1
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Ben-Tov Perry R, Tsoory M, Tolmasov M, Ulitsky I. Silc1 long noncoding RNA is an immediate-early gene promoting efficient memory formation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113168. [PMID: 37742186 PMCID: PMC10636608 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are expressed in many brain circuits and types of neurons; nevertheless, their functional significance for normal brain functions remains elusive. Here, we study the functions in the central nervous system of Silc1, an lncRNA we have shown previously to be important for neuronal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. We found that Silc1 is rapidly and strongly induced in the hippocampus upon exposure to novelty and is required for efficient spatial learning. Silc1 production is important for induction of Sox11 (its cis-regulated target gene) throughout the CA1-CA3 regions and proper expression of key Sox11 target genes. Consistent with its role in neuronal plasticity, Silc1 levels decline during aging and in models of Alzheimer's disease. Overall, we describe a plasticity pathway in which Silc1 acts as an immediate-early gene to activate Sox11 and induce a neuronal growth-associated transcriptional program important for learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Ben-Tov Perry
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Michael Tsoory
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michael Tolmasov
- Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Igor Ulitsky
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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2
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Ryan KM, Smyth P, Blackshields G, Kranaster L, Sartorius A, Sheils O, McLoughlin DM. Electroconvulsive Stimulation in Rats Induces Alterations in the Hippocampal miRNome: Translational Implications for Depression. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1150-1163. [PMID: 36414911 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may contribute to the development of depression and its treatment. Here, we used the hypothesis-neutral approach of next-generation sequencing (NGS) to gain comprehensive understanding of the effects of a course of electroconvulsive stimulation (ECS), the animal model equivalent of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), on rat hippocampal miRNAs. Significant differential expression (p < 0.001) of six hippocampal miRNAs was noted following NGS, after correcting for multiple comparisons. Three of these miRNAs were upregulated (miR-132, miR-212, miR-331) and three downregulated (miR-204, miR-483, miR-301a). qRT-PCR confirmed significant changes in four of the six miRNAs (miR-132, miR-212, miR-204, miR-483). miR-483 was also significantly reduced in frontal cortex, though no other significant alterations were noted in frontal cortex, cerebellum, or whole blood. Assessing the translatability of the results, miR-132 and miR-483 were significantly reduced in whole blood samples from medicated patients with depression (n = 50) compared to healthy controls (n = 45), though ECT had no impact on miRNA levels. Notably, pre-ECT miR-204 levels moderately positively correlated with depression severity at baseline and moderately negatively correlated with mood score reduction post-ECT. miRNAs were also examined in cerebrospinal fluid and serum from a separate cohort of patients (n = 8) treated with ECT; no significant changes were noted post-treatment. However, there was a large positive correlation between changes in miR-212 and mood score post-ECT in serum. Though replication studies using larger sample sizes are required, alterations in miRNA expression may be informative about the mechanism of action of ECS/ECT and in turn might give insight into the neurobiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Ryan
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Paul Smyth
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gordon Blackshields
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura Kranaster
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty, Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Sartorius
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty, Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Orla Sheils
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Declan M McLoughlin
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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3
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Social defeat drives hyperexcitation of the piriform cortex to induce learning and memory impairment but not mood-related disorders in mice. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:380. [PMID: 36088395 PMCID: PMC9464232 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have shown that social defeat is an important cause of mood-related disorders, accompanied by learning and memory impairment in humans. The mechanism of mood-related disorders has been widely studied. However, the specific neural network involved in learning and memory impairment caused by social defeat remains unclear. In this study, behavioral test results showed that the mice induced both learning and memory impairments and mood-related disorders after exposure to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). c-Fos immunofluorescence and fiber photometry recording confirmed that CaMKIIα expressing neurons of the piriform cortex (PC) were selectively activated by exposure to CSDS. Next, chemogenetics and optogenetics were performed to activate PC CaMKIIα expressing neurons, which showed learning and memory impairment but not mood-related disorders. Furthermore, chemogenetic inhibition of PC CaMKIIα expressing neurons significantly alleviated learning and memory impairment induced by exposure to CSDS but did not relieve mood-related disorders. Therefore, our data suggest that the overactivation of PC CaMKIIα expressing neurons mediates CSDS-induced learning and memory impairment, but not mood-related disorders, and provides a potential therapeutic target for learning and memory impairment induced by social defeat.
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4
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Stanisavljević A, Perić I, Gass P, Inta D, Lang UE, Borgwardt S, Filipović D. Fluoxetine modulates neuronal activity in stress-related limbic areas of adult rats subjected to the chronic social isolation. Brain Res Bull 2020; 163:95-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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5
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Maynard KR, Tippani M, Takahashi Y, Phan BN, Hyde TM, Jaffe AE, Martinowich K. dotdotdot: an automated approach to quantify multiplex single molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization (smFISH) images in complex tissues. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:e66. [PMID: 32383753 PMCID: PMC7293004 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiplex single-molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization (smFISH) is a powerful method for validating RNA sequencing and emerging spatial transcriptomic data, but quantification remains a computational challenge. We present a framework for generating and analyzing smFISH data in complex tissues while overcoming autofluorescence and increasing multiplexing capacity. We developed dotdotdot (https://github.com/LieberInstitute/dotdotdot) as a corresponding software package to quantify RNA transcripts in single nuclei and perform differential expression analysis. We first demonstrate robustness of our platform in single mouse neurons by quantifying differential expression of activity-regulated genes. We then quantify spatial gene expression in human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) using spectral imaging and dotdotdot to mask lipofuscin autofluorescence. We lastly apply machine learning to predict cell types and perform downstream cell type-specific expression analysis. In summary, we provide experimental workflows, imaging acquisition and analytic strategies for quantification and biological interpretation of smFISH data in complex tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Maynard
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Madhavi Tippani
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yoichiro Takahashi
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - BaDoi N Phan
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew E Jaffe
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keri Martinowich
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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6
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von Wittgenstein J, Zheng F, Wittmann MT, Balta EA, Ferrazzi F, Schäffner I, Häberle BM, Valero-Aracama MJ, Koehl M, Miranda CJ, Kaspar BK, Ekici AB, Reis A, Abrous DN, Alzheimer C, Lie DC. Sox11 is an Activity-Regulated Gene with Dentate-Gyrus-Specific Expression Upon General Neural Activation. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:3731-3743. [PMID: 32080705 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activity initiates transcriptional programs that shape long-term changes in plasticity. Although neuron subtypes differ in their plasticity response, most activity-dependent transcription factors (TFs) are broadly expressed across neuron subtypes and brain regions. Thus, how region- and neuronal subtype-specific plasticity are established on the transcriptional level remains poorly understood. We report that in young adult (i.e., 6-8 weeks old) mice, the developmental TF SOX11 is induced in neurons within 6 h either by electroconvulsive stimulation or by exploration of a novel environment. Strikingly, SOX11 induction was restricted to the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. In the novel environment paradigm, SOX11 was observed in a subset of c-FOS expressing neurons (ca. 15%); whereas around 75% of SOX11+ DG granule neurons were c-FOS+, indicating that SOX11 was induced in an activity-dependent fashion in a subset of neurons. Environmental enrichment or virus-mediated overexpression of SOX11 enhanced the excitability of DG granule cells and downregulated the expression of different potassium channel subunits, whereas conditional Sox11/4 knock-out mice presented the opposite phenotype. We propose that Sox11 is regulated in an activity-dependent fashion, which is specific to the DG, and speculate that activity-dependent Sox11 expression may participate in the modulation of DG neuron plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia von Wittgenstein
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fang Zheng
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Wittmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elli-Anna Balta
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fulvia Ferrazzi
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iris Schäffner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin M Häberle
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria J Valero-Aracama
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Muriel Koehl
- Neurocentre Magendie U1215, INSERM and Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | - Carlos J Miranda
- The Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Brian K Kaspar
- The Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Djoher Nora Abrous
- Neurocentre Magendie U1215, INSERM and Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | - Christian Alzheimer
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - D Chichung Lie
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Sun CP, Sun D, Luan ZL, Dai X, Bie X, Ming WH, Sun XW, Huo XX, Lu TL, Zhang D. Association of SOX11 Polymorphisms in distal 3'UTR with Susceptibility for Schizophrenia. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23306. [PMID: 32207210 PMCID: PMC7439430 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diverse and circumstantial evidence suggests that schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Genes contributing to neurodevelopment may be potential candidates for schizophrenia. The human SOX11 gene is a member of the developmentally essential SOX (Sry‐related HMG box) transcription factor gene family and mapped to chromosome 2p, a potential candidate region for schizophrenia. Methods Our previous genome‐wide association study (GWAS) implicated an involvement of SOX11 with schizophrenia in a Chinese Han population. To further investigate the association between SOX11 polymorphisms and schizophrenia, we performed an independent replication case‐control association study in a sample including 768 cases and 1348 controls. Results After Bonferroni correction, four SNPs in SOX11 distal 3′UTR significantly associated with schizophrenia in the allele frequencies: rs16864067 (allelic P = .0022), rs12478711 (allelic P = .0009), rs2564045 (allelic P = .0027), and rs2252087 (allelic P = .0025). The haplotype analysis of the selected SNPs showed different haplotype frequencies for two blocks (rs4371338‐rs7596062‐rs16864067‐rs12478711 and rs2564045‐rs2252087‐rs2564055‐rs1366733) between cases and controls. Further luciferase assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) revealed the schizophrenia‐associated SOX11 SNPs may influence SOX11 gene expression, and the risk and non‐risk alleles may have different affinity to certain transcription factors and can recruit divergent factors. Conclusions Our results suggest SOX11 as a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia, and SOX11 polymorphisms and haplotypes in the distal 3′UTR of the gene might modulate transcriptional activity by serving as cis‐regulatory elements and recruiting transcriptional activators or repressors. Also, these SNPs may potentiate as diagnostic markers for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Peng Sun
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhi-Lin Luan
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Dai
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Xu Bie
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wen-Hua Ming
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Wan Sun
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Huo
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tian-Lan Lu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Dai Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
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8
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Xie Y, Wang L, Xie Z, Zeng C, Shu K. Transcriptomics Evidence for Common Pathways in Human Major Depressive Disorder and Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010234. [PMID: 29329273 PMCID: PMC5796182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression as a common complication of brain tumors. Is there a possible common pathogenesis for depression and glioma? The most serious major depressive disorder (MDD) and glioblastoma (GBM) in both diseases are studied, to explore the common pathogenesis between the two diseases. In this article, we first rely on transcriptome data to obtain reliable and useful differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by differential expression analysis. Then, we used the transcriptomics of DEGs to find out and analyze the common pathway of MDD and GBM from three directions. Finally, we determine the important biological pathways that are common to MDD and GBM by statistical knowledge. Our findings provide the first direct transcriptomic evidence that common pathway in two diseases for the common pathogenesis of the human MDD and GBM. Our results provide a new reference methods and values for the study of the pathogenesis of depression and glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfang Xie
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China.
| | - Ling Wang
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China.
| | - Zengyan Xie
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China.
| | - Chuisheng Zeng
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China.
| | - Kunxian Shu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China.
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9
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SoxC transcription factors: multifunctional regulators of neurodevelopment. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 371:91-103. [PMID: 29079881 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2708-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During development, generation of neurons is coordinated by the sequential activation of gene expression programs by stage- and subtype-specific transcription factor networks. The SoxC group transcription factors, Sox4 and Sox11, have recently emerged as critical components of this network. Initially identified as survival and differentiation factors for neural precursors, SoxC factors have now been linked to a broader array of developmental processes including neuronal subtype specification, migration, dendritogenesis and establishment of neuronal projections, and are now being employed in experimental strategies for neuronal replacement and axonal regeneration in the diseased central nervous system. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding SoxC factor function in CNS development and disease and their promise for regeneration.
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10
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English AW, Wilhelm JC, Ward PJ. Exercise, neurotrophins, and axon regeneration in the PNS. Physiology (Bethesda) 2015; 29:437-45. [PMID: 25362637 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00028.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation and exercise are treatments to enhance recovery from peripheral nerve injuries. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and androgen receptor signaling are requirements for the effectiveness of these treatments. Increased neuronal activity is adequate to promote regeneration in injured nerves, but the dosing of activity and its relationship to neurotrophins and sex steroid hormones is less clear. Translation of these therapies will require principles associated with their cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur W English
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Jennifer C Wilhelm
- Department of Psychology, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Patricia J Ward
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and
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11
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Leuchter AF, Hunter AM, Krantz DE, Cook IA. Rhythms and blues: modulation of oscillatory synchrony and the mechanism of action of antidepressant treatments. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1344:78-91. [PMID: 25809789 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD) act at different hierarchical levels of biological complexity, ranging from the individual synapse to the brain as a whole. Theories of antidepressant medication action traditionally have focused on the level of cell-to-cell interaction and synaptic neurotransmission. However, recent evidence suggests that modulation of synchronized electrical activity in neuronal networks is a common effect of antidepressant treatments, including not only medications, but also neuromodulatory treatments such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Synchronization of oscillatory network activity in particular frequency bands has been proposed to underlie neurodevelopmental and learning processes, and also may be important in the mechanism of action of antidepressant treatments. Here, we review current research on the relationship between neuroplasticity and oscillatory synchrony, which suggests that oscillatory synchrony may help mediate neuroplastic changes related to neurodevelopment, learning, and memory, as well as medication and neuromodulatory treatment for MDD. We hypothesize that medication and neuromodulation treatments may have related effects on the rate and pattern of neuronal firing, and that these effects underlie antidepressant efficacy. Elucidating the mechanisms through which oscillatory synchrony may be related to neuroplasticity could lead to enhanced treatment strategies for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Leuchter
- Laboratory of Brain, Behavior, and Pharmacology, and the Depression Research and Clinic Program, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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12
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Moore DL, Goldberg JL. Multiple transcription factor families regulate axon growth and regeneration. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 71:1186-211. [PMID: 21674813 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding axon regenerative failure remains a major goal in neuroscience, and reversing this failure remains a major goal for clinical neurology. Although an inhibitory central nervous system environment clearly plays a role, focus on molecular pathways within neurons has begun to yield fruitful insights. Initial steps forward investigated the receptors and signaling pathways immediately downstream of environmental cues, but recent work has also shed light on transcriptional control mechanisms that regulate intrinsic axon growth ability, presumably through whole cassettes of gene target regulation. Here we will discuss transcription factors that regulate neurite growth in vitro and in vivo, including p53, SnoN, E47, cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT), c-Jun activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), sex determining region Ybox containing gene 11 (Sox11), nuclear factor κ-light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB), and Krüppel-like factors (KLFs). Revealing the similarities and differences among the functions of these transcription factors may further our understanding of the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation in axon growth and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcie L Moore
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Florida, USA
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13
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Favalli G, Li J, Belmonte-de-Abreu P, Wong AHC, Daskalakis ZJ. The role of BDNF in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2012; 46:1-11. [PMID: 22030467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been associated with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCZ). However, it remains unclear whether alterations in BDNF observed in patients with SCZ are a core part of disease neurobiology or a consequence of treatment. In this manuscript we review existing knowledge relating the function of BDNF to synaptic transmission and neural plasticity and the relationship between BDNF and both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for SCZ. With regards to synaptic transmission, exposure to BDNF or lack of this neurotrophin results in alteration to both excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Many authors have also evaluated the effects of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for SCZ in BDNF and despite some controversial results, it seems that medicated and non-medicated patients present with lower levels of BDNF when compared to controls. Further data suggests that typical antipsychotics may decrease BDNF expression whereas mixed results have been obtained with atypical antipsychotics. The authors found few studies reporting changes in BDNF after non-pharmacological treatments for SCZ, so the existing evidence in this area is limited. Although the study of BDNF provides some new insights into understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of SCZ, additional work in this area is needed.
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14
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Kim HD, Choe HK, Chung S, Kim M, Seong JY, Son GH, Kim K. Class-C SOX transcription factors control GnRH gene expression via the intronic transcriptional enhancer. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:1184-96. [PMID: 21527504 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
GnRH is a pivotal hypothalamic neurohormone governing reproduction and sexual development. Because transcriptional regulation is crucial for the spatial and temporal expression of the GnRH gene, a region approximately 3.0 kb upstream of the mammalian GnRH promoter has been extensive studied. In the present study, we demonstrate a transcription-enhancer located in the first intron (intron A) region of the GnRH gene. This transcriptional enhancer harbors putative sex-determining region Y-related high-mobility-group box (SOX) family transcription factor-binding sites, which are well conserved across many mammalian species. The class-C SOX member proteins (SOX-C) (SOX4 and SOX11) specifically augment this transcriptional activation by binding to these SOX-binding sites. In accordance, SOX11 is highly enriched in immortalized GnRH-producing GT1-1 cells, and suppression of its expression significantly decreases GnRH gene expression as well as GnRH secretion. Chromatin immunoprecipitation shows that endogenous SOX-C factors recognize and bind to the intronic enhancer in GT1-1 cells and the hypothalamus. Accompanying immunohistochemical analysis demonstrates that SOX4 or SOX11 are highly expressed in the majority of hypothalamic GnRH neurons in adult mice. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that SOX-C transcription factors function as important transcriptional regulators of cell type-specific GnRH gene expression by acting on the intronic transcriptional enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Dae Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Brain Research Center for the 21st Century Frontier Program in Neuroscience, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Mughal MR, Baharani A, Chigurupati S, Son TG, Chen E, Yang P, Okun E, Arumugam T, Chan SL, Mattson MP. Electroconvulsive shock ameliorates disease processes and extends survival in huntingtin mutant mice. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 20:659-69. [PMID: 21106706 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by expanded polyglutamine repeats in the huntingtin (Htt) protein. Mutant Htt may damage and kill striatal neurons by a mechanism involving reduced production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and increased oxidative and metabolic stress. Because electroconvulsive shock (ECS) can stimulate the production of BDNF and protect neurons against stress, we determined whether ECS treatment would modify the disease process and provide a therapeutic benefit in a mouse model of HD. ECS (50 mA for 0.2 s) or sham treatment was administered once weekly to male N171-82Q Htt mutant mice beginning at 2 months of age. Endpoints measured included motor function, striatal and cortical pathology, and levels of protein chaperones and BDNF. ECS treatment delayed the onset of motor symptoms and body weight loss and extended the survival of HD mice. Striatal neurodegeneration was attenuated and levels of protein chaperones (Hsp70 and Hsp40) and BDNF were elevated in striatal neurons of ECS-treated compared with sham-treated HD mice. Our findings demonstrate that ECS can increase the resistance of neurons to mutant Htt resulting in improved functional outcome and extended survival. The potential of ECS as an intervention in subjects that inherit the mutant Htt gene merits further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed R Mughal
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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16
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Schaffer DJ, Tunc-Ozcan E, Shukla PK, Volenec A, Redei EE. Nuclear orphan receptor Nor-1 contributes to depressive behavior in the Wistar-Kyoto rat model of depression. Brain Res 2010; 1362:32-9. [PMID: 20851110 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The current study explored the effects of prolonged antidepressant treatment on mRNA levels of two nuclear receptors in specific brain regions of an animal model of depression, the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat. Both nuclear receptors have been implicated in the development or treatment of depression. The expression of nuclear orphan receptor-1 (Nor-1), a member of the NR4A nuclear orphan receptor family, is induced by electroconvulsive shock, an effective treatment for depression. Deficit in the levels or function of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) found in depressed patients has been causally implicated in depression, as this deficit is normalized by antidepressant treatments. Baseline levels of amygdalar Nor-1 and GR mRNA were higher in the WKYs compared to the comparison control Sprague-Dawley rats (SD). Prolonged treatment with the antidepressant desipramine (DMI) decreased the expression of both transcripts in the WKY strain concomitantly with decreased immobility in the forced swim test (FST) of depressive behavior. Using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeted against Nor-1, we investigated the direct contribution of elevated Nor-1 expression in the amygdala of WKY to their exaggerated depressive behavior in the FST. After validating the shRNA targeting of Nor-1 in vitro, Nor-1 shRNA containing vector was infused intracerebroventricularly, using a linear polyethylenimine (PEI)-containing in vivo gene delivery system. Repeated administration of Nor-1 shRNA ameliorated the depressive behavior of WKYs in the FST and decreased amygdalar Nor-1 mRNA levels without affecting GR mRNA levels. These data demonstrate that brain region-specific changes in GR expression in response to DMI are strain dependent and that elevated amygdalar Nor-1 expression can contribute to depressive behavior in the WKY model of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Schaffer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, TheAsher Center,NorthwesternUniversity Feinberg School ofMedicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Carr GV, Bangasser DA, Bethea T, Young M, Valentino RJ, Lucki I. Antidepressant-like effects of kappa-opioid receptor antagonists in Wistar Kyoto rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:752-63. [PMID: 19924112 PMCID: PMC2813986 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat strain is a putative genetic model of comorbid depression and anxiety. Previous research showing increased kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) gene expression in the brains of WKY rats, combined with studies implicating the KOR in animal models of depression and anxiety, suggests that alterations in the KOR system could have a role in the WKY behavioral phenotype. Here, the effects of KOR antagonists in the forced swim test (FST) were compared with the WKY and the Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat strains. As previously reported, WKY rats showed more immobility behavior than SD rats. The KOR antagonists selectively produced antidepressant-like effects in the WKY rats. By contrast, the antidepressant desipramine reduced immobility in both strains. Brain regions potentially underlying the strain-specific effects of KOR antagonists in the FST were identified using c-fos expression as a marker of neuronal activity. The KOR antagonist nor-binaltorphimine produced differential effects on the number of c-fos-positive profiles in the piriform cortex and nucleus accumbens shell between SD and WKY rats. The piriform cortex and nucleus accumbens also contained higher levels of KOR protein and dynorphin A peptide, respectively, in the WKY strain. In addition, local administration of nor-binaltorphimine directly into the piriform cortex produced antidepressant-like effects in WKY rats further implicating this region in the antidepressant-like response to KOR antagonists. These results support the use of the WKY rat as a model of affective disorders potentially involving KOR overactivity and provide more evidence that KOR antagonists could potentially be used as novel antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory V Carr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Debra A Bangasser
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thelma Bethea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rita J Valentino
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Irwin Lucki
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 125 South 31st Street, Room 2204, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Tel: +1 215 573 3305; Fax: +1 215 573 2149; E-mail:
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Haslinger A, Schwarz TJ, Covic M, Lie DC. Expression of Sox11 in adult neurogenic niches suggests a stage-specific role in adult neurogenesis. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 29:2103-14. [PMID: 19490090 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the mammalian brain, neural stem and progenitor cells in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus generate new neurons throughout adulthood. The generation of new functional neurons is a complex process that is tightly controlled by extrinsic signals and that is characterized by stage-specific gene expression programs and cell biological processes. The transcription factors regulating such stage-specific developmental steps in adult neurogenesis are largely unknown. Here we report that Sox11, a member of the group C Sox transcription factor family, is prominently expressed in the neurogenic areas of the adult brain. Further analysis revealed that Sox11 expression is strictly confined to doublecortin-expressing neuronally committed precursors and immature neurons but that Sox11 is not expressed in non-committed Sox2-expressing precursor cells and mature neurons of the adult neurogenic lineage. Finally, overexpression of Sox11 promotes the generation of doublecortin-positive immature neurons from adult neural stem cells in vitro. These data indicate that Sox11 is involved in the transcriptional regulation of specific gene expression programs in adult neurogenesis at the stage of the immature neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Haslinger
- Research Group Adult Neural Stem Cells and Neurogenesis, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
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19
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Kato N. Neurophysiological mechanisms of electroconvulsive therapy for depression. Neurosci Res 2009; 64:3-11. [PMID: 19321135 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The neurobiological foundation of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains fragile. How ECT affects neural activities in the brain of depressives is largely unknown. There has been accumulating knowledge on genes and molecules induced by the animal model of ECT. Exact functions of those molecules in the context of mood disorder remain unknown. Among the dozens of molecules highly expressed by ECT, one that shows an especially prominent induction (>6-fold) is Homer 1a, a member of the intracellular scaffold protein family Homer. We have examined effects of Homer 1a in ECT-subjected cortical pyramidal cells, on the basis of which two neurobiological consequences of ECT are proposed. First, Homer 1a either injected intracellularly or induced by ECT was shown to reduce neuronal excitability. This agrees with diverse lines of mutually consistent clinical investigations, which unanimously point to an enhanced excitability in the cerebral cortex of depressive patients. The GABAergic dysfunction hypothesis of depression was thus revitalized. Second, again by relying on Homer 1a, we have proposed a molecular mechanism by which ECT affects a form of long-term depression (LTD). The possibility is discussed that clinical effects of ECT are exerted at least partly by reducing neural excitability and modifying synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Kato
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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20
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Wojda U, Salinska E, Kuznicki J. Calcium ions in neuronal degeneration. IUBMB Life 2008; 60:575-90. [PMID: 18478527 DOI: 10.1002/iub.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal Ca(2+) homeostasis and Ca(2+) signaling regulate multiple neuronal functions, including synaptic transmission, plasticity, and cell survival. Therefore disturbances in Ca(2+) homeostasis can affect the well-being of the neuron in different ways and to various degrees. Ca(2+) homeostasis undergoes subtle dysregulation in the physiological ageing. Products of energy metabolism accumulating with age together with oxidative stress gradually impair Ca(2+) homeostasis, making neurons more vulnerable to additional stress which, in turn, can lead to neuronal degeneration. Neurodegenerative diseases related to aging, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, or Huntington's disease, develop slowly and are characterized by the positive feedback between Ca(2+) dyshomeostasis and the aggregation of disease-related proteins such as amyloid beta, alfa-synuclein, or huntingtin. Ca(2+) dyshomeostasis escalates with time eventually leading to neuronal loss. Ca(2+) dyshomeostasis in these chronic pathologies comprises mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction, Ca(2+) buffering impairment, glutamate excitotoxicity and alterations in Ca(2+) entry routes into neurons. Similar changes have been described in a group of multifactorial diseases not related to ageing, such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or glaucoma. Dysregulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis caused by HIV infection or by sudden accidents, such as brain stroke or traumatic brain injury, leads to rapid neuronal death. The differences between the distinct types of Ca(2+) dyshomeostasis underlying neuronal degeneration in various types of pathologies are not clear. Questions that should be addressed concern the sequence of pathogenic events in an affected neuron and the pattern of progressive degeneration in the brain itself. Moreover, elucidation of the selective vulnerability of various types of neurons affected in the diseases described here will require identification of differences in the types of Ca(2+) homeostasis and signaling among these neurons. This information will be required for improved targeting of Ca(2+) homeostasis and signaling components in future therapeutic strategies, since no effective treatment is currently available to prevent neuronal degeneration in any of the pathologies described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Wojda
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Ks. Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland.
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21
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Sillaber I, Panhuysen M, Henniger MSH, Ohl F, Kühne C, Pütz B, Pohl T, Deussing JM, Paez-Pereda M, Holsboer F. Profiling of behavioral changes and hippocampal gene expression in mice chronically treated with the SSRI paroxetine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 200:557-72. [PMID: 18629477 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monoamine-based antidepressants inhibit neurotransmitter reuptake within short time. However, it commonly takes several weeks until clinical symptoms start to resolve--indicating the involvement of effects distant from reuptake inhibition. OBJECTIVE To unravel other mechanisms involved in drug action, a "reverse" pharmacological approach was applied to determine antidepressant-induced alterations of hippocampal gene expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS The behavioral response to long-term paroxetine administration of male DBA/2Ola mice was assessed by the forced swim test (FST), the modified hole board (mHB), and the dark/light box. Hippocampi of test-naive mice were dissected, and changes in gene expression by paroxetine treatment were investigated by means of microarray technology. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Robust effects of paroxetine on passive stress-coping behavior in the FST were observed. Furthermore, anxiolytic properties of long-term antidepressant treatment could be identified in DBA mice in both, the mHB and dark/light box. Analysis of microarray results revealed a list of 60 genes differentially regulated by chronic paroxetine treatment. Preproenkephalin 1 and inhibin beta-A showed the highest level of transcriptional change. Furthermore, a number of candidates involved in neuroplasticity/neurogenesis emerged (e.g., Bdnf, Gfap, Vim, Sox11, Egr1, Stat3). Seven selected candidates were confirmed by in situ hybridization. Additional immunofluorescence colocalization studies of GFAP and vimentin showed more positive cells to be detected in long-term paroxetine-treated DBA mice. CONCLUSION Candidate genes identified in the current study using a mouse strain validated for its responsiveness to long-term paroxetine treatment add, in our opinion, to unraveling the mechanism of action of paroxetine as a representative for SSRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Sillaber
- Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.
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22
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Bechtholt AJ, Valentino RJ, Lucki I. Overlapping and distinct brain regions associated with the anxiolytic effects of chlordiazepoxide and chronic fluoxetine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33:2117-30. [PMID: 17987061 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the sites of action for the behavioral effects of chronic antidepressants. The novelty-induced hypophagia (NIH) test is one of few animal behavioral tests sensitive to acute benzodiazepines and chronic antidepressants. The goals of these experiments were to examine patterns of brain activation associated with the behavioral response to novelty and identify regions that could regulate the anxiolytic effects of acute benzodiazepine and chronic antidepressant treatments, measured using the NIH test. In the first experiment, rats were treated acutely with the anxiolytic, chlordiazepoxide (2.5 or 5 mg/kg, i.p.). In separate experiments, animals were implanted with osmotic minipumps delivering vehicle or fluoxetine (5 or 20 mg/kg per day s.c.) for 3 or 28 days. NIH was assessed by giving animals access to a familiar palatable food in a novel environment. Associated brain areas were identified using c-fos immunohistochemistry. NIH was mitigated by acute chlordiazepoxide and chronic fluoxetine. Both drugs reversed novelty-induced changes in c-fos expression in the lateral division of the posterolateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (STLP), cingulate cortex (Cg), and dorsal field CA2 of the hippocampus (dCA2). Chronic fluoxetine additionally increased c-fos expression in the anterior nucleus accumbens (aAcb) and the piriform cortex (Pir). The effects of the drugs on c-fos expression in many regions correlated with anxiolytic efficacy. These findings identified brain regions where the effects of chronic antidepressants and benzodiazepines may converge to produce anxiolytic activity, as well as distinct sites of action for the two classes of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita J Bechtholt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3403, USA
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23
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Huuhka K, Kampman O, Anttila S, Huuhka M, Rontu R, Mattila KM, Hurme M, Lehtimäki T, Leinonen E. RGS4 polymorphism and response to electroconvulsive therapy in major depressive disorder. Neurosci Lett 2008; 437:25-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Kim DK, Han SB, Hong ST, Choi YJ, Sun W, Geum D, Kim H. Expression of Sox11 and Brn transcription factors during development and following transient forebrain ischemia in the rat. Neurosci Lett 2008; 433:259-64. [PMID: 18261853 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sox11 is a transcription factor that is proposed to be involved in the development and regeneration of the brain [M.P. Jankowski, P.K. Cornuet, S. Mcllwrath, H.R. Koerber, K.M. Albers, SRY-box containing gene 11 (Sox11) transcription factor is required for neuron survive and neurite growth, Neuroscience 143 (2006) 501-514]. In this study, we compared the expression patterns of Sox11 and its two putative binding partners, Brn1 and Brn2 during development and following transient forebrain ischemia in the rat. The spatiotemporal expression pattern of Brn1 was similar to that of Sox11 from the late embryonic to postnatal development, and they are strongly expressed in the brain regions where neuronal progenitors and immature neurons are enriched. On the other hand, Brn2 was ubiquitously expressed in most tissues including developing nervous system. Neuronal depolarization of cerebral cortex neurons in vitro enhanced both Sox11 and Brn1 expression, whereas the induction of Brn2 was only marginal, further suggesting the similar transcriptional modulation of Sox11 and Brn1. In the hippocampus, however, they showed a little different expression patterns. The expression of Brn1 was not substantial in developing dentate gyrus (DG) where Sox11 expression was strong. The transient forebrain ischemia enhanced Sox11 gene expression moderately in the CA1 and strongly in the DG, whereas Brn1 was selectively induced only in the CA1 of the hippocampal formation. Collectively, overall results suggest that the expression of Sox11 and Brn1 may be modulated by the cell-type specific machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ki Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, South Korea
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25
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Sun W, Choi SH, Park SK, Kim SJ, Noh MR, Kim EH, Kim HJ, Kim H. Identification and characterization of novel activity-dependent transcription factors in rat cortical neurons. J Neurochem 2006; 100:269-78. [PMID: 17116234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Using gene chip analyses, we have identified novel neuronal activity-dependent genes. Application of 25 mM KCl to mature (14-day culture) rat cortical neurons resulted in more than 1.5-fold induction of 19 genes and reduction of 42 genes among 1200 neural genes. Changes in the overall gene expression profiles appeared to be related to the reduction of excitability and induction of cellular survival signals. Among the genes identified, three transcriptional modulators [encoding Cbp/p300-interacting transactivator with ED-rich tail 2 (CITED2), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) and neuronal orphan receptor-1, (NOR1)] were newly identified as activity-dependent transcription factors, and two of these (CITED2 and NOR1) were found to be influenced by electroconvulsive shock (ECS). NOR1 was induced in specific brain regions by behavioral activation, such as exposure to a novel environment. Because the brain regions that exhibited the induction of these newly identified neuronal activity-dependent transcriptional modulators were distinct from those showing the induction of previously identified activity-dependent genes such as c-fos, these genes might be useful markers for mapping neuronal activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Program, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Mirnics K, Levitt P, Lewis DA. Critical appraisal of DNA microarrays in psychiatric genomics. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 60:163-76. [PMID: 16616896 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptome profiling using DNA microarrays are data-driven approaches with the potential to uncover unanticipated relationships between gene expression alterations and psychiatric disorders. Studies to date have yielded both convergent and divergent findings. Differences may be explained, at least in part, by the use of a variety of microarray platforms and analytical approaches. Consistent findings across studies suggest, however, that important relationships may exist between altered gene expression and genetic susceptibility to psychiatric disorders. For example, GAD67, RGS4, DTNBP1, NRG1, and GABRAB2 show expression alterations in the postmortem brain of subjects with schizophrenia, and these genes have been also implicated as putative, heritable schizophrenia susceptibility genes. Thus, we propose that for some genes, altered expression in the postmortem human brain may have a dual origin: polymorphisms in the candidate genes themselves or upstream genetic-environmental factors that converge to alter their expression level. We hypothesize that certain gene products, which function as "molecular hubs," commonly show altered expression in psychiatric disorders and confer genetic susceptibility for one or more diseases. Microarray gene expression studies are ideally suited to reveal these putative disease-associated molecular hubs and to identify promising candidates for genetic association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Mirnics
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA. karoly+@pitt.edu
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Son GH, Geum D, Chung S, Kim EJ, Jo JH, Kim CM, Lee KH, Kim H, Choi S, Kim HT, Lee CJ, Kim K. Maternal stress produces learning deficits associated with impairment of NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic plasticity. J Neurosci 2006; 26:3309-18. [PMID: 16554481 PMCID: PMC6674110 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3850-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2004] [Revised: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress in adulthood can have a profound effect on physiology and behavior, but the extent to which prolonged maternal stress affects the brain function of offspring when they are adult remains primarily unknown. In the present work, chronic immobilization stress to pregnant mice affected fetal growth and development. When pups born from stressed mice were reared to adulthood in an environment identical to that of nonstressed controls, several physiological parameters were essentially unaltered. However, spatial learning and memory was significantly impaired in the maternally stressed offspring in adulthood. Furthermore, electrophysiological examination revealed a significant reduction in NMDA receptor-mediated long-term potentiation in the CA1 area of hippocampal slices. Subsequent biochemical analysis demonstrated a substantial decrease in NR1 and NR2B subunits of the NMDA receptor in synapses of the hippocampus, and the interaction between these two subunits appeared to be reduced. These results suggest that prolonged maternal stress leads to long-lasting malfunction of the hippocampus, which extends to and is manifested in adulthood.
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Sun W, Kang Y, Kim IH, Kim EH, Rhyu IJ, Kim HJ, Kim H. Inhibition of rat brain inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase A expression by kainic acid. Neurosci Lett 2006; 392:181-6. [PMID: 16226375 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Revised: 09/03/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Defects in intracellular calcium homeostasis may cause aberrant neuronal activation and subsequent neuronal death. Because inositol trisphosphate (IP(3)) regulates the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum and the IP(3) kinase A isoform (IP(3)K-A) reduces intracellular IP(3), regulation of IP(3)K could be involved in neuronal activation and/or neuronal death. In this study, we found that kainic acid (KA) treatment in vitro and in vivo reduced the level of IP(3)K-A mRNA. Since KA treatment induces aberrant neuronal activation and neuronal death, we tested whether the reduction of IP(3)K-A mRNA was required for KA-induced neuronal death. Overexpression of adenovirus-derived IP(3)K-A failed to rescue neurons from KA-induced death. Because neuronal activation by KCl in vitro is sufficient to reduce IP(3)K-A expression, we conclude that the KA-derived reduction of IP(3)K-A expression is due to the aberrant neuronal activation, and the reduction in the IP3K-A mRNA level is not required for the toxic effect of KA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Biomedical Science, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, 126-1, 5-Ka, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-705, South Korea
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Choe J, Sun W, Yoon SY, Rhyu IJ, Kim EH, Kim H. Effect of thymosin β15 on the branching of developing neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 331:43-9. [PMID: 15845355 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The thymosin betas (Tbetas) are polypeptide regulators of actin dynamics that are critical for the growth and branching of neurites in developing neurons. We found that mRNAs for Tbeta4, Tbeta10, and Tbeta15 were highly expressed in the developing rat brain during neuritogenesis, supporting a role for the Tbetas in this process. Overexpression of the Tbetas increased the number of neurite branches per neuron in cultured hippocampal and cerebral cortex neurons, and Tbeta15 had the greatest effect. Actin binding activity appears to be essential for the branch-promoting activity of Tbetas because two mutants of Tbeta15 lacking monomeric actin binding activity failed to stimulate branch formation. We also found that transfection of siRNA against Tbeta15 reduced branching. Taken together, these data suggest that the three Tbetas, and especially Tbeta15, stimulate neurite branching during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeehyung Choe
- Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21 Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, 5-Ka, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
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