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Mordecai J, Ullah S, Ahmad I. Sulforaphane and Its Protective Role in Prostate Cancer: A Mechanistic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086979. [PMID: 37108142 PMCID: PMC10138336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of prostate cancer worldwide has spurred research into novel therapeutics for its treatment and prevention. Sulforaphane, derived from broccoli and other members of the Brassica genus, is a phytochemical shown to have anticancer properties. Numerous studies have shown that sulforaphane prevents the development and progression of prostatic tumors. This review evaluates the most recent published reports on prevention of the progression of prostate cancer by sulforaphane in vitro, in vivo and in clinical settings. A detailed description of the proposed mechanisms of action of sulforaphane on prostatic cells is provided. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges, limitations and future prospects of using sulforaphane as a therapeutic agent in treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Mordecai
- Department of Bioengineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleem Ullah
- Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Bioengineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Tumor Promoting Effects of Sulforaphane on Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Murine Hepatocarcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105397. [PMID: 35628208 PMCID: PMC9141104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a key transcription factor involved in protection against initiation of carcinogenesis in normal cells. Notably, recent studies have demonstrated that aberrant activation of NRF2 accelerates the proliferation and progression of cancer cells. The differential effects of NRF2 on multi-stage carcinogenesis have raised a concern about the validity of NRF2 activators for chemoprevention. This prompted us to assess the effects of sulforaphane (SFN), a prototypic NRF2 activating chemopreventive phytochemical, on experimentally induced carcinogenesis. In the present study, SFN was daily injected intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg) for 3 months to male C57BL/6 mice at 6 months after single intraperitoneal administration of a hepatocarcinogen, diethylnitrosamine (DEN). The liver to body weight ratio, tumor growth, and the number and the size of hepatomas measured at 9 months after DEN administration were significantly higher in SFN-treated mice than those in vehicle-treated mice. Moreover, the expression of NRF2, its target protein NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, and the cell proliferation marker, proliferating cell nuclear antigen was further elevated in DEN plus SFN-treated mice. These results suggest that once hepatocarcinogenesis is initiated, SFN may stimulate tumor progression.
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SFN Enhanced the Radiosensitivity of Cervical Cancer Cells via Activating LATS2 and Blocking Rad51/MDC1 Recruitment to DNA Damage Site. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081872. [PMID: 35454780 PMCID: PMC9026704 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Radiotherapy is the main treatment for cervical cancer patients in advanced stages. However a considerable number of patients are not sensitive to radiotherapy. Dysregulation of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair is characteristic of cancer cells in a radiotherapy-resistance state. The aim of this study is to explore Sulforaphane (SFN) downstream target and the radiotherapy sensitization mechanism in cervical cancer. We identified SFN as cervical cancer cells radiotherapy sensitizer and LATS2 served as a downstream target of SFN treatment. SFN treatment resulted in the inhibition of the homologous recombination (HR) pathway, and LATS2 has an indispensable contribution to this SFN-facilitated radiotherapy sensitization. Abstract Background: Sulforaphane (SFN) is one kind of phytochemical anticancer drug. It inhibits cancer cell proliferation and promotes cell apoptosis while the mechanism behind is still uncertain. We aimed to explore its downstream target and the radiotherapy sensitization mechanism in cervical cancer. Methods: We treated established cervical cancer cells line (SiHa, HeLa, C33A) with SFN followed by irradiation, and explored its survival, apoptosis, and DNA damage repair in vitro and validated the radiosensitivity of SFN treatment in vivo. We conducted mRNA sequencing to identify differentially expressed mRNAs after SFN treatment. We further investigated SFN downstream target and its involvement in DNA damage repair under irradiation. Results: We found that SFN inhibited the survival of cervical cancer cells under radiotherapy treatment in vitro and prolonged the survival period after radiotherapy in the mouse tumorigenic model. SFN increased the protein expression of LATS2 and promoted apoptosis of cervical cancer cells. Overexpressed LATS2 decreased the cellular survival rate of cervical cancer cells. Additionally, SFN treatment and LATS2 overexpression prevented MDC1 and Rad51 from accumulating in the nucleus in cervical cancer cells after being exposed to ionized radiation. LATS2 loss intervened with SFN-alleviated RAD51 and MDC1 nucleus accumulation and resumed the repairment of DNA damage. Conclusion: We identified SFN as cervical cancer cells radiotherapy sensitizer and LATS2 served as a downstream target of SFN treatment. SFN treatment resulted in the inhibition of the homologous recombination (HR) pathway, and LATS2 has an indispensable contribution to this SFN-facilitated radiotherapy sensitization.
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Harris CM, Zamperoni KE, Sernoskie SC, Chow NSM, Massey TE. Effects of in vivo treatment of mice with sulforaphane on repair of DNA pyridyloxylbutylation. Toxicology 2021; 454:152753. [PMID: 33741493 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The phytochemical sulforaphane (SF) has gained interest for its apparent association with reduced cancer risk and other cytoprotective properties, at least some of which are attributed to activation of the transcription factor Nrf2. Repair of bulky DNA adducts is important for mitigating carcinogenesis from exogenous DNA damaging agents, but it is unknown whether in vivo treatment with SF affects adduct repair. At 12 h following a single oral dose of 100 mg/kg SF, an almost doubling in activity for repair of pyridyloxobutylated DNA was observed in CD-1 mouse liver nuclear extracts, but not in lung extracts. This change at 12 h in repair activity was preceded by the induction of Nrf2-regulated genes but not accompanied by changes in levels of the specific nucleotide excision repair (NER) proteins XPC, XPA, XPB and p53 or in binding of hepatic XPC, XPA and XPB to damaged DNA. SF also did not significantly alter histone deacetylase activity as measured by acetylated histone H3 levels, or stimulate formation of γ-H2A.X, a marker of DNA damage. A significant reduction in oxidative DNA damage, as measured by 8-OHdG (a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage), was observed only in DNA from the lungs of SF-treated mice 3 h post-dosing. These results suggest that the ability of SF to increase bulky adduct repair activity is organ-selective and is consistent with activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Harris
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kristen E Zamperoni
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Samantha C Sernoskie
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Natalie S M Chow
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Thomas E Massey
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Tomasello B, Di Mauro MD, Malfa GA, Acquaviva R, Sinatra F, Spampinato G, Laudani S, Villaggio G, Bielak-Zmijewska A, Grabowska W, Barbagallo IA, Liuzzo MT, Sbisà E, Forte MG, Di Giacomo C, Bonucci M, Renis M. Rapha Myr ®, a Blend of Sulforaphane and Myrosinase, Exerts Antitumor and Anoikis-Sensitizing Effects on Human Astrocytoma Cells Modulating Sirtuins and DNA Methylation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5328. [PMID: 32727075 PMCID: PMC7432334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain and other nervous system cancers are the 10th leading cause of death worldwide. Genome instability, cell cycle deregulation, epigenetic mechanisms, cytoarchitecture disassembly, redox homeostasis as well as apoptosis are involved in carcinogenesis. A diet rich in fruits and vegetables is inversely related with the risk of developing cancer. Several studies report that cruciferous vegetables exhibited antiproliferative effects due to the multi-pharmacological functions of their secondary metabolites such as isothiocyanate sulforaphane deriving from the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucosinolates. We treated human astrocytoma 1321N1 cells for 24 h with different concentrations (0.5, 1.25 and 2.5% v/v) of sulforaphane plus active myrosinase (Rapha Myr®) aqueous extract (10 mg/mL). Cell viability, DNA fragmentation, PARP-1 and γH2AX expression were examined to evaluate genotoxic effects of the treatment. Cell cycle progression, p53 and p21 expression, apoptosis, cytoskeleton morphology and cell migration were also investigated. In addition, global DNA methylation, DNMT1 mRNA levels and nuclear/mitochondrial sirtuins were studied as epigenetic biomarkers. Rapha Myr® exhibited low antioxidant capability and exerted antiproliferative and genotoxic effects on 1321N1 cells by blocking the cell cycle, disarranging cytoskeleton structure and focal adhesions, decreasing the integrin α5 expression, renewing anoikis and modulating some important epigenetic pathways independently of the cellular p53 status. In addition, Rapha Myr® suppresses the expression of the oncogenic p53 mutant protein. These findings promote Rapha Myr® as a promising chemotherapeutic agent for integrated cancer therapy of human astrocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Tomasello
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.D.D.M.); (G.A.M.); (R.A.); (I.A.B.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Maria Domenica Di Mauro
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.D.D.M.); (G.A.M.); (R.A.); (I.A.B.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Antonio Malfa
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.D.D.M.); (G.A.M.); (R.A.); (I.A.B.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Rosaria Acquaviva
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.D.D.M.); (G.A.M.); (R.A.); (I.A.B.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Fulvia Sinatra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95125 Catania, Italy; (F.S.); (S.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Giorgia Spampinato
- Services Center B.R.I.T. of the University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Samuele Laudani
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95125 Catania, Italy; (F.S.); (S.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Giusy Villaggio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95125 Catania, Italy; (F.S.); (S.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Anna Bielak-Zmijewska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.-Z.); (W.G.)
| | - Wioleta Grabowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.-Z.); (W.G.)
| | - Ignazio Alberto Barbagallo
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.D.D.M.); (G.A.M.); (R.A.); (I.A.B.); (C.D.G.)
| | | | - Elisabetta Sbisà
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies -National Research Council Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | | | - Claudia Di Giacomo
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.D.D.M.); (G.A.M.); (R.A.); (I.A.B.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Massimo Bonucci
- Association Research Center for Integrative Oncology Treatments (ARTOI), 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marcella Renis
- Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.D.D.M.); (G.A.M.); (R.A.); (I.A.B.); (C.D.G.)
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Zheng K, Ma J, Wang Y, He Z, Deng K. Sulforaphane Inhibits Autophagy and Induces Exosome-Mediated Paracrine Senescence via Regulating mTOR/TFE3. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1901231. [PMID: 32476238 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201901231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The development of novel compounds that trigger non-apoptotic cell death may represent alternative therapeutic strategies for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) treatment. Cellular senescence suppresses tumorigenesis by halting the proliferation of tumor cells, implying the induction of senescence as a promising anticancer strategy, especially when combined with senolytic agents that specially kill senescent cells. This study is designed to screen novel anti-ESCC compounds from a natural product resource and identify its mechanism-of-action. METHODS AND RESULTS Identified are the significant anti-cancer effect and underlying mechanism of SFN, an isothiocyanate derived from cruciferous vegetables, through RNA sequencing, western blot, and immunofluorescent assays. It is found that SFN inhibits proliferation of ESCC cells through inducing senescence. Mechanistically, SFN induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) via disrupting the balance between glutathione and oxidized glutathione, leading to DNA damage. In addition, ROS deregulates autophagy and promotes lysosome abnormal biogenesis through regulating mTOR/TFE3 axis. Finally, the inhibited autophagic flux facilitates exosome production, resulting in exosome-mediated paracrine senescence. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests the important roles of autophagy and exosome-mediated paracrine senescence in cancer therapy and highlights SFN as a potent anti-ESCC drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jingxin Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yifei Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Zhendan He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China.,Guangdong Key laboratory for Genome Stability & Human Disease Prevention, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Drugs, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Kejun Deng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
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dos Santos PWDS, Machado ART, De Grandis RA, Ribeiro DL, Tuttis K, Morselli M, Aissa AF, Pellegrini M, Antunes LMG. Transcriptome and DNA methylation changes modulated by sulforaphane induce cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, DNA damage, and suppression of proliferation in human liver cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 136:111047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.111047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Singh D, Arora R, Bhatia A, Singh H, Singh B, Arora S. Molecular targets in cancer prevention by 4-(methylthio)butyl isothiocyanate - A comprehensive review. Life Sci 2020; 241:117061. [PMID: 31794774 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of cruciferous vegetables rich in isothiocyanates has long been associated with a reduced risk of various types of cancer. 4-(methylthio)butyl isothiocyanate also called erucin is an isothiocyanate present in appreciable quantity in the seeds of Eruca sativa Mill. plant. Although the literature has revealed its protective effects via inducing phase II enzymes and inhibiting carcinogen activating phase I enzymes, recent studies also suggest that, it inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells by altering the telomerase activity, dynamics of microtubules, expression of histone deacetylases, and other molecular pathways. With this in mind, the emphasis has been made to review the molecular targets involved in cancer prevention by 4-(methylthio)butyl isothiocyanate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinder Singh
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
| | - Rohit Arora
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Guru Ram Das University of Health Science, Amritsar 143005, India.
| | - Astha Bhatia
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
| | - Hasandeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
| | - Balbir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
| | - Saroj Arora
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
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Hać A, Brokowska J, Rintz E, Bartkowski M, Węgrzyn G, Herman-Antosiewicz A. Mechanism of selective anticancer activity of isothiocyanates relies on differences in DNA damage repair between cancer and healthy cells. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:1421-1432. [PMID: 31123866 PMCID: PMC7230056 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-01995-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are compounds derived from Brassica plants with documented anticancer activity. Molecular mechanisms of their selective activity against cancer cells are still underexplored. In this work, the impact of ITC on DNA replication and damage was compared between PC-3 prostate cancer cells and HDFa normal fibroblasts as well as PNT2 prostate epithelial cells. Methods Cells were treated with sulforaphane or phenethyl isothiocyanate. [3H]thymidine incorporation and the level of histone γH2A.X were estimated as indicators of DNA replication and double-strand breaks (DSB), respectively. Levels of HDAC3, CtIP, and p-RPA were investigated by immunoblotting. Comet assay was performed to visualize DNA damage. Results ITCs inhibited DNA replication in all tested cell lines, and this activity was independent of reactive oxygen species of mitochondrial origin. It was followed by DSB which were more pronounced in cancer than noncancerous cells. This difference was independent of HDAC activity which was decreased in both cell lines when treated with ITCs. On the other hand, it correlated with faster removal of DSB, and thus, transient activation of repair proteins in normal cells, while in PC-3 prostate cancer, cell DNA repair was significantly less effective. Conclusion DNA damage induced by ITCs is a consequence of the block in DNA replication which is observed in both, cancer and normal cells. Selective antiproliferative activity of ITCs towards cancer cells results from less efficient DNA repair in cancer cells relative to normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Hać
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Brokowska
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Estera Rintz
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Bartkowski
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Herman-Antosiewicz
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Lewinska A, Adamczyk-Grochala J, Deregowska A, Wnuk M. Sulforaphane-Induced Cell Cycle Arrest and Senescence are accompanied by DNA Hypomethylation and Changes in microRNA Profile in Breast Cancer Cells. Theranostics 2017; 7:3461-3477. [PMID: 28912888 PMCID: PMC5596436 DOI: 10.7150/thno.20657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are characterized by genetic and epigenetic alterations and phytochemicals, epigenetic modulators, are considered as promising candidates for epigenetic therapy of cancer. In the present study, we have investigated cancer cell fates upon stimulation of breast cancer cells (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, SK-BR-3) with low doses of sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate. SFN (5-10 µM) promoted cell cycle arrest, elevation in the levels of p21 and p27 and cellular senescence, whereas at the concentration of 20 µM, apoptosis was induced. The effects were accompanied by nitro-oxidative stress, genotoxicity and diminished AKT signaling. Moreover, SFN stimulated energy stress as judged by decreased pools of ATP and AMPK activation, and autophagy induction. Anticancer effects of SFN were mediated by global DNA hypomethylation, decreased levels of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1, DNMT3B) and diminished pools of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation. SFN (10 µM) also affected microRNA profiles, namely SFN caused upregulation of sixty microRNAs and downregulation of thirty two microRNAs, and SFN promoted statistically significant decrease in the levels of miR-23b, miR-92b, miR-381 and miR-382 in three breast cancer cells. Taken together, we show for the first time that SFN is an epigenetic modulator in breast cancer cells that results in cell cycle arrest and senescence, and SFN may be considered to be used in epigenome-focused anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lewinska
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100 Kolbuszowa, Poland
| | | | - Anna Deregowska
- Department of Genetics, University of Rzeszow, Kolbuszowa, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Wnuk
- Department of Genetics, University of Rzeszow, Kolbuszowa, Poland
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Bijangi-Vishehsaraei K, Reza Saadatzadeh M, Wang H, Nguyen A, Kamocka MM, Cai W, Cohen-Gadol AA, Halum SL, Sarkaria JN, Pollok KE, Safa AR. Sulforaphane suppresses the growth of glioblastoma cells, glioblastoma stem cell-like spheroids, and tumor xenografts through multiple cell signaling pathways. J Neurosurg 2017; 127:1219-1230. [PMID: 28059653 DOI: 10.3171/2016.8.jns161197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Defects in the apoptotic machinery and augmented survival signals contribute to drug resistance in glioblastoma (GBM). Moreover, another complexity related to GBM treatment is the concept that GBM development and recurrence may arise from the expression of GBM stem cells (GSCs). Therefore, the use of a multifaceted approach or multitargeted agents that affect specific tumor cell characteristics will likely be necessary to successfully eradicate GBM. The objective of this study was to investigate the usefulness of sulforaphane (SFN)-a constituent of cruciferous vegetables with a multitargeted effect-as a therapeutic agent for GBM. METHODS The inhibitory effects of SFN on established cell lines, early primary cultures, CD133-positive GSCs, GSC-derived spheroids, and GBM xenografts were evaluated using various methods, including GSC isolation and the sphere-forming assay, analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis, cell growth inhibition assay, comet assays for assessing SFN-triggered DNA damage, confocal microscopy, Western blot analysis, and the determination of in vivo efficacy as assessed in human GBM xenograft models. RESULTS SFN triggered the significant inhibition of cell survival and induced apoptotic cell death, which was associated with caspase 3 and caspase 7 activation. Moreover, SFN triggered the formation of mitochondrial ROS, and SFN-triggered cell death was ROS dependent. Comet assays revealed that SFN increased single- and double-strand DNA breaks in GBM. Compared with the vehicle control cells, a significantly higher amount of γ-H2AX foci correlated with an increase in DNA double-strand breaks in the SFN-treated samples. Furthermore, SFN robustly inhibited the growth of GBM cell-induced cell death in established cell cultures and early-passage primary cultures and, most importantly, was effective in eliminating GSCs, which play a major role in drug resistance and disease recurrence. In vivo studies revealed that SFN administration at 100 mg/kg for 5-day cycles repeated for 3 weeks significantly decreased the growth of ectopic xenografts that were established from the early passage of primary cultures of GBM10. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that SFN is a potent anti-GBM agent that targets several apoptosis and cell survival pathways and further preclinical and clinical studies may prove that SFN alone or in combination with other therapies may be potentially useful for GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Reza Saadatzadeh
- 1Indiana University Simon Cancer Center.,3Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine
| | - Haiyan Wang
- 1Indiana University Simon Cancer Center.,4Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research
| | - Angie Nguyen
- 1Indiana University Simon Cancer Center.,Departments of2Pharmacology and Toxicology and
| | - Malgorzata M Kamocka
- 5Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | | | - Aaron A Cohen-Gadol
- 3Neurosurgery, Indiana University School of Medicine and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine
| | - Stacey L Halum
- 6Purdue University and the Voice Clinic of Indiana, Lafayette, Indiana; and
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- 7Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Karen E Pollok
- 1Indiana University Simon Cancer Center.,Departments of2Pharmacology and Toxicology and.,4Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research
| | - Ahmad R Safa
- 1Indiana University Simon Cancer Center.,Departments of2Pharmacology and Toxicology and
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Cytotoxic and Antitumor Activity of Sulforaphane: The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:402386. [PMID: 26185755 PMCID: PMC4491563 DOI: 10.1155/2015/402386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
According to recent estimates, cancer continues to remain the second leading cause of death and is becoming the leading one in old age. Failure and high systemic toxicity of conventional cancer therapies have accelerated the identification and development of innovative preventive as well as therapeutic strategies to contrast cancer-associated morbidity and mortality. In recent years, increasing body of in vitro and in vivo studies has underscored the cancer preventive and therapeutic efficacy of the isothiocyanate sulforaphane. In this review article, we highlight that sulforaphane cytotoxicity derives from complex, concurring, and multiple mechanisms, among which the generation of reactive oxygen species has been identified as playing a central role in promoting apoptosis and autophagy of target cells. We also discuss the site and the mechanism of reactive oxygen species' formation by sulforaphane, the toxicological relevance of sulforaphane-formed reactive oxygen species, and the death pathways triggered by sulforaphane-derived reactive oxygen species.
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Platz S, Piberger AL, Budnowski J, Herz C, Schreiner M, Blaut M, Hartwig A, Lamy E, Hanske L, Rohn S. Bioavailability and biotransformation of sulforaphane and erucin metabolites in different biological matrices determined by LC–MS–MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:1819-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Ferreira de Oliveira JMP, Remédios C, Oliveira H, Pinto P, Pinho F, Pinho S, Costa M, Santos C. Sulforaphane Induces DNA Damage and Mitotic Abnormalities in Human Osteosarcoma MG-63 Cells: Correlation with Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis. Nutr Cancer 2014; 66:325-34. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.864777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Extraction, chemical characterization and biological activity determination of broccoli health promoting compounds. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1313:78-95. [PMID: 23899380 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica) contains substantial amount of health-promoting compounds such as vitamins, glucosinolates, phenolic compounds, and dietary essential minerals; thus, it benefits health beyond providing just basic nutrition, and consumption of broccoli has been increasing over the years. This review gives an overview on the extraction and separation techniques, as well as the biological activity of some of the above mentioned compounds which have been published in the period January 2008 to January 2013. The work has been distributed according to the different families of health promoting compounds discussing the extraction procedures and the analytical techniques employed for their characterization. Finally, information about the different biological activities of these compounds has been also provided.
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Song D, Liang H, Kuang P, Tang P, Hu G, Yuan Q. Instability and Structural Change of 4-Methylsulfinyl-3-butenyl Isothiocyanate in the Hydrolytic Process. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5097-5102. [PMID: 23688308 DOI: 10.1021/jf400355d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Sulforaphene (4-methylsulfinyl-3-butenyl isothiocyanate), which has significant chemopreventive activities, is an important phytochemical ingredient produced by myrosinase hydrolysis of glucoraphenin (4-methylsulfinyl-3-butenyl glucosinolate) found in radish seeds. In this research, we found that sulforaphene was unstable and converted rapidly to a water-soluble degradation product in the hydrolytic process. The degradation product was successfully purified by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography on a C18 column using 10% methanol in water as the mobile phase. On the basis of MS and NMR spectroscopy data, the degradation product was identified to be 6-[(methylsulfinyl)methyl]-1,3-thiazinan-2-thione. The degradation pathway of sulforaphene was proposed in our study. Furthermore, low pH and metal ions were also found to have an effective inhibition to the degradation reaction of sulforaphene. Through adjusting the pH value of the system or adding metal ions after the content of sulforaphene has reached its maximum, the yield of sulforaphene increased significantly compared with that of the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
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17
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Rajendran P, Kidane AI, Yu TW, Dashwood WM, Bisson WH, Löhr CV, Ho E, Williams DE, Dashwood RH. HDAC turnover, CtIP acetylation and dysregulated DNA damage signaling in colon cancer cells treated with sulforaphane and related dietary isothiocyanates. Epigenetics 2013; 8:612-23. [PMID: 23770684 PMCID: PMC3857341 DOI: 10.4161/epi.24710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) and acetyltransferases have important roles in the regulation of protein acetylation, chromatin dynamics and the DNA damage response. Here, we show in human colon cancer cells that dietary isothiocyanates (ITCs) inhibit HDAC activity and increase HDAC protein turnover with the potency proportional to alkyl chain length, i.e., AITC < sulforaphane (SFN) < 6-SFN < 9-SFN. Molecular docking studies provided insights into the interactions of ITC metabolites with HDAC3, implicating the allosteric site between HDAC3 and its co-repressor. ITCs induced DNA double-strand breaks and enhanced the phosphorylation of histone H2AX, ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) and checkpoint kinase-2 (CHK2). Depending on the ITC and treatment conditions, phenotypic outcomes included cell growth arrest, autophagy and apoptosis. Coincident with the loss of HDAC3 and HDAC6, as well as SIRT6, ITCs enhanced the acetylation and subsequent degradation of critical repair proteins, such as CtIP, and this was recapitulated in HDAC knockdown experiments. Importantly, colon cancer cells were far more susceptible than non-cancer cells to ITC-induced DNA damage, which persisted in the former case but was scarcely detectable in non-cancer colonic epithelial cells under the same conditions. Future studies will address the mechanistic basis for dietary ITCs preferentially exploiting HDAC turnover mechanisms and faulty DNA repair pathways in colon cancer cells vs. normal cells.
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Eppink B, Krawczyk PM, Stap J, Kanaar R. Hyperthermia-induced DNA repair deficiency suggests novel therapeutic anti-cancer strategies. Int J Hyperthermia 2012; 28:509-17. [PMID: 22834701 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2012.695427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Local hyperthermia is an effective treatment modality to augment radio- and chemotherapy-based anti-cancer treatments. Although the effect of hyperthermia is pleotropic, recent experiments revealed that homologous recombination, a pathway of DNA repair, is directly inhibited by hyperthermia. The hyperthermia-induced DNA repair deficiency is enhanced by inhibitors of the cellular heat-shock response. Taken together, these results provide the rationale for the development of novel anti-cancer therapies that combine hyperthermia-induced homologous recombination deficiency with the systemic administration of drugs that specifically affect the viability of homologous recombination deficient cells and/or inhibit the heat-shock response, to locally sensitise cancer cells to DNA damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berina Eppink
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Cancer Genomics Centre, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Scharadin TM, Jiang H, Martin S, Eckert RL. TIG3 interaction at the centrosome alters microtubule distribution and centrosome function. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2604-14. [PMID: 22427689 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.096495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
TIG3 is an important pro-differentiation regulator that is expressed in the suprabasal epidermis. We have shown that TIG3 activates selective keratinocyte differentiation-associated processes leading to cornified envelope formation. However, TIG3 also suppresses cell proliferation by an unknown mechanism. Our present studies suggest that cessation of growth is mediated through the impact of TIG3 on the centrosome and microtubules. The centrosome regulates microtubule function in interphase cells and microtubule spindle formation in mitotic cells. We show that TIG3 colocalizes with γ-tubulin and pericentrin at the centrosome. Localization of TIG3 at the centrosome alters microtubule nucleation and reduces anterograde microtubule growth, increases acetylation and detyrosination of α-tubulin, increases insoluble tubulin and drives the formation of a peripheral microtubule ring adjacent to the plasma membrane. In addition, TIG3 suppresses centrosome separation, but not duplication, and reduces cell proliferation. We propose that TIG3 regulates the formation of the peripheral microtubule ring observed in keratinocytes of differentiated epidermis and also has a role in the cessation of proliferation in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Scharadin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Fimognari C, Turrini E, Ferruzzi L, Lenzi M, Hrelia P. Natural isothiocyanates: genotoxic potential versus chemoprevention. Mutat Res 2011; 750:107-131. [PMID: 22178957 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Isothiocyanates, occurring in many dietary cruciferous vegetables, show interesting chemopreventive activities against several chronic-degenerative diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, diabetes. The electrophilic carbon residue in the isothiocyanate moiety reacts with biological nucleophiles and modification of proteins is recognized as a key mechanism underlying the biological activity of isothiocyanates. The nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 system, which orchestrates the expression of a wide array of antioxidant genes, plays a role in the protective effect of isothiocyanates against almost all the pathological conditions reported above. Recent emerging findings suggest a further common mechanism. Chronic inflammation plays a central role in many human diseases and isothiocyanates inhibit the activity of many inflammation components, suppress cyclooxygenase 2, and irreversibly inactivate the macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Due to their electrophilic reactivity, some isothiocyanates are able to form adducts with DNA and induce gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations. DNA damage has been demonstrated to be involved in the pathogenesis of various chronic-degenerative diseases of epidemiological relevance. Thus, the genotoxicity of the isothiocyanates should be carefully considered. In addition, the dose-response relationship for genotoxic compounds does not suggest evidence of a threshold. Thus, chemicals that are genotoxic pose a greater potential risk to humans than non-genotoxic compounds. Dietary consumption levels of isothiocyanates appear to be several orders of magnitude lower than the doses used in the genotoxicity studies and thus it is highly unlikely that such toxicities would occur in humans. However, the beneficial properties of isothiocyanates stimulated an increase of dietary supplements and functional foods with highly enriched isothiocyanate concentrations on the market. Whether such concentrations may exert a potential health risk cannot be excluded with certainty and an accurate evaluation of the toxicological profile of isothiocyanates should be prompted before any major increase in their consumption be recommended or their clinical use suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Fimognari
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Turrini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ferruzzi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Monia Lenzi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Hrelia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Rajendran P, Ho E, Williams DE, Dashwood RH. Dietary phytochemicals, HDAC inhibition, and DNA damage/repair defects in cancer cells. Clin Epigenetics 2011; 3:4. [PMID: 22247744 PMCID: PMC3255482 DOI: 10.1186/1868-7083-3-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is a common feature of cancer etiology. This provides an avenue for therapeutic intervention, since cancer cells are more susceptible than normal cells to DNA damaging agents. However, there is growing evidence that the epigenetic mechanisms that impact DNA methylation and histone status also contribute to genomic instability. The DNA damage response, for example, is modulated by the acetylation status of histone and non-histone proteins, and by the opposing activities of histone acetyltransferase and histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes. Many HDACs overexpressed in cancer cells have been implicated in protecting such cells from genotoxic insults. Thus, HDAC inhibitors, in addition to unsilencing tumor suppressor genes, also can silence DNA repair pathways, inactivate non-histone proteins that are required for DNA stability, and induce reactive oxygen species and DNA double-strand breaks. This review summarizes how dietary phytochemicals that affect the epigenome also can trigger DNA damage and repair mechanisms. Where such data is available, examples are cited from studies in vitro and in vivo of polyphenols, organosulfur/organoselenium compounds, indoles, sesquiterpene lactones, and miscellaneous agents such as anacardic acid. Finally, by virtue of their genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, cancer chemopreventive agents are being redefined as chemo- or radio-sensitizers. A sustained DNA damage response coupled with insufficient repair may be a pivotal mechanism for apoptosis induction in cancer cells exposed to dietary phytochemicals. Future research, including appropriate clinical investigation, should clarify these emerging concepts in the context of both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms dysregulated in cancer, and the pros and cons of specific dietary intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Rajendran
- Cancer Chemoprotection Program, Linus Pauling Institute, 307 Linus Pauling Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331, USA
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Hamsa TP, Thejass P, Kuttan G. Induction of apoptosis by sulforaphane in highly metastatic B16F-10 melanoma cells. Drug Chem Toxicol 2011; 34:332-40. [PMID: 21649489 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2010.538694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) is a naturally occurring isothiocyanate found in cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, etc. SFN has received a great deal of attention because of its ability to inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in several tumor cell lines. Previously, we have demonstrated that SFN inhibits the metastasis of B16F-10 melanoma cells in both in vivo and in vitro models. Melanomas are among the aggressive tumor types because of their notorious resistance to treatment and their high tendency to metastasize. In this study, we investigated the influence of SFN on the induction of apoptosis in B16F-10 melanoma cells, which was evidenced by morphological changes such as membrane blebbing, presence of apoptotic bodies, DNA condensation, and also by nuclear DNA fragmentation. SFN-induced apoptosis was associated with the activation of caspases 3 and 9, Bax, and p53 and the downregulation of Bcl-2, caspase-8, Bid, and NF-kB. Caspase-3 is a most likely candidate to mediate SFN-induced apoptosis. In addition to the caspase-dependent pathway, our results also showed the involvement of proinflammatory cytokines, namely tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and the nuclear translocation of factors kappa B (NF-κB) p65, NF-κB p50, NF-κB c-Rel, c-FOS, ATF-2, and CREB-1 in SFN-induced apoptosis. These results raise the possibility that SFN may be a promising candidate for molecular-targeting chemotherapy against melanoma.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 9:574-8. [DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e328333c13c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nishikawa T, Tsuno NH, Okaji Y, Shuno Y, Sasaki K, Hongo K, Sunami E, Kitayama J, Takahashi K, Nagawa H. Inhibition of autophagy potentiates sulforaphane-induced apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 17:592-602. [PMID: 19830499 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulforaphane (SUL), an isothiocyanate naturally present in widely consumed vegetables, particularly broccoli, has recently attracted attention due to its inhibitory effects on tumor cell growth by inducing apoptosis. We investigated the ability of SUL to induce autophagy in human colon cancer cells and whether inhibition of autophagy could potentiate the proapoptotic effect of SUL. METHODS The proliferation of cells treated with SUL was assessed by MTS assay and colony-forming assay. Apoptosis and caspases activity were investigated by flow cytometry. The formation of acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs) was detected in acridine-orange-stained cells by flow cytometry. Western blotting was used for the detection of light chain 3 (LC3). Localizations of LC3 and cytochrome c were analyzed by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS The proapoptotic effect was observed by treatment of cells with relatively high concentrations of SUL for long periods of time. After 16 h of treatment, evident formation of AVOs and recruitment of LC3 to autophagosomes, features of autophagy, were observed. Treatment of cells with a specific autophagy inhibitor (3-methyladenine) potentiated the proapoptotic effect of SUL, which was dependent on the activation of caspases and the release of cytochrome c to the cytosol. CONCLUSION The present results demonstrate induction of autophagy in colon cancer cells as a protective reaction against the proapoptotic effect of SUL, and consequently, the potentiation of the proapoptotic effect by autophagy inhibition. These findings provide a premise for use of autophagy inhibitors in combination with chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nishikawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Yu D, Sekine-Suzuki E, Xue L, Fujimori A, Kubota N, Okayasu R. Chemopreventive agent sulforaphane enhances radiosensitivity in human tumor cells. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:1205-11. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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