; 80:97-110. [PMID: 36330793 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial hypertrophy and dilation are key features of cardiomyopathies and involve several cellular and molecular events. ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteinases) are membrane-bound proteinases with diverse functions whose role in heart disease remains underexplored. ADAM15 is expressed in the heart and is downregulated in the failing human heart. We investigated the role ADAM15 in pressure overload cardiomyopathy. METHODS We assessed ADAM15 levels in myocardial specimens from patients. Its direct role in pressure overload was investigated by subjecting wildtype and Adam15-deficient mice to transverse aortic constriction (TAC). RESULTS ADAM15 levels did not change in patients with concentric hypertrophy, but markedly decreased in eccentric hypertrophy and heart failure. Loss of ADAM15 alone did not cause cardiomyopathy in mice (1 year old). After TAC, Adam15-/- mice exhibited worsened eccentric hypertrophy and dilation with greater increase in hypertrophy markers (pJNK, pERK1/2; Nppb, Nppa, Myh7, Acta1) compared with wildtype-TAC. Expression of integrin-α7 (but not integrin β1) increased significantly more in Adam15-/--TAC hearts, while the interaction of these integrins with basement membrane (laminin), decreased consistent with worsened left ventricle dilation. In vitro, ADAM15 knockdown increased cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in response to mechanical stretch. Adam15-/--TAC hearts exhibited increased calcineurin activity and de-phosphorylation of nuclear factor of activated T cells. Calcineurin inhibition (cyclosporin-A) blocked the excess hypertrophy and dilation in Adam15-/--TAC mice. Proteome profiling demonstrated the increased abundance of the key proteins linked to worsened DCM in Adam15-/--TAC. CONCLUSION This is the first report demonstrating that ADAM15 can suppress hypertrophy through regulating the integrin-laminin interaction and the calcineurin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetinder K Aujla
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (P.K.A., M.H., A.V., T.K., G.Y.O., Z.K.)
| | - Mei Hu
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (P.K.A., M.H., A.V., T.K., G.Y.O., Z.K.)
| | - Bridgette Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (B.H., O.J.)
| | - Joshua W Kranrod
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada (J.W.K., J.M.S.)
| | - Anissa Viveiros
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (P.K.A., M.H., A.V., T.K., G.Y.O., Z.K.)
| | - Tolga Kilic
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (P.K.A., M.H., A.V., T.K., G.Y.O., Z.K.)
| | - Caroline A Owen
- Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.A.O.)
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (P.K.A., M.H., A.V., T.K., G.Y.O., Z.K.).,Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada (G.Y.O.)
| | - John M Seubert
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada (J.W.K., J.M.S.)
| | - Olivier Julien
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (B.H., O.J.)
| | - Zamaneh Kassiri
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada (P.K.A., M.H., A.V., T.K., G.Y.O., Z.K.)
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Lizano-Fallas V, Carrasco Del Amor A, Cristobal S. Systematic analysis of chemical-protein interactions from zebrafish embryo by proteome-wide thermal shift assay, bridging the gap between molecular interactions and toxicity pathways. J Proteomics 2021; 249:104382. [PMID: 34555547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The molecular interaction between chemicals and proteins often promotes alteration of cellular function. One of the challenges of the toxicology is to predict the impact of exposure to chemicals. Assessing the impact of exposure implies to understand their mechanism of actions starting from identification of specific protein targets of the interaction. Current methods can mainly predict effects of characterized chemicals with knowledge of its targets, and mechanism of actions. Here, we show that proteome-wide thermal shift methods can identify chemical-protein interactions and the protein targets from bioactive chemicals. We analyzed the identified targets from a soluble proteome extracted from zebrafish embryo, that is a model system for toxicology. To evaluate the utility to predict mechanism of actions, we discussed the applicability in four cases: single chemicals, chemical mixtures, novel chemicals, and novel drugs. Our results showed that this methodology could identify the protein targets, discriminate between protein increasing and decreasing in solubility, and offering additional data to complement the map of intertwined mechanism of actions. We anticipate that the proteome integral solubility alteration (PISA) assay, as it is defined here for the unbiased identification of protein targets of chemicals could bridge the gap between molecular interactions and toxicity pathways. SIGNIFICANCE: One of the challenges of the environmental toxicology is to predict the impact of exposure to chemicals on environment and human health. Our phenotype should be explained by our genotype and the environmental exposure. Genomic methodologies can offer a deep analysis of human genome that alone cannot explain our risks of disease. We are starting to understand the key role of exposure to chemicals on our health and risks of disease. Here, we present a proteomic-based method for the identification of soluble proteins interacting with chemicals in zebrafish embryo and discuss the opportunities to complement the map of toxicity pathway perturbations. We anticipate that this PISA assay could bridge the gap between molecular interactions and toxicity pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Lizano-Fallas
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping 581 85, Sweden
| | - Ana Carrasco Del Amor
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping 581 85, Sweden
| | - Susana Cristobal
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, Linköping 581 85, Sweden.; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena, s/n, Leioa 48940, Spain..
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3
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Calreticulin silencing inhibits extracellular matrix synthesis of human gingival fibroblasts cultured on three-dimensional poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) scaffolds by inhibiting the calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells 3 signalling pathway. Ann Anat 2021; 239:151820. [PMID: 34411706 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The retraction and compression of gingival tissue have a significant impact on the efficiency and stability of orthodontic treatment, but the underlying molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of mechanical forces on the expression level of calreticulin (CRT), the activity of the calcineurin (CaN)/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) 3 signalling pathway, and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) cultured on three-dimensional (3D) poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds and to further explore the mechanical transduction pathways that may be involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS A mechanical force of 25 g/cm2 was applied to HGFs for 0, 6, 24, 48, or 72 h. The expression of CRT, CaN, NFAT3, phosphorylated NFAT3 (p-NFAT3) and type I collagen (COL-I) were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting. Subsequently, small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to knock down the expression of CRT in HGFs, and the impacts of the applied force on the expression levels of CaN, NFAT3, p-NFAT3, and COL-I were also evaluated by RT-qPCR and western blotting. RESULTS The application of mechanical force on HGFs cultured on 3D PLGA scaffolds led to a significant increases in CRT, CaN, and COL-I expression as well as a decrease in p-NFAT3 expression. However, the effects of mechanical force on CaN, p-NFAT3, and COL-I expression were reversed following downregulation of CRT and displayed a significant decrease in CaN/NFAT3 activity and COL-I synthesis. CONCLUSION This study showed that the CaN/NFAT3 signalling pathway and CRT appear to be involved in the mechanotransduction of HGFs, and downregulation of CRT inhibits COL-I synthesis potentially via the CaN/NFAT3 signalling pathway. Taken together, these findings ultimately provide novel insight into the mechanisms underlying mechanical force-induced ECM synthesis, which may be conducive to the development of targeted therapeutics to treat fibrotic diseases, including gingival fibrosis caused by orthodontic treatment.
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Alvandi Z, Al-Mansoori LJR, Opas M. Calreticulin regulates Src kinase in osteogenic differentiation from embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2020; 48:101972. [PMID: 32916637 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin, the major Ca2+ buffer of the endoplasmic reticulum plays an important role in the choice of fate by embryonic stem cells. Using the embryoid body method of organogenesis, we showed impaired osteogenesis in crt-/- cells vis-à-vis calreticulin-containing osteogenic WT cells. In the non-osteogenic crt-/- cells, c-Src- a non-receptor tyrosine kinase- was activated and its inhibition rescued osteogenesis. Most importantly, we demonstrated that calreticulin-containing cells had lower c-Src kinase activity, and this was accomplished via the Ca2+-homeostatic function of calreticulin. Specifically, lowering cytosolic [Ca2+] in calreticulin-containing osteogenic WT cells with BAPTA-AM, activated c-Src and impaired osteogenic differentiation. Conversely, increasing cytosolic [Ca2+] in crt-/- cells with ionomycin deactivated c-Src kinase and restored osteogenesis. The immediate effector of calreticulin, the Ser/Thr phosphatase calcineurin, was less active in crt-/- cells, however, its activity was rescued upon inhibition of c-Src activity by small molecule inhibitors. Finally, we showed that higher activity of calcineurin correlated with increased level of nuclear Runx2, a transcription factor that is the master regulator of osteogenesis. Collectively, our work has identified a novel pathway involving calreticulin regulated Ca2+ signalling via c-Src in osteogenic differentiation of embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Alvandi
- Department of Lab Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada.
| | - Layla J R Al-Mansoori
- Department of Lab Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Michal Opas
- Department of Lab Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada
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Pilquil C, Alvandi Z, Opas M. Calreticulin regulates a switch between osteoblast and chondrocyte lineages derived from murine embryonic stem cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6861-6875. [PMID: 32220932 PMCID: PMC7242707 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin is a highly conserved, ubiquitous Ca2+-buffering protein in the endoplasmic reticulum that controls transcriptional activity of various developmental programs and also of embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation. Calreticulin activates calcineurin, which dephosphorylates and induces the nuclear import of the osteogenic transcription regulator nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATC1). We investigated whether calreticulin controls a switch between osteogenesis and chondrogenesis in mouse ESCs through NFATC1. We found that in the absence of calreticulin, intranuclear transport of NFATC1 is blocked and that differentiation switches from osteogenic to chondrogenic, a process that could be mimicked by chemical inhibition of NFAT translocation. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) deactivation and nuclear localization of β-catenin critical to osteogenesis were abrogated by calreticulin deficiency or NFAT blockade. Chemically induced GSK3β inhibition bypassed the calreticulin/calcineurin axis and increased osteoblast output from both control and calreticulin-deficient ESCs, while suppressing chondrogenesis. Calreticulin-deficient ESCs or cells treated with an NFAT blocker had enhanced expression of dickkopf WNT-signaling pathway inhibitor 1 (Dkk1), a canonical Wnt pathway antagonist that blocks GSK3β deactivation. The addition of recombinant mDKK1 switched osteogenic ESC differentiation toward chondrogenic differentiation. The results of our study indicate a role for endoplasmic reticulum calcium signaling via calreticulin in the differentiation of ESCs to closely associated osteoblast or chondrocyte lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pilquil
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Zahra Alvandi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michal Opas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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Stoner MW, McTiernan CF, Scott I, Manning JR. Calreticulin expression in human cardiac myocytes induces ER stress-associated apoptosis. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14400. [PMID: 32323496 PMCID: PMC7177173 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The global burden of heart failure following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a growing problem. One pathway that is key to understanding the progression of myocardial infarction and IR injury is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway, which contributes to apoptosis signaling and tissue death. The role of calreticulin in the progression of ER stress remains controversial. We hypothesized that calreticulin induction drives proapoptotic signaling in response to ER stress. We find here that calreticulin is upregulated in human ischemic heart failure cardiac tissue, as well as simulated hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R) and thapsigargin-mediated ER stress. To test the impact of direct modulation of calreticulin expression on ER stress-induced apoptosis, human cardiac-derived AC16 cells with stable overexpression or silencing of calreticulin were subjected to thapsigargin treatment, and markers of apoptosis were evaluated. It was found that overexpression of calreticulin promotes apoptosis, while a partial knockdown protects against the expression of caspase 12, CHOP, and reduces thapsigargin-driven TUNEL staining. These data shed light on the role that calreticulin plays in apoptosis signaling during ER stress in cardiac cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Stoner
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
- Department of MedicineVascular Medicine InstituteUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
- Department of MedicineCenter for Metabolism and Mitochondrial MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPAUSA
| | - Charles F. McTiernan
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
- Department of MedicineVascular Medicine InstituteUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
- Department of MedicineCenter for Metabolism and Mitochondrial MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPAUSA
| | - Iain Scott
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
- Department of MedicineVascular Medicine InstituteUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
- Department of MedicineCenter for Metabolism and Mitochondrial MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPAUSA
| | - Janet R. Manning
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
- Department of MedicineVascular Medicine InstituteUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
- Department of MedicineCenter for Metabolism and Mitochondrial MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPAUSA
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Zolochevska O, Bjorklund N, Woltjer R, Wiktorowicz JE, Taglialatela G. Postsynaptic Proteome of Non-Demented Individuals with Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 65:659-682. [PMID: 30103319 PMCID: PMC6130411 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Some individuals, here referred to as Non-Demented with Alzheimer’s Neuropathology (NDAN), retain their cognitive function despite the presence of amyloid plaques and tau tangles typical of symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In NDAN, unlike AD, toxic amyloid-β oligomers do not localize to the postsynaptic densities (PSDs). Synaptic resistance to amyloid-β in NDAN may thus enable these individuals to remain cognitively intact despite the AD-like pathology. The mechanism(s) responsible for this resistance remains unresolved and understanding such protective biological processes could reveal novel targets for the development of effective treatments for AD. The present study uses a proteomic approach to compare the hippocampal postsynaptic densities of NDAN, AD, and healthy age-matched persons to identify protein signatures characteristic for these groups. Subcellular fractionation followed by 2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were used to analyze the PSDs. We describe fifteen proteins which comprise the unique proteomic signature of NDAN PSDs, thus setting them apart from control subjects and AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zolochevska
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Nicole Bjorklund
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Randall Woltjer
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - John E Wiktorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Giulio Taglialatela
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Schmidt JR, Geurtzen K, von Bergen M, Schubert K, Knopf F. Glucocorticoid Treatment Leads to Aberrant Ion and Macromolecular Transport in Regenerating Zebrafish Fins. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:674. [PMID: 31636606 PMCID: PMC6787175 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term glucocorticoid administration in patients undergoing immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory treatment is accompanied by impaired bone formation and increased fracture risk. Furthermore, glucocorticoid treatment can lead to impaired wound healing and altered cell metabolism. Recently, we showed that exposure of zebrafish to the glucocorticoid prednisolone during fin regeneration impacts negatively on the length, bone formation, and osteoblast function of the regenerate. The underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of impairment, however, remain incompletely understood. In order to further elucidate the anti-regenerative effects of continued glucocorticoid exposure on fin tissues, we performed proteome profiling of fin regenerates undergoing prednisolone treatment, in addition to profiling of homeostatic fin tissue and fins undergoing undisturbed regeneration. By using LC-MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) we identified more than 6,000 proteins across all tissue samples. In agreement with previous reports, fin amputation induces changes in chromatin structure and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition within the tissue. Notably, prednisolone treatment leads to impaired expression of selected ECM components in the fin regenerate. Moreover, the function of ion transporting ATPases and other proteins involved in macromolecule and vesicular transport mechanisms of the cell appears to be altered by prednisolone treatment. In particular, acidification of membrane-enclosed organelles such as lysosomes is inhibited. Taken together, our data indicate that continued synthetic glucocorticoid exposure in zebrafish deteriorates cellular trafficking processes in the regenerating fin, which interferes with appropriate tissue restoration upon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes R. Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH—UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karina Geurtzen
- CRTD—Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH—UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Schubert
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH—UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Kristin Schubert
| | - Franziska Knopf
- CRTD—Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität (TU) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Franziska Knopf
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Owusu BY, Zimmerman KA, Murphy-Ullrich JE. The role of the endoplasmic reticulum protein calreticulin in mediating TGF-β-stimulated extracellular matrix production in fibrotic disease. J Cell Commun Signal 2017; 12:289-299. [PMID: 29080087 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a key factor contributing to fibrotic disease. Although ER stress is a short-term adaptive response, with chronic stimulation, it can activate pathways leading to fibrosis. ER stress can induce TGF-β signaling, a central driver of extracellular matrix production in fibrosis. This review will discuss the role of an ER protein, calreticulin (CRT), which has both chaperone and calcium regulatory functions, in fibrosis. CRT expression is upregulated in multiple different fibrotic diseases. The roles of CRT in regulation of fibronectin extracellular matrix assembly, extracellular matrix transcription, and collagen secretion and processing into the extracellular matrix will be discussed. Evidence for the importance of CRT in ER calcium release and NFAT activation downstream of TGF-β signaling will be presented. Finally, we will summarize evidence from animal models in which CRT expression is genetically reduced or experimentally downregulated in targeted tissues of adult animals and discuss how these models define a key role for CRT in fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Y Owusu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, G001A Volker Hall, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kurt A Zimmerman
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Joanne E Murphy-Ullrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, G001A Volker Hall, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA. .,Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Karimzadeh F, Opas M. Calreticulin Is Required for TGF-β-Induced Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition during Cardiogenesis in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:1299-1311. [PMID: 28434939 PMCID: PMC5425659 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin, a multifunctional endoplasmic reticulum resident protein, is required for TGF-β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and subsequent cardiomyogenesis. Using embryoid bodies (EBs) derived from calreticulin-null and wild-type (WT) embryonic stem cells (ESCs), we show that expression of EMT and cardiac differentiation markers is induced during differentiation of WT EBs. This induction is inhibited in the absence of calreticulin and can be mimicked by inhibiting TGF-β signaling in WT cells. The presence of calreticulin in WT cells permits TGF-β-mediated signaling via AKT/GSK3β and promotes repression of E-cadherin by SNAIL2/SLUG. This is paralleled by induction of N-cadherin in a process known as the cadherin switch. We show that regulated Ca2+ signaling between calreticulin and calcineurin is critical for the unabated TGF-β signaling that is necessary for the exit from pluripotency and the cadherin switch during EMT. Calreticulin is thus a key mediator of TGF-β-induced commencement of cardiomyogenesis in mouse ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Karimzadeh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michal Opas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Mankame T, Hokanson R, Chowdhary R, Busbee D. Altered gene expression in human cells induced by the agricultural chemical Enable. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 20:89-102. [PMID: 15942997 DOI: 10.1191/0748233704th198oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormones bind to highly specific nuclear receptors, regulating gene expression that results in normal fetal growth and development and/or in normal adult physiological function. Many industrial and agricultural chemicals may bind one or more nuclear receptors, acting as mimics of steroid hormones, and are called endocrine disruptive chemicals (EDC) because they alter the expression of endocrine-regulated genes. A widely used fungicide, Enable (fenbuconazole), was evaluated to examine its capacity to alter endocrine-regulated gene expression. Cells of an oestrogen-dependent human breast cancer-derived line, MCF-7, were treated with a range, 0.033-3.3 ppb (ng/mL), of Enable, and gene expression was compared to that of untreated cells. Microarray analysis using a chip with 600 gene spots showed downregulation of eight genes and upregulation of 34 genes in cells treated with 3.3 ppb of Enable, compared to untreated cells. Specific genes were selected for consideration. Real-time PCR confirmed results obtained from analysis of the microarray data for the genes phenol sulphotransferase (PST), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), transforming growth factor b-3 (TGF b-3) and calreticulin. These studies were designed to provide base-line data on the gene expression-altering capacity of a specific chemical at a low dose, and will allow assessment of the possible deleterious effects that may be caused in human cells by exposure to the agricultural chemical Enable.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mankame
- Department of Anatomy and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, TX 77843, USA
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Wong CO, Chen K, Lin YQ, Chao Y, Duraine L, Lu Z, Yoon WH, Sullivan JM, Broadhead GT, Sumner CJ, Lloyd TE, Macleod GT, Bellen HJ, Venkatachalam K. A TRPV channel in Drosophila motor neurons regulates presynaptic resting Ca2+ levels, synapse growth, and synaptic transmission. Neuron 2014; 84:764-77. [PMID: 25451193 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Presynaptic resting Ca(2+) influences synaptic vesicle (SV) release probability. Here, we report that a TRPV channel, Inactive (Iav), maintains presynaptic resting [Ca(2+)] by promoting Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum in Drosophila motor neurons, and is required for both synapse development and neurotransmission. We find that Iav activates the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin, which is essential for presynaptic microtubule stabilization at the neuromuscular junction. Thus, loss of Iav induces destabilization of presynaptic microtubules, resulting in diminished synaptic growth. Interestingly, expression of human TRPV1 in Iav-deficient motor neurons rescues these defects. We also show that the absence of Iav causes lower SV release probability and diminished synaptic transmission, whereas Iav overexpression elevates these synaptic parameters. Together, our findings indicate that Iav acts as a key regulator of synaptic development and function by influencing presynaptic resting [Ca(2+)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-On Wong
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas School of Medicine, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kuchuan Chen
- Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite N1125.14, Mailstop NR-1125, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yong Qi Lin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite N1125.14, Mailstop NR-1125, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yufang Chao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas School of Medicine, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lita Duraine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite N1125.14, Mailstop NR-1125, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhongmin Lu
- Integrative Biology and Neuroscience program, Florida Atlantic University and Max Planck Florida Institute, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Wan Hee Yoon
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite N1125.14, Mailstop NR-1125, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeremy M Sullivan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Broadhead
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas School of Medicine, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Charlotte J Sumner
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Thomas E Lloyd
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Gregory T Macleod
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite N1125.14, Mailstop NR-1125, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite N1125.14, Mailstop NR-1125, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kartik Venkatachalam
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas School of Medicine, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite N1125.14, Mailstop NR-1125, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Programs in Cell and Regulatory Biology (CRB) and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas School of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030.
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13
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Sun C, Zhang S, Li J. Calreticulin gene mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms without Janus kinase 2 mutations. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 56:1593-8. [PMID: 25115511 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.953153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin, an endoplasmic reticulum protein with multiple functions involving chaperone activity and calcium homeostasis, plays an important role in cellular proliferation and differentiation. Calreticulin dysfunction is known to be associated with different cancers. Very recently, calreticulin mutations have been identified in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), with a particularly high frequency in MPNs without Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) mutations, which exhibit clinical characteristics different from those with mutant JAK2. Here, we focus on the structure, function and carcinogenicity of calreticulin, as well as its relationship with MPNs not involving JAK2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- Department of Hematology, Wuxi People's Hospital, Affiliated of Nanjing Medical University , Wuxi, Jiangsu , China
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14
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Yang TC, Li SW, Lai CC, Lu KZ, Chiu MT, Hsieh TH, Wan L, Lin CW. Proteomic analysis for Type I interferon antagonism of Japanese encephalitis virus NS5 protein. Proteomics 2013; 13:3442-56. [PMID: 24166946 PMCID: PMC7167617 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) exhibits a Type I interferon (IFN) antagonistic function. This study characterizes Type I IFN antagonism mechanism of NS5 protein, using proteomic approach. In human neuroblastoma cells, NS5 expression would suppress IFNβ‐induced responses, for example, expression of IFN‐stimulated genes PKR and OAS as well as STAT1 nuclear translocation and phosphorylation. Proteomic analysis showed JEV NS5 downregulating calreticulin, while upregulating cyclophilin A, HSP 60 and stress‐induced‐phosphoprotein 1. Gene silence of calreticulin raised intracellular Ca2+ levels while inhibiting nuclear translocalization of STAT1 and NFAT‐1 in response to IFNβ, thus, indicating calreticulin downregulation linked with Type I IFN antagonism of JEV NS5 via activation of Ca2+/calicineurin. Calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporin A attenuated NS5‐mediated inhibition of IFNβ‐induced responses, for example, IFN‐sensitive response element driven luciferase, STAT1‐dependent PKR mRNA expression, as well as phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT1. Transfection with calcineurin (vs. control) siRNA enhanced nuclear translocalization of STAT1 and upregulated PKR expression in NS5‐expressing cells in response to IFNβ. Results prove Ca2+, calreticulin, and calcineurin involvement in STAT1‐mediated signaling as well as a key role of JEV NS5 in Type I IFN antagonism. This study offers insights into the molecular mechanism of Type I interferon antagonism by JEV NS5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuey-Ching Yang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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15
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Sarwat M, Naqvi AR. Heterologous expression of rice calnexin (OsCNX) confers drought tolerance in Nicotiana tabacum. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:5451-64. [PMID: 23681551 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2643-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Calnexin (CNX) is an integral membrane protein of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is a critical component of ER quality control machinery. It acts as a chaperone and ensures proper folding of newly synthesised glycoproteins. CNX shares a considerable homology with its luminal counterpart calreticulin (CRT). Together, they constitute CNX/CRT cycle which is imperative for proper folding of nascent proteins. CNX deficient organisms develop severe complications because of improper folding of proteins and consequently ER stress. CNX maintains calcium homeostasis by binding to the Ca(2+) which is a central node in various signaling pathways. Phosphorylation of cytoplasmic tail of CNX controls the sarco endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase and thus the movement of Ca(2+) in and out of its store-house, i.e. ER. Our studies on Oryza sativa CNX (OsCNX) reveal constitutive expression at various developmental stages and various tissues, thereby proving its requirement throughout the plant development. Further, its expression under various stress conditions gives an insight of the crosstalk existing between ER stress and abiotic stress signaling. This was confirmed by heterologous expression of OsCNX (OsCNX-HE) in tobacco and the OsCNX-HE lines were observed to exhibit better germination under mannitol stress and survival under dehydration stress conditions. The dehydration tolerance conferred by OsCNX appears to be ABA-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sarwat
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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16
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Zimmerman KA, Graham LV, Pallero MA, Murphy-Ullrich JE. Calreticulin regulates transforming growth factor-β-stimulated extracellular matrix production. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14584-14598. [PMID: 23564462 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.447243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is an emerging factor in fibrotic disease, although precise mechanisms are not clear. Calreticulin (CRT) is an ER chaperone and regulator of Ca(2+) signaling up-regulated by ER stress and in fibrotic tissues. Previously, we showed that ER CRT regulates type I collagen transcript, trafficking, secretion, and processing into the extracellular matrix (ECM). To determine the role of CRT in ECM regulation under fibrotic conditions, we asked whether CRT modified cellular responses to the pro-fibrotic cytokine, TGF-β. These studies show that CRT-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and rat and human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lung fibroblasts with siRNA CRT knockdown had impaired TGF-β stimulation of type I collagen and fibronectin. In contrast, fibroblasts with increased CRT expression had enhanced responses to TGF-β. The lack of CRT does not impact canonical TGF-β signaling as TGF-β was able to stimulate Smad reporter activity in CRT-/- MEFs. CRT regulation of TGF-β-stimulated Ca(2+) signaling is important for induction of ECM. CRT-/- MEFs failed to increase intracellular Ca(2+) levels in response to TGF-β. NFAT activity is required for ECM stimulation by TGF-β. In CRT-/- MEFs, TGF-β stimulation of NFAT nuclear translocation and reporter activity is impaired. Importantly, CRT is required for TGF-β stimulation of ECM under conditions of ER stress, as tunicamycin-induced ER stress was insufficient to induce ECM production in TGF-β stimulated CRT-/- MEFs. Together, these data identify CRT-regulated Ca(2+)-dependent pathways as a critical molecular link between ER stress and TGF-β fibrotic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Zimmerman
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019
| | - Lauren V Graham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019
| | - Manuel A Pallero
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019
| | - Joanne E Murphy-Ullrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019.
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17
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Zhao F, Zhang S, Shao Y, Wu Y, Qin J, Chen Y, Chen L, Gu H, Wang X, Huang C, Zhang W. Calreticulin overexpression correlates with integrin-α5 and transforming growth factor-β1 expression in the atria of patients with rheumatic valvular disease and atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:2177-85. [PMID: 23465222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine whether altered calreticulin expression and distribution contribute to the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF) associated with valvular heart disease (VHD). BACKGROUND AF affects electrophysiological and structural changes that exacerbate AF. Atrial remodeling reportedly underlies AF generation, but the precise mechanism of atrial remodeling in AF remains unclear. METHODS Right and left atrial specimens were obtained from 68 patients undergoing valve replacement surgery. The patients were divided into sinus rhythm (SR; n=25), paroxysmal AF (PaAF; n=11), and persistent AF (PeAF; AF lasting >6 months; n=32) groups. Calreticulin, integrin-α5, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) mRNA and protein expression were measured. We also performed immunoprecipitation for calreticulin with either calcineurin B or integrin-α5. RESULTS Calreticulin, integrin-α5, and TGF-β1 mRNA and protein expression were increased in the AF groups, especially in the left atrium in patients with mitral valve disease. Calreticulin interacted with both calcineurin B and integrin-α5. Integrin-α5 expression correlated with TGF-β1 expression, while calreticulin expression correlated with integrin-α5 and TGF-β1 expression. Despite similar cardiac function classifications, calreticulin expression was greater in the PeAF group than in the SR group. CONCLUSIONS Calreticulin, integrin-α5, and TGF-β1 expression was increased in atrial tissue in patients with AF and was related to AF type, suggesting that calreticulin is involved in the pathogenesis of AF in VHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210029, China
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18
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Abstract
In this chapter, the attention is put on Ca(2+) effect on Clusterin (CLU) activity. We showed that two CLU forms (secreted and nuclear) are differently regulated by Ca(2+) and that Ca(2+) fluxes affect CLU gene expression. A secretory form (sCLU) protects cell viability whereas nuclear form (nCLU) is proapoptotic. Based on available data we suggest, that different CLU forms play opposite roles, depending on intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, time-course of Ca(2+) current, intracellular Ca(2+) compartmentalization, and final Ca(2+) targets. Discussion will be motivated on how CLU acts on cell in response to Ca(2+) waves. The impact of Ca(2+) on CLU gene activity and transcription, posttranscriptional modifications, translation of CLU mRNA, and posttranslational changes as well as biological effects of CLU will be discussed. We will also examine how Ca(2+) signal and Ca(2+)-dependent proteins are attributable to changes in CLU characteristics. Some elucidation of CLU gene activity, CLU protein formation, maturation, secretion, and intracellular translocations in response to Ca(2+) is presented. In response to cell stress (i.e., DNA damage) CLU gene is activated. We assume that commonly upregulated mRNA for nCLU versus sCLU and vice versa are dependent on Ca(2+) accessibility and its intracellular distribution. It looks as if at low intracellular Ca(2+) the delay in cell cycle allows more time for DNA repair; otherwise, cells undergo nCLU-dependent apoptosis. If cells are about to survive, intrinsic apoptosis is abrogated by sCLU interacting with activated Bax. In conclusion, a narrow range of intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations is responsible for the decision whether nCLU is mobilized (apoptosis) or sCLU is appointed to improve survival. Since the discovery of CLU, a huge research progress has been done. Nonetheless we feel that much work is left ahead before remaining uncertainties related to Ca(2+) signal and the respective roles of CLU proteins are unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Pajak
- Department of Cell Ultrastructure, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Szabo E, Qiu Y, Baksh S, Michalak M, Opas M. Calreticulin inhibits commitment to adipocyte differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 182:103-16. [PMID: 18606846 PMCID: PMC2447897 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200712078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Calreticulin, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident protein, affects many critical cellular functions, including protein folding and calcium homeostasis. Using embryonic stem cells and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, we show that calreticulin modulates adipogenesis. We find that calreticulin-deficient cells show increased potency for adipogenesis when compared with wild-type or calreticulin-overexpressing cells. In the highly adipogenic crt−/− cells, the ER lumenal calcium concentration was reduced. Increasing the ER lumenal calcium concentration led to a decrease in adipogenesis. In calreticulin-deficient cells, the calmodulin–Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) pathway was up-regulated, and inhibition of CaMKII reduced adipogenesis. Calreticulin inhibits adipogenesis via a negative feedback mechanism whereby the expression of calreticulin is initially up-regulated by peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ (PPARγ). This abundance of calreticulin subsequently negatively regulates the expression of PPARγ, lipoprotein lipase, CCAAT enhancer–binding protein α, and aP2. Thus, calreticulin appears to function as a Ca2+-dependent molecular switch that regulates commitment to adipocyte differentiation by preventing the expression and transcriptional activation of critical proadipogenic transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Szabo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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20
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Wang B, Li F, Dong B, Zhang X, Zhang C, Xiang J. Discovery of the genes in response to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in Fenneropenaeus chinensis through cDNA microarray. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2006; 8:491-500. [PMID: 16794954 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-005-6136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We used microarray technology to study differentially expressed genes in white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)-infected shrimp. A total of 3136 cDNA targets, including 1578 unique genes from a cephalothorax cDNA library and 1536 cDNA clones from reverse and forward suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) libraries of Fenneropenaeus chinensis, plus 14 negative and 8 blank control clones, were spotted onto a 18 x 18 mm area of NH(2)-modified glass slides. Gene expression patterns in the cephalothorax of shrimp at 6 h after WSSV injection and moribund shrimp naturally infected by WSSV were analyzed. A total of 105 elements on the arrays showed a similar regulation pattern in artificially infected shrimp and naturally infected moribund shrimp; parts of the results were confirmed by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The up-regulated expression of immune-related genes, including heat shock proteins (HSP70 and HSP90), trehalose-phosphate synthase (TPS), ubiquitin C, and so forth, were observed when shrimp were challenged with WSSV. Genes including myosin LC2, ATP synthase A chain, and arginine kinase were found to be down-regulated after WSSV infection. The expression of housekeeping genes such as actin, elongation factor, and tubulin is not stable, and so these genes are not suitable as internal standards for semiquantitative RT-PCR when shrimp are challenged by WSSV. As a substitute, we found that triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) was an ideal candidate of interstandards in this situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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21
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Williams DB. Beyond lectins: the calnexin/calreticulin chaperone system of the endoplasmic reticulum. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:615-23. [PMID: 16467570 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calnexin and calreticulin are related proteins that comprise an ER chaperone system that ensures the proper folding and quality control of newly synthesized glycoproteins. The specificity for glycoproteins is conferred by a lectin site that recognizes an early oligosaccharide processing intermediate on the folding glycoprotein, Glc1Man9GlcNAc2. In addition, calnexin and calreticulin possess binding sites for ATP, Ca2+, non-native polypeptides and ERp57, an enzyme that catalyzes disulfide bond formation, reduction and isomerization. Recent studies have revealed the locations of some of these ligand-binding sites and have provided insights into how they contribute to overall chaperone function. In particular, the once controversial non-native-polypeptide-binding site has now been shown to function both in vitro and in cells. Furthermore, there is clear evidence that ERp57 participates in glycoprotein biogenesis either alone or in tandem with calnexin and calreticulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Williams
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8.
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22
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Ochi H, Pearson BJ, Chuang PT, Hammerschmidt M, Westerfield M. Hhip regulates zebrafish muscle development by both sequestering Hedgehog and modulating localization of Smoothened. Dev Biol 2006; 297:127-40. [PMID: 16765934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Revised: 04/22/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sharp borders between cells with different developmental fates are important for patterning of invertebrates, but are not well understood in vertebrates. Zebrafish slow muscle cells develop from adaxial cells, a one-cell-diameter-thick pseudo-epithelium immediately adjacent to the notochord. Hedgehog (Hh) signals from notochord specify adaxial cells to form slow muscle cells. Cells next to adaxial cells form fast muscle. This suggests that Hh signaling is locally regulated to produce a sharp border that separates slow and fast muscle precursors. To understand how Hh activity is locally regulated, we characterized the dynamic roles of Hhip, a protein that binds Hedgehog at the cell surface. Hhip is strongly expressed by adaxial cells and, together with Patched, the Hedgehog receptor, limits transduction of the Hedgehog signaling by Smoothened to adaxial cells. Hhip protein lacking its membrane associated domain still suppresses Hh activity but no longer acts synergistically with Patched. Hhip and Smoothened colocalize at the cell surface and, in response to Hedgehog, internalize together. Knockdown of Hhip blocks Smoothened internalization while increasing Hedgehog signaling and slow muscle formation. These data support a model in which Hhip regulates muscle development both by sequestering Hedgehog and by modulating localization of Smoothened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Ochi
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA
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23
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Lee C, Lee YM, Rice RH. Human epidermal cell protein responses to arsenite treatment in culture. Chem Biol Interact 2005; 155:43-54. [PMID: 15899475 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2004] [Revised: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 04/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Study of the responses of target cells in culture is anticipated to help understand the mechanisms by which inorganic arsenic causes pathological effects in vivo. Treatment of human epidermal cells with arsenic has been shown to produce a myriad of changes in gene transcription. Present work focused on finding the extent of arsenite-induced changes in the protein pattern and whether global effects on protein sulfhydryls were evident. First, examining the profile of protein expression by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicated that approximately 40% of the 300 distinct protein spots that were monitored changed by at least two-fold in amount all through a 9-day exposure period. Second, examining soluble extracts of the treated cells by Activated Thiol Sepharose column chromatography gave little indication of change in the overall protein thiol content. Finally, among the 10 proteins identified that showed prominent changes in amount as a result of treatment for 1 or 4 days, enzymes of the glycolytic pathway were seen to be substantially elevated as a result of treatment, suggesting decreased utilization by the cells of oxidative phosphorylation. Since these changes were more conspicuous at the protein level than in previous transcriptional studies, the results emphasize the importance of proteomic analysis to complement transcriptional analysis of cell responses to perturbation by arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Ansung, Republic of Korea
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Bedard K, Szabo E, Michalak M, Opas M. Cellular Functions of Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperones Calreticulin, Calnexin, and ERp57. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2005; 245:91-121. [PMID: 16125546 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(05)45004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylated proteins destined for the cell surface or to be secreted from the cell are trafficked through the endoplasmic reticulum during synthesis and folding. Correct folding is determined in large part by the sequence of the protein, but it is also assisted by interaction with enzymes and chaperones of the endoplasmic reticulum. Calreticulin, calnexin, and ERp57 are among the endoplasmic chaperones that interact with partially folded glycoproteins and determine if the proteins are to be released from the endoplasmic reticulum to be expressed, or alternatively, if they are to be sent to the proteosome for degradation. Studies on the effect of alterations in the expression and function of these proteins are providing information about the importance of this quality control system, as well as uncovering other important functions these proteins play outside of the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bedard
- Membrane Protein Research Group and Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
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