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Hu HT, Nishimura T, Kawana H, Dante RAS, D’Angelo G, Suetsugu S. The cellular protrusions for inter-cellular material transfer: similarities between filopodia, cytonemes, tunneling nanotubes, viruses, and extracellular vesicles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1422227. [PMID: 39035026 PMCID: PMC11257967 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1422227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial for transferring bioactive materials between cells and play vital roles in both health and diseases. Cellular protrusions, including filopodia and microvilli, are generated by the bending of the plasma membrane and are considered to be rigid structures facilitating various cellular functions, such as cell migration, adhesion, and environment sensing. Compelling evidence suggests that these protrusions are dynamic and flexible structures that can serve as sources of a new class of EVs, highlighting the unique role they play in intercellular material transfer. Cytonemes are specialized filopodia protrusions that make direct contact with neighboring cells, mediating the transfer of bioactive materials between cells through their tips. In some cases, these tips fuse with the plasma membrane of neighboring cells, creating tunneling nanotubes that directly connect the cytosols of the adjacent cells. Additionally, virus particles can be released from infected cells through small bud-like of plasma membrane protrusions. These different types of protrusions, which can transfer bioactive materials, share common protein components, including I-BAR domain-containing proteins, actin cytoskeleton, and their regulatory proteins. The dynamic and flexible nature of these protrusions highlights their importance in cellular communication and material transfer within the body, including development, cancer progression, and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooi Ting Hu
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Tamako Nishimura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kawana
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Rachelle Anne So Dante
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Gisela D’Angelo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Shiro Suetsugu
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
- Data Science Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
- Center for Digital Green-innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
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2
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Fitz GN, Tyska MJ. Molecular counting of myosin force generators in growing filopodia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.14.593924. [PMID: 38798618 PMCID: PMC11118519 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.14.593924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Animal cells build actin-based surface protrusions to enable biological activities ranging from cell motility to mechanosensation to solute uptake. Long-standing models of protrusion growth suggest that actin filament polymerization provides the primary mechanical force for "pushing" the plasma membrane outward at the distal tip. Expanding on these actin-centric models, our recent studies used a chemically inducible system to establish that plasma membrane-bound myosin motors, which are abundant in protrusions and accumulate at the distal tips, can also power robust filopodial growth. How protrusion resident myosins coordinate with actin polymerization to drive elongation remains unclear, in part because the number of force generators and thus, the scale of their mechanical contributions remain undefined. To address this gap, we leveraged the SunTag system to count membrane-bound myosin motors in actively growing filopodia. Using this approach, we found that the number of myosins is log-normally distributed with a mean of 12.0 ± 2.5 motors [GeoMean ± GeoSD] per filopodium. Together with unitary force values and duty ratio estimates derived from biophysical studies for the motor used in these experiments, we calculate that a distal tip population of myosins could generate a time averaged force of ∼tens of pN to elongate filopodia. This range is comparable to the expected force production of actin polymerization in this system, a point that necessitates revision of popular physical models for protrusion growth. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study describes the results of in-cell molecular counting experiments to define the number of myosin motors that are mechanically active in growing filopodia. This data should be used to constrain future physical models of the formation of actin-based protrusions.
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3
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Shangguan J, Rock RS. Pushed to the edge: hundreds of myosin 10s pack into filopodia and could cause traffic jams on actin. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.06.26.546598. [PMID: 37425746 PMCID: PMC10327019 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.26.546598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Myosin 10 (Myo10) is a motor protein well known for its role in filopodia formation. Although Myo10-driven filopodial dynamics have been characterized, there is no information about the absolute number of Myo10 molecules during the filopodial lifecycle. To better understand molecular stoichiometries and packing restraints in filopodia, we measured Myo10 abundance in these structures. Here we combined SDS-PAGE densitometry with epifluorescence microscopy to quantitate HaloTag-labeled Myo10 in U2OS cells. About 6% of total intracellular Myo10 localizes to filopodia, where it is enriched at opposite ends of the cell. Hundreds of Myo10 are found in a typical filopodium, and their distribution across filopodia is log-normal. Some filopodial tips even contain more Myo10 than accessible binding sites on the actin filament bundle. Live-cell movies reveal a dense cluster of over a hundred Myo10 molecules that initiates filopodial elongation. Hundreds of Myo10 molecules continue to accumulate during filopodial growth, but that accumulation ceases when filopodia begin to retract. Rates of filopodial elongation, second-phase elongation, and retraction are inversely related to Myo10 quantities. Our estimates of Myo10 molecules in filopodia provide insight into the physics of packing Myo10, its cargo, and other filopodia-associated proteins in narrow membrane compartments. Our protocol provides a framework for future work analyzing Myo10 abundance and distribution upon perturbation.
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4
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Eddington C, Schwartz JK, Titus MA. filoVision - using deep learning and tip markers to automate filopodia analysis. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261274. [PMID: 38264939 PMCID: PMC10941656 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are slender, actin-filled membrane projections used by various cell types for environment exploration. Analyzing filopodia often involves visualizing them using actin, filopodia tip or membrane markers. Due to the diversity of cell types that extend filopodia, from amoeboid to mammalian, it can be challenging for some to find a reliable filopodia analysis workflow suited for their cell type and preferred visualization method. The lack of an automated workflow capable of analyzing amoeboid filopodia with only a filopodia tip label prompted the development of filoVision. filoVision is an adaptable deep learning platform featuring the tools filoTips and filoSkeleton. filoTips labels filopodia tips and the cytosol using a single tip marker, allowing information extraction without actin or membrane markers. In contrast, filoSkeleton combines tip marker signals with actin labeling for a more comprehensive analysis of filopodia shafts in addition to tip protein analysis. The ZeroCostDL4Mic deep learning framework facilitates accessibility and customization for different datasets and cell types, making filoVision a flexible tool for automated analysis of tip-marked filopodia across various cell types and user data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Eddington
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jessica K. Schwartz
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Margaret A. Titus
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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5
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Silverman JB, Vega PN, Tyska MJ, Lau KS. Intestinal Tuft Cells: Morphology, Function, and Implications for Human Health. Annu Rev Physiol 2024; 86:479-504. [PMID: 37863104 PMCID: PMC11193883 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-042022-030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Tuft cells are a rare and morphologically distinct chemosensory cell type found throughout many organs, including the gastrointestinal tract. These cells were identified by their unique morphologies distinguished by large apical protrusions. Ultrastructural data have begun to describe the molecular underpinnings of their cytoskeletal features, and tuft cell-enriched cytoskeletal proteins have been identified, although the connection of tuft cell morphology to tuft cell functionality has not yet been established. Furthermore, tuft cells display variations in function and identity between and within tissues, leading to the delineation of distinct tuft cell populations. As a chemosensory cell type, they display receptors that are responsive to ligands specific for their environment. While many studies have demonstrated the tuft cell response to protists and helminths in the intestine, recent research has highlighted other roles of tuft cells as well as implicated tuft cells in other disease processes including inflammation, cancer, and viral infections. Here, we review the literature on the cytoskeletal structure of tuft cells. Additionally, we focus on new research discussing tuft cell lineage, ligand-receptor interactions, tuft cell tropism, and the role of tuft cells in intestinal disease. Finally, we discuss the implication of tuft cell-targeted therapies in human health and how the morphology of tuft cells may contribute to their functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Silverman
- Epithelial Biology Center and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; ,
| | - Paige N Vega
- Epithelial Biology Center and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; ,
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Epithelial Biology Center and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; ,
| | - Ken S Lau
- Epithelial Biology Center and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; ,
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6
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Chen X, Arciola JM, Lee YI, Wong PHP, Yin H, Tao Q, Jin Y, Qin X, Sweeney HL, Park H. Myo10 tail is crucial for promoting long filopodia. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105523. [PMID: 38043799 PMCID: PMC10790087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are slender cellular protrusions containing parallel actin bundles involved in environmental sensing and signaling, cell adhesion and migration, and growth cone guidance and extension. Myosin 10 (Myo10), an unconventional actin-based motor protein, was reported to induce filopodial initiation with its motor domain. However, the roles of the multifunctional tail domain of Myo10 in filopodial formation and elongation remain elusive. Herein, we generated several constructs of Myo10-full-length Myo10, Myo10 with a truncated tail (Myo10 HMM), and Myo10 containing four mutations to disrupt its coiled-coil domain (Myo10 CC mutant). We found that the truncation of the tail domain decreased filopodial formation and filopodial length, while four mutations in the coiled-coil domain disrupted the motion of Myo10 toward filopodial tips and the elongation of filopodia. Furthermore, we found that filopodia elongated through multiple elongation cycles, which was supported by the Myo10 tail. These findings suggest that Myo10 tail is crucial for promoting long filopodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxiang Chen
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Young Il Lee
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
| | - Pak Hung Philip Wong
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haoran Yin
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Quanqing Tao
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuqi Jin
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xianan Qin
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - H Lee Sweeney
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA; Myology Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
| | - Hyokeun Park
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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7
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Suarez C, Winkelman JD, Harker AJ, Ye HJ, McCall PM, Morganthaler AN, Gardel ML, Kovar DR. Reconstitution of the transition from a lamellipodia- to filopodia-like actin network with purified proteins. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151367. [PMID: 37890285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
How cells utilize complex mixtures of actin binding proteins to assemble and maintain functionally diverse actin filament networks with distinct architectures and dynamics within a common cytoplasm is a longstanding question in cell biology. A compelling example of complex and specialized actin structures in cells are filopodia which sense extracellular chemical and mechanical signals to help steer motile cells. Filopodia have distinct actin architecture, composed of long, parallel actin filaments bundled by fascin, which form finger-like membrane protrusions. Elongation of the parallel actin filaments in filopodia can be mediated by two processive actin filament elongation factors, formin and Ena/VASP, which localize to the tips of filopodia. There remains debate as to how the architecture of filopodia are generated, with one hypothesis proposing that filopodia are generated from the lamellipodia, which consists of densely packed, branched actin filaments nucleated by Arp2/3 complex and kept short by capping protein. It remains unclear if different actin filament elongation factors are necessary and sufficient to facilitate the emergence of filopodia with diverse characteristics from a highly dense network of short-branched capped filaments. To address this question, we combined bead motility and micropatterning biomimetic assays with multi-color Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence microscopy imaging, to successfully reconstitute the formation of filopodia-like networks (FLN) from densely-branched lamellipodia-like networks (LLN) with eight purified proteins (actin, profilin, Arp2/3 complex, Wasp pWA, fascin, capping protein, VASP and formin mDia2). Saturating capping protein concentrations inhibit FLN assembly, but the addition of either formin or Ena/VASP differentially rescues the formation of FLN from LLN. Specifically, we found that formin/mDia2-generated FLNs are relatively long and lack capping protein, whereas VASP-generated FLNs are comparatively short and contain capping protein, indicating that the actin elongation factor can affect the architecture and composition of FLN emerging from LLN. Our biomimetic reconstitution systems reveal that formin or VASP are necessary and sufficient to induce the transition from a LLN to a FLN, and establish robust in vitro platforms to investigate FLN assembly mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Suarez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Jonathan D Winkelman
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alyssa J Harker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hannah J Ye
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Patrick M McCall
- Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alisha N Morganthaler
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Margaret L Gardel
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - David R Kovar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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8
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Li W, Chung WL, Kozlov MM, Medalia O, Geiger B, Bershadsky AD. Chiral growth of adherent filopodia. Biophys J 2023; 122:3704-3721. [PMID: 37301982 PMCID: PMC10541518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherent filopodia are elongated finger-like membrane protrusions, extending from the edges of diverse cell types and participating in cell adhesion, spreading, migration, and environmental sensing. The formation and elongation of filopodia are driven by the polymerization of parallel actin filaments, comprising the filopodia cytoskeletal core. Here, we report that adherent filopodia, formed during the spreading of cultured cells on galectin-8-coated substrates, tend to change the direction of their extension in a chiral fashion, acquiring a left-bent shape. Cryoelectron tomography examination indicated that turning of the filopodia tip to the left is accompanied by the displacement of the actin core bundle to the right of the filopodia midline. Reduction of the adhesion to galectin-8 by treatment with thiodigalactoside abolished this filopodia chirality. By modulating the expression of a variety of actin-associated filopodia proteins, we identified myosin-X and formin DAAM1 as major filopodia chirality promoting factors. Formin mDia1, actin filament elongation factor VASP, and actin filament cross-linker fascin were also shown to be involved. Thus, the simple actin cytoskeleton of filopodia, together with a small number of associated proteins are sufficient to drive a complex navigation process, manifested by the development of left-right asymmetry in these cellular protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhong Li
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Wen-Lu Chung
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael M Kozlov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ohad Medalia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Geiger
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Alexander D Bershadsky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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9
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Popović A, Miihkinen M, Ghimire S, Saup R, Grönloh MLB, Ball NJ, Goult BT, Ivaska J, Jacquemet G. Myosin-X recruits lamellipodin to filopodia tips. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:293507. [PMID: 36861887 PMCID: PMC10022686 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Myosin-X (MYO10), a molecular motor localizing to filopodia, is thought to transport various cargo to filopodia tips, modulating filopodia function. However, only a few MYO10 cargoes have been described. Here, using GFP-Trap and BioID approaches combined with mass spectrometry, we identified lamellipodin (RAPH1) as a novel MYO10 cargo. We report that the FERM domain of MYO10 is required for RAPH1 localization and accumulation at filopodia tips. Previous studies have mapped the RAPH1 interaction domain for adhesome components to its talin-binding and Ras-association domains. Surprisingly, we find that the RAPH1 MYO10-binding site is not within these domains. Instead, it comprises a conserved helix located just after the RAPH1 pleckstrin homology domain with previously unknown functions. Functionally, RAPH1 supports MYO10 filopodia formation and stability but is not required to activate integrins at filopodia tips. Taken together, our data indicate a feed-forward mechanism whereby MYO10 filopodia are positively regulated by MYO10-mediated transport of RAPH1 to the filopodium tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Popović
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Mitro Miihkinen
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Sujan Ghimire
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Rafael Saup
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Max L B Grönloh
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Neil J Ball
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Benjamin T Goult
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.,InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Western Finnish Cancer Center (FICAN West), University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Guillaume Jacquemet
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.,InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland.,Turku Bioimaging, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
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10
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Pokrant T, Hein JI, Körber S, Disanza A, Pich A, Scita G, Rottner K, Faix J. Ena/VASP clustering at microspike tips involves lamellipodin but not I-BAR proteins, and absolutely requires unconventional myosin-X. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023. [PMID: 36598940 DOI: 10.1101/2022.05.12.491613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheet-like membrane protrusions at the leading edge, termed lamellipodia, drive 2D-cell migration using active actin polymerization. Microspikes comprise actin-filament bundles embedded within lamellipodia, but the molecular mechanisms driving their formation and their potential functional relevance have remained elusive. Microspike formation requires the specific activity of clustered Ena/VASP proteins at their tips to enable processive actin assembly in the presence of capping protein, but the factors and mechanisms mediating Ena/VASP clustering are poorly understood. Systematic analyses of B16-F1 melanoma mutants lacking potential candidate proteins revealed that neither inverse BAR-domain proteins, nor lamellipodin or Abi is essential for clustering, although they differentially contribute to lamellipodial VASP accumulation. In contrast, unconventional myosin-X (MyoX) identified here as proximal to VASP was obligatory for Ena/VASP clustering and microspike formation. Interestingly, and despite the invariable distribution of other relevant marker proteins, the width of lamellipodia in MyoX-KO mutants was significantly reduced as compared with B16-F1 control, suggesting that microspikes contribute to lamellipodium stability. Consistently, MyoX removal caused marked defects in protrusion and random 2D-cell migration. Strikingly, Ena/VASP-deficiency also uncoupled MyoX cluster dynamics from actin assembly in lamellipodia, establishing their tight functional association in microspike formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pokrant
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Ingo Hein
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sarah Körber
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Disanza
- IFOM ETS (Istituto Fondazione di Oncologia Molecolare ETS), - The AIRC (Italian Association for Cancer Research) Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Andreas Pich
- Research Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM ETS (Istituto Fondazione di Oncologia Molecolare ETS), - The AIRC (Italian Association for Cancer Research) Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan Faix
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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11
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Fitz GN, Weck ML, Bodnya C, Perkins OL, Tyska MJ. Protrusion growth driven by myosin-generated force. Dev Cell 2023; 58:18-33.e6. [PMID: 36626869 PMCID: PMC9940483 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Actin-based protrusions extend from the surface of all eukaryotic cells, where they support diverse activities essential for life. Models of protrusion growth hypothesize that actin filament assembly exerts force for pushing the plasma membrane outward. However, membrane-associated myosin motors are also abundant in protrusions, although their potential for contributing, growth-promoting force remains unexplored. Using an inducible system that docks myosin motor domains to membrane-binding modules with temporal control, we found that application of myosin-generated force to the membrane is sufficient for driving robust protrusion elongation in human, mouse, and pig cell culture models. Protrusion growth scaled with motor accumulation, required barbed-end-directed force, and was independent of cargo delivery or recruitment of canonical elongation factors. Application of growth-promoting force was also supported by structurally distinct myosin motors and membrane-binding modules. Thus, myosin-generated force can drive protrusion growth, and this mechanism is likely active in diverse biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian N Fitz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Meredith L Weck
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Caroline Bodnya
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Olivia L Perkins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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12
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Tsai FC, Henderson JM, Jarin Z, Kremneva E, Senju Y, Pernier J, Mikhajlov O, Manzi J, Kogan K, Le Clainche C, Voth GA, Lappalainen P, Bassereau P. Activated I-BAR IRSp53 clustering controls the formation of VASP-actin-based membrane protrusions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabp8677. [PMID: 36240267 PMCID: PMC9565809 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp8677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Filopodia are actin-rich membrane protrusions essential for cell morphogenesis, motility, and cancer invasion. How cells control filopodium initiation on the plasma membrane remains elusive. We performed experiments in cellulo, in vitro, and in silico to unravel the mechanism of filopodium initiation driven by the membrane curvature sensor IRSp53 (insulin receptor substrate protein of 53 kDa). We showed that full-length IRSp53 self-assembles into clusters on membranes depending on PIP2. Using well-controlled in vitro reconstitution systems, we demonstrated that IRSp53 clusters recruit the actin polymerase VASP (vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein) to assemble actin filaments locally on membranes, leading to the generation of actin-filled membrane protrusions reminiscent of filopodia. By pulling membrane nanotubes from live cells, we observed that IRSp53 can only be enriched and trigger actin assembly in nanotubes at highly dynamic membrane regions. Our work supports a regulation mechanism of IRSp53 in its attributes of curvature sensation and partner recruitment to ensure a precise spatial-temporal control of filopodium initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ching Tsai
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Corresponding author. (F.-C.T.); (G.A.V.); (P.L.); (P.B.)
| | - J. Michael Henderson
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Unité de Trafic Membranaire et Pathogénèse, Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Infection, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 3691, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Zack Jarin
- Pritzker School for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Elena Kremneva
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yosuke Senju
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (RIIS), Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Julien Pernier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Oleg Mikhajlov
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - John Manzi
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Konstantin Kogan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christophe Le Clainche
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gregory A. Voth
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Corresponding author. (F.-C.T.); (G.A.V.); (P.L.); (P.B.)
| | - Pekka Lappalainen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Corresponding author. (F.-C.T.); (G.A.V.); (P.L.); (P.B.)
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Corresponding author. (F.-C.T.); (G.A.V.); (P.L.); (P.B.)
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13
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Fuchs J, Bareesel S, Kroon C, Polyzou A, Eickholt BJ, Leondaritis G. Plasma membrane phospholipid phosphatase-related proteins as pleiotropic regulators of neuron growth and excitability. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:984655. [PMID: 36187351 PMCID: PMC9520309 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.984655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal plasma membrane proteins are essential for integrating cell extrinsic and cell intrinsic signals to orchestrate neuronal differentiation, growth and plasticity in the developing and adult nervous system. Here, we shed light on the family of plasma membrane proteins phospholipid phosphatase-related proteins (PLPPRs) (alternative name, PRGs; plasticity-related genes) that fine-tune neuronal growth and synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Several studies uncovered essential functions of PLPPRs in filopodia formation, axon guidance and branching during nervous system development and regeneration, as well as in the control of dendritic spine number and excitability. Loss of PLPPR expression in knockout mice increases susceptibility to seizures, and results in defects in sensory information processing, development of psychiatric disorders, stress-related behaviors and abnormal social interaction. However, the exact function of PLPPRs in the context of neurological diseases is largely unclear. Although initially described as active lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) ecto-phosphatases that regulate the levels of this extracellular bioactive lipid, PLPPRs lack catalytic activity against LPA. Nevertheless, they emerge as atypical LPA modulators, by regulating LPA mediated signaling processes. In this review, we summarize the effects of this protein family on cellular morphology, generation and maintenance of cellular protrusions as well as highlight their known neuronal functions and phenotypes of KO mice. We discuss the molecular mechanisms of PLPPRs including the deployment of phospholipids, actin-cytoskeleton and small GTPase signaling pathways, with a focus on identifying gaps in our knowledge to stimulate interest in this understudied protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Fuchs
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shannon Bareesel
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cristina Kroon
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Polyzou
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Britta J. Eickholt
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Britta J. Eickholt,
| | - George Leondaritis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Biosciences, University Research Center Ioannina, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- George Leondaritis,
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14
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Matozo T, Kogachi L, de Alencar BC. Myosin motors on the pathway of viral infections. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2022; 79:41-63. [PMID: 35842902 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Molecular motors are microscopic machines that use energy from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis to generate movement. While kinesins and dynein are molecular motors associated with microtubule tracks, myosins bind to and move on actin filaments. Mammalian cells express several myosin motors. They power cellular processes such as endo- and exocytosis, intracellular trafficking, transcription, migration, and cytokinesis. As viruses navigate through cells, they may take advantage or be hindered by host components and machinery, including the cytoskeleton. This review delves into myosins' cell roles and compares them to their reported functions in viral infections. In most cases, the previously described myosin functions align with their reported role in viral infections, although not in all cases. This opens the possibility that knowledge obtained from studying myosins in viral infections might shed light on new physiological roles for myosins in cells. However, given the high number of myosins expressed and the variety of viruses investigated in the different studies, it is challenging to infer whether the interactions found are specific to a single virus or can be applied to other viruses with the same characteristics. We conclude that the participation of myosins in viral cycles is still a largely unexplored area, especially concerning unconventional myosins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tais Matozo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leticia Kogachi
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Cunha de Alencar
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Nozaki R, Kasamatsu A, Moss J, Uzawa K. Lysyl hydroxylase 2 deficiency promotes filopodia formation and fibroblast migration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 587:146-152. [PMID: 34875533 PMCID: PMC10020999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl hydroxylase 2 (LH2) regulates intermolecular cross-linking of collagen molecules. Accumulation of LH2-modified collagen, which is highly stable and resistant to collagenase cleavage, is one cause of fibrosis. We previously demonstrated that conventional LH2 knockout mice showed embryonic lethality. Here we established LH2 conditional knockout mice using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre system. Morphological analysis of LH2-deficient fibroblasts by microscopy showed a dramatic increase in the number of filopodia, the finger-like cell surface projections that enable cell movement. The tips and leading edges of these filopodia exhibited up-regulated expression of Myosin-X (Myo10), a regulator of filopodial integrity. Wound healing assays demonstrated that migration of LH2-deficient cells was significantly faster than that of control cells. Gene expression profiling data also supported this phenotype. Together these findings indicate that LH2 deficiency may prevent fibrosis through decreased accumulation of LH2-cross-linked collagen, and that fibroblasts with faster migration contribute to enhanced wound healing activity. In conclusion, our cellular models provide evidence that LH2 deficiency plays a critical role in cell migration mediated through filopodia formation. Understanding the precise role of this phenotype in LH2-deficient cells may be helpful to define the pathogenesis of fibrosis. As such, detailed analyses of fibrosis and wound healing using LH2-deficient mouse models are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryunosuke Nozaki
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kasamatsu
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Joel Moss
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katsuhiro Uzawa
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
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16
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Tunneling nanotubes and related structures: molecular mechanisms of formation and function. Biochem J 2021; 478:3977-3998. [PMID: 34813650 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are F-actin-based, membrane-enclosed tubular connections between animal cells that transport a variety of cellular cargo. Over the last 15 years since their discovery, TNTs have come to be recognized as key players in normal cell communication and organism development, and are also exploited for the spread of various microbial pathogens and major diseases like cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. TNTs have also been proposed as modalities for disseminating therapeutic drugs between cells. Despite the rapidly expanding and wide-ranging relevance of these structures in both health and disease, there is a glaring dearth of molecular mechanistic knowledge regarding the formation and function of these important but enigmatic structures. A series of fundamental steps are essential for the formation of functional nanotubes. The spatiotemporally controlled and directed modulation of cortical actin dynamics would be required to ensure outward F-actin polymerization. Local plasma membrane deformation to impart negative curvature and membrane addition at a rate commensurate with F-actin polymerization would enable outward TNT elongation. Extrinsic tactic cues, along with cognate intrinsic signaling, would be required to guide and stabilize the elongating TNT towards its intended target, followed by membrane fusion to create a functional TNT. Selected cargoes must be transported between connected cells through the action of molecular motors, before the TNT is retracted or destroyed. This review summarizes the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating these steps, also highlighting areas that deserve future attention.
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17
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Myosin-X and talin modulate integrin activity at filopodia tips. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109716. [PMID: 34525374 PMCID: PMC8456781 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Filopodia assemble unique integrin-adhesion complexes to sense the extracellular matrix. However, the mechanisms of integrin regulation in filopodia are poorly defined. Here, we report that active integrins accumulate at the tip of myosin-X (MYO10)-positive filopodia, while inactive integrins are uniformly distributed. We identify talin and MYO10 as the principal integrin activators in filopodia. In addition, deletion of MYO10's FERM domain, or mutation of its β1-integrin-binding residues, reveals MYO10 as facilitating integrin activation, but not transport, in filopodia. However, MYO10's isolated FERM domain alone cannot activate integrins, potentially because of binding to both integrin tails. Finally, because a chimera construct generated by swapping MYO10-FERM by talin-FERM enables integrin activation in filopodia, our data indicate that an integrin-binding FERM domain coupled to a myosin motor is a core requirement for integrin activation in filopodia. Therefore, we propose a two-step integrin activation model in filopodia: receptor tethering by MYO10 followed by talin-mediated integrin activation.
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18
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Arthur AL, Crawford A, Houdusse A, Titus MA. VASP-mediated actin dynamics activate and recruit a filopodia myosin. eLife 2021; 10:68082. [PMID: 34042588 PMCID: PMC8352590 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are thin, actin-based structures that cells use to interact with their environments. Filopodia initiation requires a suite of conserved proteins but the mechanism remains poorly understood. The actin polymerase VASP and a MyTH-FERM (MF) myosin, DdMyo7 in amoeba, are essential for filopodia initiation. DdMyo7 is localized to dynamic regions of the actin-rich cortex. Analysis of VASP mutants and treatment of cells with anti-actin drugs shows that myosin recruitment and activation in Dictyostelium requires localized VASP-dependent actin polymerization. Targeting of DdMyo7 to the cortex alone is not sufficient for filopodia initiation; VASP activity is also required. The actin regulator locally produces a cortical actin network that activates myosin and together they shape the actin network to promote extension of parallel bundles of actin during filopodia formation. This work reveals how filopodia initiation requires close collaboration between an actin-binding protein, the state of the actin cytoskeleton and MF myosin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Arthur
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Amy Crawford
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Anne Houdusse
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Paris Université Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Margaret A Titus
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
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19
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Abstract
Filopodia, microvilli and stereocilia represent an important group of plasma membrane protrusions. These specialized projections are supported by parallel bundles of actin filaments and have critical roles in sensing the external environment, increasing cell surface area, and acting as mechanosensors. While actin-associated proteins are essential for actin-filament elongation and bundling in these protrusions, myosin motors have a surprising role in the formation and extension of filopodia and stereocilia and in the organization of microvilli. Actin regulators and specific myosins collaborate in controlling the length of these structures. Myosins can transport cargoes along the length of these protrusions, and, in the case of stereocilia and microvilli, interactions with adaptors and cargoes can also serve to anchor adhesion receptors to the actin-rich core via functionally conserved motor-adaptor complexes. This review highlights recent progress in understanding the diverse roles myosins play in filopodia, microvilli and stereocilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Houdusse
- Structural Motility, Institut Curie, Paris Université Sciences et Lettres, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR144, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Margaret A Titus
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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20
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The multiple roles of actin-binding proteins at invadopodia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33962752 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Invadopodia are actin-rich membrane protrusions that facilitate cancer cell dissemination by focusing on proteolytic activity and clearing paths for migration through physical barriers, such as basement membranes, dense extracellular matrices, and endothelial cell junctions. Invadopodium formation and activity require spatially and temporally regulated changes in actin filament organization and dynamics. About three decades of research have led to a remarkable understanding of how these changes are orchestrated by sequential recruitment and coordinated activity of different sets of actin-binding proteins. In this chapter, we provide an update on the roles of the actin cytoskeleton during the main stages of invadopodium development with a particular focus on actin polymerization machineries and production of pushing forces driving extracellular matrix remodeling.
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21
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Myosin Motors: Novel Regulators and Therapeutic Targets in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040741. [PMID: 33670106 PMCID: PMC7916823 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a deadly disease that may go undiagnosed until it presents at an advanced metastatic stage for which few interventions are available. The development and metastatic spread of CRC is driven by remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton in cancer cells. Myosins represent a large family of actin motor proteins that play key roles in regulating actin cytoskeleton architecture and dynamics. Different myosins can move and cross-link actin filaments, attach them to the membrane organelles and translocate vesicles along the actin filaments. These diverse activities determine the key roles of myosins in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation and motility. Either mutations or the altered expression of different myosins have been well-documented in CRC; however, the roles of these actin motors in colon cancer development remain poorly understood. The present review aims at summarizing the evidence that implicate myosin motors in regulating CRC growth and metastasis and discusses the mechanisms underlying the oncogenic and tumor-suppressing activities of myosins. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the third most common cause of cancer and the second most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Clinicians are largely faced with advanced and metastatic disease for which few interventions are available. One poorly understood aspect of CRC involves altered organization of the actin cytoskeleton, especially at the metastatic stage of the disease. Myosin motors are crucial regulators of actin cytoskeletal architecture and remodeling. They act as mechanosensors of the tumor environments and control key cellular processes linked to oncogenesis, including cell division, extracellular matrix adhesion and tissue invasion. Different myosins play either oncogenic or tumor suppressor roles in breast, lung and prostate cancer; however, little is known about their functions in CRC. This review focuses on the functional roles of myosins in colon cancer development. We discuss the most studied class of myosins, class II (conventional) myosins, as well as several classes (I, V, VI, X and XVIII) of unconventional myosins that have been linked to CRC development. Altered expression and mutations of these motors in clinical tumor samples and their roles in CRC growth and metastasis are described. We also evaluate the potential of using small molecular modulators of myosin activity to develop novel anticancer therapies.
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22
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Hall ET, Dillard ME, Stewart DP, Zhang Y, Wagner B, Levine RM, Pruett-Miller SM, Sykes A, Temirov J, Cheney RE, Mori M, Robinson CG, Ogden SK. Cytoneme delivery of Sonic Hedgehog from ligand-producing cells requires Myosin 10 and a Dispatched-BOC/CDON co-receptor complex. eLife 2021; 10:61432. [PMID: 33570491 PMCID: PMC7968926 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogens function in concentration-dependent manners to instruct cell fate during tissue patterning. The cytoneme morphogen transport model posits that specialized filopodia extend between morphogen-sending and responding cells to ensure that appropriate signaling thresholds are achieved. How morphogens are transported along and deployed from cytonemes, how quickly a cytoneme-delivered, receptor-dependent signal is initiated, and whether these processes are conserved across phyla are not known. Herein, we reveal that the actin motor Myosin 10 promotes vesicular transport of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) morphogen in mouse cell cytonemes, and that SHH morphogen gradient organization is altered in neural tubes of Myo10-/- mice. We demonstrate that cytoneme-mediated deposition of SHH onto receiving cells induces a rapid, receptor-dependent signal response that occurs within seconds of ligand delivery. This activity is dependent upon a novel Dispatched (DISP)-BOC/CDON co-receptor complex that functions in ligand-producing cells to promote cytoneme occurrence and facilitate ligand delivery for signal activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Hall
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Miriam E Dillard
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Daniel P Stewart
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Ben Wagner
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Rachel M Levine
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States.,Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States.,Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - April Sykes
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Jamshid Temirov
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Richard E Cheney
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Motomi Mori
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Camenzind G Robinson
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Stacey K Ogden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
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23
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Aliyu IA, Kumurya AS, Bala JA, Yahaya H, Saidu H. Proteomes, kinases and signalling pathways in virus-induced filopodia, as potential antiviral therapeutics targets. Rev Med Virol 2020; 31:1-9. [PMID: 33314425 PMCID: PMC7883202 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Filopodia are thin finger-like protrusions at the surface of cells that are internally occupied with bundles of tightly parallel actin filaments. They play significant roles in cellular physiological processes, such as adhesion to extracellular matrix, guidance towards chemo-attractants and in wound healing. Filopodia were recently reported to play important roles in viral infection including initial viral attachment to host cells, cell surfing, viral trafficking, internalization, budding, virus release and spread to other cells in a form that would avoid the host immune system. The detailed virus-host protein interactions underlying most of these processes remain to be elucidated. This review will describe some reported virus-host protein interactions on filopodia with the aim of identifying potential new anti-virus therapeutic targets. Exploring this research area may lead to the development of novel classes of anti-viral therapeutics that can block signalling pathways used by the virus to trigger filopodia formation. Successful compounds would inhibit initial virus attachment, formation of filopodia, expression of putative virus binding protein, extracellular virus trafficking, and budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isah Abubakar Aliyu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria
| | - Abdulhadi Sale Kumurya
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria
| | - Jamilu Abubakar Bala
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria.,Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Yahaya
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria
| | - Hayatu Saidu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria
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24
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Ljubojevic N, Henderson JM, Zurzolo C. The Ways of Actin: Why Tunneling Nanotubes Are Unique Cell Protrusions. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 31:130-142. [PMID: 33309107 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Actin remodeling is at the heart of the response of cells to external or internal stimuli, allowing a variety of membrane protrusions to form. Fifteen years ago, tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) were identified, bringing a novel addition to the family of actin-supported cellular protrusions. Their unique property as conduits for cargo transfer between distant cells emphasizes the unique nature of TNTs among other protrusions. While TNTs in different pathological and physiological scenarios have been described, the molecular basis of how TNTs form is not well understood. In this review, we discuss the role of several actin regulators in the formation of TNTs and suggest potential players based on their comparison with other actin-based protrusions. New perspectives for discovering a distinct TNT formation pathway would enable us to target them in treating the increasing number of TNT-involved pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Ljubojevic
- Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, ED394 - Physiologie, Physiopathologie et Thérapeutique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - J Michael Henderson
- Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France; Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Chiara Zurzolo
- Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691 CNRS, 75015 Paris, France.
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Myosin X Interaction with KIF13B, a Crucial Pathway for Netrin-1-Induced Axonal Development. J Neurosci 2020; 40:9169-9185. [PMID: 33097641 PMCID: PMC7687062 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0929-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin X (Myo X) transports cargos to the tips of filopodia for cell adhesion, migration, and neuronal axon guidance. Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) is one of the Myo X cargos that is essential for Netrin-1-regulated axon pathfinding. The function of Myo X in axon development in vivo and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we provide evidence for the role of Myo X in Netrin-1-DCC-regulated axon development in developing mouse neocortex. The knockout (KO) or knockdown (KD) of Myo X in cortical neurons of embryonic mouse brain impairs axon initiation and contralateral branching/targeting. Similar axon deficits are detected in Netrin-1-KO or DCC-KD cortical neurons. Further proteomic analysis of Myo X binding proteins identifies KIF13B (a kinesin family motor protein). The Myo X interaction with KIF13B is induced by Netrin-1. Netrin-1 promotes anterograde transportation of Myo X into axons in a KIF13B-dependent manner. KIF13B-KD cortical neurons exhibit similar axon deficits. Together, these results reveal Myo X-KIF13B as a critical pathway for Netrin-1-promoted axon initiation and branching/targeting. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Netrin-1 increases Myosin X (Myo X) interaction with KIF13B, and thus promotes axonal delivery of Myo X and axon initiation and contralateral branching in developing cerebral neurons, revealing unrecognized functions and mechanisms underlying Netrin-1 regulation of axon development.
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Abstract
Myosins constitute a superfamily of actin-based molecular motor proteins that mediates a variety of cellular activities including muscle contraction, cell migration, intracellular transport, the formation of membrane projections, cell adhesion, and cell signaling. The 12 myosin classes that are expressed in humans share sequence similarities especially in the N-terminal motor domain; however, their enzymatic activities, regulation, ability to dimerize, binding partners, and cellular functions differ. It is becoming increasingly apparent that defects in myosins are associated with diseases including cardiomyopathies, colitis, glomerulosclerosis, neurological defects, cancer, blindness, and deafness. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding myosins and disease.
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27
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Lange J, Bernitt E, Döbereiner HG. Biomechanical Aspects of Actin Bundle Dynamics. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:422. [PMID: 32582705 PMCID: PMC7296148 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamellipodial and filopodial protrusions are two of the main aggregate types of filamentous actin in living cells. Even though filopodia are essential to a range of vital cell functions, the mechanisms leading to their formation are still debated. Filopodia are relatively stiff and rod-like structures that are embedded in the highly dynamic framework of the backward flowing meshwork of the lamellipodium. Phenomena such as lateral filopodia drift and collision events suggest that mechanical aspects play a significant role in filopodia dynamics. In this paper, we systematically analyze the interplay between the backward flow of actin in the lamellipodium and the drift velocity of actin bundles, that we identify to be filopodia, in a quantitative manner in cells of given morphology and controlled myosin activity. Moreover, we study mechanical aspects of fusion of actin bundles drifting laterally in the lamellipodium. We find that the dynamics of actin bundles drift and fusion can be captured in a mechanical framework, which leads to a model of actin bundles orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lange
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Erik Bernitt
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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29
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How Actin Tracks Affect Myosin Motors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1239:183-197. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38062-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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30
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Mu Y, Li Q, Cheng J, Shen J, Jin X, Xie Z, Gao Z, Zhang W, Hua Q, Xia L, Gao Y, Xia Y. Integrated miRNA-seq analysis reveals the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of acupuncture on endometrial receptivity in patients undergoing fertilization: embryo transplantation. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:6. [PMID: 31824817 PMCID: PMC6879696 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1990-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial receptivity (ER) is the main factor affecting in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transplantation. Previous studies have shown that acupuncture might be useful for increasing ER. However, the underlying microRNA (miRNA) molecular mechanisms deserve to be further elucidated. In this study, we performed small RNA sequencing of endometrial samples from infertile women who either underwent acupuncture therapy or did not. Differentially expressed microRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were identified and used to predict target genes. Then, the functional and pathway were analyzed for the target genes. Moreover, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to validate the RNA-seq results. Finally, the miRNA-gene network was conducted by Cytoscape. A total of 39 DEmiRNAs were identified between the acupuncture group and the control group. The functional enrichment analysis suggested that the target genes of the DEmiRNAs were significantly enriched in GO biological process (BP) terms associated with transcription, such as regulation of DNA-templated transcription and positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription. The pathway analysis showed that DEmiRNAs might be involved in acupuncture therapy via Endocytosis, Axon guidance, Oxytocin signaling, the Hippo pathway, and Estrogen signaling pathways. Significant downregulation of hsa-miR-449a and hsa-miR-449b-3p, and significant upregulation of hsa-miR-3135b and hsa-miR-345-3p in the RNA-seq results were validated by qRT-PCR. Besides, these four DEmiRNAs and their 34 target genes conducted a miRNA-gene network. Our results predict that hsa-miR-449a, hsa-miR-3135b and hsa-miR-345-3p may underly mechanisms by which acupuncture therapy help increase ER and promote endometrium receptivity in preparation for in vitro fertilization and embryo transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Mu
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Jie Cheng
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Jie Shen
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Xun Jin
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhengyun Xie
- Preventive Treatment Center, Nanjing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhao Gao
- Pain Management, Zhongda Hospital Southest University, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Beijing Haidian Garrison District Fifth Retired Cadre Sanatorium, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Qixin Hua
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Nanjing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Preventive Treatment Center, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu China
| | - Liangjun Xia
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Youling Gao
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Youbing Xia
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023 Jiangsu China
- The Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004 Jiangsu China
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31
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Optimized filopodia formation requires myosin tail domain cooperation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:22196-22204. [PMID: 31611382 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901527116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are actin-filled protrusions employed by cells to interact with their environment. Filopodia formation in Amoebozoa and Metazoa requires the phylogenetically diverse MyTH4-FERM (MF) myosins DdMyo7 and Myo10, respectively. While Myo10 is known to form antiparallel dimers, DdMyo7 lacks a coiled-coil domain in its proximal tail region, raising the question of how such divergent motors perform the same function. Here, it is shown that the DdMyo7 lever arm plays a role in both autoinhibition and function while the proximal tail region can mediate weak dimerization, and is proposed to be working in cooperation with the C-terminal MF domain to promote partner-mediated dimerization. Additionally, a forced dimer of the DdMyo7 motor is found to weakly rescue filopodia formation, further highlighting the importance of the C-terminal MF domain. Thus, weak dimerization activity of the DdMyo7 proximal tail allows for sensitive regulation of myosin activity to prevent inappropriate activation of filopodia formation. The results reveal that the principles of MF myosin-based filopodia formation are conserved via divergent mechanisms for dimerization.
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32
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Alieva NO, Efremov AK, Hu S, Oh D, Chen Z, Natarajan M, Ong HT, Jégou A, Romet-Lemonne G, Groves JT, Sheetz MP, Yan J, Bershadsky AD. Myosin IIA and formin dependent mechanosensitivity of filopodia adhesion. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3593. [PMID: 31399564 PMCID: PMC6689027 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10964-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Filopodia, dynamic membrane protrusions driven by polymerization of an actin filament core, can adhere to the extracellular matrix and experience both external and cell-generated pulling forces. The role of such forces in filopodia adhesion is however insufficiently understood. Here, we study filopodia induced by overexpression of myosin X, typical for cancer cells. The lifetime of such filopodia positively correlates with the presence of myosin IIA filaments at the filopodia bases. Application of pulling forces to the filopodia tips through attached fibronectin-coated laser-trapped beads results in sustained growth of the filopodia. Pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of myosin IIA abolishes the filopodia adhesion to the beads. Formin inhibitor SMIFH2, which causes detachment of actin filaments from formin molecules, produces similar effect. Thus, centripetal force generated by myosin IIA filaments at the base of filopodium and transmitted to the tip through actin core in a formin-dependent fashion is required for filopodia adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O Alieva
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - A K Efremov
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117557, Singapore
| | - S Hu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - D Oh
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Z Chen
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - M Natarajan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - H T Ong
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - A Jégou
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Université de Paris, 15 rue Helene Brion, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - G Romet-Lemonne
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, Université de Paris, 15 rue Helene Brion, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - J T Groves
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - M P Sheetz
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - J Yan
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117557, Singapore.,Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - A D Bershadsky
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, T-lab, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore. .,Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzl St 234, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
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33
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Abstract
![]()
Life is an emergent property of transient
interactions between
biomolecules and other organic and inorganic molecules that somehow
leads to harmony and order. Measurement and quantitation of these
biological interactions are of value to scientists and are major goals
of biochemistry, as affinities provide insight into biological processes.
In an organism, these interactions occur in the context of forces
and the need for a consideration of binding affinities in the context
of a changing mechanical landscape necessitates a new way to consider
the biochemistry of protein–protein interactions. In the past
few decades, the field of mechanobiology has exploded, as both the
appreciation of, and the technical advances required to facilitate
the study of, how forces impact biological processes have become evident.
The aim of this review is to introduce the concept of force dependence
of biomolecular interactions and the requirement to be able to measure
force-dependent binding constants. The focus of this discussion will
be on the mechanotransduction that occurs at the integrin-mediated
adhesions with the extracellular matrix and the major mechanosensors
talin and vinculin. However, the approaches that the cell uses to
sense and respond to forces can be applied to other systems, and this
therefore provides a general discussion of the force dependence of
biomolecule interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Wang
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , 117542 Singapore
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , 117542 Singapore.,Mechanobiology Institute , National University of Singapore , 117411 Singapore
| | - Benjamin T Goult
- School of Biosciences , University of Kent , Canterbury , Kent CT2 7NJ , U.K
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34
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Caporizzo MA, Fishman CE, Sato O, Jamiolkowski RM, Ikebe M, Goldman YE. The Antiparallel Dimerization of Myosin X Imparts Bundle Selectivity for Processive Motility. Biophys J 2019; 114:1400-1410. [PMID: 29590597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myosin X is an unconventional actin-based molecular motor involved in filopodial formation, microtubule-actin filament interaction, and cell migration. Myosin X is an important component of filopodia regulation, localizing to tips of growing filopodia by an unclear targeting mechanism. The native α-helical dimerization domain of myosin X is thought to associate with antiparallel polarity of the two amino acid chains, making myosin X the only myosin that is currently considered to form antiparallel dimers. This study aims to determine if antiparallel dimerization of myosin X imparts selectivity toward actin bundles by comparing the motility of parallel and antiparallel dimers of myosin X on single and fascin-bundled actin filaments. Antiparallel myosin X dimers exhibit selective processivity on fascin-bundled actin and are only weakly processive on single actin filaments below saturating [ATP]. Artificial forced parallel dimers of myosin X are robustly processive on both single and bundled actin, exhibiting no selectivity. To determine the relationship between gating of the reaction steps and observed differences in motility, a mathematical model was developed to correlate the parameters of motility with the biochemical and mechanical kinetics of the dimer. Results from the model, constrained by experimental data, suggest that the probability of binding forward, toward the barbed end of the actin filament, is lower in antiparallel myosin X on single actin filaments compared to fascin-actin bundles and compared to constructs of myosin X with parallel dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Caporizzo
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Claire E Fishman
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Osamu Sato
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Science Center, Tyler, Texas
| | - Ryan M Jamiolkowski
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mitsuo Ikebe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Science Center, Tyler, Texas
| | - Yale E Goldman
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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35
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Pinette JA, Mao S, Millis BA, Krystofiak ES, Faust JJ, Tyska MJ. Brush border protocadherin CDHR2 promotes the elongation and maximized packing of microvilli in vivo. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 30:108-118. [PMID: 30403560 PMCID: PMC6337912 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-09-0558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transporting epithelial cells optimize their morphology for solute uptake by building an apical specialization: a dense array of microvilli that serves to increase membrane surface area. In the intestinal tract, individual cells build thousands of microvilli, which pack tightly to form the brush border. Recent studies implicate adhesion molecule CDHR2 in the regulation of microvillar packing via the formation of adhesion complexes between the tips of adjacent protrusions. To gain insight on how CDHR2 contributes to brush border morphogenesis and enterocyte function under native in vivo conditions, we generated mice lacking CDHR2 expression in the intestinal tract. Although CDHR2 knockout (KO) mice are viable, body weight trends lower and careful examination of tissue, cell, and brush border morphology revealed several perturbations that likely contribute to reduced functional capacity of KO intestine. In the absence of CDHR2, microvilli are significantly shorter, and exhibit disordered packing and a 30% decrease in packing density. These structural perturbations are linked to decreased levels of key solute processing and transporting factors in the brush border. Thus, CDHR2 functions to elongate microvilli and maximize their numbers on the apical surface, which together serve to increase the functional capacity of enterocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Pinette
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Suli Mao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Bryan A Millis
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Evan S Krystofiak
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - James J Faust
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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36
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Young LE, Latario CJ, Higgs HN. Roles for Ena/VASP proteins in FMNL3-mediated filopodial assembly. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/21/jcs220814. [PMID: 30373894 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.220814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are actin-dependent finger-like structures that protrude from the plasma membrane. Actin filament barbed-end-binding proteins localized to filopodial tips are key to filopodial assembly. Two classes of barbed-end-binding proteins are formins and Ena/VASP proteins, and both classes have been localized to filopodial tips in specific cellular contexts. Here, we examine the filopodial roles of the FMNL formins and Ena/VASP proteins in U2OS cells. FMNL3 suppression reduces filopodial assembly by 90%, and FMNL3 is enriched at >95% of filopodial tips. Suppression of VASP or Mena (also known as ENAH) reduces filopodial assembly by >75%. However, VASP and Mena do not display consistent filopodial tip localization, but are enriched in focal adhesions (FAs). Interestingly, >85% of FMNL3-containing filopodia are associated with FAs. Two situations increase Ena/VASP filopodial localization: (1) expression of myosin-X, and (2) actively spreading cells. In spreading cells, filopodia often mark sites of nascent adhesions. Interestingly, VASP suppression in spreading cells causes a significant increase in adhesion assembly at filopodial tips. This work demonstrates that, in U2OS cells, Ena/VASP proteins play roles in filopodia beyond those at filopodial tips.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna E Young
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover NH 03755, USA
| | - Casey J Latario
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover NH 03755, USA
| | - Henry N Higgs
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover NH 03755, USA
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37
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Fischer RS, Lam PY, Huttenlocher A, Waterman CM. Filopodia and focal adhesions: An integrated system driving branching morphogenesis in neuronal pathfinding and angiogenesis. Dev Biol 2018; 451:86-95. [PMID: 30193787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Single cell branching during development in vertebrates is typified by neuronal branching to form neurites and vascular branches formed by sprouting angiogenesis. Neurons and endothelial tip cells possess subcellular protrusions that share many common features from the morphological to the molecular level. Both systems utilize filopodia as their cellular protrusion organelles and depend on specific integrin-mediated adhesions to the local extracellular matrix for guidance in their pathfinding. We discuss the similar molecular machineries involved in these two types of cell branch formation and use their analogy to propose a new mechanism for angiogenic filopodia function, namely as adhesion assembly sites. In support of this model we provide primary data of angiogenesis in zebrafish in vivo showing that the actin assembly factor VASP participates in both filopodia formation and adhesion assembly at the base of the filopodia, enabling forward progress of the tip cell. The use of filopodia and their associated adhesions provide a common mechanism for neuronal and endothelial pathfinding during development in response to extracellular matrix cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Fischer
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States
| | - Pui-Ying Lam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, United States
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, United States
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States.
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38
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Tokuo H, Bhawan J, Coluccio LM. Myosin X is required for efficient melanoblast migration and melanoma initiation and metastasis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10449. [PMID: 29993000 PMCID: PMC6041326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28717-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin X (Myo10), an actin-associated molecular motor, has a clear role in filopodia induction and cell migration in vitro, but its role in vivo in mammals is not well understood. Here, we investigate the role of Myo10 in melanocyte lineage and melanoma induction. We found that Myo10 knockout (Myo10KO) mice exhibit a white spot on their belly caused by reduced melanoblast migration. Myo10KO mice crossed with available mice that conditionally express in melanocytes the BRAFV600E mutation combined with Pten silencing exhibited reduced melanoma development and metastasis, which extended medial survival time. Knockdown of Myo10 (Myo10kd) in B16F1 mouse melanoma cell lines decreased lung colonization after tail-vein injection. Myo10kd also inhibited long protrusion (LP) formation by reducing the transportation of its cargo molecule vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) to the leading edge of migrating cells. These findings provide the first genetic evidence for the involvement of Myo10 not only in melanoblast migration, but also in melanoma development and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Tokuo
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Jag Bhawan
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Lynne M Coluccio
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
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39
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40
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Abstract
The delivery of intracellular material within cells is crucial for maintaining normal function. Myosins transport a wide variety of cargo, ranging from vesicles to ribonuclear protein particles (RNPs), in plants, fungi, and metazoa. The properties of a given myosin transporter are adapted to move on different actin filament tracks, either on the disordered actin networks at the cell cortex or along highly organized actin bundles to distribute their cargo in a localized manner or move it across long distances in the cell. Transport is controlled by selective recruitment of the myosin to its cargo that also plays a role in activation of the motor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Titus
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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41
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He K, Sakai T, Tsukasaki Y, Watanabe TM, Ikebe M. Myosin X is recruited to nascent focal adhesions at the leading edge and induces multi-cycle filopodial elongation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13685. [PMID: 29057977 PMCID: PMC5651867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Filopodia protrude from the leading edge of cells and play important roles in cell motility. Here we report the mechanism of myosin X (encoded by Myo10)-induced multi-cycle filopodia extension. We found that actin, Arp2/3, vinculin and integrin-β first accumulated at the cell's leading edge. Myosin X was then gathered at these sites, gradually clustered by lateral movement, and subsequently initiated filopodia formation. During filopodia extension, we found the translocation of Arp2/3 and integrin-β along filopodia. Arp2/3 and integrin-β then became localized at the tip of filopodia, from where myosin X initiated the second extension of filopodia with a change in extension direction, thus producing long filopodia. Elimination of integrin-β, Arp2/3 and vinculin by siRNA significantly attenuated the myosin-X-induced long filopodia formation. We propose the following mechanism. Myosin X accumulates at nascent focal adhesions at the cell's leading edge, where myosin X promotes actin convergence to create the base of filopodia. Then myosin X moves to the filopodia tip and attracts integrin-β and Arp2/3 for further actin nucleation. The tip-located myosin X then initiates the second cycle of filopodia elongation to produce the long filopodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangmin He
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital and Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, 100191, China.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 5650871, Japan.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Sakai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX75708, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Tsukasaki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX75708, USA.,Laboratory for Comprehensive Bioimaging, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), Osaka, 5650874, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Tomonobu M Watanabe
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 5650871, Japan. .,Laboratory for Comprehensive Bioimaging, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), Osaka, 5650874, Japan. .,World Premier International Research Center Initiative, iFReC, Osaka University, Osaka, 5650871, Japan.
| | - Mitsuo Ikebe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX75708, USA.
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42
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Ušaj M, Henn A. Kinetic adaptation of human Myo19 for active mitochondrial transport to growing filopodia tips. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11596. [PMID: 28912602 PMCID: PMC5599584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11984-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosins are actin-based molecular motors which are enzymatically adapted for their cellular functions such as transportation and membrane tethering. Human Myo19 affects mitochondrial motility, and promotes their localization to stress-induced filopodia. Therefore, studying Myo19 enzymology is essential to understand how this motor may facilitate mitochondrial motility. Towards this goal, we have purified Myo19 motor domain (Myo19-3IQ) from a human-cell expression system and utilized transient kinetics to study the Myo19-3IQ ATPase cycle. We found that Myo19-3IQ exhibits noticeable conformational changes (isomerization steps) preceding both ATP and ADP binding, which may contribute to nucleotide binding regulation. Notably, the ADP isomerization step and subsequent ADP release contribute significantly to the rate-limiting step of the Myo19-3IQ ATPase cycle. Both the slow ADP isomerization and ADP release prolong the time Myo19-3IQ spend in the strong actin binding state and hence contribute to its relatively high duty ratio. However, the predicted duty ratio is lower than required to support motility as a monomer. Therefore, it may be that several Myo19 motors are required to propel mitochondria movement on actin filaments efficiently. Finally, we provide a model explaining how Myo19 translocation may be regulated by the local ATP/ADP ratio, coupled to the mitochondria presence in the filopodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Ušaj
- Faculty of Biology, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Arnon Henn
- Faculty of Biology, Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
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43
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ROS induced distribution of mitochondria to filopodia by Myo19 depends on a class specific tryptophan in the motor domain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11577. [PMID: 28912530 PMCID: PMC5599611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the actin cytoskeleton in relation to mitochondria function and dynamics is only recently beginning to be recognized. Myo19 is an actin-based motor that is bound to the outer mitochondrial membrane and promotes the localization of mitochondria to filopodia in response to glucose starvation. However, how glucose starvation induces mitochondria localization to filopodia, what are the dynamics of this process and which enzymatic adaptation allows the translocation of mitochondria to filopodia are not known. Here we show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) mimic and mediate the glucose starvation induced phenotype. In addition, time-lapse fluorescent microscopy reveals that ROS-induced Myo19 motility is a highly dynamic process which is coupled to filopodia elongation and retraction. Interestingly, Myo19 motility is inhibited by back-to-consensus-mutation of a unique residue of class XIX myosins in the motor domain. Kinetic analysis of the purified mutant Myo19 motor domain reveals that the duty ratio (time spent strongly bound to actin) is highly compromised in comparison to that of the WT motor domain, indicating that Myo19 unique motor properties are necessary to propel mitochondria to filopodia tips. In summary, our study demonstrates the contribution of actin-based motility to the mitochondrial localization to filopodia by specific cellular cues.
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44
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Acevedo LA, Greenwood AI, Nicholson LK. A Noncanonical Binding Site in the EVH1 Domain of Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein Regulates Its Interactions with the Proline Rich Region of Zyxin. Biochemistry 2017; 56:4626-4636. [PMID: 28783324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) is a processive actin polymerase with roles in the control of cell shape and cell migration. Through interaction with the cytoskeletal adaptor protein Zyxin, VASP can localize to damaged stress fibers where it serves to repair and reinforce these structures. VASP localization is mediated by its N-terminal Ena/VASP homology (EVH1) domain, which binds to the (W/F)PxφP motif (most commonly occurring as FPPPP) found in cytoskeletal proteins such as vinculin, lamellipodin, and Zyxin. Sequentially close clusters of four or five of these motifs frequently occur, as in the proline rich region of Zyxin with four such motifs. This suggests that tetrameric VASP might bind very tightly to Zyxin through avidity, with all four EVH1 domains binding to a single Zyxin molecule. Here, quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance titration analysis reveals a dominant bivalent 1:1 (Zyxin:EVH1) interaction between the Zyxin proline rich region and the VASP EVH1 domain that utilizes the EVH1 canonical binding site and a novel secondary binding site on the opposite face of the EVH1 domain. We further show that binding to the secondary binding site is specifically inhibited by mutation of VASP EVH1 domain residue Y39 to E, which mimics Abl-induced phosphorylation of Y39. On the basis of these findings, we propose a model in which phosphorylation of Y39 acts as a stoichiometry switch that governs binding partner selection by the constitutive VASP tetramer. These results have broader implications for other multivalent VASP EVH1 domain binding partners and for furthering our understanding of the role of Y39 phosphorylation in regulating VASP localization and cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucila Andrea Acevedo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Alexander I Greenwood
- Department of Applied Science, College of William and Mary , Williamsburg, Virginia 23185, United States
| | - Linda K Nicholson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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45
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Qin S, Ingle JN, Liu M, Yu J, Wickerham DL, Kubo M, Weinshilboum RM, Wang L. Calmodulin-like protein 3 is an estrogen receptor alpha coregulator for gene expression and drug response in a SNP, estrogen, and SERM-dependent fashion. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:95. [PMID: 28821270 PMCID: PMC5562991 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0890-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously performed a case-control genome-wide association study in women treated with selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) for breast cancer prevention and identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ZNF423 as potential biomarkers for response to SERM therapy. The ZNF423rs9940645 SNP, which is approximately 200 bp away from the estrogen response elements, resulted in the SNP, estrogen, and SERM-dependent regulation of ZNF423 expression and, "downstream", that of BRCA1. METHODS Electrophoretic mobility shift assay-mass spectrometry was performed to identify proteins binding to the ZNF423 SNP and coordinating with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). Clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 genome editing was applied to generate ZR75-1 breast cancer cells with different ZNF423 SNP genotypes. Both cultured cells and mouse xenograft models with different ZNF423 SNP genotypes were used to study the cellular responses to SERMs and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. RESULTS We identified calmodulin-like protein 3 (CALML3) as a key sensor of this SNP and a coregulator of ERα, which contributes to differential gene transcription regulation in an estrogen and SERM-dependent fashion. Furthermore, using CRISPR/Cas9-engineered ZR75-1 breast cancer cells with different ZNF423 SNP genotypes, striking differences in cellular responses to SERMs and PARP inhibitors, alone or in combination, were observed not only in cells but also in a mouse xenograft model. CONCLUSIONS Our results have demonstrated the mechanism by which the ZNF423 rs9940645 SNP might regulate gene expression and drug response as well as its potential role in achieving more highly individualized breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Qin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James N Ingle
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mohan Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - D Lawrence Wickerham
- Section of Cancer Genetics and Prevention, Allegheny Health Network Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NRG Oncology), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Richard M Weinshilboum
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Liewei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Ena/VASP proteins regulate activated T-cell trafficking by promoting diapedesis during transendothelial migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2901-E2910. [PMID: 28320969 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701886114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) and Ena-VASP-like (EVL) are cytoskeletal effector proteins implicated in regulating cell morphology, adhesion, and migration in various cell types. However, the role of these proteins in T-cell motility, adhesion, and in vivo trafficking remains poorly understood. This study identifies a specific role for EVL and VASP in T-cell diapedesis and trafficking. We demonstrate that EVL and VASP are selectively required for activated T-cell trafficking but are not required for normal T-cell development or for naïve T-cell trafficking to lymph nodes and spleen. Using a model of multiple sclerosis, we show an impairment in trafficking of EVL/VASP-deficient activated T cells to the inflamed central nervous system of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Additionally, we found a defect in trafficking of EVL/VASP double-knockout (dKO) T cells to the inflamed skin and secondary lymphoid organs. Deletion of EVL and VASP resulted in the impairment in α4 integrin (CD49d) expression and function. Unexpectedly, EVL/VASP dKO T cells did not exhibit alterations in shear-resistant adhesion to, or in crawling on, primary endothelial cells under physiologic shear forces. Instead, deletion of EVL and VASP impaired T-cell diapedesis. Furthermore, T-cell diapedesis became equivalent between control and EVL/VASP dKO T cells upon α4 integrin blockade. Overall, EVL and VASP selectively mediate activated T-cell trafficking by promoting the diapedesis step of transendothelial migration in a α4 integrin-dependent manner.
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47
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Activated full-length myosin-X moves processively on filopodia with large steps toward diverse two-dimensional directions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44237. [PMID: 28287133 PMCID: PMC5346999 DOI: 10.1038/srep44237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin-X, (Myo 10), is an unconventional myosin that transports the specific cargos to filopodial tips, and is associated with the mechanism underlying filopodia formation and extension. To clarify the innate motor characteristic, we studied the single molecule movement of a full-length myosin-X construct with leucine zipper at the C-terminal end of the tail (M10FullLZ) and the tail-truncated myosin-X without artificial dimerization motif (BAP-M101–979HMM). M10FullLZ localizes at the tip of filopodia like myosin-X full-length (M10Full). M10FullLZ moves on actin filaments in the presence of PI(3,4,5)P3, an activator of myosin-X. Single molecule motility analysis revealed that the step sizes of both M10FullLZ and BAP-M101–979HMM are widely distributed on single actin filaments that is consistent with electron microscopy observation. M10FullLZ moves on filopodial actin bundles of cells with a mean step size (~36 nm), similar to the step size on single actin filaments (~38 nm). Cartesian plot analysis revealed that M10FullLZ meandered on filopodial actin bundles to both x- and y- directions. These results suggest that the lever-arm of full-length myosin-X is flexible enough to processively steps on different actin filaments within the actin bundles of filopodia. This characteristic of myosin-X may facilitate actin filament convergence for filopodia production.
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48
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Masters TA, Kendrick-Jones J, Buss F. Myosins: Domain Organisation, Motor Properties, Physiological Roles and Cellular Functions. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 235:77-122. [PMID: 27757761 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myosins are cytoskeletal motor proteins that use energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to generate force and movement along actin filaments. Humans express 38 myosin genes belonging to 12 classes that participate in a diverse range of crucial activities, including muscle contraction, intracellular trafficking, cell division, motility, actin cytoskeletal organisation and cell signalling. Myosin malfunction has been implicated a variety of disorders including deafness, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Usher syndrome, Griscelli syndrome and cancer. In this chapter, we will first discuss the key structural and kinetic features that are conserved across the myosin family. Thereafter, we summarise for each member in turn its unique functional and structural adaptations, cellular roles and associated pathologies. Finally, we address the broad therapeutic potential for pharmacological interventions that target myosin family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Masters
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
| | | | - Folma Buss
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
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49
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Weck ML, Grega-Larson NE, Tyska MJ. MyTH4-FERM myosins in the assembly and maintenance of actin-based protrusions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 44:68-78. [PMID: 27836411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unconventional myosins are actin-based molecular motors that serve a multitude of roles within the cell. One group of myosin motors, the MyTH4-FERM myosins, play an integral part in building and maintaining finger-like protrusions, which allow cells to interact with their external environment. Suggested to act primarily as transporters, these motor proteins enrich adhesion molecules, actin-regulatory proteins and other factors at the tips of filopodia, microvilli, and stereocilia. Below we review data from biophysical, biochemical, and cell biological studies, which implicate these myosins as central players in the assembly, maintenance and function of actin-based protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith L Weck
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 3154 MRB III, PMB 407935, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37240-7935, United States
| | - Nathan E Grega-Larson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 3154 MRB III, PMB 407935, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37240-7935, United States
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 3154 MRB III, PMB 407935, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37240-7935, United States.
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50
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Weck ML, Crawley SW, Stone CR, Tyska MJ. Myosin-7b Promotes Distal Tip Localization of the Intermicrovillar Adhesion Complex. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2717-2728. [PMID: 27666969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transporting epithelial cells interact with the luminal environment using a tightly packed array of microvilli known as the brush border. During intestinal epithelial differentiation, microvillar packing and organization are driven by cadherin-dependent adhesion complexes that localize to the distal tips of microvilli, where they drive physical interactions between neighboring protrusions. Although enrichment of the "intermicrovillar adhesion complex" (IMAC) at distal tips is required for proper function, the mechanism driving tip accumulation of these factors remains unclear. Here, we report that the actin-based motor myosin-7b (Myo7b) promotes the accumulation of IMAC components at microvillar tips. Myo7b is highly enriched at the tips of microvilli in both kidney and intestinal brush borders, and loss of Myo7b in differentiating intestinal epithelial cells disrupts intermicrovillar adhesion and, thus, brush border assembly. Analysis of cells lacking Myo7b revealed that IMAC components and the resulting intermicrovillar adhesion links are mislocalized along the microvillar axis rather than enriched at the distal tips. We also found that Myo7b motor domains are capable of supporting tip-directed transport. However, motor activity is supplemented by other passive targeting mechanisms that together drive highly efficient IMAC accumulation at the tips. These findings illuminate the molecular basis of IMAC enrichment at microvillar tips and hold important implications for understanding apical morphogenesis in transporting and sensory epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith L Weck
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Scott W Crawley
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Colin R Stone
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.
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