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Maheshwari A, Traub TM, Garg PM, Ethawi Y, Buonocore G. Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Clinical Features, Histopathological Characteristics, and Genetic Associations. Curr Pediatr Rev 2022; 18:210-225. [PMID: 35125082 DOI: 10.2174/1573396318666220204113858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an inflammatory bowel necrosis seen in premature infants. Although the etiopathogenesis of NEC is unclear, genetic factors may alter a patient's susceptibility, clinical course, and outcomes. This review draws from existing studies focused on individual genes and others based on microarray-based high-throughput discovery techniques. We have included evidence from our own studies and from an extensive literature search in the databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus. To avoid bias in the identification of studies, keywords were short-listed a priori from anecdotal experience and PubMed's Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) thesaurus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Terri M Traub
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Parvesh M Garg
- Global Newborn Society, Clarksville, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Yahya Ethawi
- Global Newborn Society, Clarksville, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Saudi American Hospital, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Giuseppe Buonocore
- Global Newborn Society, Clarksville, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pediatrics/ Neonatology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Tecalco-Cruz AC, Ríos-López DG, Vázquez-Victorio G, Rosales-Alvarez RE, Macías-Silva M. Transcriptional cofactors Ski and SnoN are major regulators of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2018; 3:15. [PMID: 29892481 PMCID: PMC5992185 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-018-0015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family plays major pleiotropic roles by regulating many physiological processes in development and tissue homeostasis. The TGF-β signaling pathway outcome relies on the control of the spatial and temporal expression of >500 genes, which depend on the functions of the Smad protein along with those of diverse modulators of this signaling pathway, such as transcriptional factors and cofactors. Ski (Sloan-Kettering Institute) and SnoN (Ski novel) are Smad-interacting proteins that negatively regulate the TGF-β signaling pathway by disrupting the formation of R-Smad/Smad4 complexes, as well as by inhibiting Smad association with the p300/CBP coactivators. The Ski and SnoN transcriptional cofactors recruit diverse corepressors and histone deacetylases to repress gene transcription. The TGF-β/Smad pathway and coregulators Ski and SnoN clearly regulate each other through several positive and negative feedback mechanisms. Thus, these cross-regulatory processes finely modify the TGF-β signaling outcome as they control the magnitude and duration of the TGF-β signals. As a result, any alteration in these regulatory mechanisms may lead to disease development. Therefore, the design of targeted therapies to exert tight control of the levels of negative modulators of the TGF-β pathway, such as Ski and SnoN, is critical to restore cell homeostasis under the specific pathological conditions in which these cofactors are deregulated, such as fibrosis and cancer. Proteins that repress molecular signaling through the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) pathway offer promising targets for treating cancer and fibrosis. Marina Macías-Silva and colleagues from the National Autonomous University of Mexico in Mexico City review the ways in which a pair of proteins, called Ski and SnoN, interact with downstream mediators of TGF-β to inhibit the effects of this master growth factor. Aberrant levels of Ski and SnoN have been linked to diverse range of diseases involving cell proliferation run amok, and therapies that regulate the expression of these proteins could help normalize TGF-β signaling to healthier physiological levels. For decades, drug companies have tried to target the TGF-β pathway, with limited success. Altering the activity of these repressors instead could provide a roundabout way of remedying pathogenic TGF-β activity in fibrosis and oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles C Tecalco-Cruz
- 1Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico city, 04510 Mexico
| | - Diana G Ríos-López
- 2Instituto de Fisiología Celular at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico city, 04510 Mexico
| | | | - Reyna E Rosales-Alvarez
- 2Instituto de Fisiología Celular at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico city, 04510 Mexico
| | - Marina Macías-Silva
- 2Instituto de Fisiología Celular at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico city, 04510 Mexico
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Abstract
Inhibitory Smads (I-Smads) have conserved carboxy-terminal MH2 domains but highly divergent amino-terminal regions when compared with receptor-regulated Smads (R-Smads) and common-partner Smads (co-Smads). Smad6 preferentially inhibits Smad signaling initiated by the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptors ALK-3 and ALK-6, whereas Smad7 inhibits both transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)- and BMP-induced Smad signaling. I-Smads also regulate some non-Smad signaling pathways. Here, we discuss the vertebrate I-Smads, their roles as inhibitors of Smad activation and regulators of receptor stability, as scaffolds for non-Smad signaling, and their possible roles in the nucleus. We also discuss the posttranslational modification of I-Smads, including phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, acetylation, and methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Miyazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Kohei Miyazono
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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NGS-based transcriptome profiling reveals biomarkers for companion diagnostics of the TGF-β receptor blocker galunisertib in HCC. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2634. [PMID: 28230858 PMCID: PMC5386488 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling has gained extensive interest in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The small molecule kinase inhibitor galunisertib, targeting the TGF-β receptor I (TGF-βRI), blocks HCC progression in preclinical models and shows promising effects in ongoing clinical trials. As the drug is not similarly effective in all patients, this study was aimed at identifying new companion diagnostics biomarkers for patient stratification. Next-generation sequencing-based massive analysis of cDNA ends was used to investigate the transcriptome of an invasive HCC cell line responses to TGF-β1 and galunisertib. These identified mRNA were validated in 78 frozen HCC samples and in 26 ex-vivo HCC tissues treated in culture with galunisertib. Respective protein levels in patients blood were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. SKIL, PMEPA1 ANGPTL4, SNAI1, Il11 and c4orf26 were strongly upregulated by TGF-β1 and downregulated by galunisertib in different HCC cell lines. In the 78 HCC samples, only SKIL and PMEPA1 (P<0.001) were correlated with endogenous TGF-β1. In ex-vivo samples, SKIL and PMEPA1 were strongly downregulated (P<0.001), and correlated (P<0.001) with endogenous TGF-β1. SKIL and PMEPA1 mRNA expression in tumor tissues was significantly increased compared with controls and not correlated with protein levels in the blood of paired HCC patients. SKIL and PMEPA1 mRNA levels were positively correlated with TGF-β1 mRNA concentrations in HCC tissues and strongly downregulated by galunisertib. The target genes identified here may serve as biomarkers for the stratification of HCC patients undergoing treatment with galunisertib.
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MohanKumar K, Namachivayam K, Chapalamadugu K, Garzon SA, Premkumar MH, Tipparaju S, Maheshwari A. Smad7 interrupts TGF-β signaling in intestinal macrophages and promotes inflammatory activation of these cells during necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Res 2016; 79:951-61. [PMID: 26859364 PMCID: PMC4899224 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an inflammatory bowel necrosis of premature infants. Based on our recent findings of increased Smad7 expression in surgically resected bowel affected by NEC, we hypothesized that NEC macrophages undergo inflammatory activation because increased Smad7 expression renders these cells resistant to normal, gut-specific, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-mediated suppression of inflammatory pathways. METHODS We used surgically resected human NEC tissue, murine models of NEC-like injury, bone marrow-derived and intestinal macrophages, and RAW264.7 cells. Smad7 and IκB kinase-beta (IKK-β) were measured by quantitative PCR, western blots, and immunohistochemistry. Promoter activation was confirmed in luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. RESULTS NEC macrophages showed increased Smad7 expression, particularly in areas with severe tissue damage and high bacterial load. Lipopolysaccharide-induced Smad7 expression suppressed TGF-β signaling and augmented nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation and cytokine production in macrophages. Smad7-mediated NF-κB activation was likely mediated via increased expression of IKK-β, which, further increased Smad7 expression in a feed-forward loop. We show that Smad7 induced IKK-β expression through direct binding to the IKK-β promoter and its transcriptional activation. CONCLUSION Smad7 expression in NEC macrophages interrupts TGF-β signaling and promotes NF-κB-mediated inflammatory signaling in these cells through increased expression of IKK-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan MohanKumar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Kopperuncholan Namachivayam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Kalyan Chapalamadugu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Steven A. Garzon
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Srinivas Tipparaju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Akhil Maheshwari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA, Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA, Department of Community and Family Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA,Address for correspondence: Akhil Maheshwari, 1 Tampa General Circle, Suite F170, Tampa, FL 33606, USA; Phone: 813-844-3437; Fax: 813-844-1671;
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Liu L, Wang Y, Yan R, Li S, Shi M, Xiao Y, Guo B. Oxymatrine Inhibits Renal Tubular EMT Induced by High Glucose via Upregulation of SnoN and Inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad Signaling Pathway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151986. [PMID: 27010330 PMCID: PMC4807015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling has been shown to play a critical role in the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). The nuclear transcription co-repressor Ski-related novel protein N (SnoN) is an important negative regulator of TGF-β1/Smad signal transduction, and subsequent biological responses including tubule epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), extracellular matrix accumulation and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Oxymatrine (OM) is an alkaloid extracted from the Chinese herb Sophora japonica and has been demonstrated to prevent fibrosis. However, the anti-fibrosis effect of OM in DN is still unclear. In this study, we cultured normal rat renal tubular epithelial cells (NRK52Es) in high glucose and high glucose plus OM, and detected the expression of E-cadherin, α-SMA, FN, TGF-β1, SnoN, Arkadia, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 and poly-ubiquitination of SnoN. The results showed that E-cadherin and SnoN expression in NRK52Es decreased significantly, but poly-ubiquitination of SnoN, TGF-β1, α-SMA, FN, Arkadia, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 expression significantly increased due to high glucose stimulation, which could be almost completely reversed by OM, suggesting that OM may alleviate EMT induced by high glucose via upregulating SnoN expression and inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway activation. Hence, OM could be a novel therapeutic for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Liu
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Rui Yan
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Mingjun Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Bing Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Caligaris C, Vázquez-Victorio G, Sosa-Garrocho M, Ríos-López DG, Marín-Hernández A, Macías-Silva M. Actin-cytoskeleton polymerization differentially controls the stability of Ski and SnoN co-repressors in normal but not in transformed hepatocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1832-41. [PMID: 26002202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ski and SnoN proteins function as transcriptional co-repressors in the TGF-β pathway. They regulate cell proliferation and differentiation, and their aberrant expression results in altered TGF-β signalling, malignant transformation, and alterations in cell proliferation. METHODS We carried out a comparative characterization of the endogenous Ski and SnoN protein regulation by TGF-β, cell adhesion disruption and actin-cytoskeleton rearrangements between normal and transformed hepatocytes; we also analyzed Ski and SnoN protein stability, subcellular localization, and how their protein levels impact the TGF-β/Smad-driven gene transcription. RESULTS Ski and SnoN protein levels are lower in normal hepatocytes than in hepatoma cells. They exhibit a very short half-life and a nuclear/cytoplasmic distribution in normal hepatocytes opposed to a high stability and restricted nuclear localization in hepatoma cells. Interestingly, while normal cells exhibit a transient TGF-β-induced gene expression, the hepatoma cells are characterized by a strong and sustained TGF-β-induced gene expression. A novel finding is that Ski and SnoN stability is differentially regulated by cell adhesion and cytoskeleton rearrangements in the normal hepatocytes. The inhibition of protein turnover down-regulated both Ski and SnoN co-repressors impacting the kinetic of expression of TGF-β-target genes. CONCLUSION Normal regulatory mechanisms controlling Ski and SnoN stability, subcellular localization and expression are altered in hepatocarcinoma cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This work provides evidence that Ski and SnoN protein regulation is far more complex in normal than in transformed cells, since many of the normal regulatory mechanisms are lost in transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandre Caligaris
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México D.F., 04510, México
| | - Genaro Vázquez-Victorio
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México D.F., 04510, México
| | - Marcela Sosa-Garrocho
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México D.F., 04510, México
| | - Diana G Ríos-López
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México D.F., 04510, México
| | - Alvaro Marín-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, México D.F., 14080, México
| | - Marina Macías-Silva
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México D.F., 04510, México.
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Wu D, Shen YH, Russell L, Coselli JS, LeMaire SA. Molecular mechanisms of thoracic aortic dissection. J Surg Res 2013; 184:907-24. [PMID: 23856125 PMCID: PMC3788606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) is a highly lethal vascular disease. In many patients with TAD, the aorta progressively dilates and ultimately ruptures. Dissection formation, progression, and rupture cannot be reliably prevented pharmacologically because the molecular mechanisms of aortic wall degeneration are poorly understood. The key histopathologic feature of TAD is medial degeneration, a process characterized by smooth muscle cell depletion and extracellular matrix degradation. These structural changes have a profound impact on the functional properties of the aortic wall and can result from excessive protease-mediated destruction of the extracellular matrix, altered signaling pathways, and altered gene expression. Review of the literature reveals differences in the processes that lead to ascending versus descending and sporadic versus hereditary TAD. These differences add to the complexity of this disease. Although tremendous progress has been made in diagnosing and treating TAD, a better understanding of the molecular, cellular, and genetic mechanisms that cause this disease is necessary to developing more effective preventative and therapeutic treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell Wu
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 335, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Ying H. Shen
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Ludivine Russell
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Joseph S. Coselli
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Scott A. LeMaire
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 335, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
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Hernández-Damián J, Tecalco-Cruz AC, Ríos-López DG, Vázquez-Victorio G, Vázquez-Macías A, Caligaris C, Sosa-Garrocho M, Flores-Pérez B, Romero-Avila M, Macías-Silva M. Downregulation of SnoN oncoprotein induced by antibiotics anisomycin and puromycin positively regulates transforming growth factor-β signals. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:5049-58. [PMID: 23872350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SnoN and Ski proteins function as Smad transcriptional corepressors and are implicated in the regulation of diverse cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation and transformation. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling causes SnoN and Ski protein degradation via proteasome with the participation of phosphorylated R-Smad proteins. Intriguingly, the antibiotics anisomycin (ANS) and puromycin (PURO) are also able to downregulate Ski and SnoN proteins via proteasome. METHODS We explored the effects of ANS and PURO on SnoN protein downregulation when the activity of TGF-β signaling was inhibited by using different pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, either by using specific TβRI inhibitors, overexpressing the inhibitory Smad7 protein, or knocking-down TβRI receptor or Smad2 by specific shRNAs. The outcome of SnoN and Ski downregulation induced by ANS or PURO on TGF-β signaling was also studied. RESULTS SnoN protein downregulation induced by ANS and PURO did not involve the induction of R-Smad phosphorylation but it was abrogated after TGF-β signaling inhibition; this effect occurred in a cell type-specific manner and independently of protein synthesis inhibition or any other ribotoxic effect. Intriguingly, antibiotics seem to require components of the TGF-β/Smad pathway to downregulate SnoN. In addition, SnoN protein downregulation induced by antibiotics favored gene transcription induced by TGF-β signaling. CONCLUSIONS ANS and PURO require TGF-β/Smad pathway to induce SnoN and Ski protein downregulation independently of inducing R-Smad2 phosphorylation, which facilitates TGF-β signaling. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Antibiotic analogs lacking ribotoxic effects are useful as pharmacological tools to study TGF-β signaling by controlling Ski and SnoN protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Hernández-Damián
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., 04510 Mexico
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Briones-Orta MA, Levy L, Madsen CD, Das D, Erker Y, Sahai E, Hill CS. Arkadia regulates tumor metastasis by modulation of the TGF-β pathway. Cancer Res 2013; 73:1800-10. [PMID: 23467611 PMCID: PMC3672972 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
TGF-β can act as a tumor suppressor at early stages of cancer progression and as a tumor promoter at later stages. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Arkadia (RNF111) is a critical component of the TGF-β signaling pathway, being required for a subset of responses, those mediated by Smad3-Smad4 complexes. It acts by mediating ligand-induced degradation of Ski and SnoN (SKIL), which are 2 potent transcriptional repressors. Here, we investigate the role of Arkadia in cancer using model systems to address both potential tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting roles. Stable reexpression of Arkadia in lung carcinoma NCI-H460 cells, which we show contain a hemizygous nonsense mutation in the Arkadia/RNF111 gene, efficiently restored TGF-β-induced Smad3-dependent transcription, and substantially decreased the ability of these cells to grow in soft agar in vitro. However, it had no effect on tumor growth in vivo in mouse models. Moreover, loss of Arkadia in cancer cell lines and human tumors is rare, arguing against a prominent tumor-suppressive role. In contrast, we have uncovered a potent tumor-promoting function for Arkadia. Using 3 different cancer cell lines whose tumorigenic properties are driven by TGF-β signaling, we show that loss of Arkadia function, either by overexpression of dominant negative Arkadia or by siRNA-induced knockdown, substantially inhibited lung colonization in tail vein injection experiments in immunodeficient mice. Our findings indicate that Arkadia is not critical for regulating tumor growth per se, but is required for the early stages of cancer cell colonization at the sites of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Briones-Orta
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Levy
- INSERM UMR S 938, Hôpital St-Antoine, 184 rue du Faubourg St-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Chris D. Madsen
- Tumour Cell Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Debipriya Das
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Yigit Erker
- INSERM UMR S 938, Hôpital St-Antoine, 184 rue du Faubourg St-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Erik Sahai
- Tumour Cell Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline S. Hill
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
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Namachivayam K, Blanco CL, MohanKumar K, Jagadeeswaran R, Vasquez M, McGill-Vargas L, Garzon SA, Jain SK, Gill RK, Freitag NE, Weitkamp JH, Seidner SR, Maheshwari A. Smad7 inhibits autocrine expression of TGF-β2 in intestinal epithelial cells in baboon necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G167-80. [PMID: 23154975 PMCID: PMC3543645 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00141.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Preterm infants may be at risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) due to deficiency of transforming growth factor-β 2 (TGF-β(2)) in the developing intestine. We hypothesized that low epithelial TGF-β(2) expression in preterm intestine and during NEC results from diminished autocrine induction of TGF-β(2) in these cells. Premature baboons delivered at 67% gestation were treated per current norms for human preterm infants. NEC was diagnosed by clinical and radiological findings. Inflammatory cytokines, TGF-β(2), Smad7, Ski, and strawberry notch N (SnoN)/Ski-like oncoprotein (SKIL) was measured using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunoblots, and immunohistochemistry. Smad7 effects were examined in transfected IEC6 intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Findings were validated in archived human tissue samples of NEC. NEC was recorded in seven premature baboons. Consistent with existing human data, premature baboon intestine expressed less TGF-β(2) than term intestine. TGF-β(2) expression was regulated in epithelial cells in an autocrine fashion, which was interrupted in the premature intestine and during NEC due to increased expression of Smad7. LPS increased Smad7 binding to the TGF-β(2) promoter and was associated with dimethylation of the lysine H3K9, a marker of transcriptional silencing, on the nucleosome of TGF-β(2). Increased Smad7 expression in preterm intestine was correlated with the deficiency of SnoN/SKIL, a repressor of the Smad7 promoter. Smad7 inhibits autocrine expression of TGF-β(2) in intestinal epithelial cells in the normal premature intestine and during NEC. Increased Smad7 expression in the developing intestine may be due to a developmental deficiency of the SnoN/SKIL oncoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kopperuncholan Namachivayam
- Departments of Pediatrics (1Division of Neonatology and ,2Center for Neonatal and Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease),
| | - Cynthia L. Blanco
- 3Departments of Pediatrics (Division of Neonatology), University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas;
| | - Krishnan MohanKumar
- Departments of Pediatrics (1Division of Neonatology and ,2Center for Neonatal and Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease),
| | - Ramasamy Jagadeeswaran
- Departments of Pediatrics (1Division of Neonatology and ,2Center for Neonatal and Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease),
| | - Margarita Vasquez
- 3Departments of Pediatrics (Division of Neonatology), University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas;
| | - Lisa McGill-Vargas
- 3Departments of Pediatrics (Division of Neonatology), University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas;
| | - Steven A. Garzon
- 2Center for Neonatal and Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease), ,4Pathology,
| | - Sunil K. Jain
- 5Department of Pediatrics (Division of Neonatology), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
| | - Ravinder K. Gill
- 2Center for Neonatal and Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease), ,6Medicine (Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition),
| | | | - Jörn-Hendrik Weitkamp
- 8Department of Pediatrics (Division of Neonatology), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Steven R. Seidner
- 3Departments of Pediatrics (Division of Neonatology), University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas;
| | - Akhil Maheshwari
- Departments of Pediatrics (1Division of Neonatology and ,2Center for Neonatal and Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease), ,9Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
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Rodríguez-Martínez G, Molina-Hernández A, Velasco I. Activin A promotes neuronal differentiation of cerebrocortical neural progenitor cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43797. [PMID: 22928036 PMCID: PMC3425505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Activin A is a protein that participates principally in reproductive functions. In the adult brain, Activin is neuroprotective, but its role in brain development is still elusive. Methodology/Principal Findings We studied if Activin A influences proliferation, differentiation or survival in rat cerebrocortical neural progenitor cells (NPC). After stimulation of NPC with Activin A, phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Smad 2/3 were induced. In proliferating NPC, Activin produced a significant decrease in cell area and also a discrete increase in the number of neurons in the presence of the mitogen Fibroblast Growth Factor 2. The percentages of cells incorporating BrdU, or positive for the undifferentiated NPC markers Nestin and Sox2, were unchanged after incubation with Activin. In differentiating conditions, continuous treatment with Activin A significantly increased the number of neurons without affecting astroglial differentiation or causing apoptotic death. In cells cultured by extended periods, Activin treatment produced further increases in the proportion of neurons, excluding premature cell cycle exit. In clonal assays, Activin significantly increased neuronal numbers per colony, supporting an instructive role. Activin-induced neurogenesis was dependent on activation of its receptors, since incubation with the type I receptor inhibitor SB431542 or the ligand-trap Follistatin prevented neuronal differentiation. Interestingly, SB431542 or Follistatin by themselves abolished neurogenesis and increased astrogliogenesis, to a similar extent to that induced by Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP)4. Co-incubation of these Activin inhibitors with the BMP antagonist Dorsomorphin restored neuronal and astrocytic differentiation to control levels. Conclusions Our results show an instructive neuronal effect of Activin A in cortical NPC in vitro, pointing out to a relevant role of this cytokine in the specification of NPC towards a neuronal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anayansi Molina-Hernández
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, México
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, México
- * E-mail:
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13
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Tecalco-Cruz AC, Sosa-Garrocho M, Vázquez-Victorio G, Ortiz-García L, Domínguez-Hüttinger E, Macías-Silva M. Transforming growth factor-β/SMAD Target gene SKIL is negatively regulated by the transcriptional cofactor complex SNON-SMAD4. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:26764-76. [PMID: 22674574 PMCID: PMC3411014 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.386599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human SKI-like (SKIL) gene encodes the SMAD transcriptional corepressor SNON that antagonizes TGF-β signaling. SNON protein levels are tightly regulated by the TGF-β pathway: whereas a short stimulation with TGF-β decreases SNON levels by its degradation via the proteasome, longer TGF-β treatment increases SNON levels by inducing SKIL gene expression. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in the self-regulation of SKIL gene expression by SNON. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the human SKIL gene proximal promoter contains a TGF-β response element (TRE) bearing four groups of SMAD-binding elements that are also conserved in mouse. Two regions of 408 and 648 bp of the human SKIL gene (∼2.4 kb upstream of the ATG initiation codon) containing the core promoter, transcription start site, and the TRE were cloned for functional analysis. Binding of SMAD and SNON proteins to the TRE region of the SKIL gene promoter after TGF-β treatment was demonstrated by ChIP and sequential ChIP assays. Interestingly, the SNON-SMAD4 complex negatively regulated basal SKIL gene expression through binding the promoter and recruiting histone deacetylases. In response to TGF-β signal, SNON is removed from the SKIL gene promoter, and then the activated SMAD complexes bind the promoter to induce SKIL gene expression. Subsequently, the up-regulated SNON protein in complex with SMAD4 represses its own expression as part of the negative feedback loop regulating the TGF-β pathway. Accordingly, when the SNON-SMAD4 complex is absent as in some cancer cells lacking SMAD4 the regulation of some TGF-β target genes is modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles C. Tecalco-Cruz
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal 04510, México
| | - Marcela Sosa-Garrocho
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal 04510, México
| | - Genaro Vázquez-Victorio
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal 04510, México
| | - Layla Ortiz-García
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal 04510, México
| | - Elisa Domínguez-Hüttinger
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal 04510, México
| | - Marina Macías-Silva
- From the Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, Distrito Federal 04510, México
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14
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Heuzé ML, Lamsoul I, Moog-Lutz C, Lutz PG. Ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2008; 40:200-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Nagano Y, Mavrakis KJ, Lee KL, Fujii T, Koinuma D, Sase H, Yuki K, Isogaya K, Saitoh M, Imamura T, Episkopou V, Miyazono K, Miyazawa K. Arkadia induces degradation of SnoN and c-Ski to enhance transforming growth factor-beta signaling. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:20492-501. [PMID: 17510063 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701294200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling is controlled by a variety of regulators that target either signaling receptors or activated Smad complexes. Among the negative regulators, Smad7 antagonizes TGF-beta signaling mainly through targeting the signaling receptors, whereas SnoN and c-Ski repress signaling at the transcriptional level through inactivation of Smad complexes. We previously found that Arkadia is a positive regulator of TGF-beta signaling that induces ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Smad7 through its C-terminal RING domain. We report here that Arkadia induces degradation of SnoN and c-Ski in addition to Smad7. Arkadia interacts with SnoN and c-Ski in their free forms as well as in the forms bound to Smad proteins, and constitutively down-regulates levels of their expression. Arkadia thus appears to effectively enhance TGF-beta signaling through simultaneous down-regulation of two distinct types of negative regulators, Smad7 and SnoN/c-Ski, and may play an important role in determining the intensity of TGF-beta family signaling in target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Nagano
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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