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Wang J, Zhang C, Li H, Xu Y, Zhang B, Zheng F, Zhao B, Zhang H, Zhao H, Liu B, Xiao M, Zhang Z. OsJAB1 Positively Regulates Ascorbate Biosynthesis and Negatively Regulates Salt Tolerance Due to Inhibiting Early-Stage Salt-Induced ROS Accumulation in Rice. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3859. [PMID: 38005759 PMCID: PMC10675544 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play dual roles in plant stress response, but how plants modulate the dual roles of ROS in stress response is still obscure. OsJAB1 (JUN-activation-domain-binding protein 1) encodes the rice CSN5 (COP9 signalsome subunit 5). This study showed that, similar to the Arabidopsis homolog gene CSN5B, OsJAB1-overexpressing (driven by a CaMV 35S promoter) plants (OEs) impaired rice salt stress tolerance; in contrast, OsJAB1-inhibited-expression (using RNA-interfering technology) plants (RIs) enhanced rice salt stress tolerance. Differing from CSN5B that negatively regulated ascorbate (Asc) biosynthesis, Asc content increased in OEs and decreased in RIs. ROS analysis showed that RIs clearly increased, but OEs inhibited ROS accumulation at the early stage of salt treatment; in contrast, RIs clearly decreased, but OEs promoted ROS accumulation at the late stage of salt treatment. The qPCR revealed that OEs decreased but RIs enhanced the expressions of ROS-scavenging genes. This indicated that OsJAB1 negatively regulated rice salt stress tolerance by suppressing the expression of ROS-scavenging genes. This study provided new insights into the CSN5 homologous protein named OsJAB1 in rice, which developed different functions during long-term evolution. How OsJAB1 regulates the Asc biosynthesis that coordinates the balance between cell redox signaling and ROS scavenging needs to be investigated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.W.); (C.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.X.); (H.Z.)
| | - Chuanyu Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.W.); (C.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.X.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hua Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.W.); (C.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.X.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yuejun Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.W.); (C.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.X.); (H.Z.)
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Sanya 571763, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150028, China; (B.Z.); (F.Z.); (B.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Fuyu Zheng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150028, China; (B.Z.); (F.Z.); (B.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Beiping Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150028, China; (B.Z.); (F.Z.); (B.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Haiwen Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.W.); (C.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.X.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hui Zhao
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China;
| | - Baohai Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150028, China; (B.Z.); (F.Z.); (B.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Minggang Xiao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150028, China; (B.Z.); (F.Z.); (B.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Zhijin Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (J.W.); (C.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.X.); (H.Z.)
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Sanya 571763, China
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Wang Z, Su G, Li M, Ke Q, Kim SY, Li H, Huang J, Xu B, Deng XP, Kwak SS. Overexpressing Arabidopsis ABF3 increases tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses and reduces leaf size in alfalfa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 109:199-208. [PMID: 27721135 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis ABSCISIC ACID-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT-BINDING FACTOR 3 (ABF3), a bZIP transcription factor, plays an important role in regulating multiple stress responses in plants. Overexpressing AtABF3 increases tolerance to various stresses in several plant species. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), one of the most important perennial forage crops worldwide, has high yields, high nutritional value, and good palatability and is widely distributed in irrigated and semi-arid regions throughout the world. However, drought and salt stress pose major constraints to alfalfa production. In this study, we developed transgenic alfalfa plants (cv. Xinjiang Daye) expressing AtABF3 under the control of the sweetpotato oxidative stress-inducible SWPA2 promoter (referred to as SAF plants) via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. After drought stress treatment, we selected two transgenic lines with high expression of AtABF3, SAF5 and SAF6, for further characterization. Under normal conditions, SAF plants showed smaller leaf size compared to non-transgenic (NT) plants, while no other morphological changes were observed. Moreover, SAF plants exhibited enhanced drought stress tolerance and better growth under drought stress treatment, which was accompanied by a reduced transpiration rate and lower reactive oxygen species contents. In addition, SAF plants showed an increased tolerance to salt and oxidative stress. Therefore, these transgenic AtABF3 alfalfa plants might be useful for breeding forage crops with enhanced tolerance to environmental stress for use in sustainable agriculture on marginal lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Guoxia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Qingbo Ke
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongbing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Bingcheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Xi-Ping Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Sang-Soo Kwak
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Zhu L, Zhang YH, Su F, Chen L, Huang T, Cai YD. A Shortest-Path-Based Method for the Analysis and Prediction of Fruit-Related Genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159519. [PMID: 27434024 PMCID: PMC4951011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologically, fruits are defined as seed-bearing reproductive structures in angiosperms that develop from the ovary. The fertilization, development and maturation of fruits are crucial for plant reproduction and are precisely regulated by intrinsic genetic regulatory factors. In this study, we used Arabidopsis thaliana as a model organism and attempted to identify novel genes related to fruit-associated biological processes. Specifically, using validated genes, we applied a shortest-path-based method to identify several novel genes in a large network constructed using the protein-protein interactions observed in Arabidopsis thaliana. The described analyses indicate that several of the discovered genes are associated with fruit fertilization, development and maturation in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liucun Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hang Zhang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangchu Su
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Huang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Han P, Lu X, Mi F, Dong J, Xue C, Li J, Han B, Zhang X. Proteomic analysis of heterosis in the leaves of sorghum-sudangrass hybrids. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:161-73. [PMID: 26792642 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sorghum-sudangrass hybrids are widely used for forage and silage in the animal husbandry industry due to their hardiness. The heterozygous first generation of sorghum-sudangrass hybrids displays performance superior to their homozygous, parental inbred lines. In order to study the molecular details underlying its heterosis, the leaves of sorghum-sudangrass hybrids and their parents were compared using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Results showed that among the 996 proteins that were identified, 32 proteins showed 'additive accumulation expression patterns', indicating that the protein abundance in sorghum-sudangrass hybrids showed no significant difference from the average of their parents. Additionally, 74 proteins showed 'nonadditive accumulation expression patterns' (the proteins abundance in the hybrids showed significant difference from the average of their parents). Both additive and nonadditive proteins were mainly involved in photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism. More upregulated additive and nonadditive proteins were in the hybrids than in their parents, suggesting that additive and nonadditive proteins are essential to the vigor of sorghum-sudangrass hybrids. The nonadditive proteins were enriched in photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and protein oligomerization, but the additive proteins were not enriched in any pathway, which indicated that the nonadditive proteins could be greater contributors to heterosis than additive proteins. Furthermore, the highly activated photosynthetic pathway in nonadditive proteins implies that photosynthesis in hybrids is heightened to assimilate more organic matter, resulting in an increased yield. Our results provide a proof-of-concept that reveals the molecular components of heterosis in sorghum-sudangrass hybrid leaves and serves as an important step for future genetic manipulation of specific proteins to improve the performance of hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingan Han
- Agricultural College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Xiaoping Lu
- Agricultural College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Fugui Mi
- College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Agricultural College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Chunlei Xue
- Agricultural College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Jianke Li
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Institute of Apicultural Research, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Bin Han
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Institute of Apicultural Research, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Agricultural College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
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Proteome analysis of dormancy-released seeds of Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. in response to re-dehydration under different conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:4713-30. [PMID: 25739084 PMCID: PMC4394444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16034713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Desiccation tolerance is the ability of orthodox seeds to achieve equilibrium with atmospheric relative humidity and to survive in this state. Understanding how orthodox seeds respond to dehydration is important for improving quality and long-term storage of seeds under low temperature and drought stress conditions. Long-term storage of seeds is an artificial situation, because in most natural situations a seed that has been shed may not remain in a desiccated state for very long, and if dormant it may undergo repeated cycles of hydration. Different types of seeds are differentially sensitive to desiccation and this directly affects long-term storage. For these reasons, many researchers are investigating loss of desiccation tolerance during orthodox seed development to understand how it is acquired. In this study, the orthodox seed proteome response of Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. to dehydration (to a relative water content of 10%, which mimics seed dehydration) was investigated under four different conditions viz. 20 °C; 20 °C with silica gel; 1 °C; and 1 °C after pretreatment with Ca2+. Proteins from seeds dehydrated under different conditions were extracted and separated by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). A total of 2919 protein spots were detected, and high-resolution 2D-DIGE indicated there were 27 differentially expressed. Seven of these were identified using MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Inferences from bioinformatics annotations of these proteins established the possible involvement of detoxifying enzymes, transport proteins, and nucleotide metabolism enzymes in response to dehydration. Of the seven differentially abundant proteins, the amounts of six were down-regulated and one was up-regulated. Also, a putative acyl-coenzyme A oxidase of the glyoxylate cycle increased in abundance. In particular, the presence of kinesin-1, a protein important for regulation and cargo interaction, was up-regulated in seeds exposed to low temperature dehydration. Kinesin-1 is present in all major lineages, but it is rarely detected in seed desiccation tolerance of woody species. These observations provide new insight into the proteome of seeds in deep dormancy under different desiccation conditions.
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Li W, Zhao F, Fang W, Xie D, Hou J, Yang X, Zhao Y, Tang Z, Nie L, Lv S. Identification of early salt stress responsive proteins in seedling roots of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) employing iTRAQ-based proteomic technique. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:732. [PMID: 26442045 PMCID: PMC4566050 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress that limits plant growth and agricultural productivity. Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is highly tolerant to salinity; however, large-scale proteomic data of cotton in response to salt stress are still scant. Here, an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based proteomic technique was employed to identify the early differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) from salt-treated cotton roots. One hundred and twenty-eight DEPs were identified, 76 of which displayed increased abundance and 52 decreased under salt stress conditions. The majority of the proteins have functions related to carbohydrate and energy metabolism, transcription, protein metabolism, cell wall and cytoskeleton metabolism, membrane and transport, signal transduction, in addition to stress and defense. It is worth emphasizing that some novel salt-responsive proteins were identified, which are involved in cell cytoskeleton metabolism (actin-related protein2, ARP2, and fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins, FLAs), membrane transport (tonoplast intrinsic proteins, TIPs, and plasma membrane intrinsic proteins, PIPs), signal transduction (leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase encoding genes, LRR-RLKs) and stress responses (thaumatin-like protein, TLP, universal stress protein, USP, dirigent-like protein, DIR, desiccation-related protein PCC13-62). High positive correlation between the abundance of some altered proteins (superoxide dismutase, SOD, peroxidase, POD, glutathione S-transferase, GST, monodehydroascorbate reductase, MDAR, and malate dehydrogenase, MDH) and their enzyme activity was evaluated. The results demonstrate that the iTRAQ-based proteomic technique is reliable for identifying and quantifying a large number of cotton root proteins. qRT-PCR was used to study the gene expression levels of the five above-mentioned proteins; four patterns are consistent with those of induced protein. These results showed that the proteome of cotton roots under NaCl stress is complex. The comparative protein profiles of roots under salinity vs control improves the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the tolerance of plants to salt stress. This work provides a good basis for further functional elucidation of these DEPs using genetic and/or other approaches, and, consequently, candidate genes for genetic engineering to improve crop salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Henan UniversityKaifeng, China
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou, China
| | - Fu'an Zhao
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou, China
| | - Weiping Fang
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Weiping Fang, Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO. 115, Huayuan Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Deyi Xie
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou, China
| | - Jianan Hou
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Yang
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou, China
| | - Yuanming Zhao
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou, China
| | - Zhongjie Tang
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou, China
| | - Lihong Nie
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou, China
| | - Shuping Lv
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhou, China
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Ramos B, González-Melendi P, Sánchez-Vallet A, Sánchez-Rodríguez C, López G, Molina A. Functional genomics tools to decipher the pathogenicity mechanisms of the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:44-57. [PMID: 22937870 PMCID: PMC6638842 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.00826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of the interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana and adapted (PcBMM) and nonadapted (Pc2127) isolates of the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina has contributed to the identification of molecular mechanisms controlling plant resistance to necrotrophs. To characterize the pathogenicity bases of the virulence of necrotrophic fungi in Arabidopsis, we developed P. cucumerina functional genomics tools using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. We generated PcBMM-GFP and Pc2127-GFP transformants constitutively expressing the green fluorescence protein (GFP), and a collection of random T-DNA insertional PcBMM transformants. Confocal microscopy analyses of the initial stages of PcBMM-GFP infection revealed that this pathogen, like other necrotrophic fungi, does not form an appressorium or penetrate into plant cells, but causes successive degradation of leaf cell layers. By comparing the colonization of Arabidopsis wild-type plants and hypersusceptible (agb1-1 and cyp79B2cyp79B3) and resistant (irx1-6) mutants by PcBMM-GFP or Pc2127-GFP, we found that the plant immune response was already mounted at 12-18 h post-inoculation, and that Arabidopsis resistance to these fungi correlated with the time course of spore germination and hyphal growth on the leaf surface. The virulence of a subset of the PcBMM T-DNA insertional transformants was determined in Arabidopsis wild-type plants and agb1-1 mutant, and several transformants were identified that showed altered virulence in these genotypes in comparison with that of untransformed PcBMM. The T-DNA flanking regions in these fungal mutants were successfully sequenced, further supporting the utility of these functional genomics tools in the molecular characterization of the pathogenicity of necrotrophic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brisa Ramos
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Campus Montegancedo, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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Contreras-Porcia L, Dennett G, González A, Vergara E, Medina C, Correa JA, Moenne A. Identification of copper-induced genes in the marine alga Ulva compressa (Chlorophyta). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 13:544-56. [PMID: 20936320 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-010-9325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In order to identify genes/proteins involved in copper tolerance, the marine alga Ulva compressa was cultivated with 10 μM copper for 3 days. The activities of antioxidant enzymes ascorbate peroxidase (AP), peroxiredoxin (PRX), thioredoxin (TRX), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and the level of lipoperoxides were determined in the alga cultivated with and without copper addition. Antioxidant enzyme activities and lipoperoxides level increased in response to copper excess, indicating that the alga was under oxidative stress. A cDNA library was prepared using U. compressa cultivated with 10 μM copper for 3 days. A total of 3 × 10(4) clones were isolated and 480 clones were sequenced, resulting in 235 non-redundant ESTs, of which 104 encode proteins with known functions. Among them, we identified proteins involved in (1) antioxidant metabolism such as AP, PRX, TRX, GST, and metalothionein (MET), (2) signal transduction, such as calmodulin (CAM), (3) calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDK), (4) gene expression, (5) protein synthesis and degradation, and (6) chloroplast and mitochondria electron transport chains. Half of the identified proteins are potentially localized in organelles. The relative level of 18 genes, including those coding for AP, PRX, TRX, GST, MET, CAM, CDPK, and NDK were determined by quantitative RT-PCR in the alga cultivated with 10 μM copper for 0 to 7 days. Transcript levels increased in response to copper stress and most of them reached a maximum at days 3 and 5. Thus, the selected genes are induced by copper stress and they are probably involved in copper acclimation and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretto Contreras-Porcia
- Departamento de Ecología, Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 6513677, Santiago, Chile
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