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Dökmeci AH, Karaboğa İ, Güzel S, Erboğa ZF, Yılmaz A. Toxicological assessment of low-dose bisphenol A, lead and endosulfan combination: chronic toxicity study in male rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:10558-10574. [PMID: 34523106 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16407-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, toxic effects, both alone and combined, of bisphenol A (BPA), lead (Pb) and endosulfan (ES) in the low doses were investigated in rat liver and kidney functions. In the study, bisphenol A (BPA), lead (Pb) and endosulfan (ES) were chosen because although they are the chemicals people are most frequently exposed to, no combined toxic effect studies were conducted with these chemicals. Sixty-four male Wistar albino rats were used in the study, and they were randomly divided into eight groups (n = 8 per group); control, BPA (5 mg/kg), Pb (100 ppm), ES (0.61 mg/kg), BPA+Pb, BPA+ES, Pb+ES and BPA+P+ES. The rats were sacrificed after 65 days of treatment. Severe histopathological changes in the liver and kidney tissues were observed in the rats exposed to BPA+Pb+ES combination. Elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver and decreased superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) in the kidney tissue were detected in the BPA+Pb+ES group compared to those of the control group. It was found that serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CREA) levels were higher in the BPA+Pb+ES combination group than the control group. Also, combined exposure of BPA, Pb and ES caused apoptotic cell numbers and inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) to increase in the liver and kidney tissues. The results of the present study suggested that the BPA, Pb and ES caused more dramatic changes to both histological architecture and cell apoptosis in the liver and kidney tissues when there was a combined exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Handan Dökmeci
- School of Health, Department of Emergency and Disaster Management, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, 59030, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - İhsan Karaboğa
- School of Health, Department of Emergency and Disaster Management, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, 59030, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
| | - Savaş Güzel
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Fidanol Erboğa
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Ahsen Yılmaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey
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2
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Oyovwi MO, Ben-Azu B, Tesi EP, Oyeleke AA, Uruaka CI, Rotu RA, Aya-Ebi EO. Repeated endosulfan exposure induces changes in neurochemicals, decreases ATPase transmembrane ionic-pumps, and increased oxidative/nitrosative stress in the brains of rats: Reversal by quercetin. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 175:104833. [PMID: 33993958 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Neurochemical and ATPase deregulations play important role in toxicant-induced neurodegeneration. Previous studies have shown that loss of ATPase ionic-pumps alters neurochemical balance via increased ammonia, oxidative and nitrosative stress. Thus, this study investigated the ameliorative potentials of quercetin on neurochemical, ATPase changes, hyperammonemia and oxidative/nitrosative status in the brains of Wistar rats exposed to endosulfan, a known toxic environmental pesticide that is casually used in many developing countries. Adult rats were divided into five treatment groups (n = 5). Groups 1-2 received normal saline and corn oil (vehicle) (10 mL/kg/day), group 3 received quercetin (20 mg/kg/day) orally for 28 days consecutively. However, animals in groups 4-5 were given endosulfan (5 mg/kg/day, p.o) for 28 days. But, from the 14th to 28th day, group 4 additionally received vehicle (10 mL/kg/day, p.o.), while group 5 was treated with quercetin (20 mg/kg/day, p.o.). Thereafter, brain levels of neurochemicals, ATPase activities, ammonia and oxidative/nitrosative stress were investigated by employing standardized biochemical assay protocols. Quercetin increased endosulfan-induced decreased levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, GABA, and decreased elevated concentrations of glutamate and serotonin. Quercetin normalized the increased levels of acetylcholinesterase and ammonia. Furthermore, quercetin significantly reversed the decrease in Na+/K+, Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase activities induced by endosulfan. Also, quercetin increased superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities, and reduced nitrite and peroxynitrite levels in brains of rats. These findings further provide evidence of the ameliorative potential of quercetin against endosulfan-induced neurotoxicity via attenuation of neurochemical, ATPase changes, and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity, ammonia release and oxidative/nitrosative stress in rat brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mega O Oyovwi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Achievers University, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Benneth Ben-Azu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.
| | - Edesiri P Tesi
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwashi-Uku, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Abioye A Oyeleke
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Achievers University, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Christian I Uruaka
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Rotu A Rotu
- Department of Industrial safety and Environmental Management, School of Maritime Technology, Burutu, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Eneni Okubo Aya-Ebi
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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3
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Téllez-Bañuelos MC, González-Ochoa S, Ortiz-Lazareno PC, Rosas-Gonzalez VC, Gómez-Villela J, Haramati J. Low-dose endosulfan inhibits proliferation and induces senescence and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in human lymphocytes, preferentially impacting cytotoxic cells. J Immunotoxicol 2019; 16:173-181. [PMID: 31589084 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2019.1668513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosulfan is a DDT-era organochlorine pesticide. Due to past and current environmental contamination, investigation of endosulfan exposure is of current importance. Acute high dose exposure precipitates neural/endocrine system damage, but the effects on the immune system and of lower doses are not well-characterized. Two relatively low concentrations of endosulfan (i.e. 0.1 and 17 µM ENDO) were investigated in an in vitro study using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to understand effects of relatively low doses (0.1-25.0 µM [≈0.04-10 ppm/40-10,000 ppb]) of ENDO upon normal human T- and B-lymphocytes and NK cells. The study here found that 17 µM ENDO inhibited phytohemagglutinin-M (PHA)-induced human PBMC proliferation. It was also seen that senescence and apoptosis among non-stimulated cells was increased, specifically within CD8 and NK populations, and that CD4:CD8 ratios also were increased. Treatment of non-stimulated PBMC with ENDO led to overall increases in production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, -4, and -6, and decreased production of anti-inflammatory IL-10, suggesting an immunosenescence secretory phenotype. Interestingly, when the cells were pre-stimulated with mitogen (PHA), ENDO became inhibitory against the mitogen-induced proliferation and cytokine formation - with the exception of that of TNFα and IL-6, suggesting differential effects of ENDO on activated cells. Thus, at the organismal level, ENDO might also display differential effects during states of autoimmune disease or chronic viral infection in the exposed host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Cecilia Téllez-Bañuelos
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara , México.,Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara , México
| | - Salvador González-Ochoa
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara , México.,División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS , Guadalajara , México.,Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara , México
| | - Pablo Cesar Ortiz-Lazareno
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS , Guadalajara , México.,Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara , México
| | - Vida Celeste Rosas-Gonzalez
- División de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS , Guadalajara , México.,Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara , México
| | - Jaime Gómez-Villela
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara , México
| | - Jesse Haramati
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara , México.,Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara , México
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4
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Terry AI, Benitez-Kruidenier S, DeKrey GK. Effects of endosulfan isomers on cytokine and nitric oxide production by differentially activated RAW 264.7 cells. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:396-400. [PMID: 29765866 PMCID: PMC5949890 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-cytotoxic concentrations of endosulfan suppressed NO production. Suppression of NO was a more sensitive endpoint than suppression of TNF. Endosulfan alpha had greater cytotoxic potency than endosulfan beta.
Endosulfan is an organochlorine insecticide comprised of two isomers: endosulfan-α and endosulfan-β. Endosulfan exposure has been shown to elevate some inflammatory factors, such as nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), in animals or cultures of animal cells. Because the two endosulfan isomers can vary in their biological activities, the goal of this study was to determine if individual endosulfan isomers differentially impact production of NO or TNF by the mouse macrophage cell RAW 264.7 at non-cytotoxic levels. We found elevated TNF with exposure to endosulfan-α (not endosulfan-β), but only at concentrations that were cytotoxic (≥100 μM), whereas neither endosulfan isomer altered baseline levels of NO at any concentration up to 300 μM. In interferon (IFN)-γ-activated cultures, NO levels were significantly suppressed by either endosulfan isomer at 10 μM (the lowest concentration examined), whereas only endosulfan-β significantly lowered TNF levels at non-cytotoxic concentrations. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated cultures, both endosulfan isomers significantly reduced NO, but not TNF, at non-cytotoxic concentrations. These results suggest that the endosulfan isomers have some capacity to alter inflammatory responses differentially, particularly with IFN-γ stimulation.
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Key Words
- AP-1, activator protein 1
- DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide
- ER, estrogen receptor
- Endosulfan
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- Inflammation
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- Macrophage
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOS2, nitric oxide synthase type 2
- Nitric oxide
- PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TNF
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I Terry
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, 501 20th Street, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | - Sandra Benitez-Kruidenier
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, 501 20th Street, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | - Gregory K DeKrey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, 501 20th Street, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
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Gómez-Giménez B, Llansola M, Cabrera-Pastor A, Hernández-Rabaza V, Agustí A, Felipo V. Endosulfan and Cypermethrin Pesticide Mixture Induces Synergistic or Antagonistic Effects on Developmental Exposed Rats Depending on the Analyzed Behavioral or Neurochemical End Points. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:369-380. [PMID: 29094921 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to pesticides has been associated with neurodevelopmental toxicity. Usually people are exposed to mixtures of pesticides. However, most studies analyze the effects of individual pesticides. Developmental exposure to mixtures of pesticides may result in additive effects or in antagonistic or synergistic effects. The aim of this work was to compare the effects of developmental exposure of rats to cypermethrin or endosulfan with the effects of its mixture on cognitive and motor function and on some underlying mechanisms. Exposure to individual pesticides or the mixture was from gestational day 7 to postnatal day 21. We analyzed the effects, in males and females, on spatial learning and memory, associative learning, anxiety, motor coordination, and spontaneous motor activity. We also analyzed neuroinflammation and NMDA receptor subunits in hippocampus and extracellular GABA in cerebellum. Exposure to the mixture, but not to individual pesticides, impaired spatial memory in males, associative learning in females, and increased motor activity in males and females. This indicates a synergistic effect of cypermethrin and endolsufan exposure on these end points. In contrast, motor coordination was impaired by individual exposure to endosulfan or cypermethrin, associated with increased extracellular GABA in cerebellum, but these effects were prevented in rats exposed to the mixture, indicating an antagonistic effect of cypermethrin and endolsufan exposure on these end points. The results show different interaction modes (synergism or antagonism) of the pesticides, depending on the end point analyzed and the sex of the rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Gómez-Giménez
- Laboratorio
de Neurobiología, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia 46012, Spain
| | - Marta Llansola
- Laboratorio
de Neurobiología, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia 46012, Spain
| | - Andrea Cabrera-Pastor
- Laboratorio
de Neurobiología, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia 46012, Spain
| | - Vicente Hernández-Rabaza
- Laboratorio
de Neurobiología, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia 46012, Spain
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Cardenal Herrera University-CEU, CEU Universities, Avda del Pozo s/n, Alfara del Patriarca 46115, Spain
| | - Ana Agustí
- Laboratorio
de Neurobiología, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia 46012, Spain
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratorio
de Neurobiología, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia 46012, Spain
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6
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Lin Q, Qin X, Shi M, Qin Z, Meng Y, Qin Z, Guo S. Schisandrin B inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory response in human umbilical vein endothelial cells by activating Nrf2. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 49:142-147. [PMID: 28577438 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Schisandrin B (SchB), an active ingredient extracted from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill, has been known to have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanism of SchB in LPS-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The effects of SchB on VCAM-1, ICAM-1, NF-κB and Nrf2 expression were detected by western blot analysis. The effects of SchB on TNF-α and IL-8 production were detected by ELISA. The results showed that SchB strongly suppressed the production of TNF-α and IL-8 in HUVECs stimulated with LPS. SchB also inhibited LPS-induced VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression. Furthermore, SchB blocked the activation of NF-κB induced by LPS. In addition, SchB increased the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 in a concentration-dependent manner. And the inhibition of TNF-α and IL-8 production by SchB was blocked by transfection with Nrf2 siRNA. Our findings showed that SchB inhibited LPS-induced inflammation in HUVECs by activating Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuning Lin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao Qin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Mei Shi
- Center for ADR Monitoring of Guangxi, Guangxi Food And Drug Administration, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhong Qin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuanbiao Meng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhongyu Qin
- Center for ADR Monitoring of Guangxi, Guangxi Food And Drug Administration, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Sien Guo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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7
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Téllez-Bañuelos MC, Haramati J, Franco-Topete K, Peregrina-Sandoval J, Franco-Topete R, Zaitseva GP. Chronic exposure to endosulfan induces inflammation in murine colon via β-catenin expression and IL-6 production. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:842-849. [PMID: 27494533 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2016.1206998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosulfan (ENDO) is a widely used organochlorine (OC) pesticide and persistent organo-pollutant. Epidemiological studies have shown that high levels of OC exposure were related to colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate histological changes in the colon, as well as in in situ expression of β-catenin and P-selectin, and serum levels of select pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice administered ENDO; there is a relationship between increased serum IL-6 and P-selectin levels in CRC patients and aberrant β-catenin signaling is important in initiation/maintenance of most CRCs. Mice were exposed to ENDO (at dose < LD50) orally once a week for up to 24 weeks, and monitored (inclusive) for a total of 42 weeks. The experiment was comprised of three groups, one that did not receive ENDO (olive oil vehicle), one administered 2 mg ENDO/kg/week and a positive control (for induction of CRC) given a weekly 20 mg 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)/kg injection. The results indicated that oral administration of ENDO provoked moderate inflammation starting at six weeks, and severe colonic inflammation with an appearance of dysplastic formations (aberrant crypts) in mice treated with ENDO (or DMH) for 12 weeks or longer. Serum IL-6 levels significantly increased starting at six weeks and rose to a peak of 15-fold higher than in controls at 42 weeks; TNFα levels likewise significantly increased, with a later peak (≈four-fold higher than controls) at 30-42 weeks. Immunohistochemical analysis of the colon also showed that expression of β-catenin and P-selectin increased with length of exposure to ENDO. Taken together, the results indicate that continued repeated oral exposure to ENDO induces increased expression of β-catenin and P-selectin, inflammation in the colon, and, ultimately, local tissue dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Cecilia Téllez-Bañuelos
- a Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular , Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara , Jalisco , Mexico
| | - Jesse Haramati
- a Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular , Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara , Jalisco , Mexico
| | - Karina Franco-Topete
- a Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular , Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara , Jalisco , Mexico
| | - Jorge Peregrina-Sandoval
- a Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular , Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara , Jalisco , Mexico
| | - Ramon Franco-Topete
- b Departamento de Microbiologia y Patologia , Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara , Jalisco , Mexico
| | - Galina P Zaitseva
- a Departamento de Biologia Celular y Molecular , Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara , Jalisco , Mexico
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Han EH, Kim HG, Lee EJ, Jeong HG. Endosulfan Induces CYP1A1 Expression Mediated through Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signal Transduction by Protein Kinase C. Toxicol Res 2016; 31:339-45. [PMID: 26877836 PMCID: PMC4751443 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2015.31.4.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP1A1 is a phase I xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme whose expression is mainly driven by AhR. Endosulfan is an organochlorine pesticide used agriculturally for a wide range of crops. In this study, we investigated the effect of endosulfan on CYP1A1 expression and regulation. Endosulfan significantly increased CYP1A1 enzyme activity as well as mRNA and protein levels. In addition, endosulfan markedly induced XRE transcriptional activity. CH-223191, an AhR antagonist, blocked the endosulfan-induced increase in CYP1A1 mRNA and protein expression. Moreover, endosulfan did not induce CYP1A1 gene expression in AhR-deficient mutant cells. Furthermore, endosulfan enhanced the phosphorylation of calcium calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) and protein kinase C (PKC). In conclusion, endosulfan-induced up-regulation of CYP1A1 is associated with AhR activation, which may be mediated by PKC-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hee Han
- Drug & Disease Target Group, Division of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Korea; Biological Analysis Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyung Gyun Kim
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eun Ji Lee
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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9
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Farag MR, Alagawany MM, Dhama K. Antidotal Effect of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) against Endosulfan-Induced Cytogenotoxicity and Immunotoxicity in Broiler Chicks. INT J PHARMACOL 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2014.429.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Kim HG, Kim YR, Park JH, Khanal T, Choi JH, Do MT, Jin SW, Han EH, Chung YH, Jeong HG. Endosulfan induces COX-2 expression via NADPH oxidase and the ROS, MAPK, and Akt pathways. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:2039-50. [PMID: 25199686 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Endosulfan (1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloro-8,9,10-trinorborn-5-en-2,3-ylenebismet-hylene) is correlated with endocrine disruption, reproductive, and immune dysfunctions. Recently, endosulfan was shown to have an effect on inflammatory pathways, but its influence on cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) expression is unclear. This study investigated the effects of COX-2 and molecular mechanisms by endosulfan in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Endosulfan significantly induced COX-2 protein and mRNA levels, as well as COX-2 promoter-driven luciferase activity and the production of prostaglandin E2, a major COX-2 metabolite. Transfection experiments with several human COX-2 promoter constructs revealed that endosulfan activated NF-κB, C/EBP, AP-1, and CREB. Moreover, Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) were significantly activated by endosulfan. Moreover, endosulfan increased production of the ROS and the ROS-producing NAPDH-oxidase (NOX) family oxidases, NOX2, and NOX3. Endosulfan-induced Akt/MAPK pathways and COX-2 expression were attenuated by DPI, a specific NOX inhibitor, and the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine. These results demonstrate that endosulfan induces COX-2 expression via NADPH oxidase, ROS, and Akt/MAPK pathways. These findings provide further insight into the signal transduction pathways involved in the inflammatory effects of endosulfan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Gyun Kim
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ran Kim
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Park
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Tilak Khanal
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Choi
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Minh Truong Do
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Woo Jin
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Han
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Chung
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Zhang M, Wu YH, Zhou XQ, Zhou HN. The effects of endosulfan on the growth and erythrocyte immune function of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 34:754-62. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2011.653647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Caride A, Lafuente A, Cabaleiro T. Endosulfan effects on pituitary hormone and both nitrosative and oxidative stress in pubertal male rats. Toxicol Lett 2010; 197:106-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Tellez-Bañuelos MC, Santerre A, Casas-Solis J, Zaitseva G. Endosulfan increases seric interleukin-2 like (IL-2L) factor and immunoglobulin M (IgM) of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) challenged with Aeromona hydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 28:401-405. [PMID: 19944172 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Endosulfan is a persistent organochlorine insecticide which is extremely toxic to fish. It is known to induce immunological alterations in juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) such as increases in phagocytic activity and reactive oxygen species production of spleen macrophages. The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate the effects of acute exposure to a sublethal concentration of endosulfan (7 ppb, 96 h) on parameters of the adaptive humoral immune response of the aforementioned aquatic organism. The effect of endosulfan on the capacity of immune cells to produce interleukin-2 like (IL-2L) factor and immunoglobulin M (IgM) in response to a challenge with (1/2) LD50 of the infectious bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila was evaluated. Experimental results indicate that short, sublethal, endosulfan exposure triggers a succession of events beginning with non-specific activation of macrophages followed by an exacerbated synthesis of the IL-2L factor by activated B cells. This leads to significantly increased secretion of IgM and could in turn facilitate autoantibody production and the development of autoimmune pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Cecilia Tellez-Bañuelos
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera a Nogales Km 15.5, z.p. 45110, Las Agujas, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
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Tellez-Bañuelos MC, Santerre A, Casas-Solis J, Bravo-Cuellar A, Zaitseva G. Oxidative stress in macrophages from spleen of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to sublethal concentration of endosulfan. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 27:105-111. [PMID: 19049881 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Endosulfan is a widely used insecticide with immunosuppressive or immunopotentiating effects which alters the immune response of fish. The effects of the acute exposure to endosulfan on a series of parameters of the innate immune response (IIR) of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were investigated-phagocytosis, production of oxygen reactive species, lipoperoxidation as well as spleen cell viability, relative spleen weight and splenocyte concentration-to fully document the effects of this pesticide on Nile tilapia. Juvenile Nile tilapia were exposed in vivo and for 96h to each one of nine concentrations of endosulfan in order to determine the pesticide's acute toxicity level and calculate the lethal concentration of endosulfan to these organisms (LC(50)=12,795ppb). Functional assays showed that endosulfan, at a level equivalent to (1)/(2)LC(50), altered some parameters of the spleen macrophages of Nile tilapia. Phagocytosis, production of oxygen reactive species, and lipoperoxidation increased significantly in exposed fish. Spleen cell viability and relative spleen weight were lower in exposed organisms compared to non-exposed ones, without reaching statistical significance. Splenocyte concentration was not altered in the present experimental conditions. Thus, in vivo exposure (7ppb) of juvenile organisms stimulated the phagocytic activity up to significant oxidative stress levels as indicated by the increased lipid peroxidation in plasma. It can be concluded that short exposure to low concentration of endosulfan stimulated macrophage activity but that there was no significant reduction in the structural parameters of the IIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Cecilia Tellez-Bañuelos
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Guadalajara, Carretera a Nogales Km 15.5, z.p. 45110, Las Agujas, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Abstract
Endosulfan is a chlorinated cyclodiene insecticide which induces oxidative stress. In this study, we investigated the possible protective effect of melatonin, an antioxidant agent, against endosulfan (Endo)-induced toxicity in rats. Wistar albino rats (n = 8) were administered endosulfan (22 mg/kg/day orally) followed by either saline (Endo group) or melatonin (10 mg/kg/day, Endo + Mel group) for 5 days. In other rats, saline (control group) or melatonin (10 mg/kg/day, Mel group) was injected for 5 days, following corn oil administration (vehicle of endosulfan). Measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and collagen content were performed in liver and kidney. Furthermore, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine levels, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were measured in the serum samples, while tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-beta (IL-beta) and total antioxidant capacity (AOC) were assayed in plasma samples. Endosulfan administration caused a significant decrease in tissue GSH and plasma AOC, which was accompanied with significant rises in tissue MDA and collagen levels and MPO activity. Moreover, the proinflammatory mediators (TNF-alpha and IL-beta), LDH activity, AST, ALT, creatinine and BUN levels were significantly elevated in the endosulfan-treated rats. On the other hand, melatonin treatment reversed all these biochemical alterations induced by endosulfan. Our results suggest that oxidative mechanisms play an important role in endosulfan-induced tissue damage and melatonin, by inhibiting neutrophil infiltration, balancing oxidant-antioxidant status and regulating the generation of inflammatory mediators, ameliorates oxidative organ injury as a result of endosulfan toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülden Z Omurtag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, School of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Turkey
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Bernabò I, Brunelli E, Berg C, Bonacci A, Tripepi S. Endosulfan acute toxicity in Bufo bufo gills: ultrastructural changes and nitric oxide synthase localization. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2008; 86:447-456. [PMID: 18243363 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Endosulfan is an organochlorine pesticide used in agriculture for a wide range of crops. Endosulfan concentrations of up to 0.7 mg/L can be found in ponds and streams near sprayed agricultural fields. We investigated the short-term toxicity of endosulfan in common toad (Bufo bufo) tadpoles after 24, 48, and 96 h of exposure. Acute toxicity was evaluated at nominal concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.6 mg/L: concentrations that could be found after the application of pesticide. Our results show that 0.43 mg/L of endosulfan caused 50% mortality (LC(50)). The effects of a sublethal endosulfan concentration (0.2mg/L) on gill apparatus morphology were evaluated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Immunohistochemical methods were also applied to detect the expression pattern of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the gills using the confocal laser scanner microscope. Exposure to 0.2mg/L of endosulfan caused an apparent increase in mucus production, the occurrence of secretory vesicles and lamellar bodies, a widening of intercellular spaces and additionally there was evidence of an inflammatory response in the gill apparatus. The morphological alterations occurred after 24h and were more pronounced after 48 and 96 h of exposure. Altered morphology and increased mucus secretion indicate impaired gas exchange and osmoregulation in the gills. In addition, there was an increase of iNOS expression after 24 and 48 h which may reflect hypoxia and inflammation in the gill epithelium. Our results clearly indicate that short-term exposure to a sublethal concentration of endosulfan, near the high end of the environmental range, disrupts gill morphology and function in B. bufo tadpoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bernabò
- Department of Ecology, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Rende (Cosenza), Italy
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