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Li CL, Fang ZX, Wu Z, Hou YY, Wu HT, Liu J. Repurposed itraconazole for use in the treatment of malignancies as a promising therapeutic strategy. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113616. [PMID: 36055112 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding cancer biology and the development of novel agents for cancer treatment has always been the goal of cancer researchers. However, the research and development of new drugs is hindered by its long development time, exorbitant cost, high regulatory hurdles, and staggering failure rates. Given the challenges involved drug development for cancer therapies, alternative strategies, in particular the repurposing of 'old' drugs that have been approved for other indications, are attractive. Itraconazole is an FDA-approved anti-fungal drug of the triazole class, and has been used clinically for more than 30 years. Recent drug repurposing screens revealed itraconazole exerts anti-cancer activity via inhibiting angiogenesis and multiple oncogenic signaling pathways. To explore the potential utilization of itraconazole in different types of malignancies, we retrieved the published literature relating to itraconazole in cancer and reviewed the mechanisms of itraconazole in preclinical and clinical cancer studies. Current research predicts the hedgehog signaling pathway as the main target by which itraconazole inhibits a variety of solid and hematological cancers. As clinical trial results become available, itraconazole could emerge as a new antitumor drug that can be used in combination with first-line antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; Department of Physiology/Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Ze-Xuan Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; Department of Physiology/Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; Department of Physiology/Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yan-Yu Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; Department of Physiology/Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Hua-Tao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Department of Physiology/Changjiang Scholar's Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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2
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The Breast Cancer Protooncogenes HER2, BRCA1 and BRCA2 and Their Regulation by the iNOS/NOS2 Axis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061195. [PMID: 35740092 PMCID: PMC9227079 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; NOS2) and derived NO in various cancers was reported to exert pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects depending on the levels of expression and the tumor types. In humans, the breast cancer level of iNOS was reported to be overexpressed, to exhibit pro-tumorigenic activities, and to be of prognostic significance. Likewise, the expression of the oncogenes HER2, BRCA1, and BRCA2 has been associated with malignancy. The interrelationship between the expression of these protooncogenes and oncogenes and the expression of iNOS is not clear. We have hypothesized that there exist cross-talk signaling pathways between the breast cancer protooncogenes, the iNOS axis, and iNOS-mediated NO mutations of these protooncogenes into oncogenes. We review the molecular regulation of the expression of the protooncogenes in breast cancer and their interrelationships with iNOS expression and activities. In addition, we discuss the roles of iNOS, HER2, BRCA1/2, and NO metabolism in the pathophysiology of cancer stem cells. Bioinformatic analyses have been performed and have found suggested molecular alterations responsible for breast cancer aggressiveness. These include the association of BRCA1/2 mutations and HER2 amplifications with the dysregulation of the NOS pathway. We propose that future studies should be undertaken to investigate the regulatory mechanisms underlying the expression of iNOS and various breast cancer oncogenes, with the aim of identifying new therapeutic targets for the treatment of breast cancers that are refractory to current treatments.
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Kim GC, Lee CG, Verma R, Rudra D, Kim T, Kang K, Nam JH, Kim Y, Im SH, Kwon HK. ETS1 Suppresses Tumorigenesis of Human Breast Cancer via Trans-Activation of Canonical Tumor Suppressor Genes. Front Oncol 2020; 10:642. [PMID: 32477936 PMCID: PMC7239993 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
ETS1 has shown dichotomous roles as an oncogene and a tumor suppressor gene in diverse cancers, but its functionality in breast cancer tumorigenesis still remains unclear. We utilized the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to analyze comprehensive functions of ETS1 in human breast cancer (BRCA) patients by investigating its expression patterns and methylation status in relation to clinical prognosis. ETS1 expression was significantly diminished by hyper-methylation of the ETS1 promoter region in specimens from BRCA patients compared to a healthy control group. Moreover, ETS1high BRCA patients showed better prognosis and longer survival compared to ETS1low BRCA patients. Consistent with clinical evidence, comparative transcriptome analysis combined with CRISPR/Cas9 or shRNA based perturbation of ETS1 expression revealed direct as well as indirect mechanisms of ETS1 that hinder tumorigenesis of BRCA cells. Taken together, our study enlightens a novel function of ETS1 as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Cheon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Choong-Gu Lee
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Ravi Verma
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology (AIM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Dipayan Rudra
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology (AIM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Taemook Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Keunsoo Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Jong Hee Nam
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Young Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology (AIM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, South Korea.,Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Ho-Keun Kwon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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4
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Li X, Liu C, Ran R, Liu G, Yang Y, Zhao W, Xie X, Li J. Matrix metalloproteinase family gene polymorphisms and lung cancer susceptibility: an updated meta-analysis. J Thorac Dis 2020; 12:349-362. [PMID: 32274101 PMCID: PMC7138992 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2020.01.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Many studies have investigated the association between matrix metalloproteinase polymorphisms and lung cancer susceptibility. However, the results are still controversial. To clarify these associations, we conducted a meta-analysis. Methods A systematic search of studies was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. Overall and subgroup analysis stratified by ethnicity was conducted. OR with 95% CI was used to assess the strength of the association. Furthermore, false-positive report probability (FPRP) tests were also performed for associations obtained in this meta-analysis. Results Twenty-four studies, including 10,099 cases and 9,395 controls, were analyzed. Nine polymorphisms were reported. For MMP1 -1607 1G/2G and MMP7 -181 A/G, increased lung cancer risk was found in Asians. For MMP2 -1306 C/T and MMP2 -735 C/T, decreased lung cancer risk was found in both “diverse populations” and Asians. For MMP9 -1562, C/T decreased lung cancer risk was found in both “diverse populations” and Caucasians. For MMP13 -77A/G, the A/G genotype decreased lung cancer risk in Asians. However, only associations between MMP1 -1607 1G/2G, MMP2 -1306 C/T, MMP2 -735 C/T, and MMP7 -181 A/G and lung cancer risk were considered noteworthy according to FPRP tests. There was no association between MMP3 -1171 5A/6A, MMP9 R279Q, and MMP12 -82A/G and lung cancer risk. Conclusions Our meta-analysis suggested that MMP1 -1607 1G/2G and MMP7 -181 A/G were risk factors for lung cancer, while MMP2 -1306 C/T, MMP2 -735 C/T, MMP9 -1562 C/T, and MMP13 -77A/G might be protective factors. However, results for MMP9 -1562 C/T and MMP13 -77A/G should be interpreted with caution due to the probability of false-positive reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Caiyang Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Ran Ran
- Department of endocrine Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Gaohua Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Yanhui Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Wenzhuo Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xiaoyang Xie
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang 641000, China
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5
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Mishra D, Patel V, Banerjee D. Nitric Oxide and S-Nitrosylation in Cancers: Emphasis on Breast Cancer. BREAST CANCER-BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2020; 14:1178223419882688. [PMID: 32030066 PMCID: PMC6977095 DOI: 10.1177/1178223419882688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous, endogenously produced, water-soluble signaling molecule playing critical roles in physiological processes. Nitric oxide plays pleiotropic roles in cancer and, depending on its local concentration, may lead to either tumor progression or tumor suppression. Addition of NO group to a cysteine residue within a protein, termed as S-nitrosylation, plays diverse regulatory roles and affects processes such as metabolism, apoptosis, protein phosphorylation, and regulation of transcription factors. The process of S-nitrosylation has been associated with development of different cancers, including breast cancer. The present review discusses different mechanisms through which NO acts, with special emphasis on breast cancers, and provides detailed insights into reactive nitrogen species, posttranslational modifications of proteins mediated by NO, dual nature of NO in cancers, and the implications of S-nitrosylation in cancers. Our review will generate interest in exploring molecular regulation by NO in different cancers and will have significant therapeutic implications in the management and treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepshikha Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Vaibhav Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Debabrata Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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6
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Breast cancer invasion and progression by MMP-9 through Ets-1 transcription factor. Gene 2019; 711:143952. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.143952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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7
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Upregulation of Ets1 expression by NFATc2 and NFKB1/RELA promotes breast cancer cell invasiveness. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:91. [PMID: 30467308 PMCID: PMC6250664 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is highly aggressive and is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women in developed countries. The ETS proto-oncogene 1 (Ets1) has versatile roles during the cellular processes of cancer development. It is often highly expressed in breast cancers and mediates migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells. However, underlying mechanisms of Ets1 gene expression is still ambiguous. Here, we identified a core-regulatory element (CRE) located in the Ets1 promoter region (−540/−80 bp from TSS) that contains elements responsible for associating with NFATs and NF-κBs. Compared with the less metastatic breast cancer cells, metastatic breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) show open chromatin configurations in the CRE, which facilitates direct binding of NFATc2 and/or NFKB1/RELA complex to trans-activate Ets1 transcription. Moreover, enhanced level of Nfatc2 and Nfkb1 positively correlated with Ets1 expression in the human breast cancer specimens. Deletion of the CRE region by CRISPR/Cas9 system resulted in significant reduction in Ets1 expression, which led to alterations of Ets1-mediated transcription programs including tumor invasiveness-related genes. Proper regulation of Ets1 gene expression by targeting the NFATc2 and NFKB1/RELA interaction could be a potential therapeutic target for Ets1-mediated metastatic breast cancer.
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8
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Grassi TF, Bidinotto LT, Lopes GAD, Zapaterini JR, Rodrigues MAM, Barbisan LF. Maternal western-style diet enhances the effects of chemically-induced mammary tumors in female rat offspring through transcriptome changes. Nutr Res 2018; 61:41-52. [PMID: 30683438 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that early life intake of high-fat diet or western-style diet (WD) enhances the development of mammary tumors in adult female rats. Thus, we hypothesized that maternal WD throughout pregnancy and the lactation period could speed up the development of MNU-induced mammary tumors and alter their gene expression. For this, the present study investigated the gene expression profile of chemically-induced mammary tumors in female rat offspring from dams fed a WD or a control diet. Pregnant female Sprague-Dawley rats received a WD (high-fat, low-fiber and oligoelements) or a control diet from gestational day 12 until post-natal day (PND) 21. At PND 21, female offspring received a single dose of N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea (MNU, 50 mg/kg body weight) and were fed a control diet for 13 weeks. Tumor incidence, multiplicity, and latency were recorded and mammary gland samples were collected for histopathology and gene expression analysis. Tumor multiplicity and histological grade were significantly higher and tumor latency was lower in WD offspring compared to control offspring. Transcriptome profiling identified 57 differentially expressed genes in tumors from WD offspring as compared to control offspring. There was also an increase in mRNA expression of genes such as Emp3, Ccl7, Ets1, Abcc5, and Cyr61, indicative of more aggressive disease detected in tumors from WD offspring. Thus, maternal WD diet increased MNU-induced mammary carcinogenesis in adult female offspring through transcriptome changes that resulted in a more aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony F Grassi
- UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Medical School, Department of Pathology, Botucatu, 18610-307, SP, Brazil; UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Department of Morphology, Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas T Bidinotto
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, SP, Brazil; Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr. Paulo Prata -FACISB, Barretos 14785-002, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele A D Lopes
- UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Medical School, Department of Pathology, Botucatu, 18610-307, SP, Brazil
| | - Joyce R Zapaterini
- UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Medical School, Department of Pathology, Botucatu, 18610-307, SP, Brazil; UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Department of Morphology, Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria A M Rodrigues
- UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Medical School, Department of Pathology, Botucatu, 18610-307, SP, Brazil
| | - Luís F Barbisan
- UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Department of Morphology, Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil.
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Zibelman M, Ramamurthy C, Plimack ER. Emerging role of immunotherapy in urothelial carcinoma—Advanced disease. Urol Oncol 2016; 34:538-547. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Jung HH, Lee SH, Kim JY, Ahn JS, Park YH, Im YH. Statins affect ETS1-overexpressing triple-negative breast cancer cells by restoring DUSP4 deficiency. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33035. [PMID: 27604655 PMCID: PMC5015082 DOI: 10.1038/srep33035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying statin-induced growth suppression of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) that overexpress the transcription factor ets proto-oncogene 1(ets-1) and downregulate dual specific protein phosphatase 4(dusp4) expression. We examined the gene expression of BC cell lines using the nCounter expression assay, MTT viability assay, cell proliferation assay and Western blot to evaluate the effects of simvastatin. Finally, we performed cell viability testing in TNBC cell line-transfected DUSP4. We demonstrated that ETS1 mRNA and protein were overexpressed in TNBC cells compared with other BC cell lines (P = <0.001) and DUSP4 mRNA was downregulated (P = <0.001). MTT viability assay showed that simvastatin had significant antitumor activity (P = 0.002 in 0.1 μM). In addition, simvastatin could restore dusp4 deficiency and suppress ets-1 expression in TNBC. Lastly, we found that si-DUSP4 RNA transfection overcame the antitumor activity of statins. MAPK pathway inhibitor, U0126 and PI3KCA inhibitor LY294002 also decreased levels of ets-1, phosphor-ERK and phosphor-AKT on Western blot assay. Accordingly, our study indicates that simvastatin potentially affects the activity of transcriptional factors such as ets-1 and dusp4 through the MAPK pathway. In conclusion, statins might be potential candidates for TNBC therapy reducing ets-1 expression via overexpression of dusp4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Hyun Jung
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Soo-Hyeon Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Jin Seok Ahn
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Park
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Young-Hyuck Im
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
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11
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Dittmer J. The role of the transcription factor Ets1 in carcinoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35:20-38. [PMID: 26392377 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ets1 belongs to the large family of the ETS domain family of transcription factors and is involved in cancer progression. In most carcinomas, Ets1 expression is linked to poor survival. In breast cancer, Ets1 is primarily expressed in the triple-negative subtype, which is associated with unfavorable prognosis. Ets1 contributes to the acquisition of cancer cell invasiveness, to EMT (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition), to the development of drug resistance and neo-angiogenesis. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the functions of Ets1 in carcinoma progression and on the mechanisms that regulate Ets1 activity in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Dittmer
- Clinic for Gynecology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
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12
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Li AX, Xin WQ, Ma CG. Fentanyl inhibits the invasion and migration of colorectal cancer cells via inhibiting the negative regulation of Ets-1 on BANCR. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:594-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Sandersjöö L, Jonsson A, Löfblom J. A new prodrug form of Affibody molecules (pro-Affibody) is selectively activated by cancer-associated proteases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1405-15. [PMID: 25287047 PMCID: PMC11113168 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1751-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Affinity proteins have advanced the field of targeted therapeutics due to their generally higher specificity compared to small molecular compounds. However, side effects caused by on-target binding in healthy tissues are still an issue. Here, we design and investigate a prodrug strategy for improving tissue specificity of Affibody molecules in future in vivo studies. The prodrug Affibody (pro-Affibody) against the HER2 receptor was constructed by fusing a HER2-specific Affibody (ZHER2) to an anti-idiotypic Affibody (anti-ZHER2). The linker was engineered to comprise a substrate peptide for the cancer-associated matrix metalloprotease 1 (MMP-1). The hypothesis was that the binding surface of ZHER2 would thereby be blocked from interacting with HER2 until the substrate peptide was specifically hydrolyzed by MMP-1. Binding should thereby only occur where MMP-1 is overexpressed, potentially decreasing on-target toxicities in normal tissues. The pro-Affibody was engineered to find a suitable linker and substrate peptide, and the different constructs were evaluated with a new bacterial display assay. HER2-binding of the pro-Affibody was efficiently masked and proteolytic activation of the best variant yielded over 1,000-fold increase in apparent binding affinity. Biosensor analysis revealed that blocking of the pro-Affibody primarily affected the association phase. In a cell-binding assay, the activated pro-Affibody targeted native HER2 on cancer cells as opposed to the non-activated pro-Affibody. We believe this prodrug approach with proteolytic activation is promising for improving tissue specificity in future in vivo targeting applications and can hopefully be extended to other Affibody molecules and similar affinity proteins as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sandersjöö
- Division of Protein Technology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Jonsson
- Division of Protein Technology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Löfblom
- Division of Protein Technology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Peng C, Gao H, Niu Z, Wang B, Tan Z, Niu W, Liu E, Wang J, Sun J, Shahbaz M, Agrez M, Niu J. Integrin αvβ6 and transcriptional factor Ets-1 act as prognostic indicators in colorectal cancer. Cell Biosci 2014; 4:53. [PMID: 25264483 PMCID: PMC4175281 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-4-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both transcriptional factor Ets-1 and integrin αvβ6 play an important role in the development and progression of cancer. The aim of our study was to investigate the expression of Integrin αvβ6 and Ets-1, two proteins' correlation and their clinical significance in colorectal cancerous tissues. RESULTS The specimens were arranged into microarray using the immunohistochemistry method to investigate the expression of integrin αvβ6 and transcriptional factor Ets-1 in these tissues. Among the 158 tissue specimens, 36.07% were positive for αvβ6 expression, and 57.59% were positive for Ets-1 expression. There were obvious statistical differences existed regarding differentiation, N stage, M stage and TNM stage between αvβ6 and Ets-1 positively and negatively expressing tumors. The correlation analysis confirmed the expression of αvβ6 and Ets-1 were positively correlated in colorectal cancer. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients who were both αvβ6 and Ets-1 positive relapsed earlier than those who were both αvβ6 and Ets-1 negative; and the former group had much shorter survival time than the latter. And Cox model indicated that αvβ6 and Ets-1 were the independent prognostic factors (RR = 2.175, P = 0.012 and RR = 3.903, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The expression of αvβ6 and Ets-1 were positively correlated, and their expression degrees were associated with the differentiation, N stage, M stage and TNM stage of the tumors. Hence, the combination of αvβ6 and Ets-1 can be used as a prognostic marker in colorectal cancer, especially for the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- />Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, QiLu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Huijie Gao
- />Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, QiLu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Zhengchuan Niu
- />Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, QiLu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Ben Wang
- />Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, QiLu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Zhen Tan
- />Health Science College, The State University of New York -Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Weibo Niu
- />Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, QiLu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Enyu Liu
- />Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, QiLu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Jiayong Wang
- />Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, QiLu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Jiuzheng Sun
- />Department of General Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Muhammad Shahbaz
- />Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, QiLu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong China
| | - Michael Agrez
- />Newcastle Bowel Cancer Research Collaborative, Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW Australia
| | - Jun Niu
- />Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, QiLu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong China
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15
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Zhu M, Li M, Zhang F, Feng F, Chen W, Yang Y, Cui J, Zhang D, Linghu E. FBI-1 enhances ETS-1 signaling activity and promotes proliferation of human colorectal carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98041. [PMID: 24857950 PMCID: PMC4032333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated a potential regulatory role of FBI-1 in transcription factor activity of ETS-1. The protein interaction was identified between ETS-1 and FBI-1 in lovo cells. The accumulating data showed that FBI-1 promoted the recruitment of ETS-1 to endogenous promoter of its target genes and increase ETS-1 accumulation in the nuclear. Our work also indicated that the FBI-1 enhances ETS-1 transcription factor activity via down-regulating p53-mediated inhibition on ETS-1. Further, FBI-1 plays a role in regulation of colorectal carcinoma cells proliferation. These findings supported that FBI-1 might be a potential molecule target for treating colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Department of oncology, Nan Lou Division, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nan Lou Division, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Tumor Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fan Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Weihao Chen
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yutao Yang
- Beijing Institute for Neuroscience, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Cui
- Department of Cancer and cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of oncology, Nan Lou Division, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (DZ); (EL)
| | - Enqiang Linghu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (DZ); (EL)
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16
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Lin CY, Chao A, Wang TH, Hsueh S, Lee YS, Wu TI, Chao AS, Huang HJ, Chou HH, Chang TC, Lai CH. A dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib suppresses overexpression of matrix metallopeptidase 1 (MMP1) in endometrial cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:969-81. [PMID: 24820961 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1163-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Endometrial cancers have been recently molecularly characterized; amplifications of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) were seen in 25 % of the serous-like tumors, and mutations in the PI(3)K/AKT pathways were seen in 93 % of endometrioid tumors. These new findings about endometrial cancer suggest a potential for targeted therapy with lapatinib, a dual inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor and HER2 tyrosine kinases. However, the clinical efficacy of lapatinib in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of endometrial cancers was only minimal. In this study, we investigated the signaling changes induced by lapatinib in endometrial cancer, which may improve its therapeutic efficacy in molecularly selected patient groups. We identified one of the final molecular targets of lapatinib to be interstitial collagenase, matrix metallopeptidase 1 (MMP1). Lapatinib suppresses MMP1 through EGFR and HER2, and their downstream ERK and AKT signaling pathways. We also found that the activating protein-1 binding site of MMP1 promoter is required for its transcriptional activation, which may be unique for endometrial cancers. Our results also showed that forced expression of active ERK or active AKT mutants rescued MMP1 expression from lapatinib suppression, further suggesting the importance of molecular selection to find appropriate patients with endometrial cancer for future clinical trials with any targeted therapies. KEY MESSAGE MMP1 expression was high in tissues and sera in patients with endometrial cancer. Lapatinib inhibited MMP1 via both HER2 and EGFR signaling pathways. Both AKT and ERK need to be inhibited for efficient MMP1 suppression by lapatinib. Activating protein-1 (AP-1) binding site of MMP1 promoter is uniquely required for MMP1 activation in endometrial cancer. Suppression of both c-fos and c-Jun bound to AP1 binding site is required for lapatinib inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Yun Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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17
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Brix DM, Clemmensen KKB, Kallunki T. When Good Turns Bad: Regulation of Invasion and Metastasis by ErbB2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase. Cells 2014; 3:53-78. [PMID: 24709902 PMCID: PMC3980748 DOI: 10.3390/cells3010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression and activation of ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase in breast cancer is strongly linked to an aggressive disease with high potential for invasion and metastasis. In addition to inducing very aggressive, metastatic cancer, ErbB2 activation mediates processes such as increased cancer cell proliferation and survival and is needed for normal physiological activities, such as heart function and development of the nervous system. How does ErbB2 activation make cancer cells invasive and when? Comprehensive understanding of the cellular mechanisms leading to ErbB2-induced malignant processes is necessary for answering these questions. Here we present current knowledge about the invasion-promoting function of ErbB2 and the mechanisms involved in it. Obtaining detailed information about the "bad" behavior of ErbB2 can facilitate development of novel treatments against ErbB2-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Marie Brix
- Unit of Cell Death and Metabolism, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Knut Kristoffer Bundgaard Clemmensen
- Unit of Cell Death and Metabolism, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Tuula Kallunki
- Unit of Cell Death and Metabolism, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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18
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Wan SM, Peng P, Guan T. Ets-1 regulates its target genes mainly by DNA methylation in human ovarian cancer. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2013; 33:877-81. [DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2013.820268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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Zhang W, Zhao J, Lee JF, Gartung A, Jawadi H, Lambiv WL, Honn KV, Lee MJ. ETS-1-mediated transcriptional up-regulation of CD44 is required for sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor subtype 3-stimulated chemotaxis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32126-32137. [PMID: 24064218 PMCID: PMC3820853 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.495218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-regulated chemotaxis plays critical roles in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions. S1P-regulated chemotaxis is mediated by the S1P family of G-protein-coupled receptors. However, molecular details of the S1P-regulated chemotaxis are incompletely understood. Cultured human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines abundantly express S1P receptor subtype 3 (S1P3), thus providing a tractable in vitro system to characterize molecular mechanism(s) underlying the S1P3 receptor-regulated chemotactic response. S1P treatment enhances CD44 expression and induces membrane localization of CD44 polypeptides via the S1P3/Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway. Knockdown of CD44 completely diminishes the S1P-stimulated chemotaxis. Promoter analysis suggests that the CD44 promoter contains binding sites of the ETS-1 (v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1) transcriptional factor. ChIP assay confirms that S1P treatment stimulates the binding of ETS-1 to the CD44 promoter region. Moreover, S1P induces the expression and nuclear translocation of ETS-1. Knockdown of S1P3 or inhibition of ROCK abrogates the S1P-induced ETS-1 expression. Furthermore, knockdown of ETS-1 inhibits the S1P-induced CD44 expression and cell migration. In addition, we showed that S1P3/ROCK signaling up-regulates ETS-1 via the activity of JNK. Collectively, we characterized a novel signaling axis, i.e., ROCK-JNK-ETS-1-CD44 pathway, which plays an essential role in the S1P3-regulated chemotactic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Zhang
- From the Department of Pathology,; the Bioactive Lipid Research Program
| | - Jiawei Zhao
- From the Department of Pathology,; the Bioactive Lipid Research Program
| | - Jen-Fu Lee
- From the Department of Pathology,; the Bioactive Lipid Research Program
| | - Allison Gartung
- From the Department of Pathology,; the Bioactive Lipid Research Program
| | | | | | - Kenneth V Honn
- From the Department of Pathology,; the Bioactive Lipid Research Program,; the Karmanos Cancer Institute
| | - Menq-Jer Lee
- From the Department of Pathology,; the Bioactive Lipid Research Program,; the Karmanos Cancer Institute; the Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201.
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20
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Wang ZH, Wang CL, Chen R, Zhou M, Chen Y. Construction of plasmids carrying shRNAs targeting the ETS1 gene and their stable transfection of PANC-1 cell line. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:2820-2825. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i27.2820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To construct plasmids carrying shRNAs targeting the ETS1 gene and to obtain a PANC-1 cell line stably transfected with the most efficient constructed plasmid.
METHODS: Three plasmids carrying shRNAs (shRNA-1, shRNA-2, shRNA-3) targeting the ETS1 gene were constructed, and the most efficient one was identified by Western blot and then transfected into PANC-1 cell line. The stably transfected cell line was selected in the presence of G418. The expression of the ETS1 protein was detected by Western blot.
RESULTS: The plasmids carrying shRNAs were successfully constructed. The plasmid carrying shRNA-1 had the highest efficiency. The expression of ETS1 protein in the stably transfected cell line was efficiently knocked down.
CONCLUSION: Plasmids carrying shRNAs targeting the ETS1 gene and the stably transfected PANC-1 cell line have been successfully constructed.
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21
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Verschoor ML, Verschoor CP, Singh G. Ets-1 global gene expression profile reveals associations with metabolism and oxidative stress in ovarian and breast cancers. Cancer Metab 2013; 1:17. [PMID: 24280356 PMCID: PMC4178218 DOI: 10.1186/2049-3002-1-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Ets-1 proto-oncogene is frequently upregulated in cancer cells, with known involvement in cancer angiogenesis, metastasis, and more recently energy metabolism. In this study we have performed various bioinformatic analyses on existing microarray data to further clarify the role of Ets-1 in ovarian cancer, and validated these results with functional assays. Methods Functional pathway analyses were conducted on existing microarray data comparing 2008 and 2008-Ets1 ovarian cancer cells. Methods included over-representation analysis, functional class scoring and pathway topology, and network representations were visualized in Cytoscape. Oxidative stress regulation was examined in ovarian cancer cells by measuring protein expression and enzyme activity of glutathione peroxidases, as well as intracellular reactive oxygen species using dichlorofluorescin fluorescence. A stable Ets-1 knockdown MDA-MB-231 cell line was created using short hairpin RNA, and glycolytic dependence of these cells was measured following treatment with 2-deoxy-D-glucose and Hoechst nuclear staining to determine cell number. High-resolution respirometry was performed to measure changes in basal oxygen flux between MDA-MB-231 cells and MDA-Ets1KD variants. Results Enrichments in oxidoreductase activity and various metabolic pathways were observed upon integration of the different analyses, suggesting that Ets-1 is important in their regulation. As oxidative stress is closely associated with these pathways, we functionally validated our observations by showing that Ets-1 overexpression resulted in decreased reactive oxygen species with increased glutathione peroxidase expression and activity, thereby regulating cellular oxidative stress. To extend our findings to another cancer type, we developed an Ets-1 knockdown breast cancer cell model, which displayed decreased glycolytic dependence and increased oxygen consumption following Ets-1 knockdown confirming our earlier findings. Conclusions Collectively, this study confirms the important role of Ets-1 in the regulation of cancer energy metabolism in ovarian and breast cancers. Furthermore, Ets-1 is a key regulator of oxidative stress in ovarian cancer cells by mediating alterations in glutathione antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Verschoor
- Department of Medical Science, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street W, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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22
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Mannello F. What does matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression in patients with breast cancer really tell us? BMC Med 2011; 9:95. [PMID: 21834986 PMCID: PMC3169471 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-9-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular and biochemical expressions of matrix metalloproteinases in breast cancer tissue and cells offers promise in helping us understand the breast cancer microenvironment, and also in the future it is hoped this will improve its detection, treatment and prognosis. In a retrospective study recently published in BMC Cancer, microenvironment predisposing to breast cancer progression, metastatic behavior and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and its correlation with well-known biochemical, molecular and clinicopathologic factors in breast cancer cells and cancer-associated stromal cells was examined; this study also analyzed patient survival in different breast cancer subtypes. The positive correlation in breast tumor and stromal cells between MMP-1 expression and several markers of tumor grade and stage provide us with some useful new insights into important questions about the molecular profiling of the stromal microenvironment in metastatic breast cancer. The study showed that MMP-1 expression is strongly associated with poor clinical outcome, so now we look forward to future larger studies in breast cancer patients in which we can relate wider MMP molecular profiling to identify lethal tumor and stromal microenvironments predisposing to breast cancer progression, metastatic behavior and poor prognosis. Please see related article http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/11/348.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Mannello
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Unit of Cell Biology, University Carlo Bo of Urbino, I-61029 Urbino (PU), Italy.
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23
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Chuang TC, Hsu SC, Cheng YT, Shao WS, Wu K, Fang GS, Ou CC, Wang V. Magnolol down-regulates HER2 gene expression, leading to inhibition of HER2-mediated metastatic potential in ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2011; 311:11-9. [PMID: 21757288 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of the HER2 oncogene contributes to tumor cell invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis and correlates with poor prognosis. Magnolol has been reported to exhibit anti-tumor activities. However, the molecular mechanism of action of magnolol has not been investigated in HER2-positive cancer cells. Therefore, we examined the anti-cancer effects of magnolol on HER2-overexpressing ovarian cancer cells. Magnolol treatment caused a dose-dependent inhibition of HER2 gene expression at the transcriptional level, potentially in part through suppression of NF-κB activation. Treatment of HER2-overexpressing ovarian cancer cells with magnolol down-regulated the HER2 downstream PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and suppressed the expression of downstream target genes, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and cyclin D1. Consistently, magnolol-mediated inhibition of MMP2 activity could be prevented by co-treatment with epidermal growth factor. Migration assays revealed that magnolol treatment markedly reduced the motility of HER2-overexpressing ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, magnolol-induced apoptosis in HER2-overexpressing ovarian cancer cells was characterized by the up-regulation of cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and activated caspase 3. These findings suggest that magnolol may act against HER2 and its downstream PI3K/Akt/mTOR-signaling network, thus resulting in suppression of HER2-mediated transformation and metastatic potential in HER2-overexpressing ovarian cancers. These results provide a novel mechanism to explain the anti-cancer effect of magnolol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chao Chuang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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24
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Liu L, Wu J, Wu C, Wang Y, Zhong R, Zhang X, Tan W, Nie S, Miao X, Lin D. A functional polymorphism (-1607 1G→2G) in the matrix metalloproteinase-1 promoter is associated with development and progression of lung cancer. Cancer 2011; 117:5172-81. [PMID: 21523769 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.26154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), an interstitial collagenase, plays an important role in the breakdown of extracellular matrix and mediates pathways of apoptosis, angiogenesis, and immunity. It has been demonstrated that the overexpression of this enzyme is associated with tumor initiation, invasion, and metastasis. The -1607 single guanine (1G)-to-2G polymorphism (reference single nucleotide polymorphism 1799750) in the MMP-1 promoter region creates an E26 (Ets) binding site and results in transcriptional up-regulation. The authors hypothesized that this MMP-1 polymorphism may affect susceptibility to the development and progression of cancer. METHODS The authors investigated their hypothesis in a lung cancer case-control study. Genotypes were analyzed in 825 patients with lung cancer and in 825 controls. Odds ratios were estimated by multivariate logistic regression, and a meta-analysis also was conducted to verify the findings. RESULTS Patients who had the MMP-1 2G/2G genotype had a 1.71-fold increased risk of lung cancer (95% confidence interval, 1.22-fold to 2.41-fold increased risk) compared with patients who had the 1G/1G genotype. Moreover, when patients with stage I disease were considered as a reference group, patients who carried the 2G/2G genotype had a significantly increased risk of invasive disease (stage III-IV: odds ratio, 2.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-3.74) compared with patients who had the 1G/1G genotype. Pooled results from the meta-analysis confirmed that those who had the 2G/2G genotype had a significantly increased risk of lung cancer compared with those who had the 1G/1G genotype, consistent with the case-control findings. CONCLUSIONS The current study demonstrated that the MMP-1 -1607 1G-to-2G polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to both development and progression of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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25
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Park S, Jung HH, Park YH, Ahn JS, Im YH. ERK/MAPK pathways play critical roles in EGFR ligands-induced MMP1 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 407:680-6. [PMID: 21440529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-induced signaling pathways has been correlated with tumor progression, invasion and metastasis in a variety of cancers including breast carcinoma, but the underlying mechanism is not well understood. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in cancer invasion and metastasis for their extracellular matrix (ECM)-proteolytic activity. However, the correlation of EGFR pathway with MMP expression in breast cancer has not been established. The aim of this study was to elucidate the interaction between EGFR ligands and their signaling pathway and MMP expression which might be closely related with breast cancer pathogenesis. We investigated the effect of EGF ligands on the MMP1 expression in SK-BR3 cell lines using RT-PCR, Western blot, ELISA and EMSA. Treatments with EGFR ligands, EGF and TGF-α enhanced MMP1 expression at the level of both transcription and translation in SK-BR3 breast cancer cells. EGF and TGF-α treatment resulted in phosphorylation of EGFR, and consequent activation of ERK1/2 pathway. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors of HER family, erlotinib, lapatinib and canertinib suppressed EGF-ligands mediated MMP1 overexpression. The specific MEK inhibitor, U0126, significantly blocks EGF and TGF-α-mediated ERK1/2 activation and subsequent MMP1 induction in SK-BR3 cells. Inhibition of the Akt pathway with LY294002 paradoxically augmented MMP1 expression by reciprocal activation of ERK1/2 pathway. These data suggest that invasive potential of SK-BR3 cell would be affected by these drugs by suppression of EGFR ligands-induced MMP1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Park
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University School of Medicine, 505 Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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26
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Rasotto R, Caliari D, Castagnaro M, Zanetti R, Zappulli V. An Immunohistochemical Study of HER-2 Expression in Feline Mammary Tumours. J Comp Pathol 2011; 144:170-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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27
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Verschoor ML, Wilson LA, Singh G. Mechanisms associated with mitochondrial-generated reactive oxygen species in cancer. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 88:204-19. [PMID: 20393586 DOI: 10.1139/y09-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondria are unique cellular organelles that contain their own genome and, in conjunction with the nucleus, are able to transcribe and translate genes encoding components of the electron transport chain (ETC). To do so, the mitochondria must communicate with the nucleus via the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which are produced as a byproduct of aerobic respiration within the mitochondria. Mitochondrial signaling is proposed to be altered in cancer cells, where the mitochondria are frequently found to harbor mutations within their genome and display altered functional characteristics leading to increased glycolysis. As signaling molecules, ROS oxidize and inhibit MAPK phosphatases resulting in enhanced proliferation and survival, an effect particularly advantageous to cancer cells. In terms of transcriptional regulation, ROS affect the phosphorylation, activation, oxidation, and DNA binding of transcription factors such as AP-1, NF-kappaB, p53, and HIF-1alpha, leading to changes in target gene expression. Increased ROS production by defective cancer cell mitochondria also results in the upregulation of the transcription factor Ets-1, a factor that has been increasingly associated with aggressive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Verschoor
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
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28
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Verschoor ML, Wilson LA, Verschoor CP, Singh G. Ets-1 regulates energy metabolism in cancer cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13565. [PMID: 21042593 PMCID: PMC2962648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells predominantly utilize glycolysis for ATP production even in the presence of abundant oxygen, an environment that would normally result in energy production through oxidative phosphorylation. Although the molecular mechanism for this metabolic switch to aerobic glycolysis has not been fully elucidated, it is likely that mitochondrial damage to the electron transport chain and the resulting increased production of reactive oxygen species are significant driving forces. In this study, we have investigated the role of the transcription factor Ets-1 in the regulation of mitochondrial function and metabolism. Ets-1 was over-expressed using a stably-incorporated tetracycline-inducible expression vector in the ovarian cancer cell line 2008, which does not express detectable basal levels of Ets-1 protein. Microarray analysis of the effects of Ets-1 over-expression in these ovarian cancer cells shows that Ets-1 up-regulates key enzymes involved in glycolysis and associated feeder pathways, fatty acid metabolism, and antioxidant defense. In contrast, Ets-1 down-regulates genes involved in the citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, and mitochondrial proteins. At the functional level, we have found that Ets-1 expression is directly correlated with cellular oxygen consumption whereby increased expression causes decreased oxygen consumption. Ets-1 over-expression also caused increased sensitivity to glycolytic inhibitors, as well as growth inhibition in a glucose-depleted culture environment. Collectively our findings demonstrate that Ets-1 is involved in the regulation of cellular metabolism and response to oxidative stress in ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L. Verschoor
- Department of Research, Juravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leigh A. Wilson
- Department of Research, Juravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris P. Verschoor
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gurmit Singh
- Department of Research, Juravinski Cancer Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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29
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Jung HH, Park YH, Jun HJ, Kong J, Kim JH, Kim JA, Yun J, Sun JM, Won YW, Lee S, Kim ST, Ahn JS, Im YH. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression can be upregulated through mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway under the influence of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 synergized with estrogen receptor. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8:1037-47. [PMID: 20551150 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In our previous work, Ets-1 upregulates human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) induced matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) expression. Based on the above knowledge and result, we hypothesized that estrogen receptor (ER) and its signaling pathway may affect MMP-1 expression under the influence of HER2. In addition, we investigated how the HER2 pathway cross-talk with the ER signaling pathway in genomic and nongenomic action of ER using reverse transcription-PCR, Western blot analysis, and ELISA assay. The results showed that ER-alpha expression increased MMP-1 expression under the presence of HER2. These upregulatory effects were mediated mainly by mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and were reversed by downregulation of HER2 and/or ER. Activator protein DNA binding activity was involved in the MMP-1 expression. In summary, our results showed that ER can upregulate MMP-1 expression under the influence of HER2 in MCF-7 cells. In addition, this upregulatory effect was found to be mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. MMP-1 might be an assigned target in interaction between ER and HER2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Hyun Jung
- Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Heo SH, Choi YJ, Ryoo HM, Cho JY. Expression profiling of ETS and MMP factors in VEGF-activated endothelial cells: Role of MMP-10 in VEGF-induced angiogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2010; 224:734-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Cheng CJ, Lin YC, Tsai MT, Chen CS, Hsieh MC, Chen CL, Yang RB. SCUBE2 Suppresses Breast Tumor Cell Proliferation and Confers a Favorable Prognosis in Invasive Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2009; 69:3634-41. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Beeghly-Fadiel A, Cai Q, Lu W, Long J, Gao YT, Shu XO, Zheng W. No association between matrix metalloproteinase-1 or matrix metalloproteinase-3 polymorphisms and breast cancer susceptibility: a report from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:1324-7. [PMID: 19318431 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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