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Zhang L, Roy S. Opioid Modulation of the Gut-Brain Axis in Opioid-Associated Comorbidities. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:a040485. [PMID: 32816876 PMCID: PMC8415294 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence from animal and human studies show that opioids have a major impact on the composition and function of gut microbiota. This leads to disruption in gut permeability and altered microbial metabolites, driving both systemic and neuroinflammation, which in turn impacts central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Tolerance and dependence are the major comorbidities associated with prolonged opioid use. Inflammatory mediators and signaling pathways have been implicated in both opioid tolerance and dependence. We provide evidence that targeting the gut microbiome during opioid use through prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbial transplantation holds the greatest promise for novel treatments for opioid abuse. Basic research and clinical trials are required to examine what is more efficacious to yield new insights into the role of the gut-brain axis in opioid abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minnesota McGuire Translational Research Facility, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Sabita Roy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minnesota McGuire Translational Research Facility, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33153, USA
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Zhang J, Zhu L, Shi H, Zheng H. Protective effects of miR-155-5p silencing on IFN-γ-induced apoptosis and inflammation in salivary gland epithelial cells. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:882. [PMID: 34194560 PMCID: PMC8237265 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) serve a vital role in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS). The present study aimed to investigate the role of miR-155-5p in SS and determine its underlying molecular mechanism. An inflammatory lesion model was established by stimulating salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs) with interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The apoptosis of SGECs was measured by using flow cytometry. Levels of proinflammatory factors were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and ELISA, respectively. Immunofluorescence was used for p65 staining. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed to verify the interaction between miR-155-5p and arrestin β2 (ARRB2). The protein levels in the NF-κB signaling pathway were assessed by western blotting. The results of the present study demonstrated that treatment with IFN-γ increased miR-155-5p expression, in addition to inducing apoptosis and inflammation in SGECs. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-155-5p promoted IFN-γ-induced apoptosis and inflammation in SGECs. Overexpression of miR-155-5p also increased Bax protein expression, enzyme activities of caspase 3 and caspase 9, release of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, and decreased Bcl-2 protein expression in IFN-γ-treated SGECs. By contrast, all of the effects aforementioned were reversed following miR-155-5p knockdown. These results demonstrated that miR-155-5p activated the NF-κB signaling pathway, where treatment with the NF-κB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, reversed the effects of miR-155-5p overexpression on the inflammatory factors in IFN-γ-induced SGECs. miR-155-5p was demonstrated to target ARRB2 and negatively regulated its expression levels, such that overexpression of ARRB2 reversed the effects of miR-155-5p overexpression on the inflammatory response, apoptosis and the NF-κB signaling pathway in IFN-γ-treated SGECs. Collectively, results from the present study suggest that miR-155-5p may activate the NF-κB signaling pathway by negatively regulating ARRB2 to promote salivary gland damage during SS pathogenesis. This suggests that miR-155-5p may serve to be a potential target for the treatment of SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
| | - Hong Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
| | - Huizhe Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Treatment of Heilongjiang Province, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
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Assis MA, Carranza PG, Ambrosio E. A "Drug-Dependent" Immune System Can Compromise Protection against Infection: The Relationships between Psychostimulants and HIV. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050722. [PMID: 33919273 PMCID: PMC8143316 DOI: 10.3390/v13050722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychostimulant use is a major comorbidity in people living with HIV, which was initially explained by them adopting risky behaviors that facilitate HIV transmission. However, the effects of drug use on the immune system might also influence this phenomenon. Psychostimulants act on peripheral immune cells even before they reach the central nervous system (CNS) and their effects on immunity are likely to influence HIV infection. Beyond their canonical activities, classic neurotransmitters and neuromodulators are expressed by peripheral immune cells (e.g., dopamine and enkephalins), which display immunomodulatory properties and could be influenced by psychostimulants. Immune receptors, like Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on microglia, are modulated by cocaine and amphetamine exposure. Since peripheral immunocytes also express TLRs, they may be similarly affected by psychostimulants. In this review, we will summarize how psychostimulants are currently thought to influence peripheral immunity, mainly focusing on catecholamines, enkephalins and TLR4, and shed light on how these drugs might affect HIV infection. We will try to shift from the classic CNS perspective and adopt a more holistic view, addressing the potential impact of psychostimulants on the peripheral immune system and how their systemic effects could influence HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Amparo Assis
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), Santiago del Estero G4200, Argentina;
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Inmunología y Microbiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Salud, Tecnología y Desarrollo (IMSaTeD), CONICET-UNSE, Santiago del Estero G4206, Argentina
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Pedro Gabriel Carranza
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), Santiago del Estero G4200, Argentina;
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Inmunología y Microbiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Salud, Tecnología y Desarrollo (IMSaTeD), CONICET-UNSE, Santiago del Estero G4206, Argentina
- Facultad de Agronomía y Agroindustrias, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, Santiago del Estero G4206, Argentina
| | - Emilio Ambrosio
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Drug addiction co-morbidity with alcohol: Neurobiological insights. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 157:409-472. [PMID: 33648675 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic disorder that consists of a three-stage cycle of binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation. These stages involve, respectively, neuroadaptations in brain circuits involved in incentive salience and habit formation, stress surfeit and reward deficit, and executive function. Much research on addiction focuses on the neurobiology underlying single drug use. However, alcohol use disorder (AUD) can be co-morbid with substance use disorder (SUD), called dual dependence. The limited epidemiological data on dual dependence indicates that there is a large population of individuals suffering from addiction who are dependent on more than one drug and/or alcohol, yet dual dependence remains understudied in addiction research. Here, we review neurobiological data on neurotransmitter and neuropeptide systems that are known to contribute to addiction pathology and how the involvement of these systems is consistent or divergent across drug classes. In particular, we highlight the dopamine, opioid, corticotropin-releasing factor, norepinephrine, hypocretin/orexin, glucocorticoid, neuroimmune signaling, endocannabinoid, glutamate, and GABA systems. We also discuss the limited research on these systems in dual dependence. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that the use of multiple drugs can produce neuroadaptations that are distinct from single drug use. Further investigation into the neurobiology of dual dependence is necessary to develop effective treatments for addiction to multiple drugs.
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Zhang P, Yang M, Chen C, Liu L, Wei X, Zeng S. Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4)/Opioid Receptor Pathway Crosstalk and Impact on Opioid Analgesia, Immune Function, and Gastrointestinal Motility. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1455. [PMID: 32733481 PMCID: PMC7360813 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) recognizes exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and initiates the innate immune response. Opioid receptors (μ, δ, and κ) activate inhibitory G-proteins and relieve pain. This review summarizes the following types of TLR4/opioid receptor pathway crosstalk: (a) Opioid receptor agonists non-stereoselectively activate the TLR4 signaling pathway in the central nervous system (CNS), in the absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Opioids bind to TLR4, in a manner parallel to LPS, activating TLR4 signaling, which leads to nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) expression and the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. (b) Opioid receptor agonists inhibit the LPS-induced TLR4 signaling pathway in peripheral immune cells. Opioids operate as pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in neuroinflammation in the CNS, but they mediate immunosuppressive effects in the peripheral immune system. It is apparent that TLR4/opioid receptor pathway crosstalk varies dependent on the cell type and activating stimulus. (c) Both the TLR4 and opioid receptor pathways activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. This crosstalk is located downstream of the TLR4 and opioid receptor signaling pathways. Furthermore, the classic opioid receptor can also produce pro-inflammatory effects in the CNS via MAPK signaling and induce neuroinflammation. (d) Opioid receptor agonists induce the production of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), an endogenous TLR4 agonist, supporting intercellular (neuron-to-glia or glia-to-neuron) interactions. This review also summarizes the potential effects of TLR4/opioid receptor pathway crosstalk on opioid analgesia, immune function, and gastrointestinal motility. Opioids non-stereoselectively activate the TLR4 pathway, and together with the subsequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 by glia, this TLR4 signaling initiates the central immune signaling response and modifies opioid pharmacodynamics. The DAMP HMGB1 is associated with the development of neuropathic pain. To explain morphine-induced persistent sensitization, a positive feedback loop has been proposed; this involves an initial morphine-induced amplified release of IL-1β and a subsequent exacerbated release of DAMPs, which increases the activation of TLR4 and the purinergic receptor P2X7R. Opioid receptor (μ, δ, and κ) agonists are involved in many aspects of immunosuppression. The intracellular TLR4/opioid receptor signaling pathway crosstalk induces the formation of the β-arrestin-2/TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) complex, which contributes to morphine-induced inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-α secretion in mast cells. A possible molecular mechanism is that the TLR4 pathway initially triggers the formation of the β-arrestin-2/TRAF6 complex, which is amplified by opioid receptor signaling, suggesting that β-arrestin-2 acts as a functional component of the TLR4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Meirong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhua Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinchuan Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Si Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Malboosi N, Nasehi M, Hashemi M, Vaseghi S, Zarrindast MR. The neuroprotective effect of NeuroAid on morphine-induced amnesia with respect to the expression of TFAM, PGC-1α, ΔfosB and CART genes in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats. Gene 2020; 742:144601. [PMID: 32198124 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Morphine is a natural alkaloid which derived from the opium poppy Papaver somniferum. Many studies have reported the effect of morphine on learning, memory and gene expression. CART (cocaine-amphetamine regulated transcript)is an important neuropeptide which has a critical role in physiological processes including drug dependence and antioxidant activity. ΔfosB is a transcription factor which modulates synaptic plasticity and affects learning and memory. TFAM (the mitochondrial transcription factor A) and PGC-1α (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α) are critically involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant pathways. NeuroAid is a Chinese medicine that induces neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effects. In this research, we aimed to investigate the effect of NeuroAid on morphine-induced amnesia with respect to the expression of TFAM, PGC-1α, ΔfosB and CART in the rat's hippocampus. In this study, Morphine sulfate (at increasing doses), Naloxone hydrochloride (2.5 mg/kg) and NeuroAid (2.5 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneal and real-time PCR reactions were done to assess gene expression. The results showed, morphine impaired memory of step-through passive avoidance, while NeuroAid had no effect. NeuroAid attenuated (but not reversed) morphine-induced memory impairment in morphine-addicted rats. Morphine increased the expression of PGC-1α and decreased the expression of CART. However, NeuroAid increased the expression of TFAM, PGC-1α, ΔfosB and CART. NeuroAid restored the effect of morphine on the expression of CART and PGC-1α. In conclusion, morphine impaired memory of step-through passive avoidance and NeuroAid attenuated this effect. The effect of NeuroAid on morphine-induced memory impairment/gene expression may be related to its anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Malboosi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Vaseghi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroendocrinology, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hong F, Zhang Y, Cheng W, Sun X, Wang J. β-arrestin-2 up-regulates toll-like receptor 2 signaling and inhibits apoptosis in human endometrial cancer heterotransplants in nude mice. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1035. [PMID: 31675995 PMCID: PMC6824090 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-arrestin-2(Arr2) functions as an anti-apoptotic factor and affects cell proliferation, but its downstream molecular pathway in endometrial carcinoma (EC) is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the stable overexpression of Arr2 on the proliferation and apoptosis of human EC heterotransplants and the expression of associated molecules, including Toll-like receptor 2(TLR2), serine-threonine kinase Akt (Akt), glycogen synthase kinase-3β(GSK3β) and some typical inflammatory cytokines such as NF-κB p56, TNF-α and IL-6 & IL-8. METHODS Human EC cell line Ishikawa, stably transfected with Arr2 full-length plasmid, was injected subcutaneously into nude mice. They were treated with 0, 10, 20 mg/kg paclitaxel and the volume and weight of the tumor tissue were measured and calculated. The necrotic index were assessed by H&E staining and microscopic observation. The levels of caspase-3, caspase-9, TLR2, NF-κB p56, Akt, GSK3β were measured by western blot, and the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 were measured by real-time PCR. RESULTS We found that Arr2 overexpression promoted the growth of human EC heterotransplants. Arr2 attenuated the promotion of caspase-3 and caspase-9 by paclitaxel and mediated the increase of TLR2 and several inflammatory cytokines. The levels of Akt and GSK3β were not affected. CONCLUSION Arr2 overexpression was associated with the increase of TLR2 and several inflammatory factors, meanwhile inhibited paclitaxel-induced anti-tumor effect on human EC heterotransplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanling Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, No.11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng Dist, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yujun Zhang
- The Clinical Institute of Molecular Biology & Central Lab, Peking University People's Hospital, No.11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng Dist, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Wenjin Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, No.11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng Dist, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiuli Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, No.11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng Dist, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Jianliu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, No.11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng Dist, Beijing, 100044, China.
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Li H, Tao R, Wang J, Xia L. Upregulation of miR-375 level ameliorates morphine analgesic tolerance in mouse dorsal root ganglia by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. J Pain Res 2017; 10:1279-1287. [PMID: 28603428 PMCID: PMC5457281 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s125264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that microRNAs (miRNAs) modulate tolerance to the analgesic effects of morphine via regulation of pain-related genes, making dysregulation of miRNA levels a clinical target for controlling opioid tolerance. However, the precise mechanisms by which miRNAs regulate opioid tolerance are unclear. In the present study, we noted that the miR-375 level was downregulated but the expression of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) was upregulated in mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG) following chronic morphine treatment. The miR-375 levels and JAK2 expression were correlated with the progression of morphine tolerance, and upregulation of miR-375 level could significantly hinder morphine tolerance. This was ameliorated by JAK2 knockdown. Prolonged morphine exposure induced the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in a time-dependent manner in the DRG. This was regulated by the miR-375 and JAK2–signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway, and inhibition of this pathway decreased BDNF production, and thus, attenuated morphine tolerance. More importantly, we found that miR-375 could target JAK2 and increase BDNF expression in a JAK2/STAT3 pathway-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqin Li
- Department of Clinical Pain, The People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Tao
- Department of Clinical Pain, The People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Clinical Pain, The People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjie Xia
- Department of Clinical Pain, The People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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Jiang K, Chen X, Zhao G, Wu H, Mi J, Qiu C, Peng X, Deng G. IFN-τ Plays an Anti-Inflammatory Role in Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Endometritis in Mice Through the Suppression of NF-κB Pathway and MMP9 Expression. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2017; 37:81-89. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2016.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kangfeng Jiang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuying Chen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Gan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haichong Wu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxian Mi
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Changwei Qiu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Peng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ganzhen Deng
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Song B, Zhou T, Yang WL, Liu J, Shao LQ. Programmed cell death in periodontitis: recent advances and future perspectives. Oral Dis 2016; 23:609-619. [PMID: 27576069 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a highly prevalent infectious disease, characterized by destruction of the periodontium, and is the main cause of tooth loss. Periodontitis is initiated by periodontal pathogens, while other risk factors including smoking, stress, and systemic diseases aggravate its progression. Periodontitis affects many people worldwide, but the molecular mechanisms by which pathogens and risk factors destroy the periodontium are unclear. Programmed cell death (PCD), different from necrosis, is an active cell death mediated by a cascade of gene expression events and can be mainly classified into apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. Although PCD is involved in many inflammatory diseases, its correlation with periodontitis is unclear. After reviewing the relevant published articles, we found that apoptosis has indeed been reported to play a role in periodontitis. However, the role of autophagy in periodontitis needs further verification. Additionally, implication of necroptosis or pyroptosis in periodontitis remains unknown. Therefore, we recommend future studies, which will unravel the pivotal role of PCD in periodontitis, allowing us to prevent, diagnose, and treat the disease, as well as predict its outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Song
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.,Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - T Zhou
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - W L Yang
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - J Liu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - L Q Shao
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Lou W, Zhang X, Hu XY, Hu AR. MicroRNA-219-5p Inhibits Morphine-Induced Apoptosis by Targeting Key Cell Cycle Regulator WEE1. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:1872-9. [PMID: 27253431 PMCID: PMC4913725 DOI: 10.12659/msm.895439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify the effects of microRNA (miR)-219-5p on morphine-induced apoptosis by targeting WEE1. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty Balb/C mice (Toll-like receptor 9, TLR9 knockout) were randomly allocated to the experimental and control groups (20 in each group). The baseline miR-219-5p expression was detected using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). After morphine was injected at 6 h on the 2nd and 6th days, experimental and control groups received miR-219-5p mimics or miRNA-negative control (NC), respectively, compound injection. Tissues and cells were later obtained from subjects in each group separately after mice were killed. TUNEL assay was used to investigate apoptosis in both groups. RAW264.7 cells were treated with miR-219-5p mimics and controls, respectively. After 24 h, 10 μM of morphine was added at 24 h. Cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometer. The WEE1 and Phospho-cdc2 (Tyr15) expressions were examined by Western blotting. RESULTS MiR-219-5p expression in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Mice injected with miR-219-5p mimic experienced an evident increase in apoptosis rate compared with the control group (P<0.05). The miR-219-5p NC group and the morphine group both presented an elevated apoptosis rate compared with the blank control group (both, P<0.05). The apoptosis rate in the miR-219-5p mimic group was 10.06%, remarkably lower than in the miR-219-5p NC group and blank control group (both P<0.05). WEE1 and Tyr15 protein expressions in the miR-219-5p NC group and morphine group were obviously stronger than those in the blank control group (all P<0.05). In the miR-219-5p mimic group, WEE1 and Tyr15 protein expressions were significantly lower compared with those in the miR-219-5p NC group and morphine group (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Morphine significantly downregulated the expression of miRNA-219-5p, which targets WEE1 to suppress Tyr15 expressions and activate Cdc2, thus inhibiting the morphine-induced macrophage apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lou
- Department of Pain Medicine, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xingwang Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Xiao-Ying Hu
- Hemodialysis Center, Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TCM Institute of Kidney Disease, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Ai-Rong Hu
- Division of Scientific Research and Education Management, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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12
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Zeng Q, Shu J, Hu Q, Zhou SH, Qian YM, Hu MH, Hu LY, Wang YG, Zhou YM, Lu JH. Apoptosis in human myelodysplastic syndrome CD34+ cells is modulated by the upregulation of TLRs and histone H4 acetylation via a β-arrestin 1 dependent mechanism. Exp Cell Res 2016; 340:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Brazilin plays an anti-inflammatory role with regulating Toll-like receptor 2 and TLR 2 downstream pathways in Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 27:130-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Wang T, Guo M, Song X, Zhang Z, Jiang H, Wang W, Fu Y, Cao Y, Zhu L, Zhang N. Stevioside plays an anti-inflammatory role by regulating the NF-κB and MAPK pathways in S. aureus-infected mouse mammary glands. Inflammation 2015; 37:1837-46. [PMID: 24858724 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is an inflammatory disease caused by microbial infection. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the primary bacteria responsible for mastitis. Stevioside is isolated from Stevia rebaudiana and is known to have therapeutic functions. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of stevioside in a mouse model of S. aureus-induced mastitis. In this study, the mouse mammary gland was infected with S. aureus to induce the mastitis model. The stevioside was administered intraperitoneally after the S. aureus infection was established. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, ELISA, Western blot, and q-PCR methods were used. The results show that stevioside significantly reduced the inflammatory cell infiltration and the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and the respective expression of their messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Further studies revealed that stevioside downregulated the TLR2, NF-κB, and (mitogen-activated protein kinase) MAPK signaling pathways in the S. aureus-infected mouse mammary gland. Our results demonstrate that stevioside reduced the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by inhibiting the phosphorylation of proteins in the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways dose-dependently, but that their mRNA expression was not obviously changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, People's Republic of China
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15
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Motaghinejad M, Karimian SM, Motaghinejad O, Shabab B, Asadighaleni M, Fatima S. The effect of various morphine weaning regimens on the sequelae of opioid tolerance involving physical dependency, anxiety and hippocampus cell neurodegeneration in rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2015; 29:299-309. [PMID: 25846801 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic consumption of morphine induces physical dependency, anxiety, and neurodegeneration. In this study, morphine on its own has been used for the management of morphine-induced dependency, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Forty-eight male rats were randomly divided into six groups. Rats in groups 1-5 were made morphine dependent by an increasing manner of morphine for 7 days (15-45 mg/kg). For the next 14 days, morphine was administered using the following regimen: (i) once daily 45 mg/kg (positive controls), (ii) the same dose at additional intervals (6 h longer than the previous intervals each time), (iii) 45 mg/kg of morphine at irregular intervals like of 12, 24, 36 h, (iv) decreasing dose once daily (every time 2.5 mg/kg less than the former dosage). Group 5 received 45 mg/kg of morphine and 10 mg/kg of SOD mimetic agent (M40401) injection per day. Group 6 (negative control) received saline solution only. On day 22, all animals received naloxone (3 mg/kg) and their Total Withdrawal Index (TWI) and blood cortisol levels were measured. After drug treatment, hippocampus cells were isolated, and oxidative, antioxidative, and apoptotic factors were evaluated. Various regimens of morphine reduced TWI, cortisol levels, Bax activity, caspase-3, caspase-9, TNF-α, and IL-1β and lipid peroxidation. In all treatment groups, GSH level, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and Bcl-2 activity were significantly increased. Furthermore, SOD mimetic agent c diminished morphine effect on SOD activity. Thus, varying the dosage regimen of morphine can reduce the severity of morphine-induced dependency and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Motaghinejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Morteza Karimian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ozra Motaghinejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Shabab
- Solid Dosage Form Department, Iran Hormone Pharmaceuticals Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Asadighaleni
- Solid Dosage Form Department, Iran Hormone Pharmaceuticals Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sulail Fatima
- Department of Physiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences- International Campus, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Corrigan F, Wu Y, Tuke J, Coller JK, Rice KC, Diener KR, Hayball JD, Watkins LR, Somogyi AA, Hutchinson MR. Alcohol-induced sedation and synergistic interactions between alcohol and morphine: a key mechanistic role for Toll-like receptors and MyD88-dependent signaling. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 45:245-52. [PMID: 25542736 PMCID: PMC4394865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrates induction of proinflammatory Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 signaling by morphine and, TLR4 signaling by alcohol; thus indicating a common site of drug action and a potential novel innate immune-dependent hypothesis for opioid and alcohol drug interactions. Hence, the current study aimed to assess the role of TLR2, TLR4, MyD88 (as a critical TLR-signaling participant), NF-κB, Interleukin-1β (IL-1β; as a downstream proinflammatory effector molecule) and the μ opioid receptor (MOR; as a classical site for morphine action) in acute alcohol-induced sedation (4.5g/kg) and alcohol (2.5g/kg) interaction with morphine (5mg/kg) by assessing the loss of righting reflex (LORR) as a measure of sedation. Wild-type male Balb/c mice and matched genetically-deficient TLR2, TLR4, and MyD88 strains were utilized, together with pharmacological manipulation of MOR, NF-κB, TLR4 and Interleukin-1β. Alcohol induced significant LORR in wild-type mice; this was halved by MyD88 and TLR4 deficiency, and surprisingly nearly completely eliminated by TLR2 deficiency. In contrast, the interaction between morphine and alcohol was found to be MOR-, NF-κB-, TLR2- and MyD88-dependent, but did not involve TLR4 or Interleukin-1β. Morphine-alcohol interactions caused acute elevations in microglial cell counts and NF-κB-p65 positive cells in the motor cortex in concordance with wild-type and TLR2 deficient mouse behavioral data, implicating neuroimmunopharmacological signaling as a pivotal mechanism in this clinically problematic drug-drug interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Corrigan
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yue Wu
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jonathan Tuke
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Janet K Coller
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kenner C Rice
- Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kerrilyn R Diener
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute & Sansom Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John D Hayball
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute & Sansom Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Andrew A Somogyi
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Centre for Translational Cancer Research, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Wang T, Song X, Zhang Z, Guo M, Jiang H, Wang W, Cao Y, Zhu L, Zhang N. Stevioside inhibits inflammation and apoptosis by regulating TLR2 and TLR2-related proteins in S. aureus-infected mouse mammary epithelial cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 22:192-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Baicalin inhibits Staphylococcus aureus-induced apoptosis by regulating TLR2 and TLR2-related apoptotic factors in the mouse mammary glands. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 723:481-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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19
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β-Arrestin prevents cell apoptosis through pro-apoptotic ERK1/2 and p38 MAPKs and anti-apoptotic Akt pathways. Apoptosis 2013; 17:1019-26. [PMID: 22699970 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-012-0741-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that β-arrestin 2 plays an anti-apoptotic effect. However, the mechanisms by which β-arrestin contribute to anti-apoptotic role remain unclear. In this study, we show that a deficiency of either β-arrestin 1 or β-arrestin 2 significantly increases serum deprivation (SD)-induced percentage of apoptotic cells. β-arrestin 2 deficient-induced apoptosis was inhibited by transfection with β-arrestin 2 full-length plasmid, revealing that SD-induced apoptosis is dependent on β-arrestin 2. Furthermore, in the absence of either β-arrestin 1 or β-arrestin 2 significantly enhances SD-induced the level of pro-apoptotic proteins, including cleaved caspase-3, extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38, members of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). In addition, a deficiency of either β-arrestin 1 or β-arrestin 2 inhibits phosphorylation of Akt. The SD-induced changes in cleaved caspase-3, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPKs, Akt, and apoptotic cell numbers could be blocked by double knockout of β-arrestin 1/2. Our study thus demonstrates that β-arrestin inhibits cell apoptosis through pro-apoptotic ERK1/2 and p38 MAPKs and anti-apoptotic Akt signaling pathways.
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20
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Woller SA, Hook MA. Opioid administration following spinal cord injury: implications for pain and locomotor recovery. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:328-41. [PMID: 23501709 PMCID: PMC3742731 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one-third of people with a spinal cord injury (SCI) will experience persistent neuropathic pain following injury. This pain negatively affects quality of life and is difficult to treat. Opioids are among the most effective drug treatments, and are commonly prescribed, but experimental evidence suggests that opioid treatment in the acute phase of injury can attenuate recovery of locomotor function. In fact, spinal cord injury and opioid administration share several common features (e.g. central sensitization, excitotoxicity, aberrant glial activation) that have been linked to impaired recovery of function, as well as the development of pain. Despite these effects, the interactions between opioid use and spinal cord injury have not been fully explored. A review of the literature, described here, suggests that caution is warranted when administering opioids after SCI. Opioid administration may synergistically contribute to the pathology of SCI to increase the development of pain, decrease locomotor recovery, and leave individuals at risk for infection. Considering these negative implications, it is important that guidelines are established for the use of opioids following spinal cord and other central nervous system injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Woller
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4235, USA.
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21
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Ebrahimpour S, Tabari MA, Youssefi MR, Aghajanzadeh H, Behzadi MY. Synergistic effect of aged garlic extract and naltrexone on improving immune responses to experimentally induced fibrosarcoma tumor in BALB/c mice. Pharmacognosy Res 2013; 5:189-94. [PMID: 23901215 PMCID: PMC3719261 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.112426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Garlic, a medicinal plant, and Naltrexone (NTX), an opioid receptor antagonist, both have immunomodulatory and antitumor effects. Current study was designed to evaluate synergistic antitumor effects of aged garlic extract (AGE) and NTX. Materials and Methods: WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma cells were implanted subcutaneously on day 0 into right flank of 80 BALB/c mice at age of 8 weeks. Mice were randomly categorized in four separate groups: The first group received AGE (100 mg/kg, i.p.), the second group received NTX (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), the third group received both of them, and the fourth group received phosphate buffered saline as control group. Treatments were administered three times per week. Tumor growth was measured and morbidity was recorded. Subpopulations of CD4+/CD8+ T cells were determined using flowcytometery. WEHI-164 cell specific cytotoxicity of splenocytes and in vitro production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) cytokines were measured. All statistical analyses were conducted with SPSS 16 software and P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: The mice who received AGE+NTX had significantly longer survival time compared with the mice treated with AGE or NTX alone. An enhanced inhibitory effect on tumor growth was seen in combination therapy group. The CD4+/CD8+ ratio and in vitro IFN-γ production of splenocytes were significantly increased in AGE+NTX and NTX groups. WEHI-164 specific cytotoxicity of splenocytes was also significantly increased at 25:1 E:T ratio in AGE+NTX treated mice. Coadministration of AGE with NTX resulted in improvement of immune responses against experimentally implanted fibrosarcoma tumors in BALB/c mice. Conclusions: AGE showed synergistic effects with NTX on inhibition of tumor growth and increment of survival times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Ebrahimpour
- Infection Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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22
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Hutchinson MR, Watkins LR. Why is neuroimmunopharmacology crucial for the future of addiction research? Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt B:218-27. [PMID: 23764149 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A major development in drug addiction research in recent years has been the discovery that immune signaling within the central nervous system contributes significantly to mesolimbic dopamine reward signaling induced by drugs of abuse, and hence is involved in the presentation of reward behaviors. Additionally, in the case of opioids, these hypotheses have advanced through to the discovery of the novel site of opioid action at the innate immune pattern recognition receptor Toll-like receptor 4 as the necessary triggering event that engages this reward facilitating central immune signaling. Thus, the hypothesis of major proinflammatory contributions to drug abuse was born. This review will examine these key discoveries, but also address several key lingering questions of how central immune signaling is able to contribute in this fashion to the pharmacodynamics of drugs of abuse. It is hoped that by combining the collective wisdom of neuroscience, immunology and pharmacology, into Neuroimmunopharmacology, we may more fully understanding the neuronal and immune complexities of how drugs of abuse, such as opioids, create their rewarding and addiction states. Such discoveries will point us in the direction such that one day soon we might successfully intervene to successfully treat drug addiction. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Hutchinson
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Level 5, Medical School South, Frome Rd, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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23
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Sobolesky PM, Moussa O. The Role of β-Arrestins in Cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 118:395-411. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394440-5.00015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Harmon M, Axiak S, Yu D, Chang C, Fowler B, DeClue A. Effect of opioids on CXCL-8 production in healthy cats. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:1255-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Roy S, Ninkovic J, Banerjee S, Charboneau RG, Das S, Dutta R, Kirchner VA, Koodie L, Ma J, Meng J, Barke RA. Opioid drug abuse and modulation of immune function: consequences in the susceptibility to opportunistic infections. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 6:442-65. [PMID: 21789507 PMCID: PMC3601186 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-011-9292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infection rate among intravenous drug users (IDU) is higher than the general public, and is the major cause of morbidity and hospitalization in the IDU population. Epidemiologic studies provide data on increased prevalence of opportunistic bacterial infections such as TB and pneumonia, and viral infections such as HIV-1 and hepatitis in the IDU population. An important component in the intravenous drug abuse population and in patients receiving medically indicated chronic opioid treatment is opioid withdrawal. Data on bacterial virulence in the context of opioid withdrawal suggest that mice undergoing withdrawal had shortened survival and increased bacterial load in response to Salmonella infection. As the body of evidence in support of opioid dependency and its immunosuppressive effects is growing, it is imperative to understand the mechanisms by which opioids exert these effects and identify the populations at risk that would benefit the most from the interventions to counteract opioid immunosuppressive effects. Thus, it is important to refine the existing animal model to closely match human conditions and to cross-validate these findings through carefully controlled human studies. Better understanding of the mechanisms will facilitate the search for new therapeutic modalities to counteract adverse effects including increased infection rates. This review will summarize the effects of morphine on innate and adaptive immunity, identify the role of the mu opioid receptor in these functions and the signal transduction activated in the process. The role of opioid withdrawal in immunosuppression and the clinical relevance of these findings will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabita Roy
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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26
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Hutchinson MR, Shavit Y, Grace PM, Rice KC, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Exploring the neuroimmunopharmacology of opioids: an integrative review of mechanisms of central immune signaling and their implications for opioid analgesia. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:772-810. [PMID: 21752874 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.004135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vastly stimulated by the discovery of opioid receptors in the early 1970s, preclinical and clinical research was directed at the study of stereoselective neuronal actions of opioids, especially those played in their crucial analgesic role. However, during the past decade, a new appreciation of the non-neuronal actions of opioids has emerged from preclinical research, with specific appreciation for the nonclassic and nonstereoselective sites of action. Opioid activity at Toll-like receptors, newly recognized innate immune pattern recognition receptors, adds substantially to this unfolding story. It is now apparent from molecular and rodent data that these newly identified signaling events significantly modify the pharmacodynamics of opioids by eliciting proinflammatory reactivity from glia, the immunocompetent cells of the central nervous system. These central immune signaling events, including the release of cytokines and chemokines and the associated disruption of glutamate homeostasis, cause elevated neuronal excitability, which subsequently decreases opioid analgesic efficacy and leads to heightened pain states. This review will examine the current preclinical literature of opioid-induced central immune signaling mediated by classic and nonclassic opioid receptors. A unification of the preclinical pharmacology, neuroscience, and immunology of opioids now provides new insights into common mechanisms of chronic pain, naive tolerance, analgesic tolerance, opioid-induced hyperalgesia, and allodynia. Novel pharmacological targets for future drug development are discussed in the hope that disease-modifying chronic pain treatments arising from the appreciation of opioid-induced central immune signaling may become practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Hutchinson
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Science, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5005.
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27
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He L, Li H, Chen L, Miao J, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Xiao Z, Hanley G, Li Y, Zhang X, LeSage G, Peng Y, Yin D. Toll-like receptor 9 is required for opioid-induced microglia apoptosis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18190. [PMID: 21559519 PMCID: PMC3084705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids have been widely applied in clinics as one of the most potent pain
relievers for centuries, but their abuse has deleterious physiological effects
beyond addiction. However, the underlying mechanism by which microglia in
response to opioids remains largely unknown. Here we show that morphine induces
the expression of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), a key mediator of innate immunity
and inflammation. Interestingly, TLR9 deficiency significantly inhibited
morphine-induced apoptosis in microglia. Similar results were obtained when
endogenous TLR9 expression was suppressed by the TLR9 inhibitor CpGODN.
Inhibition of p38 MAPK by its specific inhibitor SB203580 attenuated
morphine-induced microglia apoptosis in wild type microglia. Morphine caused a
dramatic decrease in Bcl-2 level but increase in Bax level in wild type
microglia, but not in TLR9 deficient microglia. In addition, morphine treatment
failed to induce an increased levels of phosphorylated p38 MAPK and MAP kinase
kinase 3/6 (MKK3/6), the upstream MAPK kinase of p38 MAPK, in either TLR9
deficient or µ-opioid receptor (µOR) deficient primary microglia,
suggesting an involvement of MAPK and µOR in morphine-mediated TLR9
signaling. Moreover, morphine-induced TLR9 expression and microglia apoptosis
appears to require μOR. Collectively, these results reveal that opioids
prime microglia to undergo apoptosis through TLR9 and µOR as well. Taken
together, our data suggest that inhibition of TLR9 and/or blockage of µOR
is capable of preventing opioid-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial
Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of
China
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of
Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United
States of America
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of
Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United
States of America
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of
Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United
States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong
University School of Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of
China
| | - Junying Miao
- Institute of Developmental Biology, Shandong
University School of Life Science, Jinan, People's Republic of
China
| | - Yulin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, East Tennessee State
University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of
Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United
States of America
| | - Zuoxiang Xiao
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for
Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Maryland, United States
of America
| | - Gregory Hanley
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources,
College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee,
United States of America
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial
Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of
China
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong
University School of Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of
China
| | - Gene LeSage
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of
Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United
States of America
- * E-mail: (DY); (YP); (GL)
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial
Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of
China
- * E-mail: (DY); (YP); (GL)
| | - Deling Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of
Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United
States of America
- * E-mail: (DY); (YP); (GL)
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28
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El-Hage N, Podhaizer EM, Sturgill J, Hauser KF. Toll-like receptor expression and activation in astroglia: differential regulation by HIV-1 Tat, gp120, and morphine. Immunol Invest 2011; 40:498-522. [PMID: 21425908 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2011.561904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to determine whether morphine alone or in combination with HIV-1 Tat or gp120 affects the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by astrocytes and to assess whether TLRs expressed by astrocytes function in the release of inflammatory mediators in vitro. TLR profiling by immunofluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, in-cell westerns, and RT-PCR showed that subpopulations of astrocytes possessed TLR 2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 antigenicity. Exposure to HIV-1 Tat, gp120, and/or morphine significantly altered the proportion of TLR-immunopositive and/or TLR expression by astroglia in a TLR-specific manner. Subsets of astroglia displayed significant increases in TLR2 with reciprocal decreases in TLR9 expression in response to Tat or gp120 ± morphine treatment. TLR9 expression was also significantly decreased by morphine alone. Exposing astrocytes to the TLR agonists LTA (TLR2), poly I:C (TLR3), LPS (TLR4) and unmethylated CpG ODN (TLR9) resulted in increased secretion of MCP-1/CCL2 and elevations in reactive oxygen species. TLR3 and TLR4 stimulation increased the secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, and RANTES/CCL5, while activation of TLR2 caused a significant increase in nitric oxide levels. The results suggest that HIV-1 proteins and/or opioid abuse disrupt the innate immune response of the central nervous system (CNS) which may lead to increased pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazira El-Hage
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, USA.
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Li H, Smalligan DA, Xie N, Javer A, Zhang Y, Hanley G, Yin D. β-arrestin 2-mediated immune suppression induced by chronic stress. Neuroimmunomodulation 2011; 18:142-9. [PMID: 21228603 PMCID: PMC3031150 DOI: 10.1159/000322868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stress, either physical or psychological, can modulate immune function. However, the mechanisms associated with stress-induced immune suppression remain to be elucidated. β-Arrestin 2 serves as adaptor, scaffold, and/or signal transducer. The role of β-arrestin 2 in stress-induced immune suppression is not known yet. METHODS/RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that β-arrestin 2 deficiency in mice increases the sensitivity to the chronic stress-induced reduction in the number of splenocytes. Interestingly, the stress-induced suppression of T helper-type (Th) 1 cytokines and the increased production of Th2 cytokines were greatly enhanced in β-arrestin 2-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice. Moreover, inhibition of PI3K in β-arrestin 2-deficient mice exerts an additive effect on the stress-induced reduction in the number of splenocytes. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that a deficiency in β-arrestin 2 augments stress-induced immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tenn., USA
| | - Dean Andrew Smalligan
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tenn., USA
| | - Nanchang Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tenn., USA
| | - Avani Javer
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tenn., USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tenn., USA
| | - Gregory Hanley
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, James Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tenn., USA
| | - Deling Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tenn., USA
- *Deling Yin, MD, PhD; Hui Li, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614 (USA), Tel. +1 423 439 8826, Fax +1 423 439 6387, E-Mail ;
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Li H, Chen L, Zhang Y, Lesage G, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Hanley G, Sun S, Yin D. Chronic stress promotes lymphocyte reduction through TLR2 mediated PI3K signaling in a β-arrestin 2 dependent manner. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 233:73-9. [PMID: 21183229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Physical and psychological stress can alter the immune system in both humans and animals. Stress is a known risk factor for numerous human diseases, such as infectious and autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in the induction of innate and adaptive immune response. Our previous studies have shown that TLR4 deficiency prevents stress-induced splenocyte reduction. However, the role of TLR2 in stress-mediated lymphocyte reduction is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of TLR2 ligands on stress-induced lymphocyte reduction. We also defined whether the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks)/Akt pathway contributes to TLR2-mediated lymphocyte numbers altered by stress. Our data have shown that stimulation of TLR2 by TLR2 ligands peptidoglycan (PGN) or Pam3CSK4 (Pam3) attenuates stress-induced reduction in lymphocyte numbers. However, TLR2 ligand-induced protection from stress-induced lymphocyte reduction is lost in TLR2 deficiency in mice. Furthermore, stimulation of TLR2 by PGN induces protection from stress-induced reduction in the number of splenocytes through PI3K. Moreover, PGN dramatically increases the level of phosphorylation of Akt through a PI3K-dependent manner. Moreover, we found that stimulation of TLR2 by PGN induced protection from stress-induced reduction in splenocyte numbers is abolished in β-arrestin 2 deficient mice. In addition, PGN-induced immune protection in stress-induced changes of cytokine levels appears to require β-arrestin 2, a multifunctional adaptor and signal transducer. Collectively, our study thus demonstrates that stimulation of TLR2-mediated PI3K signaling attenuates splenocyte reduction induced by stress, and that β-arrestin 2 modulates TLR2-mediated immune response following stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States.
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Whalen EJ, Rajagopal S, Lefkowitz RJ. Therapeutic potential of β-arrestin- and G protein-biased agonists. Trends Mol Med 2010; 17:126-39. [PMID: 21183406 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Members of the seven-transmembrane receptor (7TMR), or G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), superfamily represent some of the most successful targets of modern drug therapy, with proven efficacy in the treatment of a broad range of human conditions and disease processes. It is now appreciated that β-arrestins, once viewed simply as negative regulators of traditional 7TMR-stimulated G protein signaling, act as multifunctional adapter proteins that regulate 7TMR desensitization and trafficking and promote distinct intracellular signals in their own right. Moreover, several 7TMR biased agonists, which selectively activate these divergent signaling pathways, have been identified. Here we highlight the diversity of G protein- and β-arrestin-mediated functions and the therapeutic potential of selective targeting of these in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J Whalen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Hutchinson MR, Loram LC, Zhang Y, Shridhar M, Rezvani N, Berkelhammer D, Phipps S, Foster PS, Landgraf K, Falke JJ, Rice KC, Maier SF, Yin H, Watkins LR. Evidence that tricyclic small molecules may possess toll-like receptor and myeloid differentiation protein 2 activity. Neuroscience 2010; 168:551-63. [PMID: 20381591 PMCID: PMC2872682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Opioids have been discovered to have Toll-like receptor (TLR) activity, beyond actions at classical opioid receptors. This raises the question whether other pharmacotherapies for pain control may also possess TLR activity, contributing to or opposing their clinical effects. We document that tricyclics can alter TLR4 and TLR2 signaling. In silico simulations revealed that several tricyclics docked to the same binding pocket on the TLR accessory protein, myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2), as do opioids. Eight tricyclics were tested for effects on TLR4 signaling in HEK293 cells over-expressing human TLR4. Six exhibited mild (desipramine), moderate (mianserin, cyclobenzaprine, imiprimine, ketotifen) or strong (amitriptyline) TLR4 inhibition, and no TLR4 activation. In contrast, carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine exhibited mild and strong TLR4 activation, respectively, and no TLR4 inhibition. Amitriptyline but not carbamazepine also significantly inhibited TLR2 signaling in a comparable cell line. Live imaging of TLR4 activation in RAW264.7 cells and TLR4-dependent interleukin-1 release from BV-2 microglia revealed that amitriptyline blocked TLR4 signaling. Lastly, tricyclics with no (carbamazepine), moderate (cyclobenzeprine), and strong (amitriptyline) TLR4 inhibition were tested intrathecally (rats) and amitriptyline tested systemically in wildtype and knockout mice (TLR4 or MyD88). While tricyclics had no effect on basal pain responsivity, they potentiated morphine analgesia in rank-order with their potency as TLR4 inhibitors. This occurred in a TLR4/MyD88-dependent manner as no potentiation of morphine analgesia by amitriptyline occurred in these knockout mice. This suggests that TLR2 and TLR4 inhibition, possibly by interactions with MD2, contributes to effects of tricyclics in vivo. These studies provide converging lines of evidence that several tricyclics or their active metabolites may exert their biological actions, in part, via modulation of TLR4 and TLR2 signaling and suggest that inhibition of TLR4 and TLR2 signaling may potentially contribute to the efficacy of tricyclics in treating chronic pain and enhancing the analgesic efficacy of opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Hutchinson
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lisa C. Loram
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Yingning Zhang
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Mitesh Shridhar
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Niloofar Rezvani
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Debra Berkelhammer
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Simon Phipps
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul S. Foster
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases (CARD), Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Kyle Landgraf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Joseph J. Falke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven F. Maier
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Linda R. Watkins
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Xie N, Li H, Wei D, LeSage G, Chen L, Wang S, Zhang Y, Chi L, Ferslew K, He L, Chi Z, Yin D. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 and p38 MAPK are required for opioid-induced microglia apoptosis. Neuropharmacology 2010; 59:444-51. [PMID: 20600172 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 05/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Opioids have been widely applied in clinics as one of the most potent pain relievers for centuries, but their abuse has deleterious physiological effects beyond addiction. We previously reported that opioids inhibit cell growth and trigger apoptosis in lymphocytes. However, the underlying mechanism by which microglia apoptosis in response to opioids is not yet known. In this study, we show that morphine induces microglia apoptosis and caspase-3 activation in an opioid-receptor dependent manner. Morphine decreased the levels of microglia phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and p-GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta) in an opioid-receptor dependent manner. More interestingly, GSK-3β inhibitor SB216763 significantly increases morphine-induced apoptosis in both BV-2 microglia and mouse primary microglial cells. Moreover, co-treatment of microglia with SB216763 and morphine led to a significant synergistic effect on the level of phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). In addition, inhibition of p38 MAPK by its specific inhibitor SB203580 significantly inhibited morphine-induced apoptosis and caspase-3 activation. Taken together, our data clearly demonstrates that morphine-induced apoptosis in microglial cells, which is mediated via GSK-3β and p38 MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanchang Xie
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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Khurshid N, Hameed LS, Mohanasundaram S, Iyengar S. Opioid modulation of cell proliferation in the ventricular zone of adult zebra finches (Taenopygia guttata). FASEB J 2010; 24:3681-95. [PMID: 20495180 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-146746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Besides modulating pain, stress, physiological functions, motivation, and reward, the opioid system has been implicated in developmental and adult mammalian neurogenesis and gliogenesis. In adult male songbirds including zebra finches, neurons generated from the ventricular zone (VZ) of the lateral ventricles are incorporated throughout the telencephalon, including the song control nuclei, HVC, and area X. Although the endogenous opioid met-enkephalin is present in neurons adjacent to the VZ and is upregulated in song control regions during singing, it is not known whether the opioid system can modulate adult neurogenesis/gliogenesis in zebra finches. We used quantitative RT-PCR and in situ hybridization to demonstrate that μ- and δ-opioid receptors are expressed by the VZ of adult male zebra finches. Treating cultured VZ cells from male birds with the opioid antagonist naloxone led to an increase in cell proliferation measured by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine incorporation, whereas administering met-enkephalin had the opposite effect, compared with saline-treated cultures. Systemically administering naloxone (2.5 mg/kg body wt) to adult male zebra finches for 4 d also led to a significant increase in cell proliferation in the ventral VZ of these birds, compared with saline-treated controls. Our results show that cell proliferation is augmented by naloxone in the VZ adjacent to the anterior commissure, suggesting that the endogenous opioids modulate adult neurogenesis/gliogenesis by inhibiting cell proliferation in songbirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Khurshid
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, India
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Sun X, Zhang Y, Wang J, Wei L, Li H, Hanley G, Zhao M, Li Y, Yin D. Beta-arrestin 2 modulates resveratrol-induced apoptosis and regulation of Akt/GSK3ß pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2010; 1800:912-8. [PMID: 20457218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resveratrol is emerging as a novel anticancer agent. However, the mechanism(s) by which resveratrol exerts its effects on endometrial cancer (EC) are unknown. We previously reported that beta-arrestin 2 plays a critical role in cell apoptosis. The role of ß-arrestin 2 in resveratrol modulation of endometrial cancer cell apoptosis remains to be established. SCOPE OF REVIEW EC cells HEC1B and Ishikawa were transfected with either ß-arrestin 2 RNA interfering (RNAi) plasmid or beta-arrestin 2 full-length plasmid and control vector. The cells were then exposed to differing concentrations of resveratrol. Apoptotic cells were detected by TUNEL assay. Expression of total and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), total and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (p-GSK3ß), and caspase-3 were determined by Western blot analysis. Our data demonstrate that inhibition of ß-arrestin 2 increases the number of apoptotic cells and caspase-3 activation. Additionally ß-arrestin 2 exerted an additive effect on resveratrol-reduced levels of p-Akt and p-GSK3ß. Overexpression of ß-arrestin 2 decreased the percentage of apoptosis and caspase-3 activation and attenuated resveratrol-reduced levels of p-Akt and p-GSK3ß. Taken together, our studies demonstrate for the first time that ß-arrestin 2 mediated signaling plays a critical role in resveratrol-induced apoptosis in EC cells. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Resveratrol primes EC cells to undergo apoptosis by modulating beta-arrestin 2 mediated Akt/GSK3ß signaling pathways. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These inspiring findings would provide a new molecular basis for further understanding of cell apoptotic mechanisms mediated by ß-arrestin 2 and may provide insights into a potential clinical relevance in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Critical role of toll-like receptor 9 in morphine and Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Induced apoptosis in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9205. [PMID: 20174568 PMCID: PMC2824811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although it is established that opioid and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are both public health problems, the mechanisms by which they affect lung functions remain elusive. Methodology/Principal Findings We report here that mice subjected to chronic morphine administration and M. tuberculosis infection exhibited significant apoptosis in the lung in wild type mice as demonstrated by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling assay. Morphine and M. tuberculosis significantly induced the expression of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), a key mediator of innate immunity and inflammation. Interestingly, deficiency in TLR9 significantly inhibited the morphine and M. tuberculosis induced apoptosis in the lung. In addition, chronic morphine treatment and M. tuberculosis infection enhanced the levels of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in wild type mice, but not in TLR9 knockout (KO) mice. The bacterial load was much lower in TLR9 KO mice compared with that in wild type mice following morphine and M. tuberculosis treatment. Morphine alone did not alter the bacterial load in either wild type or TLR9 KO mice. Moreover, administration of morphine and M. tuberculosis decreased the levels of phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3β in the wild type mice, but not in TLR9 KO mice, suggesting an involvement of Akt/GSK3β in morphine and M. tuberculosis-mediated TLR9 signaling. Furthermore, administration of morphine and M. tuberculosis caused a dramatic decrease in Bcl-2 level but increase in Bax level in wild type mice, but not in TLR9 KO mice, indicating a role of Bcl-2 family in TLR9-mediated apoptosis in the lung following morphine and M. tuberculosis administration. Conclusions/Significance These data reveal a role for TLR9 in the immune response to opioids during M. tuberculosis infection.
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Hutchinson MR, Zhang Y, Shridhar M, Evans JH, Buchanan MM, Zhao TX, Slivka PF, Coats BD, Rezvani N, Wieseler J, Hughes TS, Landgraf KE, Chan S, Fong S, Phipps S, Falke JJ, Leinwand LA, Maier SF, Yin H, Rice KC, Watkins LR. Evidence that opioids may have toll-like receptor 4 and MD-2 effects. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:83-95. [PMID: 19679181 PMCID: PMC2788078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid-induced proinflammatory glial activation modulates wide-ranging aspects of opioid pharmacology including: opposition of acute and chronic opioid analgesia, opioid analgesic tolerance, opioid-induced hyperalgesia, development of opioid dependence, opioid reward, and opioid respiratory depression. However, the mechanism(s) contributing to opioid-induced proinflammatory actions remains unresolved. The potential involvement of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was examined using in vitro, in vivo, and in silico techniques. Morphine non-stereoselectively induced TLR4 signaling in vitro, blocked by a classical TLR4 antagonist and non-stereoselectively by naloxone. Pharmacological blockade of TLR4 signaling in vivo potentiated acute intrathecal morphine analgesia, attenuated development of analgesic tolerance, hyperalgesia, and opioid withdrawal behaviors. TLR4 opposition to opioid actions was supported by morphine treatment of TLR4 knockout mice, which revealed a significant threefold leftward shift in the analgesia dose response function, versus wildtype mice. A range of structurally diverse clinically-employed opioid analgesics was found to be capable of activating TLR4 signaling in vitro. Selectivity in the response was identified since morphine-3-glucuronide, a morphine metabolite with no opioid receptor activity, displayed significant TLR4 activity, whilst the opioid receptor active metabolite, morphine-6-glucuronide, was devoid of such properties. In silico docking simulations revealed ligands bound preferentially to the LPS binding pocket of MD-2 rather than TLR4. An in silico to in vitro prediction model was built and tested with substantial accuracy. These data provide evidence that select opioids may non-stereoselectively influence TLR4 signaling and have behavioral consequences resulting, in part, via TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Hutchinson
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yingning Zhang
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Mitesh Shridhar
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - John H. Evans
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Madison M. Buchanan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Tina X. Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Peter F. Slivka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Benjamen D. Coats
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Niloofar Rezvani
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Julie Wieseler
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Travis S. Hughes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Kyle E. Landgraf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Stefanie Chan
- Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stephanie Fong
- Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Simon Phipps
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases (CARD), Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joseph J. Falke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Leslie A. Leinwand
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases (CARD), Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Steven F. Maier
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Linda R. Watkins
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Maternal Oral Consumption of Morphine Increases Bax/Bcl-2 Ratio and Caspase 3 Activity During Early Neural System Development in Rat Embryos. J Mol Neurosci 2009; 41:156-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-009-9312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Li Y, Li H, Zhang Y, Sun X, Hanley GA, LeSage G, Zhang Y, Sun S, Peng Y, Yin D. Toll-like receptor 2 is required for opioids-induced neuronal apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 391:426-30. [PMID: 19914204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), a key immune receptor in the TLR family, is widely expressed in various systems, including the immune and nervous systems and plays a critical role in controlling innate and adaptive immune responses. We previously reported that opioids inhibit cell growth and trigger apoptosis. However, the underlying mechanism by which TLR2 mediates apoptosis in response to opioids is not yet known. Here we show that chronic morphine treatment in primary neurons dramatically increased the expression of TLR2 at both the messenger RNA and protein levels. In addition, TLR2 deficiency significantly inhibited chronic morphine-induced apoptosis in primary neurons. Activation of caspase-3 after morphine treatment is impaired in TLR2 deficient primary neurons. Moreover, morphine treatment failed to induce an increased level of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3beta) in TLR2 deficient primary neurons, suggesting an involvement of GSK3beta in morphine-mediated TLR2 signaling. These results thus demonstrate that opioids prime neurons to undergo apoptosis by inducing TLR2 expression. Our data suggest that inhibition of TLR2 is capable of preventing opioids-induced damage to neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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Watkins LR, Hutchinson MR, Rice KC, Maier SF. The "toll" of opioid-induced glial activation: improving the clinical efficacy of opioids by targeting glia. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2009; 30:581-91. [PMID: 19762094 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glial activation participates in the mediation of pain including neuropathic pain, due to release of neuroexcitatory, proinflammatory products. Glial activation is now known to occur in response to opioids as well. Opioid-induced glial activation opposes opioid analgesia and enhances opioid tolerance, dependence, reward and respiratory depression. Such effects can occur, not via classical opioid receptors, but rather via non-stereoselective activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a recently recognized key glial receptor participating in neuropathic pain as well. This discovery identifies a means for separating the beneficial actions of opioids (opioid receptor mediated) from the unwanted side-effects (TLR4/glial mediated) by pharmacologically targeting TLR4. Such a drug should be a stand-alone therapeutic for treating neuropathic pain as well. Excitingly, with newly-established clinical trials of two glial modulators for treating neuropathic pain and improving the utility of opioids, translation from rats-to-humans now begins with the promise of improved clinical pain control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado USA.
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Moorman J, Zhang Y, Liu B, LeSage G, Chen Y, Stuart C, Prayther D, Yin D. HIV-1 gp120 primes lymphocytes for opioid-induced, beta-arrestin 2-dependent apoptosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1793:1366-71. [PMID: 19477204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which opioids affect progression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection are not well-defined. HIV-1 gp120 is important in the apoptotic death of uninfected, bystander T cells. In this study, we show that co-treatment of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with HIV-1 gp120/morphine synergistically induces apoptosis in PBMC. Co-treatment of murine splenocytes from mu opiate receptor knockout mice with gp120/morphine resulted in decreased apoptosis when compared to splenocytes from wild type mice. Co-treatment of human PBMC or murine splenocytes with gp120/morphine led to decreased expression of beta-arrestin 2, a protein required for opioid-mediated signaling. The role of beta-arrestin 2 was confirmed in Jurkat lymphocytes, in which 1) over-expression of beta-arrestin 2 inhibited gp120/morphine-induced apoptosis and 2) RNA interference of beta-arrestin 2 expression enhanced gp120/morphine-induced apoptosis. These data suggest a novel mechanism by which HIV-1 gp120 and opioids induce lymphocyte cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Moorman
- Departments of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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Chen L, Zhang Y, Sun X, Li H, LeSage G, Javer A, Zhang X, Wei X, Jiang Y, Yin D. Synthetic resveratrol aliphatic acid inhibits TLR2-mediated apoptosis and an involvement of Akt/GSK3beta pathway. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:4378-82. [PMID: 19477653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
As resveratrol derivatives, resveratrol aliphatic acids were synthesized in our laboratory. Previously, we reported the improved pharmaceutical properties of the compounds compared to resveratrol, including better solubility in water and much tighter binding with human serum albumin. Here, we investigate the role of resveratrol aliphatic acids in Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-mediated apoptosis. We showed that resveratrol aliphatic acid (R6A) significantly inhibits the expression of TLR2. In addition, overexpression of TLR2 in HEK293 cells caused a significant decrease in apoptosis after R6A treatment. Moreover, inhibition of TLR2 by R6A decreases serum deprivation-reduced the levels of phosphorylated Akt and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). Our study thus demonstrates that the resveratrol aliphatic acid inhibits cell apoptosis through TLR2 by the involvement of Akt/GSK3beta pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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