1
|
Bibert S, Guex N, Lourenco J, Brahier T, Papadimitriou-Olivgeris M, Damonti L, Manuel O, Liechti R, Götz L, Tschopp J, Quinodoz M, Vollenweider P, Pagani JL, Oddo M, Hügli O, Lamoth F, Erard V, Voide C, Delorenzi M, Rufer N, Candotti F, Rivolta C, Boillat-Blanco N, Bochud PY. Transcriptomic Signature Differences Between SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Virus Infected Patients. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666163. [PMID: 34135895 PMCID: PMC8202013 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The reason why most individuals with COVID-19 have relatively limited symptoms while other develop respiratory distress with life-threatening complications remains unknown. Increasing evidence suggests that COVID-19 associated adverse outcomes mainly rely on dysregulated immunity. Here, we compared transcriptomic profiles of blood cells from 103 patients with different severity levels of COVID-19 with that of 27 healthy and 22 influenza-infected individuals. Data provided a complete overview of SARS-CoV-2-induced immune signature, including a dramatic defect in IFN responses, a reduction of toxicity-related molecules in NK cells, an increased degranulation of neutrophils, a dysregulation of T cells, a dramatic increase in B cell function and immunoglobulin production, as well as an important over-expression of genes involved in metabolism and cell cycle in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 compared to those infected with influenza viruses. These features also differed according to COVID-19 severity. Overall and specific gene expression patterns across groups can be visualized on an interactive website (https://bix.unil.ch/covid/). Collectively, these transcriptomic host responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection are discussed in the context of current studies, thereby improving our understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis and shaping the severity level of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bibert
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Guex
- Bioinformatics Competence Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joao Lourenco
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and Department of Fundamenal Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Brahier
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Lauro Damonti
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oriol Manuel
- Infectious Diseases Service and Transplantation Center, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robin Liechti
- Bioinformatics Competence Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and Department of Fundamenal Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lou Götz
- Bioinformatics Competence Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and Department of Fundamenal Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Tschopp
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Quinodoz
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Internal Medicine Service, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Pagani
- Department of Adult Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Oddo
- Department of Adult Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Hügli
- Emergency Department, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Lamoth
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Erard
- Clinique de Médecine et spécialités, Infectiologie, Hôpital Fribourgeois-Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Cathy Voide
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Institute, Valais Hospital, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and Department of Fundamenal Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Rufer
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Candotti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Rivolta
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Noémie Boillat-Blanco
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Yves Bochud
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 Vaccination: In Search of the Underlying Mechanism. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060559. [PMID: 34071883 PMCID: PMC8227748 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rollout of COVID-19 vaccines brings hope for successful pandemic mitigation and getting the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 under control. The vaccines authorized in Europe displayed a good safety profile in the clinical trials. However, during their post-authorization use, unusual thrombotic events associated with thrombocytopenia have rarely been reported for vector vaccines. This led to the temporary suspension of the AZD1222 vaccine (Oxford/AstraZeneca) in various European countries and the Ad26.COV2 vaccine (Janssen/Johnson&Johnson) in the United States, with regulatory bodies launching investigations into potential causal associations. The thromboembolic reactions were also rarely reported after mRNA vaccines. The exact cause of these adverse effects remains to be elucidated. The present paper outlines the hypotheses on the mechanisms behind the very rare thrombotic thrombocytopenia reported after the COVID-19 vaccination, along with currently existing evidence and future research prospects. The following are discussed: (i) the role of antibodies against platelet factor 4 (PF4), (ii) the direct interaction between adenoviral vector and platelets, (iii) the cross-reactivity of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with PF4, (iv) cross-reactivity of anti-adenovirus antibodies and PF4, (v) interaction between spike protein and platelets, (vi) the platelet expression of spike protein and subsequent immune response, and (vii) the platelet expression of other adenoviral proteins and subsequent reactions. It is also plausible that thrombotic thrombocytopenia after the COVID-19 vaccine is multifactorial. The elucidation of the causes of these adverse events is pivotal in taking precautionary measures and managing vaccine hesitancy. It needs to be stressed, however, that the reported cases are currently sporadic and that the benefits of COVID-19 vaccines vastly outweigh their potential risks.
Collapse
|
3
|
Rong Y, Wang F, Li X, Liang X, Zhou Y, Zhang D, Liu J, Zeng H, Wang J, Shi Y. Correlation of the ratio of IgM/IgG concentration to days after symptom onset (IgM/T or IgG/T) with disease severity and outcome in non-critical COVID-19 patients. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:1197-1208. [PMID: 33841649 PMCID: PMC8014342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Correlation of SARS-CoV-2 serum antibodies with COVID-19 development and outcome has not been fully studied. Due to the time dynamic of antibodies, the antibody concentration of the same patient varies greatly at different times during the course of the disease. Therefore, our study used IgM/T or IgG/T (the ratio of serum antibody concentration to days after symptom onset) to reflect the patient's humoral immune status, and analyzed their correlation with COVID-19 development and outcome. METHODS Clinical data of 50 non-critical COVID-19 patients were retrospectively analyzed. Time-resolved fluorescence immunochromatography was used to quantitatively detect SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG. Correlation analysis was performed. RESULTS IgM antibody was positive on day 5 of symptom onset, increased within 2 weeks, and then gradually decreased. However, IgG antibody was positive on week 2 of symptom onset and continued to increase since. Additionally, IgM/T, but not IgG/T of recovery period (Spearman ρ=0.17; P=0.283), was negatively correlated with disease course in 2 weeks of symptom onset (Spearman ρ=-0.860; P=0.000). IgG/T of recovery period was positively correlated with clinical classification (Spearman ρ=0.432; P=0.004), number of involved lung lobes (Spearman ρ=0.343; P=0.026), and lung lesions (Spearman ρ=0.472; P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS Within 2 weeks of symptom onset, higher IgM/T indicates faster recovery and shorter disease course. In recovery period, higher IgG/T suggests more serious disease. IgM/T or IgG/T may predict disease severity and outcome in non-critical COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Rong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityShenzhen 518100, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen 518053, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityShenzhen 518100, China
| | - Xinhua Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityShenzhen 518100, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityShenzhen 518100, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityShenzhen 518100, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Health Management Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityShenzhen 518100, China
| | - Huadong Zeng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityShenzhen 518100, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityShenzhen 518100, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical UniversityNanjing 210002, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee CH, Pinho MP, Buckley PR, Woodhouse IB, Ogg G, Simmons A, Napolitani G, Koohy H. Potential CD8+ T Cell Cross-Reactivity Against SARS-CoV-2 Conferred by Other Coronavirus Strains. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579480. [PMID: 33250893 PMCID: PMC7676914 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While individuals infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) manifested a broad range in susceptibility and severity to the disease, the pre-existing immune memory to related pathogens cross-reactive against SARS-CoV-2 can influence the disease outcome in COVID-19. Here, we investigated the potential extent of T cell cross-reactivity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that can be conferred by other coronaviruses and influenza virus, and generated an in silico map of public and private CD8+ T cell epitopes between coronaviruses. We observed 794 predicted SARS-CoV-2 epitopes of which 52% were private and 48% were public. Ninety-nine percent of the public epitopes were shared with SARS-CoV and 5.4% were shared with either one of four common coronaviruses, 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43. Moreover, to assess the potential risk of self-reactivity and/or diminished T cell response for peptides identical or highly similar to the host, we identified predicted epitopes with high sequence similarity with human proteome. Lastly, we compared predicted epitopes from coronaviruses with epitopes from influenza virus deposited in IEDB, and found only a small number of peptides with limited potential for cross-reactivity between the two virus families. We believe our comprehensive in silico profile of private and public epitopes across coronaviruses would facilitate design of vaccines, and provide insights into the presence of pre-existing coronavirus-specific memory CD8+ T cells that may influence immune responses against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe H. Lee
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC WIMM Centre For Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana Pereira Pinho
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Buckley
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC WIMM Centre For Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac B. Woodhouse
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC WIMM Centre For Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Ogg
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Simmons
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Napolitani
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hashem Koohy
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council (MRC) Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC WIMM Centre For Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang AT, Garcia-Carreras B, Hitchings MDT, Yang B, Katzelnick LC, Rattigan SM, Borgert BA, Moreno CA, Solomon BD, Trimmer-Smith L, Etienne V, Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Lessler J, Salje H, Burke DS, Wesolowski A, Cummings DAT. A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: kinetics, correlates of protection, and association with severity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4704. [PMID: 32943637 PMCID: PMC7499300 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many public health responses and modeled scenarios for COVID-19 outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV-2 assume that infection results in an immune response that protects individuals from future infections or illness for some amount of time. The presence or absence of protective immunity due to infection or vaccination (when available) will affect future transmission and illness severity. Here, we review the scientific literature on antibody immunity to coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 as well as the related SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs). We reviewed 2,452 abstracts and identified 491 manuscripts relevant to 5 areas of focus: 1) antibody kinetics, 2) correlates of protection, 3) immunopathogenesis, 4) antigenic diversity and cross-reactivity, and 5) population seroprevalence. While further studies of SARS-CoV-2 are necessary to determine immune responses, evidence from other coronaviruses can provide clues and guide future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angkana T Huang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bernardo Garcia-Carreras
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Matt D T Hitchings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bingyi Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Leah C Katzelnick
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Susan M Rattigan
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brooke A Borgert
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carlos A Moreno
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Benjamin D Solomon
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luke Trimmer-Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Veronique Etienne
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Justin Lessler
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Henrik Salje
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Donald S Burke
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amy Wesolowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Derek A T Cummings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim KD, Hwang I, Ku† KB, Lee S, Kim SJ, Kim C. Progress and Challenges in the Development of COVID-19 Vaccines and Current Understanding of SARS-CoV-2- Specific Immune Responses. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1109-1115. [PMID: 32627758 PMCID: PMC9728398 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2006.06006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is spreading globally, and the WHO has declared this outbreak a pandemic. Vaccines are an effective way to prevent the rapid spread of COVID-19. Furthermore, the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection needs to be understood for the development of an efficient and safe vaccine. Here, we review the current understanding of vaccine targets and the status of vaccine development for COVID-19. We also describe host immune responses to highly pathogenic human coronaviruses in terms of innate and adaptive immunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyun-Do Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Insu Hwang
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Bon Ku†
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Lee
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors C.K. Phone: +82-42-860-7491 E-mail:
| | - Chonsaeng Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors C.K. Phone: +82-42-860-7491 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Huang AT, Garcia-Carreras B, Hitchings MD, Yang B, Katzelnick LC, Rattigan SM, Borgert BA, Moreno CA, Solomon BD, Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Lessler J, Salje H, Burke D, Wesolowski A, Cummings DA. A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: antibody kinetics, correlates of protection, and association of antibody responses with severity of disease. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.04.14.20065771. [PMID: 32511434 PMCID: PMC7217088 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.14.20065771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The duration and nature of immunity generated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is unknown. Many public health responses and modeled scenarios for COVID-19 outbreaks caused by SARSCoV-2 assume that infection results in an immune response that protects individuals from future infections or illness for some amount of time. The timescale of protection is a critical determinant of the future impact of the pathogen. The presence or absence of protective immunity due to infection or vaccination (when available) will affect future transmission and illness severity. The dynamics of immunity and nature of protection are relevant to discussions surrounding therapeutic use of convalescent sera as well as efforts to identify individuals with protective immunity. Here, we review the scientific literature on antibody immunity to coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 as well as the related SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and human endemic coronaviruses (HCoVs). We reviewed 1281 abstracts and identified 322 manuscripts relevant to 5 areas of focus: 1) antibody kinetics, 2) correlates of protection, 3) immunopathogenesis, 4) antigenic diversity and cross-reactivity, and 5) population seroprevalence. While studies of SARS-CoV-2 are necessary to determine immune responses to it, evidence from other coronaviruses can provide clues and guide future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angkana T. Huang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, USA
| | - Bernardo Garcia-Carreras
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, USA
| | - Matt D.T. Hitchings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, USA
| | - Bingyi Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, USA
| | - Leah C. Katzelnick
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, USA
| | - Susan M. Rattigan
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, USA
| | - Brooke A. Borgert
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, USA
| | - Carlos A. Moreno
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Solomon
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | | | - Justin Lessler
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA
| | - Henrik Salje
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Donald Burke
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Amy Wesolowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA
| | - Derek A.T. Cummings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou G, Zhao Q. Perspectives on therapeutic neutralizing antibodies against the Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:1718-1723. [PMID: 32226289 PMCID: PMC7098029 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.45123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly identified novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is causing pneumonia-associated respiratory syndrome across the world. Epidemiology, genomics, and pathogenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 show high homology with that of SARS-CoV. Current efforts are focusing on development of specific antiviral drugs. Therapeutic neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 will be greatly important therapeutic agents for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Herein, the host immune responses against SARS-CoV discussed in this review provide implications for developing NAbs and understanding clinical interventions against SARS-CoV-2. Further, we describe the benefits, challenges and considerations of NAbs against SARS-CoV-2. Although many challenges exist, NAbs still offer a therapeutic option to control the current pandemic and the possible re-emergence of the virus in the future, and their development therefore remains a high priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Zhou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SPR, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SPR, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SPR, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SPR, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
An Outbreak of Human Coronavirus OC43 Infection and Serological Cross-reactivity with SARS Coronavirus. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2011; 17:330-6. [PMID: 18382647 DOI: 10.1155/2006/152612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In summer 2003, a respiratory outbreak was investigated in British Columbia, during which nucleic acid tests and serology unexpectedly indicated reactivity for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). METHODS Cases at a care facility were epidemiologically characterized and sequentially investigated for conventional agents of respiratory infection, SARS-CoV and other human CoVs. Serological cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV and human CoV-OC43 (HCoV-OC43) was investigated by peptide spot assay. RESULTS Ninety-five of 142 residents (67%) and 53 of 160 staff members (33%) experienced symptoms of respiratory infection. Symptomatic residents experienced cough (66%), fever (21%) and pneumonia (12%). Eight residents died, six with pneumonia. No staff members developed pneumonia. Findings on reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays for SARS-CoV at a national reference laboratory were suspected to represent false positives, but this was confounded by concurrent identification of antibody to N protein on serology. Subsequent testing by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction confirmed HCoV-OC43 infection. Convalescent serology ruled out SARS. Notably, sera demonstrated cross-reactivity against nucleocapsid peptide sequences common to HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the virulence of human CoV-OC43 in elderly populations and confirm that cross-reactivity to antibody against nucleocapsid proteins from these viruses must be considered when interpreting serological tests for SARS-CoV.
Collapse
|
10
|
Yasui F, Kai C, Saito K, Inoue S, Yoneda M, Morita K, Mizuno K, Kohara M. Analysis of the mechanism by which BALB/c mice having prior immunization with nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV develop severe pneumonia after SARS-CoV infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 2:44-50. [PMID: 32288911 PMCID: PMC7128161 DOI: 10.1016/j.provac.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The precise mechanism of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which is caused by SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), is still unclear. We generated recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) LC16m8 strain which simultaneously expresses four structural proteins of SARS-CoV, including nucleocapsid (N), membrane (M), envelop (E), spike (S) proteins (rVV-NMES) and reported that old BALB/c mice having prior immunization with rVV-NMES develop severe pneumonia similar to those of control mice though rVV-NMES-immunized mice showed lower pulmonary viral titer than in the control mice. Furthermore, we determined which SARS-CoV structural protein for the prior rVV-immunization is responsible for the severe pneumonia after the SARS-CoV infection as observed in the rVV-NMES-immunized mice. Old BALB/c mice were inoculated intradermally with rVV that expressed each structural proteins of SARS-CoV (rVV-N, -M, -E, or -S) with or without rVV-S and then infected intranasally with SARS-CoV more than 4 weeks later. At 9 days after SARS-CoV infection, the rVV-N-immunized mice show more severe pneumonia than in other groups. Furthermore, significant up-regulation of Th1 (IL-2)- and Th2 (IL-4 and IL-5)-bias cytokines and down-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10 and TGF-β) were observed in rVV-N-immunized mice, resulting in the intensive infiltration of immunocompetent cells into the lung. In contrast, rVV-S-immunized mice showed only low pulmonary viral tier and slight pneumonia. However, the mice having co-immunization with both rVV-N and rVV-S showed severe pneumonia though their pulmonary viral titer was low. These results suggest that an excessive host immune response against the N protein of SARS-CoV is involved in severe pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV infection. These findings increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of SARS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Yasui
- Dep. Micobiol. & Cell Biol., Tokyo Metro. Inst. Med. Sci
| | - Chieko Kai
- Lab. Animal Res. Center, The Inst. Med. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo
| | - Kousuke Saito
- Dep. Micobiol. & Cell Biol., Tokyo Metro. Inst. Med. Sci
| | - Shingo Inoue
- Dep. of Virol., Inst. of Tropic. Med., Nagasaki Univ
| | - Misako Yoneda
- Lab. Animal Res. Center, The Inst. Med. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhao Q, Chan YW, Lee SST, Cheung WT. One-step expression and purification of single-chain variable antibody fragment using an improved hexahistidine tag phagemid vector. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 68:190-5. [PMID: 19683057 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Millions of candidate clones are commonly obtained following rounds of phage-displayed antibody library panning, and expression of those selected single-chain variable fragment (scFv) is required for secondary functional screening to identify positive clones. Large scale functional screening is often hampered by the time-consuming and labor-intensive subcloning of those candidate scFv clones into a bacterial expression vector carrying an affinity tag for scFv purification and detection. To overcome the limitations and to develop a multiplex approach, an improved hexahistidine tag phagemid vector was constructed for one-step scFv expression and purification. By using hexahistidine as an affinity tag, soluble scFvs can be rapidly and cost-effectively captured from Escherichia coli periplasmic extracts. For proof-of-concept, feasibility of the improved phagemid vector was examined against two scFvs, L17E4d targeting a cell surface antigen and L18Hh5 recognizing a monoclonal antibody (mAb). Using 1 ml of Ni-NTA agarose, 0.2-0.5 mg of soluble scFv was obtained from 1 L of bacteria culture, and the purified scFvs bound specifically to their target antigens with high affinity. Moreover, using two randomly selected hapten-specific scFv phage clones, it was demonstrated that the display of scFvs on phage surface was not affected by the hexahistidine affinity tag. These results suggest the improved phagemid vector allows the shuttle of phage-displayed antibody library panning and functional scFv production. Importantly, the improved phagemid vector can be easily adapted for multiplex screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zheng N, Xia R, Yang C, Yin B, Li Y, Duan C, Liang L, Guo H, Xie Q. Boosted expression of the SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein in tobacco and its immunogenicity in mice. Vaccine 2009; 27:5001-7. [PMID: 19523911 PMCID: PMC7115566 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines produced in plant systems are safe and economical; however, the extensive application of plant-based vaccines is mainly hindered by low expression levels of heterologous proteins in plant systems. Here, we demonstrated that the post-transcriptional gene silencing suppressor p19 protein from tomato bushy stunt virus substantially enhanced the transient expression of recombinant SARS-CoV nucleocapsid (rN) protein in Nicotiana benthamiana. The rN protein in the agrobacteria-infiltrated plant leaf accumulated up to a concentration of 79 microg per g fresh leaf weight at 3 days post infiltration. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally vaccinated with pre-treated plant extract emulsified in Freund's adjuvant. The rN protein-specific IgG in the mouse sera attained a titer about 1:1,800 following three doses of immunization, which suggested effective B-cell maturation and differentiation in mice. Antibodies of the subclasses IgG1 and IgG2a were abundantly present in the mouse sera. During vaccination of rN protein, the expression of IFN-gamma and IL-10 was evidently up-regulated in splenocytes at different time points, while the expression of IL-2 and IL-4 was not. Up to now, this is the first study that plant-expressed recombinant SARS-CoV N protein can induce strong humoral and cellular responses in mice.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins
- Female
- Freund's Adjuvant/administration & dosage
- Freund's Adjuvant/pharmacology
- Gene Silencing
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/genetics
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/immunology
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/isolation & purification
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/genetics
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology
- Spleen/immunology
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/metabolism
- Tombusvirus/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/isolation & purification
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuoyan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, 135 Xingang Road W, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ran Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Cuiping Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, 135 Xingang Road W, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Bojiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, 135 Xingang Road W, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, 135 Xingang Road W, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chengguo Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Liming Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, 135 Xingang Road W, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Huishan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yasui F, Kai C, Kitabatake M, Inoue S, Yoneda M, Yokochi S, Kase R, Sekiguchi S, Morita K, Hishima T, Suzuki H, Karamatsu K, Yasutomi Y, Shida H, Kidokoro M, Mizuno K, Matsushima K, Kohara M. Prior immunization with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) nucleocapsid protein causes severe pneumonia in mice infected with SARS-CoV. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 181:6337-48. [PMID: 18941225 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.9.6337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The details of the mechanism by which severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) causes severe pneumonia are unclear. We investigated the immune responses and pathologies of SARS-CoV-infected BALB/c mice that were immunized intradermally with recombinant vaccinia virus (VV) that expressed either the SARS-CoV spike (S) protein (LC16m8rVV-S) or simultaneously all the structural proteins, including the nucleocapsid (N), membrane (M), envelope (E), and S proteins (LC16m8rVV-NMES) 7-8 wk before intranasal SARS-CoV infection. The LC16m8rVV-NMES-immunized group exhibited as severe pneumonia as the control groups, although LC16m8rVV-NMES significantly decreased the pulmonary SARS-CoV titer to the same extent as LC16m8rVV-S. To identify the cause of the exacerbated pneumonia, BALB/c mice were immunized with recombinant VV that expressed the individual structural proteins of SARS-CoV (LC16mOrVV-N, -M, -E, -S) with or without LC16mOrVV-S (i.e., LC16mOrVV-N, LC16mOrVV-M, LC16mOrVV-E, or LC16mOrVV-S alone or LC16mOrVV-N + LC16mOrVV-S, LC16mOrVV-M + LC16mOrVV-S, or LC16mOrVV-E + LC16mOrVV-S), and infected with SARS-CoV more than 4 wk later. Both LC16mOrVV-N-immunized mice and LC16mOrVV-N + LC16mOrVV-S-immunized mice exhibited severe pneumonia. Furthermore, LC16mOrVV-N-immunized mice upon infection exhibited significant up-regulation of both Th1 (IFN-gamma, IL-2) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5) cytokines and down-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-beta), resulting in robust infiltration of neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes into the lung, as well as thickening of the alveolar epithelium. These results suggest that an excessive host immune response against the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV is involved in severe pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV infection. These findings increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of SARS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Yasui
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang CH, Liu XJ, Wang YF, Lu JH, Zheng HY, Xiong S, Zhang MY, Liu QY. Immune responses and histopathological changes in rabbits immunized with inactivated SARS coronavirus. Virol Sin 2008. [PMCID: PMC7090504 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-007-0033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the immunogenicity of inactivated SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), three groups of rabbits were immunized three times at 2-week intervals with inactivated vaccine + adjuvant, adjuvant, and normal saline respectively. Eight batchs of serum were sampled from the auricular vein at day 7 to day 51, and specific IgG antibody titers and neutralizing antibody titers were detected by indirect ELISA and micro-cytopathic effect neutralizing test. Antibody specificity was identified by proteinchip assay. Histopathological changes were detected by H&E staining. The results showed that, rabbits in the experimental group immunized with inactivated SARS-CoV all generated specific IgG antibodies with neutralizing activity, which suggested the inactivated SARS-CoV could preserve its antigenicity well and elicit an effective humoral immune responses. The peak titer value of specific IgG antibody and neutralizing antibody reached 1:40960 and 1:2560 respectively. In the experimental group, no obvious histopathological changes was detected in the H&E stained slides of heart, spleen, kidney and testis samples, but the livers had slight histopathological changes, and the lungs presented remarkable histopathological changes. These findings are of importance for SARS-CoV inactivated vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-hai Zhang
- Biomedicine Research & Development Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630 China
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, West Anhui University, Lu-an, 237012 China
| | - Xin-jian Liu
- Biomedicine Research & Development Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630 China
- The First People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200080 China
| | - Yi-fei Wang
- Biomedicine Research & Development Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630 China
| | - Jia-hai Lu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Huan-ying Zheng
- Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510300 China
| | - Sheng Xiong
- Biomedicine Research & Development Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630 China
| | - Mei-ying Zhang
- Biomedicine Research & Development Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630 China
| | - Qiu-ying Liu
- Biomedicine Research & Development Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630 China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shin GC, Chung YS, Kim IS, Cho HW, Kang C. Preparation and characterization of a novel monoclonal antibody specific to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus nucleocapsid protein. Virus Res 2006; 122:109-18. [PMID: 16942813 PMCID: PMC7114302 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Revised: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus nucleocapsid (SARS-CoV N) protein has been found to be important to the processes related to viral pathogenesis, such as virus replication, interference of the cell process and modulation of host immune response; detection of the antigen has been used for the early diagnosis of infection. We have used recombinant N protein expressed in insect cells to generate 17 mAbs directed against this protein. We selected five mAbs that could be used in various diagnostic assays, and all of these mAbs recognized linear epitopes. Three IgG2b mAbs were recognized within the N-terminus of N protein, whereas the epitope of two IgG1 mAbs localized within the C-terminus. These mAbs were found to have significant reactivity with both non-phosphorylated and phosphorylated N proteins, which resulted in high reactivity with native N protein in virus-infected cells; however, they did not show cross-reactivity with human coronavirus. Therefore, these results suggested that these mAbs would be useful in the development of various diagnostic kits and in future studies of SARS-CoV pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Chun Kang
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 2 380 1501; fax: +82 2 389 2014.
| |
Collapse
|