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Baghy K, Ladányi A, Reszegi A, Kovalszky I. Insights into the Tumor Microenvironment-Components, Functions and Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17536. [PMID: 38139365 PMCID: PMC10743805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Similarly to our healthy organs, the tumor tissue also constitutes an ecosystem. This implies that stromal cells acquire an altered phenotype in tandem with tumor cells, thereby promoting tumor survival. Cancer cells are fueled by abnormal blood vessels, allowing them to develop and proliferate. Tumor-associated fibroblasts adapt their cytokine and chemokine production to the needs of tumor cells and alter the peritumoral stroma by generating more collagen, thereby stiffening the matrix; these processes promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor cell invasion. Chronic inflammation and the mobilization of pro-tumorigenic inflammatory cells further facilitate tumor expansion. All of these events can impede the effective administration of tumor treatment; so, the successful inhibition of tumorous matrix remodeling could further enhance the success of antitumor therapy. Over the last decade, significant progress has been made with the introduction of novel immunotherapy that targets the inhibitory mechanisms of T cell activation. However, extensive research is also being conducted on the stromal components and other cell types of the tumor microenvironment (TME) that may serve as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornélia Baghy
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Andrea Ladányi
- Department of Surgical and Molecular Pathology and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, 1122 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Andrea Reszegi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
- Department of Pathology, Forensic and Insurance Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1091 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary;
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2
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Bhattacharya S, Yin J, Huo W, Chaum E. Loss of Prom1 impairs autophagy and promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in mouse retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:2373-2389. [PMID: 37610047 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the Prominin-1 (Prom1) gene disrupt photoreceptor disk morphogenesis, leading to macular dystrophies. We have shown that human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) homeostasis is under the control of Prom1-dependent autophagy, demonstrating that Prom1 plays different roles in the photoreceptors and RPE. It is unclear if retinal and macular degeneration caused by the loss of Prom1 function is a cell-autonomous feature of the RPE or a generalized disease of photoreceptor degeneration. In this study, we investigated whether Prom1 is required for mouse RPE (mRPE) autophagy and phagocytosis, which are cellular processes essential for photoreceptor survival. We found that Prom1-KO decreases autophagy flux, activates mTORC1, and concomitantly decreases transcription factor EB (TFEB) and Cathepsin-D activities in mRPE cells. In addition, Prom1-KO reduces the clearance of bovine photoreceptor outer segments in mRPE cells due to increased mTORC1 and reduced TFEB activities. Dysfunction of Prom1-dependent autophagy correlates with both a decrease in ZO-1 and E-cadherin and a concomitant increase in Vimentin, SNAI1, and ZEB1 levels, consistent with induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in Prom1-KO mRPE cells. Our results demonstrate that Prom1-mTORC1-TFEB signaling is a central driver of cell-autonomous mRPE homeostasis. We show that Prom1-KO in mRPE leads to RPE defects similar to that seen in atrophic age-related macular degeneration and opens new avenues of investigation targeting Prom1 in retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Bhattacharya
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jinggang Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Weihong Huo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Edward Chaum
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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3
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NO news: S-(de)nitrosylation of cathepsins and their relationship with cancer. Anal Biochem 2022; 655:114872. [PMID: 36027970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumor formation and progression have been much of a study over the last two centuries. Recent studies have seen different developments for the early diagnosis and treatment of the disease; some of which even promise survival of the patient. Cysteine proteases, mainly cathepsins have been unequivocally identified as putative worthy players of redox imbalance that contribute to the premonition and further progression of cancer by interfering in the normal extracellular and intracellular proteolysis and initiating a proteolytic cascade. The present review article focuses on the study of cancer so far, while establishing facts on how future studies focused on the cellular interrelation between nitric oxide (NO) and cancer, can direct their focus on cathepsins. For a tumor cell to thrive and synergize a cancerous environment, different mutations in the proteolytic and signaling pathways and the proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, and the tumor suppressor genes are made possible through cellular biochemistry and some cancer-stimulating environmental factors. The accumulated findings show that S-nitrosylation of cathepsins under the influence of NO-donors can prevent the invasion of cancer and cause cancer cell death by blocking the activity of cathepsins as well as the major denitrosylase systems using a multi-way approach. Faced with a conundrum of how to fill the gap between the dodging of established cancer hallmarks with cathepsin activity and gaining appropriate research/clinical accreditation using our hypothesis, the scope of this review also explores the interplay and crosstalk between S-nitrosylation and S-(de)nitrosylation of this protease and highlights the utility of charging thioredoxin (Trx) reductase inhibitors, low-molecular-weight dithiols, and Trx mimetics using efficient drug delivery system to prevent the denitrosylation or regaining of cathepsin activity in vivo. In foresight, this raises the prospect that drugs or novel compounds that target cathepsins taking all these factors into consideration could be deployed as alternative or even better treatments for cancer, though further research is needed to ascertain the safety, efficiency and effectiveness of this approach.
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Blumer M, Brown T, Freitas MB, Destro AL, Oliveira JA, Morales AE, Schell T, Greve C, Pippel M, Jebb D, Hecker N, Ahmed AW, Kirilenko BM, Foote M, Janke A, Lim BK, Hiller M. Gene losses in the common vampire bat illuminate molecular adaptations to blood feeding. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm6494. [PMID: 35333583 PMCID: PMC8956264 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm6494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Vampire bats are the only mammals that feed exclusively on blood. To uncover genomic changes associated with this dietary adaptation, we generated a haplotype-resolved genome of the common vampire bat and screened 27 bat species for genes that were specifically lost in the vampire bat lineage. We found previously unknown gene losses that relate to reduced insulin secretion (FFAR1 and SLC30A8), limited glycogen stores (PPP1R3E), and a unique gastric physiology (CTSE). Other gene losses likely reflect the biased nutrient composition (ERN2 and CTRL) and distinct pathogen diversity of blood (RNASE7) and predict the complete lack of cone-based vision in these strictly nocturnal bats (PDE6H and PDE6C). Notably, REP15 loss likely helped vampire bats adapt to high dietary iron levels by enhancing iron excretion, and the loss of CYP39A1 could have contributed to their exceptional cognitive abilities. These findings enhance our understanding of vampire bat biology and the genomic underpinnings of adaptations to blood feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Blumer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Goethe University, Faculty of Biosciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tom Brown
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Ana Luiza Destro
- Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Juraci A. Oliveira
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Ariadna E. Morales
- Goethe University, Faculty of Biosciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tilman Schell
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carola Greve
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin Pippel
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - David Jebb
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nikolai Hecker
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexis-Walid Ahmed
- Goethe University, Faculty of Biosciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bogdan M. Kirilenko
- Goethe University, Faculty of Biosciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maddy Foote
- Native Bat Conservation Program, Toronto Zoo, 361A Old Finch Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M1B 5K7, Canada
| | - Axel Janke
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Burton K. Lim
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen’s Park, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2C6, Canada
| | - Michael Hiller
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Goethe University, Faculty of Biosciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
- Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
- Corresponding author.
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Protease-triggered bioresponsive drug delivery for the targeted theranostics of malignancy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2220-2242. [PMID: 34522585 PMCID: PMC8424222 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases have a fundamental role in maintaining physiological homeostasis, but their dysregulation results in severe activity imbalance and pathological conditions, including cancer onset, progression, invasion, and metastasis. This striking importance plus superior biological recognition and catalytic performance of proteases, combining with the excellent physicochemical characteristics of nanomaterials, results in enzyme-activated nano-drug delivery systems (nanoDDS) that perform theranostic functions in highly specific response to the tumor phenotype stimulus. In the tutorial review, the key advances of protease-responsive nanoDDS in the specific diagnosis and targeted treatment for malignancies are emphatically classified according to the effector biomolecule types, on the premise of summarizing the structure and function of each protease. Subsequently, the incomplete matching and recognition between enzyme and substrate, structural design complexity, volume production, and toxicological issues related to the nanocomposites are highlighted to clarify the direction of efforts in nanotheranostics. This will facilitate the promotion of nanotechnology in the management of malignant tumors.
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Vizovisek M, Ristanovic D, Menghini S, Christiansen MG, Schuerle S. The Tumor Proteolytic Landscape: A Challenging Frontier in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052514. [PMID: 33802262 PMCID: PMC7958950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, dysregulation of proteases and atypical proteolysis have become increasingly recognized as important hallmarks of cancer, driving community-wide efforts to explore the proteolytic landscape of oncologic disease. With more than 100 proteases currently associated with different aspects of cancer development and progression, there is a clear impetus to harness their potential in the context of oncology. Advances in the protease field have yielded technologies enabling sensitive protease detection in various settings, paving the way towards diagnostic profiling of disease-related protease activity patterns. Methods including activity-based probes and substrates, antibodies, and various nanosystems that generate reporter signals, i.e., for PET or MRI, after interaction with the target protease have shown potential for clinical translation. Nevertheless, these technologies are costly, not easily multiplexed, and require advanced imaging technologies. While the current clinical applications of protease-responsive technologies in oncologic settings are still limited, emerging technologies and protease sensors are poised to enable comprehensive exploration of the tumor proteolytic landscape as a diagnostic and therapeutic frontier. This review aims to give an overview of the most relevant classes of proteases as indicators for tumor diagnosis, current approaches to detect and monitor their activity in vivo, and associated therapeutic applications.
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Yang J, Tian T, Xiao K, Zeng Q, Tan C, Du H. Pathogenic infection and immune-related gene expression of Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) challenged by Citrobacter freundii. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103872. [PMID: 32949686 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Citrobacter freundii is one of the important bacterial diseases responsible for disease outbreaks to wild and cultured fishes globally. However, no known empirical research has focused on exploring relationships between immune response after C. freundii infection in sturgeons. In this study, C. freundii was isolated and identified from artificially breeding Chinese sturgeon, and global measurement of transcriptome response to C. freundii infection in head-kidney and spleen of A. sinensis were conducted to the acknowledgement of the potential mechanisms of pathogen-host interaction triggered by the bacterial infection. In total, differentially expressed genes which significantly associated with immune responses were found to be participated in antigen processing and presentation (MHC I, MHC II, HspA1, Hsp90A, Hsp70, CTSL, and CTSE), and acute phase response (serotransferrin and CP), as well as changing of other immune-related cytokine, such as chemokine and interferon, which proving their reacting and regulatory role during the response of thehost against C. freundii infection in fish. C. freundii can cause serious disease in sturgeon species was first reported in this study, and innate immune responses to C. freundii infection in this study will be conducive to understand the defense mechanisms and making appropriate prevention strategies in A. sinensis aquaculture operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Institute of Chinese Sturgeon, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang, Hubei, 443100, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Project for Conservation of Fishes, Institute of Chinese Sturgeon, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang, Hubei, 443100, China.
| | - Tian Tian
- Institute of Chinese Sturgeon, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang, Hubei, 443100, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Project for Conservation of Fishes, Institute of Chinese Sturgeon, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang, Hubei, 443100, China.
| | - Kan Xiao
- Institute of Chinese Sturgeon, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang, Hubei, 443100, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Project for Conservation of Fishes, Institute of Chinese Sturgeon, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang, Hubei, 443100, China.
| | - Qingkai Zeng
- Institute of Chinese Sturgeon, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang, Hubei, 443100, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Project for Conservation of Fishes, Institute of Chinese Sturgeon, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang, Hubei, 443100, China.
| | - Chun Tan
- Institute of Chinese Sturgeon, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang, Hubei, 443100, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Project for Conservation of Fishes, Institute of Chinese Sturgeon, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang, Hubei, 443100, China.
| | - Hejun Du
- Institute of Chinese Sturgeon, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang, Hubei, 443100, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Project for Conservation of Fishes, Institute of Chinese Sturgeon, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang, Hubei, 443100, China.
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Kim JW, Cho JY, Kim J, Kim DG, Nam BH, Kim YO, An CM, Kim BS, Park JY, Kong HJ. First report of cathepsin E in a teleost (Korean rose bitterling, Rhodeus uyekii): Molecular characterisation and tissue distribution. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:103607. [PMID: 31904433 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We isolated and characterised a cDNA encoding the aspartic protease cathepsin E (CTSE) in Korean rose bitterling, Rhodeus uyekii. The full-length Rhodeus uyekii CTSE (RuCTSE) cDNA (1396 bp) contains an open reading frame of 1218 bp, encoding 405 amino acids. Alignment of multiple CTSE protein sequences revealed that two of the aspartyl protease active site residues and a disulphide bond were well-conserved among the other CTSE sequences. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that RuCTSE is most closely related to freshwater fish cathepsin E. RuCTSE is widely expressed in the liver, spleen, ovary, testis, brain, eye, intestine, muscle, fin, stomach, and kidney. This first report of teleost CTSE will provide important information related to the identification of other cathepsin E genes in various fish species and will serve as a useful molecular tool to help clarify biological activities in other teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Won Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Young Cho
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Julan Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyun Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hye Nam
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ok Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheul Min An
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Seok Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Youn Park
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Kong
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea.
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Dheer D, Nicolas J, Shankar R. Cathepsin-sensitive nanoscale drug delivery systems for cancer therapy and other diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 151-152:130-151. [PMID: 30690054 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins are an important category of enzymes that have attracted great attention for the delivery of drugs to improve the therapeutic outcome of a broad range of nanoscale drug delivery systems. These proteases can be utilized for instance through actuation of polymer-drug conjugates (e.g., triggering the drug release) to bypass limitations of many drug candidates. A substantial amount of work has been witnessed in the design and the evaluation of Cathepsin-sensitive drug delivery systems, especially based on the tetra-peptide sequence (Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly, GFLG) which has been extensively used as a spacer that can be cleaved in the presence of Cathepsin B. This Review Article will give an in-depth overview of the design and the biological evaluation of Cathepsin-sensitive drug delivery systems and their application in different pathologies including cancer before discussing Cathepsin B-cleavable prodrugs under clinical trials.
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Maurer A, Kalbacher H. Pepstatin pull-down at high pH is a powerful tool for detection and analysis of napsin A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 515:145-148. [PMID: 31130231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Napsin A is an intracellular aspartic protease and biomarker of various malignancies like lung adenocarcinoma and ovarian clear cell carcinoma, but its detection is usually limited to immunohistochemical techniques gaining excellent information on its distribution but missing information about posttranslational modifications (e.g. maturation state) of the protein. We present a protocol for specific enrichment of napsin A from clinical or biological specimens, that facilitates detailed analysis of the protein. By using the exceptionally broad pH range under which napsin A binds to its inhibitor pepstatin A we achieve highly selective binding of napsin A while other aspartic proteases have negligible affinity. Using this method we demonstrate that lung napsin A in many mammals is a heterogeneous enzyme with a characteristic ladder-like appearance in SDS-PAGE that might be caused by proteolytically processed N- and/or C-termini, in contrast to the more homogeneous form found in kidneys and primary lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Maurer
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
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11
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Moreira J, Saraiva M, Saraiva MJ. Downregulated Cathepsin E expression in bone marrow-derived macrophages from the pre-clinical familial amyloid polyneuropathy model. Amyloid 2019; 26:63-64. [PMID: 31343320 DOI: 10.1080/13506129.2019.1585342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João Moreira
- a I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Grupo Neurobiologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- a I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,c IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Grupo Regulação Imune, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Maria João Saraiva
- a I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Grupo Neurobiologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
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12
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Magalhães B, Trindade F, Barros AS, Klein J, Amado F, Ferreira R, Vitorino R. Reviewing Mechanistic Peptidomics in Body Fluids Focusing on Proteases. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1800187. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Magalhães
- Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular; Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto; 4200-319 Porto Portugal
| | - Fábio Trindade
- Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular; Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto; 4200-319 Porto Portugal
- Instituto de Biomedicina; Department of Medical Sciences; University of Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - António S. Barros
- Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular; Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto; 4200-319 Porto Portugal
| | - Julie Klein
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease; Toulouse France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier; 31330 Toulouse France
| | - Francisco Amado
- Química Orgânica, Produtos Naturais e Agroalimentares; Department of Chemistry; University of Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Química Orgânica, Produtos Naturais e Agroalimentares; Department of Chemistry; University of Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular; Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto; 4200-319 Porto Portugal
- Instituto de Biomedicina; Department of Medical Sciences; University of Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
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Mengwasser J, Babes L, Cordes S, Mertlitz S, Riesner K, Shi Y, McGearey A, Kalupa M, Reinheckel T, Penack O. Cathepsin E Deficiency Ameliorates Graft-versus-Host Disease and Modifies Dendritic Cell Motility. Front Immunol 2017; 8:203. [PMID: 28298913 PMCID: PMC5331043 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial products influence immunity after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). In this context, the role of cathepsin E (Ctse), an aspartate protease known to cleave bacterial peptides for antigen presentation in dendritic cells (DCs), has not been studied. During experimental acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), we found infiltration by Ctse-positive immune cells leading to higher Ctse RNA- and protein levels in target organs. In Ctse-deficient allo-SCT recipients, we found ameliorated GVHD, improved survival, and lower numbers of tissue-infiltrating DCs. Donor T cell proliferation was not different in Ctse-deficient vs. wild-type allo-SCT recipients in MHC-matched and MHC-mismatched models. Furthermore, Ctse-deficient DCs had an intact ability to induce allogeneic T cell proliferation, suggesting that its role in antigen presentation may not be the main mechanism how Ctse impacts GVHD. We found that Ctse deficiency significantly decreases DC motility in vivo, reduces adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM), and diminishes invasion through ECM. We conclude that Ctse has a previously unrecognized role in regulating DC motility that possibly contributes to reduced DC counts and ameliorated inflammation in GVHD target organs of Ctse-deficient allo-SCT recipients. However, our data do not provide definite proof that the observed effect of Ctse−/− deficiency is exclusively mediated by DCs. A contribution of Ctse−/−-mediated functions in other recipient cell types, e.g., macrophages, cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Mengwasser
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Liane Babes
- Faculty of Medicine, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Steffen Cordes
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Sarah Mertlitz
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Katarina Riesner
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Yu Shi
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Aleixandria McGearey
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Martina Kalupa
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Faculty of Medicine, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Olaf Penack
- Medical Department, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité University Medicine , Berlin , Germany
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Cathepsin E promotes pulmonary emphysema via mitochondrial fission. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 184:2730-41. [PMID: 25239563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Emphysema is characterized by loss of lung elasticity and irreversible air space enlargement, usually in the later decades of life. The molecular mechanisms of emphysema remain poorly defined. We identified a role for a novel cathepsin, cathepsin E, in promoting emphysema by inducing mitochondrial fission. Unlike previously reported cysteine cathepsins, which have been implicated in cigarette smoke-induced lung disease, cathepsin E is a nonlysosomal intracellular aspartic protease whose function has been described only in antigen processing. We examined lung tissue sections of persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a clinical entity that includes emphysematous change. Human chronic obstructive pulmonary disease lungs had markedly increased cathepsin E protein in the lung epithelium. We generated lung epithelial-targeted transgenic cathepsin E mice and found that they develop emphysema. Overexpression of cathepsin E resulted in increased E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin, mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein 1, caspase activation/apoptosis, and ultimately loss of lung parenchyma resembling emphysema. Inhibiting dynamin-related protein 1, using a small molecule inhibitor in vitro or in vivo, inhibited cathepsin E-induced apoptosis and emphysema. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to identify links between cathepsin E, mitochondrial fission, and caspase activation/apoptosis in the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema. Our data expand the current understanding of molecular mechanisms of emphysema development and may provide new therapeutic targets.
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15
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Tasiamide F, a potent inhibitor of cathepsins D and E from a marine cyanobacterium. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3276-82. [PMID: 27211244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In search of novel protease inhibitors with therapeutic potential, our efforts exploring the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp. have led to the discovery of tasiamide F (1), which is an analogue of tasiamide B (2). The structure was elucidated using a combination of NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The key structural feature in 1 is the presence of the Phe-derived statine core, which contributes to its aspartic protease inhibitory activity. The antiproteolytic activity of 1 and 2 was evaluated in vitro against cathepsins D and E, and BACE1. Tasiamide F (1) displayed IC50 values of 57nM, 23nM, and 0.69μM, respectively, indicating greater selectivity for cathepsins over BACE1 compared with tasiamide B (2). Molecular docking experiments were carried out for compounds 1 and 2 against cathepsins D and E to rationalize their activity towards these proteases. The dysregulated activities of cathepsins D and E have been implicated in cancer and modulation of immune responses, respectively, and these proteases represent potential therapeutic targets.
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16
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Padden J, Ahrens M, Kälsch J, Bertram S, Megger DA, Bracht T, Eisenacher M, Kocabayoglu P, Meyer HE, Sipos B, Baba HA, Sitek B. Immunohistochemical Markers Distinguishing Cholangiocellular Carcinoma (CCC) from Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) Discovered by Proteomic Analysis of Microdissected Cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 15:1072-82. [PMID: 26644413 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.054585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are two highly aggressive cancer types that arise from epithelial cells of the pancreatobiliary system. Owing to their histological and morphological similarity, differential diagnosis between CCC and metastasis of PDAC located in the liver frequently proves an unsolvable issue for pathologists. The detection of biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity for the differentiation of these tumor types would therefore be a valuable tool. Here, we address this problem by comparing microdissected CCC and PDAC tumor cells from nine and eleven cancer patients, respectively, in a label-free proteomics approach. The novel biomarker candidates were subsequently verified by immunohistochemical staining of 73 CCC, 78 primary, and 18 metastatic PDAC tissue sections. In the proteome analysis, we found 180 proteins with a significantly differential expression between CCC and PDAC cells (p value < 0.05, absolute fold change > 2). Nine candidate proteins were chosen for an immunohistochemical verification out of which three showed very promising results. These were the annexins ANXA1, ANXA10, and ANXA13. For the correct classification of PDAC, ANXA1 showed a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 85% and ANXA10 a sensitivity of 90% at a specificity of 66%. ANXA13 was higher abundant in CCC. It presented a sensitivity of 84% at a specificity of 55%. In metastatic PDAC tissue ANXA1 and ANXA10 showed similar staining behavior as in the primary PDAC tumors (13/18 and 17/18 positive, respectively). ANXA13, however, presented positive staining in eight out of eighteen secondary PDAC tumors and was therefore not suitable for the differentiation of these from CCC. We conclude that ANXA1 and ANXA10 are promising biomarker candidates with high diagnostic values for the differential diagnosis of intrahepatic CCC and metastatic liver tumors deriving from PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Padden
- From the ‡Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany;
| | - Maike Ahrens
- From the ‡Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Kälsch
- §Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität-Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bertram
- §Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität-Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Dominik A Megger
- From the ‡Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
| | - Thilo Bracht
- From the ‡Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin Eisenacher
- From the ‡Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
| | - Peri Kocabayoglu
- ¶Klinik für Allgemeinchirurgie, Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität-Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Helmut E Meyer
- From the ‡Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
| | - Bence Sipos
- ‖Institut für Pathologie und Neuropathologie, Abteilung Allgemeine Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hideo A Baba
- §Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität-Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Barbara Sitek
- From the ‡Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
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NI HONG, SUN QI, TIAN TIAN, FENG XING, SUN BAOLIANG. Long-term expression of metabolism-associated genes in the rat hippocampus following recurrent neonatal seizures and its regulation by melatonin. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2727-34. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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18
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Yang J, Röwer C, Koy C, Ruß M, Rüger CP, Zimmermann R, von Fritschen U, Bredell M, Finke JC, Glocker MO. Mass spectrometric characterization of limited proteolysis activity in human plasma samples under mild acidic conditions. Methods 2015; 89:30-7. [PMID: 25726909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a limited proteolysis assay for estimating dynamics in plasma-borne protease activities using MALDI ToF MS analysis as readout. A highly specific limited proteolysis activity was elicited in human plasma by shifting the pH to 6. Mass spectrometry showed that two singly charged ion signals at m/z 2753.44 and m/z 2937.56 significantly increased in abundance under mild acidic conditions as a function of incubation time. For proving that a provoked proteolytic activity in mild acidic solution caused the appearance of the observed peptides, control measurements were performed (i) with pepstatin as protease inhibitor, (ii) with heat-denatured samples, (iii) at pH 1.7, and (iv) at pH 7.5. Mass spectrometric fragmentation analysis showed that the observed peptides encompass the amino acid sequences 1-24 and 1-26 from the N-terminus of human serum albumin. Investigations on peptidase specificities suggest that the two best candidates for the observed serum albumin cleavages are cathepsin D and E. Reproducibility, robustness, and sensitivity prove the potential of the developed limited proteolysis assay to become of clinical importance for estimating dynamics of plasma-borne proteases with respect to associated pathophysiological tissue conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhi Yang
- Proteome Center Rostock, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Claudia Röwer
- Proteome Center Rostock, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Cornelia Koy
- Proteome Center Rostock, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Manuela Ruß
- Proteome Center Rostock, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christopher P Rüger
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Cooperation Group of Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Cooperation Group of Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe von Fritschen
- Division of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, HELIOS Clinic Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marius Bredell
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juliane C Finke
- Division of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, HELIOS Clinic Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael O Glocker
- Proteome Center Rostock, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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Fisher OM, Levert-Mignon AJ, Lord SJ, Botelho NK, Freeman AK, Thomas ML, Falkenback D, Wettstein A, Whiteman DC, Bobryshev YV, Lord RV. High Expression of Cathepsin E in Tissues but Not Blood of Patients with Barrett's Esophagus and Adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 22:2431-8. [PMID: 25348778 PMCID: PMC4458267 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-4155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Cathepsin E (CTSE), an aspartic proteinase, is differentially expressed in the metaplasia–dysplasia–neoplasia sequence of gastric and colon cancer. We evaluated CTSE in Barrett’s esophagus (BE) and cancer because increased CTSE levels are linked to improved survival in several cancers, and other cathepsins are up-regulated in BE and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Methods A total of 273 pretreatment tissues from 199 patients were analyzed [31 normal squamous esophagus (NE), 29 BE intestinal metaplasia, 31 BE with dysplasia (BE/D), 108 EAC]. CTSE relative mRNA expression was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and protein expression was measured by immunohistochemistry. CTSE serum levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Median CTSE mRNA expression levels were ≥1,000-fold higher in BE/intestinal metaplasia and BE/D compared to NE. CTSE levels were significantly lower in EAC compared to BE/intestinal metaplasia and BE/D, but significantly higher than NE levels. A similar expression pattern was present in immunohistochemistry, with absent staining in NE, intense staining in intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia, and less intense EAC staining. CTSE serum analysis did not discriminate patient groups. In a uni- and multivariable Cox proportional hazards model, CTSE expression was not significantly associated with survival in patients with EAC, although CTSE expression above the 25th percentile was associated with a 41 % relative risk reduction for death (hazard ratio 0.59, 95 % confidence interval 0.27–1.26, p = 0.17). Conclusions CTSE mRNA expression is up-regulated more than any known gene in Barrett intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia tissues. Protein expression is similarly highly intense in intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia tissues. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1245/s10434-014-4155-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver M Fisher
- St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
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20
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Lutz D, Wolters-Eisfeld G, Schachner M, Kleene R. Cathepsin E generates a sumoylated intracellular fragment of the cell adhesion molecule L1 to promote neuronal and Schwann cell migration as well as myelination. J Neurochem 2014; 128:713-24. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Lutz
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie; Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Gerrit Wolters-Eisfeld
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie; Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie; Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience; Rutgers University; Piscataway New Jersey USA
- Center for Neuroscience; Shantou University Medical College; Shantou China
| | - Ralf Kleene
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie; Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
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21
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Pilzner C, Bühling F, Reinheckel T, Chwieralski C, Rathinasamy A, Lauenstein HD, Wex T, Welte T, Braun A, Groneberg DA. Allergic airway inflammation in mice deficient for the antigen-processing protease cathepsin E. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012; 159:367-83. [PMID: 22846634 DOI: 10.1159/000338288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic asthma is a Th2-type chronic inflammatory disease of the lung. It is characterized by infiltration of eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells and T lymphocytes into the airways. Th2 cytokines like interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and chemokines like eotaxin are increased in the asthmatic response. The processing and presentation of exogenous antigens is important in the sensitization to an allergen. Cathepsin E (Ctse) is an intracellular aspartic endoprotease which is expressed in immune cells like dendritic cells (DCs). It was found to play an essential role in the processing and presentation of ovalbumin (OVA). The aim of the present study was to investigate the inhibition of Ctse in two different experimental models of allergic airway inflammation. METHODS Ctse wild-type (Ctse(+/+)) and Ctse-deficient (Ctse(-/-)) bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) were pulsed with OVA/OVA peptide and cocultured with OVA transgenic T II (OT II) cells whose proliferation was subsequently analyzed. Two different in vivo asthma models with Ctse(+/+) and Ctse(-/-) mice were performed: an acute OVA-induced and a subchronic Phleum pratense-induced airway inflammation. RESULTS Proliferation of OT II cells was decreased when cocultured with BMDCs of Ctse(-/-) mice as compared to cells cocultured with BMDCs of Ctse(+/+) mice. In vivo, Ctse deficiency led to reduced lymphocyte influx after allergen sensitization and challenge in both investigated airway inflammation models, compared to their control groups. CONCLUSION Ctse deficiency leads to a reduced antigen presentation in vitro. This is followed by a distinct effect on lymphocyte influx in states of allergic airway inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Pilzner
- Department of Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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22
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Molinski TF, Reynolds KA, Morinaka BI. Symplocin A, a linear peptide from the Bahamian cyanobacterium Symploca sp. Configurational analysis of N,N-dimethylamino acids by chiral-phase HPLC of naphthacyl esters. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:425-31. [PMID: 22360587 PMCID: PMC3694611 DOI: 10.1021/np200861n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The absolute stereostructures of the components of symplocin A (3), a new N,N-dimethyl-terminated peptide from the Bahamian cyanobacterium Symploca sp., were assigned from spectroscopic analysis, including MS, 2D NMR, and Marfey's analysis. The complete absolute configuration of symplocin A, including the unexpected D-configurations of the terminal N,N-dimethylisoleucine and valic acid residues, was assigned by chiral-phase HPLC of the corresponding 2-naphthacyl esters, a highly sensitive, complementary strategy for assignment of N-blocked peptide residues where Marfey's method is ineffectual or other methods fall short. Symplocin A exhibited potent activity as an inhibitor of cathepsin E (IC(50) 300 pM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz F Molinski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States.
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Grimm S, Horlacher M, Catalgol B, Hoehn A, Reinheckel T, Grune T. Cathepsins D and L reduce the toxicity of advanced glycation end products. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1011-23. [PMID: 22245096 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end product-modified proteins are known for accumulating during aging and in several pathological conditions such as diabetes, renal failure, and neurodegenerative disorders. There is little information about the intracellular fate of endocytosed advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their influence on proteolytic systems. However, it is known that the lysosomal system is impaired during aging. Therefore, undegraded material may accumulate and play a considerable role in the development of diverse diseases. To investigate if AGEs can be degraded and to test whether they accumulate because of impaired lysosomal proteases we studied the effects of advanced glycation end products on the endosomal-lysosomal system. Five different types of AGEs were generated by bovine serum albumin incubation with glyoxal, methylglyoxal, glucose, fructose, and ribose. The first experiments revealed the uptake of AGEs by the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Further investigations demonstrated an increase in cathepsin D and L activity and an increase in mature cathepsins D and L. Increased activities were accompanied by the presence of more lysosomes, measured by staining with LysoTracker blue. To specify the roles of cathepsins D and L we used knockout cells to test the roles of both cathepsins on the toxicity of advanced glycation end products. In summary we conclude that both cathepsins are required for a reduction in advanced glycation end product-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Grimm
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Puizdar V, Zajc T, Žerovnik E, Renko M, Pieper U, Eswar N, Šali A, Dolenc I, Turk V. Biochemical characterization and structural modeling of human cathepsin E variant 2 in comparison to the wild-type protein. Biol Chem 2012; 393:177-86. [PMID: 22718633 PMCID: PMC4111641 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2011-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin E splice variant 2 appears in a number of gastric carcinomas. Here we report detecting this variant in HeLa cells using polyclonal antibodies and biotinylated inhibitor pepstatin A. An overexpression of GFP fusion proteins of cathepsin E and its splice variant within HEK-293T cells was performed to show their localization. Their distribution under a fluorescence microscope showed that they are colocalized. We also expressed variants 1 and 2 of cathepsins E, with propeptide and without it, in Escherichia coli. After refolding from the inclusion bodies, the enzymatic activity and circular dichroism spectra of the splice variant 2 were compared to those of the wild-type mature active cathepsins E. While full-length cathepsin E variant 1 is activated at acid pH, the splice variant remains inactive. In contrast to the active cathepsin E, the splice variant 2 predominantly assumes β-sheet structure, prone to oligomerization, at least under in vitro conditions, as shown by atomic force microscopy as shallow disk-like particles. A comparative structure model of splice variant 2 was computed based on its alignment to the known structure of cathepsin E intermediate (Protein Data Bank code 1TZS) and used to rationalize its conformational properties and loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Puizdar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tajana Zajc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Žerovnik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Renko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ursula Pieper
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences at UCSF, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF MC 2552, Byers Hall, 1700 4th Street, Suite 503 B, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Narayanan Eswar
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences at UCSF, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF MC 2552, Byers Hall, 1700 4th Street, Suite 503 B, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Andrej Šali
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences at UCSF, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF MC 2552, Byers Hall, 1700 4th Street, Suite 503 B, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Iztok Dolenc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vito Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Choi KY, Swierczewska M, Lee S, Chen X. Protease-activated drug development. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:156-78. [PMID: 22400063 PMCID: PMC3296471 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this extensive review, we elucidate the importance of proteases and their role in drug development in various diseases with an emphasis on cancer. First, key proteases are introduced along with their function in disease progression. Next, we link these proteases as targets for the development of prodrugs and provide clinical examples of protease-activatable prodrugs. Finally, we provide significant design considerations needed for the development of the next generation protease-targeted and protease-activatable prodrugs.
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26
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Sellers RS, Clifford CB, Treuting PM, Brayton C. Immunological variation between inbred laboratory mouse strains: points to consider in phenotyping genetically immunomodified mice. Vet Pathol 2011; 49:32-43. [PMID: 22135019 DOI: 10.1177/0300985811429314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inbred laboratory mouse strains are highly divergent in their immune response patterns as a result of genetic mutations and polymorphisms. The generation of genetically engineered mice (GEM) has, in the past, used embryonic stem (ES) cells for gene targeting from various 129 substrains followed by backcrossing into more fecund mouse strains. Although common inbred mice are considered "immune competent," many have variations in their immune system-some of which have been described-that may affect the phenotype. Recognition of these immune variations among commonly used inbred mouse strains is essential for the accurate interpretation of expected phenotypes or those that may arise unexpectedly. In GEM developed to study specific components of the immune system, accurate evaluation of immune responses must take into consideration not only the gene of interest but also how the background strain and microbial milieu contribute to the manifestation of findings in these mice. This article discusses points to consider regarding immunological differences between the common inbred laboratory mouse strains, particularly in their use as background strains in GEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Sellers
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Ave, Room 158, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Yamamoto K, Kawakubo T, Yasukochi A, Tsukuba T. Emerging roles of cathepsin E in host defense mechanisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1824:105-12. [PMID: 21664991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin E is an intracellular aspartic proteinase of the pepsin superfamily, which is predominantly expressed in certain cell types, including the immune system cells and rapidly regenerating gastric mucosal and epidermal keratinocytes. The intracellular localization of this protein varies with different cell types. The endosomal localization is primarily found in antigen-presenting cells and gastric cells. The membrane association is observed with certain cell types such as erythrocytes, osteoclasts, gastric parietal cells and renal proximal tubule cells. This enzyme is also found in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and cytosolic compartments in various cell types. In addition to its intracellular localization, cathepsin E occurs in the culture medium of activated phagocytes and cancer cells as the catalytically active enzyme. Its strategic expression and localization thus suggests the association of this enzyme with specific biological functions of the individual cell types. Recent genetic and pharmacological studies have particularly suggested that cathepsin E plays an important role in host defense against cancer cells and invading microorganisms. This review focuses emerging roles of cathepsin E in immune system cells and skin keratinocytes, and in host defense against cancer cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis 50 years after the discovery of lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yamamoto
- Proteolysis Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Jeong HJ, Kim H, Kim YK, Park SK, Kang DW, Yoon D. The ketogenic diet suppresses the cathepsin E expression induced by kainic acid in the rat brain. Yonsei Med J 2010; 51:653-60. [PMID: 20635438 PMCID: PMC2908849 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2010.51.5.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The ketogenic diet has long been used to treat epilepsy, but its mechanism is not yet clearly understood. To explore the potential mechanism, we analyzed the changes in gene expression induced by the ketogenic diet in the rat kainic acid (KA) epilepsy model. MATERIALS AND METHODS KA-administered rats were fed the ketogenic diet or a normal diet for 4 weeks, and microarray analysis was performed with their brain tissues. The effects of the ketogenic diet on cathepsin E messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression were analyzed in KA-administered and normal saline-administered groups with semi-quantitative and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Brain tissues were dissected into 8 regions to compare differential effects of the ketogenic diet on cathepsin E mRNA expression. Immunohistochemistry with an anti-cathepsin E antibody was performed on slides of hippocampus obtained from whole brain paraffin blocks. RESULTS The microarray data and subsequent RT-PCR experiments showed that KA increased the mRNA expression of cathepsin E, known to be related to neuronal cell death, in most brain areas except the brain stem, and these increases of cathepsin E mRNA expression were suppressed by the ketogenic diet. The expression of cathepsin E mRNA in the control group, however, was not significantly affected by the ketogenic diet. The change in cathepsin E mRNA expression was greatest in the hippocampus. The protein level of cathepsin E in the hippocampus of KA-administered rat was elevated in immunohistochemistry and the ketogenic diet suppressed this increase. CONCLUSION Our results showed that KA administration increased cathepsin E expression in the rat brain and its increase was suppressed by the ketogenic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jeong Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kwandong University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Hojeong Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Kwandong University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kwandong University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kwandong University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Dong-Won Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kwandong University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Dojun Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kwandong University, Gangneung, Korea
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Webb RL, Schiering N, Sedrani R, Maibaum J. Direct Renin Inhibitors as a New Therapy for Hypertension. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7490-520. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901885s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Randy L. Webb
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey
| | - Nikolaus Schiering
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard Sedrani
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Maibaum
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Selective detection of Cathepsin E proteolytic activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2010; 1800:1002-8. [PMID: 20600629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspartic proteases Cathepsin (Cath) E and D are two different proteases, but they share many common characteristics, including molecular weight, catalytic mechanism, substrate preferences, proteolytic conditions and inhibition susceptibility. To define the biological roles of these proteases, it is necessary to elucidate their substrate specificity. In the present study, we report a new peptide-substrate that is only sensitive to Cath E but not Cath D. METHODS Substrate e, Mca-Ala-Gly-Phe-Ser-Leu-Pro-Ala-Lys(Dnp)-DArg-CONH₂, designed in such a way that due to the close proximity of a Mca-donor and a Dnp-acceptor, near complete intramolecular quenching effect was achieved in its intact state. After the proteolytic cleavage of the hydrophobic motif of peptide substrate, both Mca and Dnp would be further apart, resulting in bright fluorescence. RESULTS Substrate e showed a 265 fold difference in the net fluorescence signals between Cath E and D. This Cath E selectivity was established by having -Leu**Pro- residues at the scissile peptide bond. The confined cleavage site of substrate e was confirmed by LC-MS. The catalytic efficiency (K(cat)/K(M)) of Cath E for substrate e was 16.7 μM⁻¹S⁻¹. No measurable catalytic efficiency was observed using Cath D and no detectable fluorescent changes when incubated with Cath S and Cath B. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the promise of using the developed fluorogenic substrate e as a selective probe for Cath E proteolytic activity measurement. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study forms the foundation of Cath E specific inhibitor development in further studies.
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Kwan JC, Eksioglu EA, Liu C, Paul VJ, Luesch H. Grassystatins A-C from marine cyanobacteria, potent cathepsin E inhibitors that reduce antigen presentation. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5732-47. [PMID: 19715320 DOI: 10.1021/jm9009394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In our efforts to explore marine cyanobacteria as a source of novel bioactive compounds, we discovered a statine unit-containing linear decadepsipeptide, grassystatin A (1), which we screened against a diverse set of 59 proteases. We describe the structure determination of 1 and two natural analogues, grassystatins B (2) and C (3), using NMR, MS, and chiral HPLC techniques. Compound 1 selectively inhibited cathepsins D and E with IC(50)s of 26.5 nM and 886 pM, respectively. Compound 2 showed similar potency and selectivity against cathepsins D and E (IC(50)s of 7.27 nM and 354 pM, respectively), whereas the truncated peptide analogue grassystatin C (3), which consists of two fewer residues than 1 and 2, was less potent against both but still selective for cathepsin E. The selectivity of compounds 1-3 for cathepsin E over D (20-38-fold) suggests that these natural products may be useful tools to probe cathepsin E function. We investigated the structural basis of this selectivity using molecular docking. We also show that 1 can reduce antigen presentation by dendritic cells, a process thought to rely on cathepsin E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Kwan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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