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Lee JY, Kim HS, Kim SH, Kim HS, Cho BP. Combination of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Enhances Neurological Recovery of 6-Hydroxydopamine Model of Parkinsonian's Disease. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 17:67-80. [PMID: 31970698 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-019-00233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been in use for the treatment of various neurological diseases, including depression, anxiety, stroke and Parkinson's disease (PD), while its underlying mechanism is stills unclear. This study was undertaken to evaluate the potential synergism of rTMS treatment to the beneficial effect of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) administration for PD and to clarify the mechanism of action of this therapeutic approach. METHODS The neuroprotective effect in nigral dopamine neurons, neurotrophic/growth factors and anti-/pro-inflammatory cytokine regulation, and functional recovery were assessed in the rat 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model of PD upon administration of hMSCs and rTMS. RESULTS Transplanted hMSCs were identified in the substantia nigra, and striatum. Enhancement of the survival of SN dopamine neurons and the expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase protein were observed in the hMSCs + rTMS compared to that of controls. Combination therapy significantly elevated the expression of several key neurotrophic factors, of which the highest expression was recorded in the rTMS + hMSC group. In addition, the combination therapy significantly upregulated IL-10 expression while decreased IFN-γ and TNF-α production in a synergistic manner. The treadmill locomotion test (TLT) revealed that motor function was improved in the rTMS + hMSC treatment with synergy. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that rTMS treatment and hMSC transplantation could synergistically create a favorable microenvironment for cell survival within the PD rat brain, through alteration of soluble factors such as neurotrophic/growth factors and anti-/pro-inflammatory cytokines related to neuronal protection or repair, with preservation of DA neurons and improvement of motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yong Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- FCB-Pharmicell Co. Ltd., 520 Sicox Tower, 484 Dunchon-daero, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13229, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Department and Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Soo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medical Convergence, 24 Beomil-ro, 579 beon-gil, Gangneung-Si, Gangwon-do, 25601, Republic of Korea.
- Basic Research Division, Biomedical Institute of Mycological Resource, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, 24 Beomil-ro, 579 beon-gil, Gangneung-Si, Gangwon-do, 25601, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung Pil Cho
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 26426, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do, 26426, Republic of Korea.
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Sun Y, Selvaraj S, Pandey S, Humphrey KM, Foster JD, Wu M, Watt JA, Singh BB, Ohm JE. MPP + decreases store-operated calcium entry and TRPC1 expression in Mesenchymal Stem Cell derived dopaminergic neurons. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11715. [PMID: 30082759 PMCID: PMC6079049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder involving the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons (DNs), with currently available therapeutics, such as L-Dopa, only able to relieve some symptoms. Stem cell replacement is an attractive therapeutic option for PD patients, and DNs derived by differentiating patient specific stem cells under defined in-vitro conditions may present a viable opportunity to replace dying neurons. We adopted a previously published approach to differentiate Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) into DN using a 12-day protocol involving FGF-2, bFGF, SHH ligand and BDNF. While MSC-derived DNs have been characterized for neuronal markers and electrophysiological properties, we investigated store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) mechanisms of these DNs under normal conditions, and upon exposure to environmental neurotoxin, 1-methyl, 4-phenyl pyridinium ion (MPP+). Overall, we show that MSC-derived DNs are functional with regard to SOCE mechanisms, and MPP+ exposure dysregulates calcium signaling, making them vulnerable to neurodegeneration. Since in-vitro differentiation of MSCs into DNs is an important vehicle for PD disease modeling and regenerative medicine, the results of this study may help with understanding of the pathological mechanisms underlying PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58203, USA
| | - Senthil Selvaraj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58203, USA
| | - Sumali Pandey
- Biosciences Department, Minnesota State University, Moorhead, Moorhead, MN, USA
| | - Kristen M Humphrey
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - James D Foster
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58203, USA
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58203, USA
| | - John A Watt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58203, USA
| | - Brij B Singh
- School of Dentistry, UT Health Science Center San Antonio, TX, 78229, San Antonio, USA.
| | - Joyce E Ohm
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
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Glavaski-Joksimovic A, Bohn MC. Mesenchymal stem cells and neuroregeneration in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:25-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ghorbanian MT, Tiraihi T, Mesbah-Namin SA, Fathollahi Y. Selegiline is an efficient and potent inducer for bone marrow stromal cell differentiation into neuronal phenotype. Neurol Res 2013; 32:185-93. [PMID: 19422735 DOI: 10.1179/174313209x409016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Taghi Ghorbanian
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat, Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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A comparison of the behavioral and anatomical outcomes in sub-acute and chronic spinal cord injury models following treatment with human mesenchymal precursor cell transplantation and recombinant decorin. Exp Neurol 2013; 248:343-59. [PMID: 23867131 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the potential of highly purified (Stro-1(+)) human mesenchymal precursor cells (hMPCs) in combination with the anti-scarring protein decorin to repair the injured spinal cord (SC). Donor hMPCs isolated from spinal cord injury (SCI) patients were transplanted into athymic rats as a suspension graft, alone or after previous treatment with, core (decorin(core)) and proteoglycan (decorin(pro)) isoforms of purified human recombinant decorin. Decorin was delivered via mini-osmotic pumps for 14 days following sub-acute (7 day) or chronic (1 month) SCI. hMPCs were delivered to the spinal cord at 3 weeks or 6 weeks after the initial injury at T9 level. Behavioral and anatomical analysis in this study showed statistically significant improvement in functional recovery, tissue sparing and cyst volume reduction following hMPC therapy. The combination of decorin infusion followed by hMPC therapy did not improve these measured outcomes over the use of cell therapy alone, in either sub-acute or chronic SCI regimes. However, decorin infusion did improve tissue sparing, reduce spinal tissue cavitation and increase transplanted cell survivability as compared to controls. Immunohistochemical analysis of spinal cord sections revealed differences in glial, neuronal and extracellular matrix molecule expression within each experimental group. hMPC transplanted spinal cords showed the increased presence of serotonergic (5-HT) and sensory (CGRP) axonal growth within and surrounding transplanted hMPCs for up to 2 months; however, no evidence of hMPC transdifferentiation into neuronal or glial phenotypes. The number of hMPCs was dramatically reduced overall, and no transplanted cells were detected at 8 weeks post-injection using lentiviral GFP labeling and human nuclear antigen antibody labeling. The presence of recombinant decorin in the cell transplantation regimes delayed in part the loss of donor cells, with small numbers remaining at 2 months after transplantation. In vitro co-culture experiments with embryonic dorsal root ganglion explants revealed the growth promoting properties of hMPCs. Decorin did not increase axonal outgrowth from that achieved by hMPCs. We provide evidence for the first time that (Stro-1(+)) hMPCs provide: i) an advantageous source of allografts for stem cell transplantation for sub-acute and chronic spinal cord therapy, and (ii) a positive host microenvironment that promotes tissue sparing/repair that subsequently improves behavioral outcomes after SCI. This was not measurably improved by recombinant decorin treatment, but does provide important information for the future development and potential use of decorin in contusive SCI therapy.
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The sonic hedgehog pathway mediates brain plasticity and subsequent functional recovery after bone marrow stromal cell treatment of stroke in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1015-24. [PMID: 23549381 PMCID: PMC3705435 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) improve neurologic recovery after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). To examine whether in vivo blockage of the endogenous sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway affects grafted MSC-induced neurologic benefits, MCAo mice were administered: vehicle (control); cyclopamine (CP)- a specific Shh pathway inhibitor; MSC; and MSC and cyclopamine (MSC-CP). Neurologic function was evaluated after MCAo. Electron microscopy and immunofluorescence staining were employed to measure synapse density, protein expression of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and Shh in parenchymal cells in the ischemic boundary zone (IBZ), respectively. Marrow stromal cell treatment significantly enhanced functional recovery after ischemia, concurrent with increases of synaptophysin, synapse density, and myelinated axons along the IBZ, and significantly increased tPA and Shh expression in astrocytes and neurons compared with control. After treatment with MSC-CP or CP, the above effects were reversed. Co-culture of MSCs with cortical neurons confirmed the effect of Shh on MSC-mediated neurite outgrowth. Our data support the hypothesis that the Shh pathway mediates brain plasticity via tPA and thereby functional recovery after treatment of stroke with MSCs.
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Imai Y, Youn MY, Inoue K, Takada I, Kouzmenko A, Kato S. Nuclear receptors in bone physiology and diseases. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:481-523. [PMID: 23589826 PMCID: PMC3768103 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, our view on the skeleton as a mere solid physical support structure has been transformed, as bone emerged as a dynamic, constantly remodeling tissue with systemic regulatory functions including those of an endocrine organ. Reflecting this remarkable functional complexity, distinct classes of humoral and intracellular regulatory factors have been shown to control vital processes in the bone. Among these regulators, nuclear receptors (NRs) play fundamental roles in bone development, growth, and maintenance. NRs are DNA-binding transcription factors that act as intracellular transducers of the respective ligand signaling pathways through modulation of expression of specific sets of cognate target genes. Aberrant NR signaling caused by receptor or ligand deficiency may profoundly affect bone health and compromise skeletal functions. Ligand dependency of NR action underlies a major strategy of therapeutic intervention to correct aberrant NR signaling, and significant efforts have been made to design novel synthetic NR ligands with enhanced beneficial properties and reduced potential negative side effects. As an example, estrogen deficiency causes bone loss and leads to development of osteoporosis, the most prevalent skeletal disorder in postmenopausal women. Since administration of natural estrogens for the treatment of osteoporosis often associates with undesirable side effects, several synthetic estrogen receptor ligands have been developed with higher therapeutic efficacy and specificity. This review presents current progress in our understanding of the roles of various nuclear receptor-mediated signaling pathways in bone physiology and disease, and in development of advanced NR ligands for treatment of common skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Imai
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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8
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Hodgetts SI, Simmons PJ, Plant GW. Human Mesenchymal Precursor Cells (Stro-1+) from Spinal Cord Injury Patients Improve Functional Recovery and Tissue Sparing in an Acute Spinal Cord Injury Rat Model. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:393-412. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x656081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the potential of purified (Stro-1+) human mesenchymal precursor cells (hMPCs) to repair the injured spinal cord (SC) after transplantation into T-cell-deficient athymic RNU nude rats following acute moderate contusive spinal cord injury (SCI). hMPCs were isolated from the bone marrow (BM) stroma of SCI patients and transplanted as a suspension graft in medium [with or without immunosuppression using cyclosporin A (CsA)]. Extensive anatomical analysis shows statistically significant improvement in functional recovery, tissue sparing, and cyst reduction. We provide quantitative assessment of supraspinal projections in combination with functional outcomes. hMPC-transplanted animals consistently achieved mean BBB scores of 15 at 8 weeks postinjury. Quantitative histological staining revealed that graft-recipient animals possessed more intact spinal tissue and reduced cyst formation than controls. Fluorogold (FG) retrograde tracing revealed sparing/regeneration of supraspinal and local propriospinal axonal pathways, but no statistical differences were observed compared to controls. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed increased serotonergic (5-HT) and sensory (CGRP) axonal growth within and surrounding transplanted donor hMPCs 2 weeks posttransplantation, but no evidence of hMPC transdifferentiation was seen. Although hMPCs initially survive at 2 weeks posttransplantation, their numbers were dramatically reduced and no cells were detected at 8 weeks posttransplantation using retroviral/lentiviral GFP labeling and a human nuclear antigen (HNA) antibody. Additional immunosuppression with CsA did not improve hMPC survival or their ability to promote tissue sparing or functional recovery. We propose Stro-1+-selected hMPCs provide (i) a reproducible source for stem cell transplantation for SC therapy and (ii) a positive host microenvironment resulting in the promotion of tissue sparing/repair that subsequently improves behavioral outcomes after SCI. Our results provide a new candidate for consideration as a stem cell therapy for the repair of traumatic CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart I. Hodgetts
- Eileen Bond Spinal Cord Research Laboratory, School of Anatomy and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Paul J. Simmons
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Giles W. Plant
- Eileen Bond Spinal Cord Research Laboratory, School of Anatomy and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
- Stanford Partnership for Spinal Cord Injury and Repair, Stanford Institute for Neuro-Innovation and Translational Neurosciences and Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Khoo MLM, Tao H, Meedeniya ACB, Mackay-Sim A, Ma DDF. Transplantation of neuronal-primed human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in hemiparkinsonian rodents. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19025. [PMID: 21625433 PMCID: PMC3100305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have shown promise in in vitro neuronal differentiation and in cellular therapy for neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson' disease. However, the effects of intracerebral transplantation are not well defined, and studies do not agreed on the optimal neuronal differentiation method. Here, we investigated three growth factor-based neuronal differentiation procedures (using FGF-2/EGF/PDGF/SHH/FGF-8/GDNF), and found all to be capable of eliciting an immature neural phenotype, in terms of cell morphology and gene/protein expression. The neuronal-priming (FGF-2/EGF) method induced neurosphere-like formation and the highest NES and NR4A2 expression by hMSCs. Transplantation of undifferentiated and neuronal-primed hMSCs into the striatum and substantia nigra of 6-OHDA-lesioned hemiparkinsonian rats revealed transient graft survival of 7 days, despite the reported immunosuppressive properties of MSCs and cyclosporine-immunosuppression of rats. Neither differentiation of hMSCs nor induction of host neurogenesis was observed at injection sites, and hMSCs continued producing mesodermal fibronectin. Strategies for improving engraftment and differentiation post-transplantation, such as prior in vitro neuronal-priming, nigral and striatal grafting, and co-transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells that promote neural regeneration, were unable to provide advantages. Innate inflammatory responses (Iba-1-positive microglia/macrophage and GFAP-positive astrocyte activation and accumulation) were detected around grafts within 7 days. Our findings indicate that growth factor-based methods allow hMSC differentiation toward immature neuronal-like cells, and contrary to previous reports, only transient survival and engraftment of hMSCs occurs following transplantation in immunosuppressed hemiparkinsonian rats. In addition, suppression of host innate inflammatory responses may be a key factor for improving hMSC survival and engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L. M. Khoo
- Blood Stem Cells and Cancer Research, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, and The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen Tao
- Blood Stem Cells and Cancer Research, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, and The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adrian C. B. Meedeniya
- National Centre for Adult Stem Cell Research, Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alan Mackay-Sim
- National Centre for Adult Stem Cell Research, Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David D. F. Ma
- Blood Stem Cells and Cancer Research, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, and The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Transplantation of undifferentiated human mesenchymal stem cells protects against 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxicity in the rat. Cell Transplant 2009; 19:203-17. [PMID: 19906332 DOI: 10.3727/096368909x479839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have been increasingly recognized as a potential tool to replace or support cells damaged by the neurodegenerative process that underlies Parkinson's disease (PD). In this frame, human adult mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have been proposed as an attractive alternative to heterologous embryonic or neural precursor cells. To address this issue, in this study we implanted undifferentiated hMSCs into the striatum of rats bearing a lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway induced by local injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a widely recognized rodent model of PD. Before grafting, cultured hMSCs expressed markers of both undifferentiated and committed neural cells, including nestin, GAP-43, NSE, beta-tubulin III, and MAP-2, as well as several cytokine mRNAs. No glial or specific neuronal markers were detected. Following transplantation, some hMSCs acquired a glial-like phenotype, as shown by immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), but only in animals bearing the nigrostriatal lesion. More importantly, rats that received the striatal graft showed increased survival of both cell bodies and terminals of dopaminergic, nigrostriatal neurons, coupled with a reduction of the behavioral abnormalities (apomorphine-induced turning behavior) associated with the lesion. No differentiation of the MSCs toward a neuronal (dopaminergic) phenotype was observed in vivo. In conclusion, our results suggest that grafted hMSCs exert neuroprotective effects against nigrostriatal degeneration induced by 6-OHDA. The mechanisms underlying this effect remain to be clarified, although it is likely that the acquisition of a glial phenotype by grafted hMSCs may lead to the release of prosurvival cytokines within the lesioned striatum.
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Lammi J, Aarnisalo P. FGF-8 stimulates the expression of NR4A orphan nuclear receptors in osteoblasts. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 295:87-93. [PMID: 18809462 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nurr1, NGFI-B, and Nor1 form the NR4A subfamily of orphan nuclear receptors. The NR4A receptors are immediate early genes that can be rapidly induced in response to a variety of stimuli in many cell types, for example, in osteoblasts. Nurr1 regulates the differentiation of osteoblasts and the expression of several osteoblastic genes. Fibroblast growth factor 8b (FGF-8b) regulates osteoblastic differentiation. We show here that treatment of preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells or mouse bone marrow mesenchymal cells with FGF-8b induces the expression of NR4A receptors rapidly and in a dose-dependent manner. This induction involves mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI-3K), and protein kinase C (PKC) pathways. FGF-8b stimulates the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells. This effect is enhanced by overexpression of Nurr1 and NGFI-B whereas it is abolished by a dominant negative Nurr1 variant. In conclusion, FGF-8b induces the expression of NR4A orphan nuclear receptors that are involved in mediating the growth promoting effect of FGF-8b in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Lammi
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Marcus AJ, Coyne TM, Black IB, Woodbury D. Fate of amnion-derived stem cells transplanted to the fetal rat brain: migration, survival and differentiation. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12:1256-64. [PMID: 18782190 PMCID: PMC3865670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently characterized a stem cell population isolated from the rodent amniotic membrane termed amnion-derived stem cells (ADSCs). In vitro ADSCs differentiate into cell types representing all three embryonic layers, including neural cells. In this study we evaluated the neuroectodermal potential of ADSCs in vivo after in utero transplantation into the developing rat brain. A clonal line of green fluorescent protein-expressing ADSCs were infused into the telencephalic ventricles of the developing embryonic day 15.5 rat brain. At E17.5 donor cells existed primarily as spheres in the ventricles with subsets fused to the ventricular walls, suggesting a mode of entry into the brain parenchyma. By E21.5 green fluorescent protein (GFP) ADSCs migrated to a number of brain regions. Examination at postnatal time points revealed that donor ADSCs expressed vimentin and nestin. Subsets of transplanted ADSCs attained neuronal morphologies, although there was no immunohistochemical evidence of neural or glial differentiation. Some donor cells migrated around blood vessels and differentiated into putative endothelial cells. Donor ADSCs transplanted in utero were present in recipients into adulthood with no evidence of immunological rejection or tumour formation. Long-term survival may suggest utility in the treatment of disorders where differentiation to a neural cell type is not required for clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Marcus
- The Ira B. Black Center for Stem Cell Research and the Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway NJ 08854-5635, USA.
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Jin GZ, Yin XJ, Yu XF, Cho SJ, Lee HS, Lee HJ, Kong IK. Enhanced tyrosine hydroxylase expression in PC12 cells co-cultured with feline mesenchymal stem cells. J Vet Sci 2008; 8:377-82. [PMID: 17993752 PMCID: PMC2868154 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2007.8.4.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) secrete a variety of neuroregulatory molecules, such as nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, which upregulate tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene expression in PC12 cells. Enhancing TH gene expression is a critical step for treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). The objective of this study was to assess the effects of co-culturing PC12 cells with MSCs from feline bone marrow on TH protein expression. We divided the study into three groups: an MSC group, a PC12 cell group, and the combined MSC + PC12 cell group (the co-culture group). All cells were cultured in DMEM-HG medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum for three days. Thereafter, the cells were examined using western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. In western blots, the co-culture group demonstrated a stronger signal at 60 kDa than the PC12 cell group (p<0.001). TH was not expressed in the MSC group, either in western blot or immunocytochemistry. Thus, the MSCs of feline bone marrow can up-regulate TH expression in PC12 cells. This implies a new role for MSCs in the neurodegenerative disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhen Jin
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
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Abstract
Cells of the central nervous system were once thought to be incapable of regeneration. This dogma has been challenged in the last decade with studies showing new, migrating stem cells in the brain in many rodent injury models and findings of new neurones in the human hippocampus in adults. Moreover, there are reports of bone marrow-derived cells developing neuronal and vascular phenotypes and aiding in repair of injured brain. These findings have fuelled excitement and interest in regenerative medicine for neurological diseases, arguably the most difficult diseases to treat. There are numerous proposed regenerative approaches to neurological diseases. These include cell therapy approaches in which cells are delivered intracerebrally or are infused by an intravenous or intra-arterial route; stem cell mobilization approaches in which endogenous stem and progenitor cells are mobilized by cytokines such as granulocyte colony stimulatory factor (GCSF) or chemokines such as SDF-1; trophic and growth factor support, such as delivering brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) into the brain to support injured neurones; these approaches may be used together to maximize recovery. While initially, it was thought that cell therapy might work by a 'cell replacement' mechanism, a large body of evidence is emerging that cell therapy works by providing trophic or 'chaperone' support to the injured tissue and brain. Angiogenesis and neurogenesis are coupled in the brain. Increasing angiogenesis with adult stem cell approaches in rodent models of stroke leads to preservation of neurones and improved functional outcome. A number of stem and progenitor cell types has been proposed as therapy for neurological disease ranging from neural stem cells to bone marrow derived stem cells to embryonic stem cells. Any cell therapy approach to neurological disease will have to be scalable and easily commercialized if it will have the necessary impact on public health. Currently, bone marrow-derived cell populations such as the marrow stromal cell, multipotential progenitor cells, umbilical cord stem cells and neural stem cells meet these criteria the best. Of great clinical significance, initial evidence suggests these cell types may be delivered by an allogeneic approach, so strict tissue matching may not be necessary. The most immediate impact on patients will be achieved by making use of the trophic support capability of cell therapy and not by a cell replacement mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Hess
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Marcus AJ, Coyne TM, Rauch J, Woodbury D, Black IB. Isolation, characterization, and differentiation of stem cells derived from the rat amniotic membrane. Differentiation 2007; 76:130-44. [PMID: 17608732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2007.00194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stem-cell-based therapies may offer treatments for a variety of intractable diseases. A fundamental goal in stem-cell biology concerns the characterization of diverse populations that exhibit different potentials, growth capabilities, and therapeutic utilities. We report the characterization of a stem-cell population isolated from tissue explants of rat amniotic membrane. Similar to mesenchymal stem cells, these amnion-derived stem cells (ADSCs) express the surface markers CD29 and CD90, but were negative for the lymphohematopoietic markers CD45 and CD11b. ADSCs exist in culture in a multidifferentiated state, expressing neuroectodermal (neurofilament-M), mesodermal (fibronectin), and endodermal (alpha-1-antitrypsin) genes. To assess plasticity, ADSCs were subjected to a number of culture conditions intended to encourage differentiation into neuroectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal cell types. ADSCs cultured in a defined neural induction media assumed neuronal morphologies and up-regulated neural-specific genes. Under different conditions, ADSCs were capable of differentiating into presumptive bone and fat cells, indicated by the deposition of mineralized matrix and accumulated lipid droplets, respectively. Moreover, ADSCs cultured in media that promotes liver cell differentiation up-regulated liver-specific genes (albumin) and internalized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), consistent with a hepatocyte phenotype. To determine whether this observed plasticity reflects the presence of true stem cells within the population, we have derived individual clones from single cells. Clonal lines recapitulate the expression pattern of parental ADSC cultures and are multipotent. ADSCs have been cultured for 20 passages without losing their plasticity, suggesting long-term self-renewal. In sum, our data suggest that ADSCs and derived clonal lines are capable of long-term self-renewal and multidifferentiation, fulfilling all the criteria of a stem-cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiva J Marcus
- The Ira B. Black Center for Stem Cell Research, Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854-5635, USA.
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