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Itoh Y, Miyamoto Y, Tokunaga M, Suzuki T, Takada A, Ninomiya A, Hishinuma T, Matsuda M, Yoneda Y, Oka M, Suzuki R, Matsuura Y, Okamoto T. Importin-7-dependent nuclear translocation of the Flavivirus core protein is required for infectious virus production. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012409. [PMID: 39146232 PMCID: PMC11326614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Flaviviridae is a family of positive-stranded RNA viruses, including human pathogens, such as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and West Nile virus (WNV). Nuclear localization of the viral core protein is conserved among Flaviviridae, and this feature may be targeted for developing broad-ranging anti-flavivirus drugs. However, the mechanism of core protein translocation to the nucleus and the importance of nuclear translocation in the viral life cycle remain unknown. We aimed to identify the molecular mechanism underlying core protein nuclear translocation. We identified importin-7 (IPO7), an importin-β family protein, as a nuclear carrier for Flaviviridae core proteins. Nuclear import assays revealed that core protein was transported into the nucleus via IPO7, whereas IPO7 deletion by CRISPR/Cas9 impaired their nuclear translocation. To understand the importance of core protein nuclear translocation, we evaluated the production of infectious virus or single-round-infectious-particles in wild-type or IPO7-deficient cells; both processes were significantly impaired in IPO7-deficient cells, whereas intracellular infectious virus levels were equivalent in wild-type and IPO7-deficient cells. These results suggest that IPO7-mediated nuclear translocation of core proteins is involved in the release of infectious virus particles of flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Itoh
- Department of Microbiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Nuclear Transport Dynamics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Biofunctional Molecular Medicine, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Tokunaga
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Takada
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akinori Ninomiya
- Central Instrumentation Laboratory, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Hishinuma
- Department of Microbiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Matsuda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yoneda
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Oka
- Laboratory of Nuclear Transport Dynamics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Suzuki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Okamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Giri R, Bhardwaj T, Kapuganti SK, Saumya KU, Sharma N, Bhardwaj A, Joshi R, Verma D, Gadhave K. Widespread amyloid aggregates formation by Zika virus proteins and peptides. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4833. [PMID: 37937856 PMCID: PMC10682691 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Viral pathogenesis typically involves numerous molecular mechanisms. Protein aggregation is a relatively unknown characteristic of viruses, despite the fact that viral proteins have been shown to form terminally misfolded forms. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a neurotropic one with the potential to cause neurodegeneration. Its protein amyloid aggregation may link the neurodegenerative component to the pathogenicity associated with the viral infection. Therefore, we investigated protein aggregation in the ZIKV proteome as a putative pathogenic route and one of the alternate pathways. We discovered that it contains numerous anticipated aggregation-prone regions in this investigation. To validate our prediction, we used a combination of supporting experimental techniques routinely used for morphological characterization and study of amyloid aggregates. Several ZIKV proteins and peptides, including the full-length envelope protein, its domain III (EDIII) and fusion peptide, Pr N-terminal peptide, NS1 β-roll peptide, membrane-embedded signal peptide 2K, and cytosolic region of NS4B protein, were shown to be highly aggregating in our study. Because our findings show that viral proteins can form amyloids in vitro, we need to do a thorough functional study of these anticipated APRs to understand better the role of amyloids in the pathophysiology of ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajanish Giri
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiKamandHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Taniya Bhardwaj
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiKamandHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Shivani K. Kapuganti
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiKamandHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Kumar Udit Saumya
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiKamandHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Nitin Sharma
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Aparna Bhardwaj
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiKamandHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Richa Joshi
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiKamandHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Deepanshu Verma
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiKamandHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Kundlik Gadhave
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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3
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Liang Q, Yang J, Fan WTL, Lo WC. Patch formation driven by stochastic effects of interaction between viruses and defective interfering particles. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011513. [PMID: 37782667 PMCID: PMC10569632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Defective interfering particles (DIPs) are virus-like particles that occur naturally during virus infections. These particles are defective, lacking essential genetic materials for replication, but they can interact with the wild-type virus and potentially be used as therapeutic agents. However, the effect of DIPs on infection spread is still unclear due to complicated stochastic effects and nonlinear spatial dynamics. In this work, we develop a model with a new hybrid method to study the spatial-temporal dynamics of viruses and DIPs co-infections within hosts. We present two different scenarios of virus production and compare the results from deterministic and stochastic models to demonstrate how the stochastic effect is involved in the spatial dynamics of virus transmission. We compare the spread features of the virus in simulations and experiments, including the formation and the speed of virus spread and the emergence of stochastic patchy patterns of virus distribution. Our simulations simultaneously capture observed spatial spread features in the experimental data, including the spread rate of the virus and its patchiness. The results demonstrate that DIPs can slow down the growth of virus particles and make the spread of the virus more patchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiantong Liang
- Department of Mathematics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Johnny Yang
- Department of Mathematics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Wai-Tong Louis Fan
- Department of Mathematics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wing-Cheong Lo
- Department of Mathematics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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4
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Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Transport of ZIKV Non-Structural 3 Protein Is Mediated by Importin-α/β and Exportin CRM-1. J Virol 2023; 97:e0177322. [PMID: 36475764 PMCID: PMC9888292 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01773-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses have a cytoplasmic replicative cycle, and crucial events, such as genome translation and replication, occur in the endoplasmic reticulum. However, some viral proteins, such as C, NS1, and NS5 from Zika virus (ZIKV) containing nuclear localization signals (NLSs) and nuclear export signals (NESs), are also located in the nucleus of Vero cells. The NS2A, NS3, and NS4A proteins from dengue virus (DENV) have also been reported to be in the nucleus of A549 cells, and our group recently reported that the NS3 protein is also located in the nucleus of Huh7 and C636 cells during DENV infection. However, the NS3 protease-helicase from ZIKV locates in the perinuclear region of infected cells and alters the morphology of the nuclear lamina, a component of the nuclear envelope. Furthermore, ZIKV NS3 has been reported to accumulate on the concave face of altered kidney-shaped nuclei and may be responsible for modifying other elements of the nuclear envelope. However, nuclear localization of NS3 from ZIKV has not been substantially investigated in human host cells. Our group has recently reported that DENV and ZIKV NS3 alter the nuclear pore complex (NPC) by cleaving some nucleoporins. Here, we demonstrate the presence of ZIKV NS3 in the nucleus of Huh7 cells early in infection and in the cytoplasm at later times postinfection. In addition, we found that ZIKV NS3 contains an NLS and a putative NES and uses the classic import (importin-α/β) and export pathway via CRM-1 to be transported between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. IMPORTANCE Flaviviruses have a cytoplasmic replication cycle, but recent evidence indicates that nuclear elements play a role in their viral replication. Viral proteins, such as NS5 and C, are imported into the nucleus, and blocking their import prevents replication. Because of the importance of the nucleus in viral replication and the role of NS3 in the modification of nuclear components, we investigated whether NS3 can be localized in the nucleus during ZIKV infection. We found that NS3 is imported into the nucleus via the importin pathway and exported to the cytoplasm via CRM-1. The significance of viral protein nuclear import and export and its relationship with infection establishment is highlighted, emphasizing the development of new host-directed antiviral therapeutic strategies.
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Selinger M, Novotný R, Sýs J, Roby JA, Tykalová H, Ranjani GS, Vancová M, Jaklová K, Kaufman F, Bloom ME, Zdráhal Z, Grubhoffer L, Forwood JK, Hrabal R, Rumlová M, Štěrba J. Tick-borne encephalitis virus capsid protein induces translational shut-off as revealed by its structural-biological analysis. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102585. [PMID: 36223838 PMCID: PMC9664413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the most medically relevant tick-transmitted Flavivirus in Eurasia, targeting the host central nervous system and frequently causing severe encephalitis. The primary function of its capsid protein (TBEVC) is to recruit the viral RNA and form a nucleocapsid. Additional functionality of Flavivirus capsid proteins has been documented, but further investigation is needed for TBEVC. Here, we show the first capsid protein 3D structure of a member of the tick-borne flaviviruses group. The structure of monomeric Δ16-TBEVC was determined using high-resolution multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. Based on natural in vitro TBEVC homodimerization, the dimeric interfaces were identified by hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (MS). Although the assembly of flaviviruses occurs in endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicles, we observed that TBEVC protein also accumulated in the nuclei and nucleoli of infected cells. In addition, the predicted bipartite nuclear localization sequence in the TBEVC C-terminal part was confirmed experimentally, and we described the interface between TBEVC bipartite nuclear localization sequence and import adapter protein importin-alpha using X-ray crystallography. Furthermore, our coimmunoprecipitation coupled with MS identification revealed 214 interaction partners of TBEVC, including viral envelope and nonstructural NS5 proteins and a wide variety of host proteins involved mainly in rRNA processing and translation initiation. Metabolic labeling experiments further confirmed that TBEVC and other flaviviral capsid proteins are able to induce translational shutoff and decrease of 18S rRNA. These findings may substantially help to design a targeted therapy against TBEV.
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6
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Sallaberry I, Luszczak A, Philipp N, Navarro GSC, Gabriel MV, Gratton E, Gamarnik AV, Estrada LC. In vivo pair correlation microscopy reveals dengue virus capsid protein nucleocytoplasmic bidirectional movement in mammalian infected cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24415. [PMID: 34952906 PMCID: PMC8709865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are major human disease-causing pathogens, including dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus, yellow fever virus and others. DENV infects hundreds of millions of people per year around the world, causing a tremendous social and economic burden. DENV capsid (C) protein plays an essential role during genome encapsidation and viral particle formation. It has been previously shown that DENV C enters the nucleus in infected cells. However, whether DENV C protein exhibits nuclear export remains unclear. By spatially cross-correlating different regions of the cell, we investigated DENV C movement across the nuclear envelope during the infection cycle. We observed that transport takes place in both directions and with similar translocation times (in the ms time scale) suggesting a bidirectional movement of both C protein import and export.Furthermore, from the pair cross-correlation functions in cytoplasmic or nuclear regions we found two populations of C molecules in each compartment with fast and slow mobilities. While in the cytoplasm the correlation times were in the 2-6 and 40-110 ms range for the fast and slow mobility populations respectively, in the cell nucleus they were 1-10 and 25-140 ms range, respectively. The fast mobility of DENV C in cytoplasmic and nuclear regions agreed with the diffusion coefficients from Brownian motion previously reported from correlation analysis. These studies provide the first evidence of DENV C shuttling from and to the nucleus in infected cells, opening new venues for antiviral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Sallaberry
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and IFIBA-National Research Council for Science and Technology (CONICET), 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alexis Luszczak
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and IFIBA-National Research Council for Science and Technology (CONICET), 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Philipp
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and IFIBA-National Research Council for Science and Technology (CONICET), 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe S Costa Navarro
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-National Research Council for Science and Technology (CONICET), 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Manuela V Gabriel
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and IFIBA-National Research Council for Science and Technology (CONICET), 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics and Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrea V Gamarnik
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-National Research Council for Science and Technology (CONICET), 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura C Estrada
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and IFIBA-National Research Council for Science and Technology (CONICET), 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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7
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Islam MT, Quispe C, Herrera-Bravo J, Sarkar C, Sharma R, Garg N, Fredes LI, Martorell M, Alshehri MM, Sharifi-Rad J, Daştan SD, Calina D, Alsafi R, Alghamdi S, Batiha GES, Cruz-Martins N. Production, Transmission, Pathogenesis, and Control of Dengue Virus: A Literature-Based Undivided Perspective. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:4224816. [PMID: 34957305 PMCID: PMC8694986 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4224816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dengue remains one of the most serious and widespread mosquito-borne viral infections in human beings, with serious health problems or even death. About 50 to 100 million people are newly infected annually, with almost 2.5 billion people living at risk and resulting in 20,000 deaths. Dengue virus infection is especially transmitted through bites of Aedes mosquitos, hugely spread in tropical and subtropical environments, mostly found in urban and semiurban areas. Unfortunately, there is no particular therapeutic approach, but prevention, adequate consciousness, detection at earlier stage of viral infection, and appropriate medical care can lower the fatality rates. This review offers a comprehensive view of production, transmission, pathogenesis, and control measures of the dengue virus and its vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj (Dhaka)8100, Bangladesh
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Avda. Arturo Prat 2120, Iquique 1110939, Chile
| | - Jesús Herrera-Bravo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Chile
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Chandan Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacy, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj (Dhaka)8100, Bangladesh
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Garg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, 4070386 Concepción, Chile
- Universidad de Concepción, Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, UDT, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Mohammed M. Alshehri
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sevgi Durna Daştan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
- Beekeeping Development Application and Research Center, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Radi Alsafi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal
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8
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Jia R, Wang M, Yin Z, Cheng A. Structure and function of capsid protein in flavivirus infection and its applications in the development of vaccines and therapeutics. Vet Res 2021; 52:98. [PMID: 34193256 PMCID: PMC8247181 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00966-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are enveloped single positive-stranded RNA viruses. The capsid (C), a structural protein of flavivirus, is dimeric and alpha-helical, with several special structural and functional features. The functions of the C protein go far beyond a structural role in virions. It is not only responsible for encapsidation to protect the viral RNA but also able to interact with various host proteins to promote virus proliferation. Therefore, the C protein plays an important role in infected host cells and the viral life cycle. Flaviviruses have been shown to affect the health of humans and animals. Thus, there is an urgent need to effectively control flavivirus infections. The structure of the flavivirus virion has been determined, but there is relatively little information about the function of the C protein. Hence, a greater understanding of the role of the C protein in viral infections will help to discover novel antiviral strategies and provide a promising starting point for the further development of flavivirus vaccines or therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcui Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanting Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China. .,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China. .,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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9
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Turpin J, El-Safadi D, Lebeau G, Frumence E, Desprès P, Viranaïcken W, Krejbich-Trotot P. CHOP Pro-Apoptotic Transcriptional Program in Response to ER Stress Is Hacked by Zika Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073750. [PMID: 33916874 PMCID: PMC8038490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus considered as a threat to human health due to large epidemics and serious clinical outcomes such as microcephaly in new-borns. Like all flaviviruses, ZIKV relies on the cellular machinery to complete its viral cycle, with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) being the critical site of viral replication factories. The sudden high protein load in the ER induces an ER stress to which the cell responds with an appropriate unfolded protein response (UPR) in an attempt to restore its disturbed homeostasis. When the restoration fails, the cell signalling leads to a programmed cell death by apoptosis with the upregulation of the UPR-induced C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) which acts as the main trigger for this fatal outcome. Our previous studies have shown the ability of ZIKV to manipulate various cellular responses in order to optimize virus production. ZIKV is able to delay apoptosis to its benefit and although ER stress is induced, the UPR is not complete. Here we discovered that ZIKV impairs the expression of CHOP/DDIT3, the main factor responsible of ER-stress driven apoptosis. Surprisingly, the mechanism does not take place at the transcriptional level but at the translational level.
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10
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Zhao W, Zhu J, Lu H, Zhu J, Jiang F, Wang W, Luo L, Kang L, Cui F. The nucleocapsid protein of rice stripe virus in cell nuclei of vector insect regulates viral replication. Protein Cell 2021; 13:360-378. [PMID: 33675514 PMCID: PMC7936609 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00822-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice stripe virus (RSV) transmitted by the small brown planthopper causes severe rice yield losses in Asian countries. Although viral nuclear entry promotes viral replication in host cells, whether this phenomenon occurs in vector cells remains unknown. Therefore, in this study, we systematically evaluated the presence and roles of RSV in the nuclei of vector insect cells. We observed that the nucleocapsid protein (NP) and viral genomic RNAs were partially transported into vector cell nuclei by utilizing the importin α nuclear transport system. When blocking NP nuclear localization, cytoplasmic RSV accumulation significantly increased. In the vector cell nuclei, NP bound the transcription factor YY1 and affected its positive regulation to FAIM. Subsequently, decreased FAIM expression triggered an antiviral caspase-dependent apoptotic reaction. Our results reveal that viral nuclear entry induces completely different immune effects in vector and host cells, providing new insights into the balance between viral load and the immunity pressure in vector insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junjie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiaming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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11
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Abstract
The flavivirus genus encompasses more than 75 unique viruses, including dengue virus which accounts for almost 390 million global infections annually. Flavivirus infection can result in a myriad of symptoms ranging from mild rash and flu-like symptoms, to severe encephalitis and even hemorrhagic fever. Efforts to combat the impact of these viruses have been hindered due to limited antiviral drug and vaccine development. However, the advancement of knowledge in the structural biology of flaviviruses over the last 25 years has produced unique perspectives for the identification of potential therapeutic targets. With particular emphasis on the assembly and maturation stages of the flavivirus life cycle, it is the goal of this review to comparatively analyze the structural similarities between flaviviruses to provide avenues for new research and innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrrad M R Nicholls
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Madhumati Sevvana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Richard J Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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12
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He Y, Wang M, Chen S, Cheng A. The role of capsid in the flaviviral life cycle and perspectives for vaccine development. Vaccine 2020; 38:6872-6881. [PMID: 32950301 PMCID: PMC7495249 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The structure and function of flaviviral capsid are very flexible. The capsid gene contains conserved RNA secondary structures. Both steps of assembly and dissociation of nucleocapsid complexes are obscure. Capsid mutant viruses are highly attenuated and immunogenic. ΔC-replicon and single-round infectious particles are promising vaccine approaches.
The arthropod-borne flaviviruses cause a series of diseases in humans and pose a significant threat to global public health. In this review, we aimed to summarize the structure of the capsid protein (CP), its relevant multiple functions in the viral life cycle and innovative vaccines targeting CP. The flaviviral CP is the smallest structural protein and forms a homodimer by antiparallel α-helixes. Its primary function is to package the genomic RNA; however, both steps of assembly and dissociation of nucleocapsid complexes (NCs) have been obscure until now; in fact, flaviviral budding is NC-free, demonstrated by the subviral particles that generally exist in flavivirus infection. In infected cells, CPs associate with lipid droplets, which possibly store CPs prior to packaging. However, the function of nuclear localization of CPs remains unknown. Moreover, introducing deletions into CPs can be used to rationally design safe and effective live-attenuated vaccines or noninfectious replicon vaccines and single-round infectious particles, the latter two representing promising approaches for innovative flaviviral vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu He
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.
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13
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Goh GKM, Dunker AK, Foster JA, Uversky VN. Shell disorder analysis predicts greater resilience of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) outside the body and in body fluids. Microb Pathog 2020; 144:104177. [PMID: 32244041 PMCID: PMC7118597 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus (CoV) family consists of viruses that infects a variety of animals including humans with various levels of respiratory and fecal-oral transmission levels depending on the behavior of the viruses' natural hosts and optimal viral fitness. A model to classify and predict the levels of respective respiratory and fecal-oral transmission potentials of the various viruses was built before the outbreak of MERS-CoV using AI and empirically-based molecular tools to predict the disorder level of proteins. Using the percentages of intrinsic disorder (PID) of the nucleocapsid (N) and membrane (M) proteins of CoV, the model easily clustered the viruses into three groups with the SARS-CoV (M PID = 8%, N PID = 50%) falling into Category B, in which viruses have intermediate levels of both respiratory and fecal-oral transmission potentials. Later, MERS-CoV (M PID = 9%, N PID = 44%) was found to be in Category C, which consists of viruses with lower respiratory transmission potential but with higher fecal-oral transmission capabilities. Based on the peculiarities of disorder distribution, the SARS-CoV-2 (M PID = 6%, N PID = 48%) has to be placed in Category B. Our data show however, that the SARS-CoV-2 is very strange with one of the hardest protective outer shell, (M PID = 6%) among coronaviruses. This means that it might be expected to be highly resilient in saliva or other body fluids and outside the body. An infected body is likelier to shed greater numbers of viral particles since the latter is more resistant to antimicrobial enzymes in body fluids. These particles are also likelier to remain active longer. These factors could account for the greater contagiousness of the SARS-CoV-2 and have implications for efforts to prevent its spread.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Keith Dunker
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - James A Foster
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA; Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
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14
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Understanding Flavivirus Capsid Protein Functions: The Tip of the Iceberg. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010042. [PMID: 31948047 PMCID: PMC7168633 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA arboviruses, infectious to humans and many other animals and are transmitted primarily via tick or mosquito vectors. Capsid is the primary structural protein to interact with viral genome within virus particles and is therefore necessary for efficient packaging. However, in cells, capsid interacts with many proteins and nucleic acids and we are only beginning to understand the broad range of functions of flaviviral capsids. It is known that capsid dimers interact with the membrane of lipid droplets, aiding in both viral packaging and storage of capsid prior to packaging. However, capsid dimers can bind a range of nucleic acid templates in vitro, and likely interact with a range of targets during the flavivirus lifecycle. Capsid may interact with host RNAs, resulting in altered RNA splicing and RNA transcription. Capsid may also bind short interfering-RNAs and has been proposed to sequester these species to protect flaviviruses from the invertebrate siRNA pathways. Capsid can also be found in the nucleolus, where it wreaks havoc on ribosome biogenesis. Here we review flavivirus capsid structure, nucleic acid interactions and how these give rise to multiple functions. We also discuss how these features might be exploited either in the design of effective antivirals or novel vaccine strategies.
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15
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Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) belongs to the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. It is a single-stranded positive-sense ribonucleic acid virus with 10,700 bases. The genus Flavivirus includes other arthropod borne viruses such as yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, Zika virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus. It infects ~50–200 million people annually, putting over 3.6 billion people living in tropical regions at risk and causing ~20,000 deaths annually. The expansion of dengue is attributed to factors such as the modern dynamics of climate change, globalization, travel, trade, socioeconomics, settlement, and also viral evolution. There are four antigenically different serotypes of DENV based on the differences in their viral structural and nonstructural proteins. DENV infection causes a spectrum of illness ranging from asymptomatic to dengue fever to severe dengue shock syndrome. Infection with one serotype confers lifelong immunity against that serotype, but heterologus infection leads to severe dengue hemorrhagic fever due to antibody-dependent enhancement. Diagnosis of dengue infections is based mainly on serological detection of either antigen in acute cases or antibodies in both acute and chronic infection. Viral detection and real-time PCR detection though helpful is not feasible in resource poor setup. Treatment of dengue depends on symptomatic management along with fluid resuscitation and may require platelet transfusion. Although vaccine development is in late stages of development, developing a single vaccine against four serotypes often causes serious challenges to researchers; hence, the main stay of prevention is vector control and management.
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16
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Goh GKM, Dunker AK, Foster JA, Uversky VN. Zika and Flavivirus Shell Disorder: Virulence and Fetal Morbidity. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110710. [PMID: 31698857 PMCID: PMC6920988 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) was first discovered in 1947 in Africa. Since then, sporadic ZIKV infections of humans have been reported in Africa and Asia. For a long time, this virus was mostly unnoticed due to its mild symptoms and low fatality rates. However, during the 2015-2016 epidemic in Central and South America, when millions of people were infected, it was discovered that ZIKV causes microcephaly in the babies of mothers infected during pregnancy. An examination of the M and C proteins of the ZIKV shell using the disorder predictor PONDR VLXT revealed that the M protein contains relatively high disorder levels comparable only to those of the yellow fever virus (YFV). On the other hand, the disorder levels in the C protein are relatively low, which can account for the low case fatality rate (CFR) of this virus in contrast to the more virulent YFV, which is characterized by high disorder in its C protein. A larger variation was found in the percentage of intrinsic disorder (PID) in the C protein of various ZIKV strains. Strains of African lineage are characterized by higher PIDs. Using both in vivo and in vitro experiments, laboratories have also previously shown that strains of African origin have a greater potential to inflict higher fetal morbidity than do strains of Asian lineage, with dengue-2 virus (DENV-2) having the least potential. Strong correlations were found between the potential to inflict fetal morbidity and shell disorder in ZIKV (r2 = 0.9) and DENV-2 (DENV-2 + ZIKV, r2 = 0.8). A strong correlation between CFR and PID was also observed when ZIKV was included in an analysis of sets of shell proteins from a variety of flaviviruses (r2 = 0.8). These observations have potential implications for antiviral vaccine development and for the design of cancer therapeutics in terms of developing therapeutic viruses that penetrate hard-to-reach organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Kian-Meng Goh
- Goh’s BioComputing, Singapore 548957, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-8648-5440
| | - A. Keith Dunker
- Center for Computational Biology, Indiana and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - James A. Foster
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA;
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
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17
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Yang SNY, Atkinson SC, Fraser JE, Wang C, Maher B, Roman N, Forwood JK, Wagstaff KM, Borg NA, Jans DA. Novel Flavivirus Antiviral That Targets the Host Nuclear Transport Importin α/β1 Heterodimer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030281. [PMID: 30909636 PMCID: PMC6468590 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) threatens almost 70% of the world’s population, with no effective vaccine or therapeutic currently available. A key contributor to infection is nuclear localisation in the infected cell of DENV nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) through the action of the host importin (IMP) α/β1 proteins. Here, we used a range of microscopic, virological and biochemical/biophysical approaches to show for the first time that the small molecule GW5074 has anti-DENV action through its novel ability to inhibit NS5–IMPα/β1 interaction in vitro as well as NS5 nuclear localisation in infected cells. Strikingly, GW5074 not only inhibits IMPα binding to IMPβ1, but can dissociate preformed IMPα/β1 heterodimer, through targeting the IMPα armadillo (ARM) repeat domain to impact IMPα thermal stability and α-helicity, as shown using analytical ultracentrifugation, thermostability analysis and circular dichroism measurements. Importantly, GW5074 has strong antiviral activity at low µM concentrations against not only DENV-2, but also zika virus and West Nile virus. This work highlights DENV NS5 nuclear targeting as a viable target for anti-flaviviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundy N Y Yang
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
| | - Sarah C Atkinson
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
| | - Johanna E Fraser
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
| | - Chunxiao Wang
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
| | - Belinda Maher
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
| | - Noelia Roman
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.
| | - Kylie M Wagstaff
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
| | - Natalie A Borg
- Infection & Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
| | - David A Jans
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic. 3800, Australia.
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18
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Redwan EM, AlJaddawi AA, Uversky VN. Structural disorder in the proteome and interactome of Alkhurma virus (ALKV). Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:577-608. [PMID: 30443749 PMCID: PMC7079808 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2968-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infection by the Alkhurma virus (ALKV) leading to the Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever is a common thread in Saudi Arabia, with no efficient treatment or prevention available as of yet. Although the rational drug design traditionally uses information on known 3D structures of viral proteins, intrinsically disordered proteins (i.e., functional proteins that do not possess unique 3D structures), with their multitude of disorder-dependent functions, are crucial for the biology of viruses. Here, viruses utilize disordered regions in their invasion of the host organisms and in hijacking and repurposing of different host systems. Furthermore, the ability of viruses to efficiently adjust and accommodate to their hostile habitats is also intrinsic disorder-dependent. However, little is currently known on the level of penetrance and functional utilization of intrinsic disorder in the ALKV proteome. To fill this gap, we used here multiple computational tools to evaluate the abundance of intrinsic disorder in the ALKV genome polyprotein. We also analyzed the peculiarities of intrinsic disorder predisposition of the individual viral proteins, as well as human proteins known to be engaged in interaction with the ALKV proteins. Special attention was paid to finding a correlation between protein functionality and structural disorder. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first systematic study of the intrinsic disorder status of ALKV proteome and interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elrashdy M Redwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah A AlJaddawi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
- Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290, Moscow Region, Russia.
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19
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Early Events in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection: Viral Entry. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7030068. [PMID: 30104482 PMCID: PMC6161159 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus, is an enveloped positive-strand RNA virus that can cause a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild febrile illness to severe neuroinvasive disease. Today, several killed and live vaccines are available in different parts of the globe for use in humans to prevent JEV-induced diseases, yet no antivirals are available to treat JEV-associated diseases. Despite the progress made in vaccine research and development, JEV is still a major public health problem in southern, eastern, and southeastern Asia, as well as northern Oceania, with the potential to become an emerging global pathogen. In viral replication, the entry of JEV into the cell is the first step in a cascade of complex interactions between the virus and target cells that is required for the initiation, dissemination, and maintenance of infection. Because this step determines cell/tissue tropism and pathogenesis, it is a promising target for antiviral therapy. JEV entry is mediated by the viral glycoprotein E, which binds virions to the cell surface (attachment), delivers them to endosomes (endocytosis), and catalyzes the fusion between the viral and endosomal membranes (membrane fusion), followed by the release of the viral genome into the cytoplasm (uncoating). In this multistep process, a collection of host factors are involved. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the viral and cellular components involved in JEV entry into host cells, with an emphasis on the initial virus-host cell interactions on the cell surface.
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20
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Airo AM, Urbanowski MD, Lopez-Orozco J, You JH, Skene-Arnold TD, Holmes C, Yamshchikov V, Malik-Soni N, Frappier L, Hobman TC. Expression of flavivirus capsids enhance the cellular environment for viral replication by activating Akt-signalling pathways. Virology 2018; 516:147-157. [PMID: 29358114 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses depend on multiple host pathways during their life cycles and have evolved strategies to avoid the innate immune response. Previously, we showed that the West Nile virus capsid protein plays a role in this process by blocking apoptosis. In this study, we examined how expression of capsid proteins from several flaviviruses affects apoptosis and other host processes that impact virus replication. All of the tested capsid proteins protected cells from Fas-dependent apoptosis through a mechanism that requires activated Akt. Capsid expression upregulated other Akt-dependent cellular processes including expression of glucose transporter 1 and mitochondrial metabolism. Protein phosphatase 1, which is known to inactivate Akt, was identified as a DENV capsid interacting protein. This suggests that DENV capsid expression activates Akt by sequestering phosphatases that downregulate phospho-Akt. Capsid-dependent upregulation of Akt would enhance downstream signalling pathways that affect cell survival and metabolism, thus providing a favourable environment for virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Airo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | | - Jae Hwan You
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Charles Holmes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Natasha Malik-Soni
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lori Frappier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tom C Hobman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Canada; Women & Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Canada.
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21
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Kumar R, Singh N, Abdin MZ, Patel AH, Medigeshi GR. Dengue Virus Capsid Interacts with DDX3X-A Potential Mechanism for Suppression of Antiviral Functions in Dengue Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 7:542. [PMID: 29387631 PMCID: PMC5776122 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus is a pathogen of global concern and has a huge impact on public health system in low- and middle-income countries. The capsid protein of dengue virus is least conserved among related flavivirus and there is very limited information on the role of cytosolic proteins that interact with dengue virus capsid. We identified DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) Box Helicase 3, an X-Linked (DDX3X), cytosolic ATP-dependent RNA helicase as a dengue virus capsid-interacting protein. We show that the N-terminal region of capsid is important for interaction with DDX3X, while the N-terminal domain of DDX3X seems to be involved in interaction with dengue capsid. DDX3X was down-regulated in dengue virus infected cells at later stages of infection. Our results show that DDX3X is an antiviral protein as suppression of DDX3X expression by siRNA led to an increase in viral titers and overexpression of DDX3X led to inhibition of viral replication. Knock-down of DDX3X did not affect induction of type I interferon response upon infection suggesting that the effect of DDX3X knock-down is independent of the interferon-dependent pathways that DDX3X modulates under normal conditions. Thus, our study identifies DDX3X as a dengue virus capsid interacting protein and indicates a potential link between the antiviral functions of DDX3X and dengue capsid at later stages of dengue infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinki Kumar
- Clinical and Cellular Virology Lab, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Nirpendra Singh
- Regional Center for Biotechnology, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Malik Z Abdin
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Arvind H Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Guruprasad R Medigeshi
- Clinical and Cellular Virology Lab, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
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22
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Goh GKM, Dunker AK, Uversky VN. Correlating Flavivirus virulence and levels of intrinsic disorder in shell proteins: protective roles vs. immune evasion. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 12:1881-91. [PMID: 27102744 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00228e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Computational analyses revealed correlations between the intrinsic disorder propensity of shell proteins and case fatality rates (CFRs) among Flaviviruses and within at least two Flavivirus species, such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and dengue virus (DENV). The shell proteins analyzed in this study are capsid (C) and membrane (PrM, Pr, and M) proteins. The highest correlations can be found when regression analyses were conducted using Pr (Flavivirus: r(2) = 0.78, p < 0.01) or M (Flavivirus: r(2) = 0.91, p < 0.01) as an independent variable with C and CFR as co-explanatory and dependent variables, respectively. Interestingly, while predicted intrinsic disorder levels (PIDs) of both C and M are positively correlated with the virulence, the PIDs of Pr and CFR are negatively correlated. This is likely due to the fact that the Pr portion of PrM plays various roles in protecting the virion from damage, whereas M and C are assisted by greater potential in binding promiscuity as a result of greater disorder. The C protein of yellow fever virus (YFV), which is the most virulent virus in the sample, has the highest PID levels, whereas the second most virulent TBEV FE subtype has the second highest PID score due to its C protein, and the least virulent West Nile virus (WNV) has the least disordered C protein. This knowledge can be used while working on the development and identification of attenuated strains for vaccine. Curiously, unlike Flaviviruses, a disordered outer shell was described for hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and human simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), which currently have no effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Keith Dunker
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA and Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, PO Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia and Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
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23
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Lopez-Denman AJ, Mackenzie JM. The IMPORTance of the Nucleus during Flavivirus Replication. Viruses 2017; 9:v9010014. [PMID: 28106839 PMCID: PMC5294983 DOI: 10.3390/v9010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are a large group of arboviruses of significant medical concern worldwide. With outbreaks a common occurrence, the need for efficient viral control is required more than ever. It is well understood that flaviviruses modulate the composition and structure of membranes in the cytoplasm that are crucial for efficient replication and evading immune detection. As the flavivirus genome consists of positive sense RNA, replication can occur wholly within the cytoplasm. What is becoming more evident is that some viral proteins also have the ability to translocate to the nucleus, with potential roles in replication and immune system perturbation. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of flavivirus nuclear localisation, and the function it has during flavivirus infection. We also describe-while closely related-the functional differences between similar viral proteins in their nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Lopez-Denman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia.
| | - Jason M Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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The flavivirus capsid protein: Structure, function and perspectives towards drug design. Virus Res 2017; 227:115-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Tiwary AK, Cecilia D. Kinetics of the association of dengue virus capsid protein with the granular component of nucleolus. Virology 2016; 502:48-55. [PMID: 27992765 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) replicates in the cytoplasm but translocation of the capsid protein (C) to the nucleoli of infected cells has been shown to facilitate virus multiplication for DENV-2. This study demonstrates that the nucleolar localization of C occurs with all four serotypes of DENV. The interaction of C with the nucleolus was found to be dynamic with a mobile fraction of 66% by FRAP. That the C shuttled between the nucleus and cytoplasm was suggested by FLIP and translation inhibition experiments. Colocalization with B23 indicated that DENV C targeted the granular component (GC) of the nucleolus. Presence of DENV C in the nucleolus affected the recovery kinetics of B23 in infected and transfected cells. Sub-nucleolar localization of DENV C of all serotypes to the GC, its mobility in and out of the nucleolus and its affect on the dynamics of B23 is being shown for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Tiwary
- Dengue Group, National Institute of Virology, 20-A Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, Maharashtra, India
| | - D Cecilia
- Dengue Group, National Institute of Virology, 20-A Ambedkar Road, Pune 411001, Maharashtra, India.
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Abstract
Dengue virus affects hundreds of millions of people each year around the world, causing a tremendous social and economic impact on affected countries. The aim of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of the functions, structure, and interactions of the viral capsid protein. The primary role of capsid is to package the viral genome. There are two processes linked to this function: the recruitment of the viral RNA during assembly and the release of the genome during infection. Although particle assembly takes place on endoplasmic reticulum membranes, capsid localizes in nucleoli and lipid droplets. Why capsid accumulates in these locations during infection remains unknown. In this review, we describe available data and discuss new ideas on dengue virus capsid functions and interactions. We believe that a deeper understanding of how the capsid protein works during infection will create opportunities for novel antiviral strategies, which are urgently needed to control dengue virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Byk
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-National Research Council for Science and Technology (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1405, Argentina;
| | - Andrea V Gamarnik
- Fundación Instituto Leloir-National Research Council for Science and Technology (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1405, Argentina;
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Dengue virus NS1 protein interacts with the ribosomal protein RPL18: This interaction is required for viral translation and replication in Huh-7 cells. Virology 2015; 484:113-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Stock N, Escadafal C, Achazi K, Cissé M, Niedrig M. Development and characterization of polyclonal peptide antibodies for the detection of Yellow fever virus proteins. J Virol Methods 2015; 222:110-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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A single amino acid substitution in the core protein of West Nile virus increases resistance to acidotropic compounds. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69479. [PMID: 23874963 PMCID: PMC3715472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a worldwide distributed mosquito-borne flavivirus that naturally cycles between birds and mosquitoes, although it can infect multiple vertebrate hosts including horses and humans. This virus is responsible for recurrent epidemics of febrile illness and encephalitis, and has recently become a global concern. WNV requires to transit through intracellular acidic compartments at two different steps to complete its infectious cycle. These include fusion between the viral envelope and the membrane of endosomes during viral entry, and virus maturation in the trans-Golgi network. In this study, we followed a genetic approach to study the connections between viral components and acidic pH. A WNV mutant with increased resistance to the acidotropic compound NH4Cl, which blocks organelle acidification and inhibits WNV infection, was selected. Nucleotide sequencing revealed that this mutant displayed a single amino acid substitution (Lys 3 to Glu) on the highly basic internal capsid or core (C) protein. The functional role of this replacement was confirmed by its introduction into a WNV infectious clone. This single amino acid substitution also increased resistance to other acidification inhibitor (concanamycin A) and induced a reduction of the neurovirulence in mice. Interestingly, a naturally occurring accompanying mutation found on prM protein abolished the resistant phenotype, supporting the idea of a genetic crosstalk between the internal C protein and the external glycoproteins of the virion. The findings here reported unveil a non-previously assessed connection between the C viral protein and the acidic pH necessary for entry and proper exit of flaviviruses.
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Bhuvanakantham R, Ng ML. West Nile virus and dengue virus capsid protein negates the antiviral activity of human Sec3 protein through the proteasome pathway. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:1688-706. [PMID: 23522008 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Flavivirus capsid (C) protein is a key structural component of virus particles. The non-structural role of C protein in the pathogenesis of arthropod-borne flaviviruses is not clearly deciphered. This study showed that West Nile virus (WNV) and dengue virus (DENV) utilized C protein to reduce human Sec3p (hSec3p) levels at post-transcriptional level through activation of chymotrypsin-like proteolytic function of 20S proteasome. Mutagenesis studies confirmed amino acids 14, 109-114 of WNV C protein and 13, 102-107 of DENV C protein played an important role in activating the proteolytic function of 20S proteasome. Amino acid residues at 14 (WNV) and 13 (DENV) of C protein were important for C protein-hSec3p binding and physical interaction between C protein and hSec3p was essential to execute hSec3p degradation. Degradation motif required to degrade hSec3p resided between amino acid residues 109-114 of WNV C protein and 102-107 of DENV C protein. Proteasomes, hSec3p binding motif and degradation motif on C protein must be intact for efficient flavivirus production. Clinical isolates of DENV showed more pronounced effect in manipulating the proteasomes and reducing hSec3p levels. This study portrayed the non-structural function of C protein that helped the flavivirus to nullify the antiviral activity of hSec3p by accelerating its degradation and facilitating efficient binding of elongation factor 1α with flaviviral RNA genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavan Bhuvanakantham
- Flavivirology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117597
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31
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Chong MK, Parthasarathy K, Yeo HY, Ng ML. Optimized sequential purification protocol for in vivo site-specific biotinylated full-length dengue virus capsid protein. Protein Eng Des Sel 2013; 26:377-87. [PMID: 23479673 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzs107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) capsid (C) protein is one of the three structural proteins that form a mature virus. The main challenge impeding the study of this protein is to generate pure non-truncated, full-length C proteins for structural and functional studies. This is mainly due to its small molecular weight, highly positively charged, stability and solubility properties. Here, we report a strategy to construct, express, biotinylate and purify non-truncated, full-length DENV C protein. A 6× His tag and a biotin acceptor peptide (BAP) were cloned at the N-terminus of C protein using overlapping extension-polymerase chain reaction method for site-specific biotinylation. The final construct was inserted into pET28a plasmid and BL-21 (CodonPlus) expression competent cell strain was selected as there are 12% rare codons in the C protein sequence. Strikingly, we found that our recombinant proteins with BAP were biotinylated endogenously with high efficiency in Escherichia coli BL-21 strains. To purify this His-tagged C protein, nickel-nitriloacetic acid affinity chromatography was first carried out under denaturing condition. After stepwise dialysis and concurrent refolding, ion exchange-fast protein liquid chromatography was performed to further separate the residual contaminants. To obtain C protein with high purity, a final round of purification with size exclusion chromatography was carried out and a single peak corresponding to C protein was attained. With this optimized sequential purification protocol, we successfully generated pure biotinylated full-length DENV C protein. The functionality of this purified non-truncated DENV C protein was examined and it was suitable for structural and molecular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun Keat Chong
- Flavivirology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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32
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Abstract
West Nile Virus was introduced into the Western Hemisphere during the late summer of 1999 and has been causing significant and sometimes severe human diseases since that time. This article briefly touches upon the biology of the virus and provides a comprehensive review regarding recent discoveries about virus transmission, virus acquisition, and human infection and disease.
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Mairiang D, Zhang H, Sodja A, Murali T, Suriyaphol P, Malasit P, Limjindaporn T, Finley RL. Identification of new protein interactions between dengue fever virus and its hosts, human and mosquito. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53535. [PMID: 23326450 PMCID: PMC3543448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The four divergent serotypes of dengue virus are the causative agents of dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. About two-fifths of the world's population live in areas where dengue is prevalent, and thousands of deaths are caused by the viruses every year. Dengue virus is transmitted from one person to another primarily by the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Recent studies have begun to define how the dengue viral proteins interact with host proteins to mediate viral replication and pathogenesis. A combined analysis of these studies, however, suggests that many virus-host protein interactions remain to be identified, especially for the mosquito host. In this study, we used high-throughput yeast two-hybrid screening to identify mosquito and human proteins that physically interact with dengue proteins. We tested each identified host protein against the proteins from all four serotypes of dengue to identify interactions that are conserved across serotypes. We further confirmed many of the interactions using co-affinity purification assays. As in other large-scale screens, we identified some previously detected interactions and many new ones, moving us closer to a complete host - dengue protein interactome. To help summarize and prioritize the data for further study, we combined our interactions with other published data and identified a subset of the host-dengue interactions that are now supported by multiple forms of evidence. These data should be useful for understanding the interplay between dengue and its hosts and may provide candidates for drug targets and vector control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumrong Mairiang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Huamei Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ann Sodja
- Department of Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Thilakam Murali
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Prapat Suriyaphol
- Bioinformatics and Data Management for Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, and Center for Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prida Malasit
- Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Medical Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thawornchai Limjindaporn
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Russell L. Finley
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
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34
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Gao R, Liu P, Wong SM. Identification of a plant viral RNA genome in the nucleus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48736. [PMID: 23155403 PMCID: PMC3498252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses contain either DNA or RNA as genomes. DNA viruses replicate within nucleus, while most RNA viruses, especially (+)-sense single-stranded RNA, replicate and are present within cytoplasm. We proposed a new thought that is contrary to the common notion that (+)-sense single-stranded RNA viruses are present only in the cytoplasm. In this study, we question whether the genome of a plant RNA virus (non-retroviral) is present in the nucleus of infected cells? Hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus (HCRSV) RNA was detected in the nucleus of infected cells, as shown by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Western blot using anti-histone 3 and anti-phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase showed that nuclei were highly purified from mock and HCRSV-infected kenaf (Hibiscus cannabilis L.) leaves, respectively. The p23 and HCRSV coat protein (CP) coding regions were both amplified from total RNA extracted from isolated nuclei. Viral RNA in the nucleus may be used to generate viral microRNAs (vir-miRNAs), as five putative vir-miRNAs were predicted from HCRSV using the vir-miRNAs prediction database. The vir-miRNA (hcrsv-miR-H1-5p) was detected using TaqMan® stem-loop real-time PCR, and by northern blot using DIG-end labeled probe in HCRSV-infected kenaf leaves. Finally, a novel nuclear localization signal (NLS) was discovered in p23 of HCRSV. The NLS interacts with importin α and facilitates viral RNA genome to enter nucleus. We demonstrate the presence of a (+)-sense single-stranded viral RNA within nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peng Liu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore
| | - Sek-Man Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Martín-Acebes MA, Saiz JC. West Nile virus: A re-emerging pathogen revisited. World J Virol 2012; 1:51-70. [PMID: 24175211 PMCID: PMC3782267 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v1.i2.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), a flavivirus of the Flaviviridae family, is maintained in nature in an enzootic transmission cycle between avian hosts and ornithophilic mosquito vectors, although the virus occasionally infects other vertebrates. WNV causes sporadic disease outbreaks in horses and humans, which may result in febrile illness, meningitis, encephalitis and flaccid paralysis. Until recently, its medical and veterinary health concern was relatively low; however, the number, frequency and severity of outbreaks with neurological consequences in humans and horses have lately increased in Europe and the Mediterranean basin. Since its introduction in the Americas, the virus spread across the continent with worrisome consequences in bird mortality and a considerable number of outbreaks among humans and horses, which have resulted in the largest epidemics of neuroinvasive WNV disease ever documented. Surprisingly, its incidence in human and animal health is very different in Central and South America, and the reasons for it are not yet understood. Even though great advances have been obtained lately regarding WNV infection, and although efficient equine vaccines are available, no specific treatments or vaccines for human use are on the market. This review updates the most recent investigations in different aspects of WNV life cycle: molecular virology, transmission dynamics, host range, clinical presentations, epidemiology, ecology, diagnosis, control, and prevention, and highlights some aspects that certainly require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Miguel A Martín-Acebes, Juan-Carlos Saiz, Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Li J, Huang R, Liao W, Chen Z, Zhang S, Huang R. Dengue virus utilizes calcium modulating cyclophilin-binding ligand to subvert apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 418:622-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Samsa MM, Mondotte JA, Caramelo JJ, Gamarnik AV. Uncoupling cis-Acting RNA elements from coding sequences revealed a requirement of the N-terminal region of dengue virus capsid protein in virus particle formation. J Virol 2012; 86:1046-58. [PMID: 22072762 PMCID: PMC3255831 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05431-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the mechanism of flavivirus genome encapsidation. Here, functional elements of the dengue virus (DENV) capsid (C) protein were investigated. Study of the N-terminal region of DENV C has been limited by the presence of overlapping cis-acting RNA elements within the protein-coding region. To dissociate these two functions, we used a recombinant DENV RNA with a duplication of essential RNA structures outside the C coding sequence. By the use of this system, the highly conserved amino acids FNML, which are encoded in the RNA cyclization sequence 5'CS, were found to be dispensable for C function. In contrast, deletion of the N-terminal 18 amino acids of C impaired DENV particle formation. Two clusters of basic residues (R5-K6-K7-R9 and K17-R18-R20-R22) were identified as important. A systematic mutational analysis indicated that a high density of positive charges, rather than particular residues at specific positions, was necessary. Furthermore, a differential requirement of N-terminal sequences of C for viral particle assembly was observed in mosquito and human cells. While no viral particles were observed in human cells with a virus lacking the first 18 residues of C, DENV propagation was detected in mosquito cells, although to a level about 50-fold less than that observed for a wild-type (WT) virus. We conclude that basic residues at the N terminus of C are necessary for efficient particle formation in mosquito cells but that they are crucial for propagation in human cells. This is the first report demonstrating that the N terminus of C plays a role in DENV particle formation. In addition, our results suggest that this function of C is differentially modulated in different host cells.
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Dengue virus capsid protein binds core histones and inhibits nucleosome formation in human liver cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24365. [PMID: 21909430 PMCID: PMC3164731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a member of the Flaviviridae and a globally (re)emerging pathogen that causes serious human disease. There is no specific antiviral or vaccine for dengue virus infection. Flavivirus capsid (C) is a structural protein responsible for gathering the viral RNA into a nucleocapsid that forms the core of a mature virus particle. Flaviviral replication is known to occur in the cytoplasm yet a large portion of capsid protein localizes to the nucleus during infection. The reasons for the nuclear presences of capsid are not completely understood. Here, we expressed mature DENV C in a tandem affinity purification assay to identify potential binding partners in human liver cells. DENV C targeted the four core histones, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. DENV C bound recombinant histones in solution and colocalized with histones in the nucleus and cytoplasm of liver cells during DENV infection. We show that DENV C acts as a histone mimic, forming heterodimers with core histones, binding DNA and disrupting nucleosome formation. We also demonstrate that DENV infection increases the amounts of core histones in livers cells, which may be a cellular response to C binding away the histone proteins. Infection with DENV additionally alters levels of H2A phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner. The interactions of C and histones add an interesting new role for the presence of C in the nucleus during DENV infection.
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Medigeshi GR. Mosquito-borne flaviviruses: overview of viral life-cycle and host–virus interactions. Future Virol 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.11.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne flaviviruses such as dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and West Nile virus pose a threat to half of the world population and are a serious public health challenge in many developing countries. There are no effective vaccines or antivirals for most of these viruses. Viruses, being obligate parasites, hijack host pathways for efficient replication and therefore each step of viral life-cycle, namely entry into the host cell, genome replication, assembly and exit, requires the participation of host factors. Investigating the biology of mosquito-borne flaviviruses and the complex interplay of virus with its host will help in identifying drug targets and also in developing safer vaccines and antivirals. This article provides insights into the recent developments in our understanding of the virus–host interactions at various steps in the life-cycle of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guruprasad R Medigeshi
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, Plot 496, Udyog Vihar Phase III, Gurgaon 122016, Haryana, India
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Folly BB, Weffort-Santos AM, Fathman CG, Soares LRB. Dengue-2 structural proteins associate with human proteins to produce a coagulation and innate immune response biased interactome. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:34. [PMID: 21281507 PMCID: PMC3037883 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue virus infection is a public health threat to hundreds of millions of individuals in the tropical regions of the globe. Although Dengue infection usually manifests itself in its mildest, though often debilitating clinical form, dengue fever, life-threatening complications commonly arise in the form of hemorrhagic shock and encephalitis. The etiological basis for the virus-induced pathology in general, and the different clinical manifestations in particular, are not well understood. We reasoned that a detailed knowledge of the global biological processes affected by virus entry into a cell might help shed new light on this long-standing problem. Methods A bacterial two-hybrid screen using DENV2 structural proteins as bait was performed, and the results were used to feed a manually curated, global dengue-human protein interaction network. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment, along with network topology and microarray meta-analysis, were used to generate hypothesis regarding dengue disease biology. Results Combining bioinformatic tools with two-hybrid technology, we screened human cDNA libraries to catalogue proteins physically interacting with the DENV2 virus structural proteins, Env, cap and PrM. We identified 31 interacting human proteins representing distinct biological processes that are closely related to the major clinical diagnostic feature of dengue infection: haemostatic imbalance. In addition, we found dengue-binding human proteins involved with additional key aspects, previously described as fundamental for virus entry into cells and the innate immune response to infection. Construction of a DENV2-human global protein interaction network revealed interesting biological properties suggested by simple network topology analysis. Conclusions Our experimental strategy revealed that dengue structural proteins interact with human protein targets involved in the maintenance of blood coagulation and innate anti-viral response processes, and predicts that the interaction of dengue proteins with a proposed human protein interaction network produces a modified biological outcome that may be behind the hallmark pathologies of dengue infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda B Folly
- Federal University of Paraná, Pharmaceutical Sciences Post-graduation Program, Av. Pref. Lothário Meissner 632, CEP 80210-170, Curitiba-PR, Brazil
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Cheong YK, Ng ML. Dephosphorylation of West Nile virus capsid protein enhances the processes of nucleocapsid assembly. Microbes Infect 2010; 13:76-84. [PMID: 21034847 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) capsid (C) protein is one of the three viral structural proteins and it encapsidates the viral RNA to form the nucleocapsid. It is known to be a multifunctional protein involved in assembly and apoptosis. WNV C protein was previously found to be phosphorylated in infected cells and bioinformatic analysis revealed 5 putative phosphorylation sites at serine 26, 36, 83, 99 and threonine 100. Phosphorylation was abolished through mutagenesis of these putative phosphorylation sites to investigate how phosphorylation could affect the processes of nucleocapsid assembly like RNA binding, oligomerization and cellular localization. It was found that phosphorylation attenuated its RNA binding activity. Although oligomerization was not inhibited by mutagenesis of the putative phosphorylation sites, the rate of dimerization and oligomerization was affected. Hypophosphorylation of C protein reduced its nuclear localization efficiency and hence enhanced cytoplasmic localization. This study also revealed that although WNV C is phosphorylated in infected cells, the relative level of phosphorylation is reduced over the course of an infection to promote RNA binding and nucleocapsid formation in the cytoplasm. This is the first report to describe how dynamic phosphorylation of WNV C protein modulates the processes involved in nucleocapsid assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen Kuen Cheong
- Flavivirology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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42
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Bhuvanakantham R, Cheong YK, Ng ML. West Nile virus capsid protein interaction with importin and HDM2 protein is regulated by protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:615-25. [PMID: 20417716 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) capsid (C) protein was shown to enter the nucleus via importin-mediated pathway and induce apoptosis although the precise regulatory mechanisms for such events have remained elusive. In this study, it was shown that WNV C protein was phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC). PKC-mediated phosphorylation influenced nuclear trafficking of C protein by modulating the efficiency of C protein-importin-alpha binding. Combination of bio-informatics, site-directed mutagenesis, co-immunoprecipitation, immuno-fluorescence and mammalian two-hybrid analyses showed that phosphorylation at amino acid residues residing near (Ser83) or within (Ser99 and Thr100) the bipartite nuclear localization motif of WNV C protein was essential for efficient interaction between C protein and importin-alpha. In addition, phosphorylation of WNV C protein by PKC was shown to enhance its binding to HDM2 and could subsequently induce p53-dependent apoptosis. Collectively, this study highlighted that phosphorylation is an important post-translational modification required to execute the functions of C protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavan Bhuvanakantham
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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