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Liu K, Liu D, Cui W. Protective Effect and Mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:6121407. [PMID: 35399643 PMCID: PMC8991389 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6121407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
After acute myocardial infarction, early restoration of myocardial perfusion by thrombolysis or percutaneous coronary intervention is the most effective way to reduce the size of myocardial infarction and improve clinical outcomes. However, recovery of blood flow to the ischemic myocardium may cause ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, a phenomenon that instead reduces the efficacy of myocardial reperfusion. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has long been used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and has shown remarkable efficacy. Many studies have shown that some TCMs and their active components can exert protective effects against myocardial I/R injury through different mechanisms. This review summarized the protective mechanisms and current research advances of TCMs in myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Liu
- Cardiology Department, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Demin Liu
- Cardiology Department, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Cardiology Department, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
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2
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Gök C, Plain F, Robertson AD, Howie J, Baillie GS, Fraser NJ, Fuller W. Dynamic Palmitoylation of the Sodium-Calcium Exchanger Modulates Its Structure, Affinity for Lipid-Ordered Domains, and Inhibition by XIP. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107697. [PMID: 32521252 PMCID: PMC7296346 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane sodium-calcium (Na-Ca) exchanger 1 (NCX1) regulates cytoplasmic Ca levels by facilitating electrogenic exchange of Ca for Na. Palmitoylation, the only reversible post-translational modification known to modulate NCX1 activity, controls NCX1 inactivation. Here, we show that palmitoylation of NCX1 modifies the structural arrangement of the NCX1 dimer and controls its affinity for lipid-ordered membrane domains. NCX1 palmitoylation occurs dynamically at the cell surface under the control of the enzymes zDHHC5 and APT1. We identify the position of the endogenous exchange inhibitory peptide (XIP) binding site within the NCX1 regulatory intracellular loop and demonstrate that palmitoylation controls the ability of XIP to bind this site. We also show that changes in NCX1 palmitoylation change cytosolic Ca. Our results thus demonstrate the broad molecular consequences of NCX1 palmitoylation and highlight a means to manipulate the inactivation of this ubiquitous ion transporter that could ameliorate pathologies linked to Ca overload via NCX1. NCX1 is dynamically palmitoylated at the cell surface by zDHHC5 and APT1 Palmitoylation modifies the NCX1 dimer’s structure and affinity for lipid rafts We identify the binding site of the endogenous XIP domain in NCX1’s regulatory loop Palmitoylation modifies NCX1 XIP affinity and hence regulates intracellular Ca
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Gök
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Fiona Plain
- School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Alan D Robertson
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jacqueline Howie
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - George S Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Niall J Fraser
- School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - William Fuller
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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3
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Gök C, Main A, Gao X, Kerekes Z, Plain F, Kuo CW, Robertson AD, Fraser NJ, Fuller W. Insights into the molecular basis of the palmitoylation and depalmitoylation of NCX1. Cell Calcium 2021; 97:102408. [PMID: 33873072 PMCID: PMC8278489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Catalyzed by zDHHC-PAT enzymes and reversed by thioesterases, protein palmitoylation is the only post-translational modification recognized to regulate the sodium/calcium exchanger NCX1. NCX1 palmitoylation occurs at a single site at position 739 in its large regulatory intracellular loop. An amphipathic ɑ-helix between residues 740-756 is a critical for NCX1 palmitoylation. Given the rich background of the structural elements involving in NCX1 palmitoylation, the molecular basis of NCX1 palmitoylation is still relatively poorly understood. Here we found that (1) the identity of palmitoylation machinery of NCX1 controls its spatial organization within the cell, (2) the NCX1 amphipathic ɑ-helix directly interacts with zDHHC-PATs, (3) NCX1 is still palmitoylated when it is arrested in either Golgi or ER, indicating that NCX1 is a substrate for multiple zDHHC-PATs, (4) the thioesterase APT1 but not APT2 as a part of NCX1-depalmitoylation machinery governs subcellular organization of NCX1, (5) APT1 catalyzes NCX1 depalmitoylation in the Golgi but not in the ER. We also report that NCX2 and NCX3 are dually palmitoylated, with important implications for substrate recognition and enzyme catalysis by zDHHC-PATs. Our results could support new molecular or pharmacological strategies targeting the NCX1 palmitoylation and depalmitoylation machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Gök
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Main
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Xing Gao
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Zsombor Kerekes
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Plain
- School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Chien-Wen Kuo
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alan D Robertson
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Niall J Fraser
- School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - William Fuller
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, Sir James Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.
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Wang R, Wang M, Zhou J, Wu D, Ye J, Sun G, Sun X. Saponins in Chinese Herbal Medicine Exerts Protection in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: Possible Mechanism and Target Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:570867. [PMID: 33597866 PMCID: PMC7883640 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.570867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia is a high-risk disease among middle-aged and senior individuals. After thrombolytic therapy, heart tissue can potentially suffer further damage, which is called myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). At present, the treatment methods and drugs for MIRI are scarce and cannot meet the current clinical needs. The mechanism of MIRI involves the interaction of multiple factors, and the current research hotspots mainly include oxidative stress, inflammation, calcium overload, energy metabolism disorders, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has multiple targets and few toxic side effects; clinical preparations containing Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen, Aralia chinensis L., cardioprotection, and other Chinese herbal medicines have been used to treat patients with coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, and other cardiovascular diseases. Studies have shown that saponins are the main active substances in TCMs containing Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen, Aralia chinensis L., and Radix astragali. In the present review, we sorted the saponin components with anti-MIRI effects and their regulatory mechanisms. Each saponin can play a cardioprotective role via multiple mechanisms, and the signaling pathways involved in different saponins are not the same. We found that more active saponins in Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. are mainly dammar-type structures and have a strong regulatory effect on energy metabolism. The highly active saponin components of Aralia chinensis L. are oleanolic acid structures, which have significant regulatory effects on calcium homeostasis. Therefore, saponins in Chinese herbal medicine provide a broad application prospect for the development of highly effective and low-toxicity anti-MIRI drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Zhou
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Daoshun Wu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxue Ye
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine Against Glycolipid Metabolic Disorders, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Gök C, Fuller W. Topical review: Shedding light on molecular and cellular consequences of NCX1 palmitoylation. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Gök C, Fuller W. Regulation of NCX1 by palmitoylation. Cell Calcium 2020; 86:102158. [PMID: 31935590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.102158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Palmitoylation (S-acylation) is the reversible conjugation of a fatty acid (usually C16 palmitate) to intracellular cysteine residues of proteins via a thioester linkage. Palmitoylation anchors intracellular regions of proteins to membranes because the palmitoylated cysteine is recruited to the lipid bilayer. NCX1 is palmitoylated at a single cysteine in its large regulatory intracellular loop. The presence of an amphipathic α-helix immediately adjacent to the NCX1 palmitoylation site is required for NCX1 palmitoylation. The NCX1 palmitoylation site is conserved through most metazoan phlya. Although palmitoylation does not regulate the normal forward or reverse ion transport modes of NCX1, NCX1 palmitoylation is required for its inactivation: sodium-dependent inactivation and inactivation by PIP2 depletion are significantly impaired for unpalmitoylatable NCX1. Here we review the role of palmitoylation in regulating NCX1 activity, and highlight future questions that must be addressed to fully understand the importance of this regulatory mechanism for sodium and calcium transport in cardiac muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Gök
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - William Fuller
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK. https://twitter.com@FullerLabGlas
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Patel P, Karch J. Regulation of cell death in the cardiovascular system. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 353:153-209. [PMID: 32381175 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The adult heart is a post-mitotic terminally differentiated organ; therefore, beyond development, cardiomyocyte cell death is maladaptive. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the world and aberrant cardiomyocyte cell death is the underlying problem for most cardiovascular-related diseases and fatalities. In this chapter, we will discuss the different cell death mechanisms that engage during normal cardiac development, aging, and disease states. The most abundant loss of cardiomyocytes occurs during a myocardial infarction, when the blood supply to the heart is obstructed, and the affected myocardium succumbs to cell death. Originally, this form of cell death was considered to be unregulated; however, research from the last half a century clearly demonstrates that this form of cell death is multifaceted and employees various degrees of regulation. We will explore all of the cell death pathways that have been implicated in this disease state and the potential interplay between them. Beyond myocardial infarction, we also explore the role and mechanisms of cardiomyocyte cell death in heart failure, myocarditis, and chemotherapeutic-induced cardiotoxicity. Inhibition of cardiomyocyte cell death has extensive therapeutic potential that will increase the longevity and health of the human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Patel
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jason Karch
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
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8
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Lariccia V, Macrì ML, Matteucci A, Maiolino M, Amoroso S, Magi S. Effects of ticagrelor on the sodium/calcium exchanger 1 (NCX1) in cardiac derived H9c2 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 850:158-166. [PMID: 30721704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ticagrelor is a direct acting and reversibly binding P2Y12 antagonist approved for the prevention of thromboembolic events. Clinical effects of ticagrelor cannot be simply accounted for by pure platelet inhibition, and off-target mechanisms can potentially play a role. In particular, recent evidence suggests that ticagrelor may also influence heart function and improve the evolution of myocardial ischemic injury by more direct effects on myocytes. The cardiac sodium/calcium exchanger 1 (NCX1) is a critical player in the generation and control of calcium (Ca2+) signals, which orchestrate multiple myocyte activities in health and disease. Altered expression and/or activity of NCX1 can have profound consequences for the function and fate of myocytes. Whether ticagrelor affects cardiac NCX1 has not been investigated yet. To explore this hypothesis, we analyzed the expression, localization and activity of NCX1 in the heart derived H9c2-NCX1 cells following ticagrelor exposure. We found that ticagrelor concentration- and time-dependently reduced the activity of the cardiac NCX1 in H9c2 cells. In particular, the inhibitory effect of ticagrelor on the Ca2+-influx mode of NCX1 was evident within 1 h and further developed after 24 h, when NCX1 activity was suppressed by about 55% in cells treated with 1 μM ticagrelor. Ticagrelor-induced inhibition of exchanger activity was reached at clinically relevant concentrations, without affecting the expression levels and subcellular distribution of NCX1. Collectively, these findings suggest that cardiac NCX1 is a new downstream target of ticagrelor, which may contribute to the therapeutic profile of ticagrelor in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lariccia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Maria Loredana Macrì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Matteucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Marta Maiolino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Salvatore Amoroso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Simona Magi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy
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O'Shea KM, Ananthakrishnan R, Li Q, Quadri N, Thiagarajan D, Sreejit G, Wang L, Zirpoli H, Aranda JF, Alberts AS, Schmidt AM, Ramasamy R. The Formin, DIAPH1, is a Key Modulator of Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. EBioMedicine 2017; 26:165-174. [PMID: 29239839 PMCID: PMC5832565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The biochemical, ionic, and signaling changes that occur within cardiomyocytes subjected to ischemia are exacerbated by reperfusion; however, the precise mechanisms mediating myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury have not been fully elucidated. The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) regulates the cellular response to cardiac tissue damage in I/R, an effect potentially mediated by the binding of the RAGE cytoplasmic domain to the diaphanous-related formin, DIAPH1. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of DIAPH1 in the physiological response to experimental myocardial I/R in mice. After subjecting wild-type mice to experimental I/R, myocardial DIAPH1 expression was increased, an effect that was echoed following hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in H9C2 and AC16 cells. Further, compared to wild-type mice, genetic deletion of Diaph1 reduced infarct size and improved contractile function after I/R. Silencing Diaph1 in H9C2 cells subjected to H/R downregulated actin polymerization and serum response factor-regulated gene expression. Importantly, these changes led to increased expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase and reduced expression of the sodium calcium exchanger. This work demonstrates that DIAPH1 is required for the myocardial response to I/R, and that targeting DIAPH1 may represent an adjunctive approach for myocardial salvage after acute infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M O'Shea
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Radha Ananthakrishnan
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Qing Li
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Nosirudeen Quadri
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Devi Thiagarajan
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lingjie Wang
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hylde Zirpoli
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Juan Francisco Aranda
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Arthur S Alberts
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Ann Marie Schmidt
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ravichandran Ramasamy
- Diabetes Research Program, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Yu Y, Zhou CH, Yao YT, Li LH. Downregulation of Na +/Ca 2+ Exchanger Isoform 1 Protects Isolated Hearts by Sevoflurane Postconditioning but Not by Delayed Remote Ischemic Preconditioning in Rats. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 130:2226-2233. [PMID: 28875959 PMCID: PMC5598336 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.213967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Calcium regulatory proteins-L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCCs), ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2), and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger isoform 1 (NCX1) have been recognized as important protective mechanisms during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/RI). Both sevoflurane postconditioning (SevoPoC) and delayed remote ischemic preconditioning (DRIPC) have been shown to protect the heart against I/RI. In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of SevoPoC and DRIPC on the expression of the three calcium regulatory proteins in an isolated rat heart model. Methods: After 30-min balanced perfusion, isolated hearts from rats were subjected to 30-min ischemia followed by 60-min reperfusion. Totally 40 isolated hearts were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 10/group): time control group, I/RI group, SevoPoC group, and DRIPC group. The effect of SevoPoC (3% v/v) and DRIPC were observed. Myocardial infarct size (IS), cardiac troponin I level, and heart function were measured. The protein and messenger RNA levels of LTCCs, RyR2, and NCX1 were determined. Results: Both SevoPoC and DRIPC improved the recovery of myocardial function, and reduced cardiac troponin I release after I/RI. The decrease in IS was more significant in the SevoPoC group than that in the DRIPC group (16.50% ± 4.54% in the SevoPoC group [P = 0.0006], and 22.34% ± 4.02% in the DRIPC group [P = 0.0007] vs. 35.00% ± 5.24% in the I/RI group, respectively). SevoPoC, but not DRIPC significantly inhibited the activity of NCX1 (0.59 ± 0.09 in the I/RI group vs. 0.32 ± 0.16 in the SevoPoC group, P = 0.006; vs. 0.57 ± 0.14 in the DRIPC group, P = 0.072). No statistical significant differences were observed in the expression of LTCCs and RyR2 between SevoPoC and DRIPC. In addition, subsequent correlation analysis showed a significantly positive relationship between the cardiac troponin I level and the protein expression of NCX1 (r = 0.505, P = 0.023). Conclusion: SevoPoC may be more effective in the cardioprotection than DRIPC partly due to the deactivation of NCX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Cheng-Hui Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yun-Tai Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Li-Huan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fuwai Cardiovascular Hospital, Beijing 100037, China
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11
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Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 1 inhibition abolishes ischemic tolerance induced by ischemic preconditioning in different cardiac models. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 794:246-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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12
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Reilly L, Howie J, Wypijewski K, Ashford MLJ, Hilgemann DW, Fuller W. Palmitoylation of the Na/Ca exchanger cytoplasmic loop controls its inactivation and internalization during stress signaling. FASEB J 2015; 29:4532-43. [PMID: 26174834 PMCID: PMC4608915 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-276493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The electrogenic Na/Ca exchanger (NCX) mediates bidirectional Ca movements that are highly sensitive to changes of Na gradients in many cells. NCX1 is implicated in the pathogenesis of heart failure and a number of cardiac arrhythmias. We measured NCX1 palmitoylation using resin-assisted capture, the subcellular location of yellow fluorescent protein–NCX1 fusion proteins, and NCX1 currents using whole-cell voltage clamping. Rat NCX1 is substantially palmitoylated in all tissues examined. Cysteine 739 in the NCX1 large intracellular loop is necessary and sufficient for NCX1 palmitoylation. Palmitoylation of NCX1 occurs in the Golgi and anchors the NCX1 large regulatory intracellular loop to membranes. Surprisingly, palmitoylation does not influence trafficking or localization of NCX1 to surface membranes, nor does it strongly affect the normal forward or reverse transport modes of NCX1. However, exchangers that cannot be palmitoylated do not inactivate normally (leading to substantial activity in conditions when wild-type exchangers are inactive) and do not promote cargo-dependent endocytosis that internalizes 50% of the cell surface following strong G-protein activation or large Ca transients. The palmitoylated cysteine in NCX1 is found in all vertebrate and some invertebrate NCX homologs. Thus, NCX palmitoylation ubiquitously modulates Ca homeostasis and membrane domain function in cells that express NCX proteins.—Reilly, L., Howie, J., Wypijewski, K., Ashford, M. L. J., Hilgemann, D. W., Fuller, W. Palmitoylation of the Na/Ca exchanger cytoplasmic loop controls its inactivation and internalization during stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Reilly
- *Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Dentistry, and Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jacqueline Howie
- *Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Dentistry, and Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Krzysztof Wypijewski
- *Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Dentistry, and Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Michael L J Ashford
- *Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Dentistry, and Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Donald W Hilgemann
- *Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Dentistry, and Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - William Fuller
- *Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Dentistry, and Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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13
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Hong S, Lee J, Seo HH, Lee CY, Yoo KJ, Kim SM, Lee S, Hwang KC, Choi E. Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger targeting miR-132 prevents apoptosis of cardiomyocytes under hypoxic condition by suppressing Ca(2+) overload. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:931-7. [PMID: 25839659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
During ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury of the heart, Ca(2+) overload occurs, leading to cardiomyocyte dysfunction and eventual cell death by apoptosis. Since preventing Ca(2+) overload during IR injury has been reported to protect cardiomyocytes, interrupting Ca(2+) signaling cascades leading to Ca(2+) overload may exert protective effect on cardiomyocytes under hypoxic condition. One of the key regulators of the intracellular Ca(2+) level during IR injury is Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger 1 (NCX1), whose down-regulation during IR injury conferred protection of heart. In the present study, we examined whether down-regulation of NCX1 using exogenous microRNA ameliorates apoptosis of cardiomyocytes under hypoxic condition. Here, we identified miR-132 as a novel microRNA targeting the NCX1, whose expression increased during hypoxia. Delivery of miR-132 suppressed the increase of intracellular Ca(2+) in cardiomyocytes under hypoxia, and the expressions of apoptotic molecules, such as Bax, cytochrome C, and caspase 3, and the number of apoptotic cells were also decreased by exogenous miR-132 treatment. These results suggest the potential of miR-132 as an effective therapeutic agent against IR damage to heart by preventing Ca(2+) overload during hypoxic condition and warrant further studies to validate its anti-apoptotic effect in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonchang Hong
- Department of Medicine, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea; Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 220-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Lee
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Hee Seo
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Yeon Lee
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jong Yoo
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Man Kim
- Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City 404-834, Republic of Korea
| | - Seahyoung Lee
- Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City 404-834, Republic of Korea; Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 210-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Chul Hwang
- Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City 404-834, Republic of Korea; Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 210-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunhyun Choi
- Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon Metropolitan City 404-834, Republic of Korea; Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 210-701, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Gotoh Y, Kita S, Fujii M, Tagashira H, Horie I, Arai Y, Uchida S, Iwamoto T. Genetic knockout and pharmacologic inhibition of NCX2 cause natriuresis and hypercalciuria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 456:670-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Sonobe T, Akiyama T, Du CK, Zhan DY, Shirai M. Contribution of calpain to myoglobin efflux from cardiomyocytes during ischaemia and after reperfusion in anaesthetized rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:823-31. [PMID: 24256333 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Calpain activation has a putative role in ischaemia-reperfusion injury of cardiomyocytes. This study clarified the in vivo contribution of calpain to disruption of cardiomyocyte sarcolemma during ischaemia and after reperfusion in anaesthetized rats. METHODS Using a microdialysis technique in the hearts of anaesthetized rats, we investigated the effects of the calpain inhibitors on myocardial interstitial myoglobin level in the ischaemic region during coronary occlusion and after reperfusion. The calpain inhibitors were administered locally via a dialysis probe. Two durations of coronary occlusion were tested. RESULTS Thirty-minute coronary occlusion: dialysate myoglobin concentration increased markedly from 385 ± 46 ng mL(-1) at baseline to 3701 ± 527 ng mL(-1) at 20-30 min of occlusion. After reperfusion, dialysate myoglobin concentration further increased, reaching a peak (12 296 ± 1564 ng mL(-1) ) at 10-20 min post-reperfusion and then declined gradually. The calpain inhibitors, MDL-28170 and SNJ-1945 did not change dialysate myoglobin concentration during occlusion but attenuated the increase after reperfusion to 6826 ± 1227 and 8130 ± 938 ng mL(-1) at 10-20 min post-reperfusion (P < 0.05), respectively. Ninety-minute coronary occlusion: dialysate myoglobin concentration increased from 516 ± 33 ng mL(-1) at baseline to 5463 ± 387 ng mL(-1) at 80-90 min after occlusion. After reperfusion, there was no significant increase in dialysate myoglobin concentration. MDL-28170 did not affect dialysate myoglobin concentration during occlusion or after reperfusion. CONCLUSION Calpain contributes to sarcolemmal disruption immediately after reperfusion following 30-min coronary occlusion, but has little effects during ischaemia and after reperfusion in 90-min coronary occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Sonobe
- Department of Cardiac Physiology; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute; Suita Japan
| | - T. Akiyama
- Department of Cardiac Physiology; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute; Suita Japan
| | - C.-K. Du
- Department of Cardiac Physiology; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute; Suita Japan
| | - D.-Y. Zhan
- Department of Cardiac Physiology; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute; Suita Japan
| | - M. Shirai
- Department of Cardiac Physiology; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute; Suita Japan
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16
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Khananshvili D. Sodium-calcium exchangers (NCX): molecular hallmarks underlying the tissue-specific and systemic functions. Pflugers Arch 2013; 466:43-60. [PMID: 24281864 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NCX proteins explore the electrochemical gradient of Na(+) to mediate Ca(2+)-fluxes in exchange with Na(+) either in the Ca(2+)-efflux (forward) or Ca(2+)-influx (reverse) mode, whereas the directionality depends on ionic concentrations and membrane potential. Mammalian NCX variants (NCX1-3) and their splice variants are expressed in a tissue-specific manner to modulate the heartbeat rate and contractile force, the brain's long-term potentiation and learning, blood pressure, renal Ca(2+) reabsorption, the immune response, neurotransmitter and insulin secretion, apoptosis and proliferation, mitochondrial bioenergetics, etc. Although the forward mode of NCX represents a major physiological module, a transient reversal of NCX may contribute to EC-coupling, vascular constriction, and synaptic transmission. Notably, the reverse mode of NCX becomes predominant in pathological settings. Since the expression levels of NCX variants are disease-related, the selective pharmacological targeting of tissue-specific NCX variants could be beneficial, thereby representing a challenge. Recent structural and biophysical studies revealed a common module for decoding the Ca(2+)-induced allosteric signal in eukaryotic NCX variants, although the phenotype variances in response to regulatory Ca(2+) remain unclear. The breakthrough discovery of the archaebacterial NCX structure may serve as a template for eukaryotic NCX, although the turnover rates of the transport cycle may differ ~10(3)-fold among NCX variants to fulfill the physiological demands for the Ca(2+) flux rates. Further elucidation of ion-transport and regulatory mechanisms may lead to selective pharmacological targeting of NCX variants under disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Khananshvili
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel,
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17
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Liu T, O'Rourke B. Regulation of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger by pyridine nucleotide redox potential in ventricular myocytes. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:31984-92. [PMID: 24045952 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.496588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiac Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX) is the major Ca(2+) efflux pathway on the sarcolemma, counterbalancing Ca(2+) influx via L-type Ca(2+) current during excitation-contraction coupling. Altered NCX activity modulates the sarcoplastic reticulum Ca(2+) load and can contribute to abnormal Ca(2+) handling and arrhythmias. NADH/NAD(+) is the main redox couple controlling mitochondrial energy production, glycolysis, and other redox reactions. Here, we tested whether cytosolic NADH/NAD(+) redox potential regulates NCX activity in adult cardiomyocytes. NCX current (INCX), measured with whole cell patch clamp, was inhibited in response to cytosolic NADH loaded directly via pipette or increased by extracellular lactate perfusion, whereas an increase of mitochondrial NADH had no effect. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation was enhanced by increasing cytosolic NADH, and NADH-induced INCX inhibition was abolished by the H2O2 scavenger catalase. NADH-induced ROS accumulation was independent of mitochondrial respiration (rotenone-insensitive) but was inhibited by the flavoenzyme blocker diphenylene iodonium. NADPH oxidase was ruled out as the effector because INCX was insensitive to cytosolic NADPH, and NADH-induced ROS and INCX inhibition were not abrogated by the specific NADPH oxidase inhibitor gp91ds-tat. This study reveals a novel mechanism of NCX regulation by cytosolic NADH/NAD(+) redox potential through a ROS-generating NADH-driven flavoprotein oxidase. The mechanism is likely to play a key role in Ca(2+) homeostasis and the response to alterations in the cytosolic pyridine nucleotide redox state during ischemia-reperfusion or other cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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18
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Brittain MK, Brustovetsky T, Brittain JM, Khanna R, Cummins TR, Brustovetsky N. Ifenprodil, a NR2B-selective antagonist of NMDA receptor, inhibits reverse Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in neurons. Neuropharmacology 2012; 63:974-82. [PMID: 22820271 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate-induced delayed calcium dysregulation (DCD) is causally linked to excitotoxic neuronal death. The mechanisms of DCD are not completely understood, but it has been proposed that the excessive influx of external Ca(2+) is essential for DCD. The NMDA-subtype of glutamate receptor (NMDAR) and the plasmalemmal Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger operating in the reverse mode (NCX(rev)) have been implicated in DCD. In experiments with "younger" neurons, 6-8 days in vitro (6-8 DIV), in which the NR2A-containing NMDAR expression is low, ifenprodil, an inhibitor of NR2B-containing NMDAR, completely prevented DCD whereas PEAQX, another NMDAR antagonist that preferentially interacts with NR2A-NMDAR, was without effect. With "older" neurons (13-16 DIV), in which NR2A- and NR2B-NMDARs are expressed to a greater extent, both ifenprodil and PEAQX applied separately failed to prevent DCD. However, combined application of ifenprodil and PEAQX completely averted DCD. Ifenprodil and ifenprodil-like NR2B-NMDAR antagonists Ro 25-6981 and Co 101244 but not PEAQX or AP-5 inhibited gramicidin- and Na(+)/NMDG-replacement-induced increases in cytosolic Ca(2+) mediated predominantly by NCX(rev). This suggests that ifenprodil, Ro 25-6981, and Co 101244 inhibit NCX(rev). The ability of ifenprodil to inhibit NCX(rev) correlates with its efficacy in preventing DCD and emphasizes an important role of NCX(rev) in DCD. Overall our data suggest that both NR2A- and NR2B-NMDARs are involved in DCD in "older" neurons, and it is necessary to inhibit both NMDARs and NCX(rev) to prevent glutamate-induced DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Brittain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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19
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Inserte J, Hernando V, Garcia-Dorado D. Contribution of calpains to myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 96:23-31. [PMID: 22787134 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of calcium (Ca(2+)) homeostasis contributes through different mechanisms to cell death occurring during the first minutes of reperfusion. One of them is an unregulated activation of a variety of Ca(2+)-dependent enzymes, including the non-lysosomal cysteine proteases known as calpains. This review analyses the involvement of the calpain family in reperfusion-induced cardiomyocyte death. Calpains remain inactive before reperfusion due to the acidic pHi and increased ionic strength in the ischaemic myocardium. However, inappropriate calpain activation occurs during myocardial reperfusion, and subsequent proteolysis of a wide variety of proteins contributes to the development of contractile dysfunction and necrotic cell death by different mechanisms, including increased membrane fragility, further impairment of Na(+) and Ca(2+) handling, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent studies demonstrating that calpain inhibition contributes to the cardioprotective effects of preconditioning and postconditioning, and the beneficial effects obtained with new and more selective calpain inhibitors added at the onset of reperfusion, point to the potential cardioprotective value of therapeutic strategies designed to prevent calpain activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Inserte
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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20
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Garcia-Dorado D, Ruiz-Meana M, Inserte J, Rodriguez-Sinovas A, Piper HM. Calcium-mediated cell death during myocardial reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 94:168-80. [PMID: 22499772 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reperfusion may induce additional cell death in patients with acute myocardial infarction receiving primary angioplasty or thrombolysis. Altered intracellular Ca(2+) handling was initially considered an essential mechanism of reperfusion-induced cardiomyocyte death. However, more recent studies have demonstrated the importance of Ca(2+)-independent mechanisms that converge on mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) and are shared by cardiomyocytes and other cell types. This article analyses the importance of Ca(2+)-dependent cell death in light of these new observations. Altered Ca(2+) handling includes increased cytosolic Ca(2+) levels, leading to activation of calpain-mediated proteolysis and sarcoplasmic reticulum-driven oscillations; this can induce hypercontracture, but also MPT due to the privileged Ca(2+) transfer between sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria through cytosolic Ca(2+) microdomains. In the opposite direction, permeability transition can worsen altered Ca(2+) handling and favour hypercontracture. Ca(2+) appears to play an important role in cell death during the initial minutes of reperfusion, particularly after brief periods of ischaemia. Developing effective and safe treatments to prevent Ca(2+)-mediated cardiomyocyte death in patients with transient ischaemia, by targeting Ca(2+) influx, intracellular Ca(2+) handling, or Ca(2+)-induced cell death effectors, is an unmet challenge with important therapeutic implications and large potential clinical impact.
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21
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Brittain MK, Brustovetsky T, Sheets PL, Brittain JM, Khanna R, Cummins TR, Brustovetsky N. Delayed calcium dysregulation in neurons requires both the NMDA receptor and the reverse Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:109-17. [PMID: 22249110 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate-induced delayed calcium dysregulation (DCD) is a causal factor leading to neuronal death. The mechanism of DCD is not clear but Ca2+ influx via N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) and/or the reverse plasmalemmal Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCXrev) could be involved in DCD. However, the extent to which NMDAR and NCX(rev) contribute to glutamate-induced DCD is uncertain. Here, we show that both NMDAR and NCX(rev) are critical for DCD in neurons exposed to excitotoxic glutamate. In rat cultured hippocampal neurons, 25 μM glutamate produced DCD accompanied by sustained increase in cytosolic Na+ ([Na+]c) and plasma membrane depolarization. MK801 and memantine, noncompetitive NMDAR inhibitors, added shortly after glutamate, completely prevented DCD whereas AP-5, a competitive NMDAR inhibitor, failed to protect against DCD. None of the tested inhibitors lowered elevated [Na+]c or restored plasma membrane potential. In the experiments with NCX reversal by gramicidin, MK801 and memantine robustly inhibited NCXrev while AP-5 was much less efficacious. In electrophysiological patch-clamp experiments MK801 and memantine inhibited NCXrev-mediated ion currents whereas AP-5 failed. Thus, MK801 and memantine, in addition to NMDAR, inhibited NCXrev. Inhibition of NCXrev either with KB-R7943, or by collapsing Na+ gradient across the plasma membrane, or by inhibiting Na+/H+ exchanger with 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) and thus preventing the increase in [Na+]c failed to preclude DCD. However, NCXrev inhibition combined with NMDAR blockade by AP-5 completely prevented DCD. Overall, our data suggest that both NMDAR and NCXrev are essential for DCD in glutamate-exposed neurons and inhibition of individual mechanism is not sufficient to prevent calcium dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Brittain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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22
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Alternative strategies in arrhythmia therapy: evaluation of Na/Ca exchange as an anti-arrhythmic target. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 134:26-42. [PMID: 22197992 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The search for alternative anti-arrhythmic strategies is fueled by an unmet medical need as well as by the opportunities arising from identification of novel targets and novel drugs. Na/Ca exchange is a potential target involved in several types of arrhythmias, such as those related to ischemia-reperfusion, heart failure and also some forms of genetic arrhythmias. Inhibition of Na/Ca exchange is theoretically not only anti-arrhythmic but also increases cellular Ca(2+) content. This could be an advantage in conditions of low inotropy, such as in heart failure, but may also worsen conditions such as the recovery from ischemia or relaxation abnormalities. With the available drugs such as KB-R7943 and SEA-0400 these theories have now been tested in a number of cellular and in vivo models. Experience is overall rather positive and seems less hampered by the potential drawbacks than expected. This may be because the currently available drugs are not highly selective, with additional benefit derived from concurrent effects. While this precludes a definite answer regarding the benefit of a pure NCX inhibitor, they indicate that Na/Ca exchange inhibition as part of a multi-target strategy is an avenue to be considered. Such studies will need further 'bench' work and testing in relevant preclinical models, including chronic disease.
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23
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Talukder MH, Zweier JL, Periasamy M. Targeting calcium transport in ischaemic heart disease. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 84:345-52. [PMID: 19640931 PMCID: PMC2777954 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While timely reperfusion of acutely ischaemic myocardium is essential for myocardial salvage, it leads to a unique type of injury known as 'myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury'. Growing evidence suggests that a defect in myocardial Ca(2+) transport system with cytosolic Ca(2+) overload is a major contributor to myocardial I/R injury. Progress in molecular genetics and medicine in past years has clearly demonstrated that modulation of Ca(2+) handling pathways in IHD could be cardioprotective. The potential benefits of these strategies in limiting I/R injury are vast, and the time is right for challenging in vivo systemic work both at pre-clinical and clinical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A. Hassan Talukder
- Davis Heart and Lung Institute and The Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jay L. Zweier
- Davis Heart and Lung Institute and The Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 304 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Muthu Periasamy
- Davis Heart and Lung Institute and The Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 304 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Iwamoto T. Na+/Ca2+ exchange as a drug target--insights from molecular pharmacology and genetic engineering. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1099:516-28. [PMID: 17446496 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1387.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) is an ion transporter that exchanges Na+ and Ca2+ in either Ca2+-efflux or Ca2+-influx mode, depending on membrane potential and transmembrane ion gradients. In myocytes, neurons, and renal tubular cells, NCX is thought to play an important role in the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration. So far the benzyloxyphenyl derivatives (KB-R7943, SEA0400, SN-6, and YM-244769) have been developed as selective NCX inhibitors. These inhibitors possess different isoform selectivities, although they have similar properties, such as Ca2+-influx mode selectivity and I1 inactivation-dependence. Site-directed mutageneses have revealed that these inhibitors possess some molecular determinants (Phe-213, Val-227, Tyr-228, Gly-833, and Asn-839) for interaction with NCX1. These benzyloxyphenyl derivatives are expected to be useful tools to study the physiological roles of NCX. Interestingly, benzyloxyphenyl NCX inhibitors effectively prevent several ischemia-reperfusion injuries and salt-dependent hypertension in animal models. Furthermore, several experiments with genetically engineered mice provide compelling evidence that these diseases are triggered by pathological Ca2+ entry through NCX1. Thus, NCX inhibitors may have therapeutic potential as novel drugs for reperfusion injury and salt-dependent hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Iwamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
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25
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Menick DR, Renaud L, Buchholz A, Müller JG, Zhou H, Kappler CS, Kubalak SW, Conway SJ, Xu L. Regulation of Ncx1 gene expression in the normal and hypertrophic heart. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1099:195-203. [PMID: 17446459 PMCID: PMC3096001 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1387.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX1) is crucial in the regulation of [Ca2+]i in the cardiac myocyte. The exchanger is upregulated in cardiac hypertrophy, ischemia, and failure. This upregulation can have an effect on Ca2+ transients and possibly contribute to diastolic dysfunction and an increased risk of arrhythmias. Studies from both in vivo and in vitro model systems have provided an initial skeleton of the potential signaling pathways that regulate the exchanger during development, growth, and hypertrophy. The Ncx1 gene is upregulated in response to alpha-adrenergic stimulation. We have shown that this is via p38alpha activation of transcription factors binding to the Ncx1 promotor at the -80 CArG element. Interestingly, most of the elements, including the CArG element, which we have demonstrated to be important for regulation of Ncx1 expression are in the proximal 184 bp of the promotor. Using a transgenic mouse, we have shown that the proximal 184 bp is sufficient for expression of reporter genes in adult cardiomyocytes and for the correct spatiotemporal pattern of Ncx1 expression in development but not for upregulation in response to pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Menick
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty St., Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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26
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Iwamoto T, Kita S. [Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX1) and cardiovascular disease]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2007; 129:262-5. [PMID: 17435337 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.129.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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27
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Day SM, Westfall MV, Metzger JM. Tuning cardiac performance in ischemic heart disease and failure by modulating myofilament function. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85:911-21. [PMID: 17396243 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2007] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac myofilaments are composed of highly ordered arrays of proteins that coordinate cardiac contraction and relaxation in response to the rhythmic waves of [Ca(2+)] during the cardiac cycle. Several cardiac disease states are associated with altered myofilament protein interactions that contribute to cardiac dysfunction. During acute myocardial ischemia, the sensitivity of the myofilaments to activating Ca(2+) is drastically reduced, largely due to the effects of intracellular acidosis on the contractile machinery. Myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity remains compromised in post-ischemic or "stunned" myocardium even after complete restoration of blood flow and intracellular pH, likely because of covalent modifications of or proteolytic injury to contractile proteins. In contrast, myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity can be increased in chronic heart failure, owing in part to decreased phosphorylation of troponin I, the inhibitory subunit of the troponin regulatory complex. We highlight, in this paper, the central role of the myofilaments in the pathophysiology of each of these distinct disease entities, with a particular focus on the molecular switch protein troponin I. We also discuss the beneficial effects of a genetically engineered cardiac troponin I, with a histidine button substitution at C-terminal residue 164, for a variety of pathophysiologic conditions, including hypoxia, ischemia, ischemia-reperfusion and chronic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene M Day
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, 7301 MSRB III, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0644, USA.
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Kawasumi H, Satoh N, Kitada Y. Caldaret, an intracellular Ca2+ handling modulator, limits infarct size of reperfused canine heart. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 103:222-33. [PMID: 17299242 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0060765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardioprotective effect of caldaret, a novel intracellular Ca(2+) handling modulator that acts through reverse-mode Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger inhibition and potential sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) uptake enhancement, against reperfusion injury was investigated. We employed a canine model of myocardial infarction induced by 90-min occlusion of left circumflex (LCX) coronary artery followed by 4 h of reperfusion. Intravenously infused caldaret (3 or 30 microg/kg per hour) for 30 min at LCX-reperfusion markedly reduced infarct size (by 51.3% or 71.9%, respectively). This cardioprotection was accompanied by an acceleration of left ventricular (LV) contraction and relaxation during reperfusion, but not by an increase in ischemic regional transmural myocardial blood flow (TMBF) or endocardial/epicardial blood flow ratio (Endo/Epi ratio) or a reduction in double-product throughout the protocol. Diltiazem (2000 microg/kg per hour) also reduced infarct size (by 36.1%), but unlike caldaret, was accompanied by the significant increase in Endo/Epi ratio in the ischemic region and decrease in double-product. There were significant inverse relationships between infarct size and ischemic regional TMBF in all groups. Caldaret, but not diltiazem shifted the regression line downward with a flatter slope. These results suggest that the amelioration of intracellular Ca(2+) handling dysfunction achieved by caldaret leads to cardioprotective effects against reperfusion injury following prolonged ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Kawasumi
- Research Laboratory II, Cardiovascular Section, Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida, Aoba, Yokohama 227-0053, Japan.
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Iwamoto T. Sodium–calcium exchange inhibitors: therapeutic potential in cardiovascular diseases. Future Cardiol 2005; 1:519-29. [DOI: 10.2217/14796678.1.4.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) are the key regulators in cardiac and arterial functions during the contraction–relaxation cycle. Myocyte Ca2+ imbalance thus produces mechanical dysfunction, electrical instability (arrhythmia) and muscle remodeling. The sodium–calcium exchanger (NCX) is one of the major Ca2+-handling proteins in myocytes. Evidence is currently accumulating to suggest that NCX1 is upregulated in various cardiovascular diseases. Recently developed benzyloxyphenyl NCX inhibitors effectively prevent myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and salt-sensitive hypertension in animal models. Furthermore, several experiments with genetically engineered mice provide compelling evidence that these diseases are triggered by pathologic Ca2+ entry through NCX1 in cardiac and arterial myocytes, respectively. Thus, NCX inhibitors may have therapeutic potential as novel cardiovascular drugs for myocardial reperfusion injury and salt-sensitive hypertension. However, the efficacy of NCX inhibitors, as well as the role of NCX1, in heart failure or arrhythmias requires more detailed study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Iwamoto
- Fukuoka University, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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Akabas MH. Na+/Ca2+ exchange inhibitors: potential drugs to mitigate the severity of ischemic injury. Mol Pharmacol 2004. [PMID: 15213290 DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.000232.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Myles H Akabas
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Akabas MH. Na +/Ca 2+Exchange Inhibitors: Potential Drugs to Mitigate the Severity of Ischemic Injury: Fig. 1. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 66:8-10. [PMID: 15213290 DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.000232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Myles H Akabas
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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