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Akbulut K, Keskin-Aktan A, Abgarmi S, Akbulut H. The role of SIRT2 inhibition on the aging process of brain in male rats. AGING BRAIN 2023; 4:100087. [PMID: 37519449 PMCID: PMC10372168 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2023.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Though the exact mechanisms regarding brain aging and its relation to neurodegenerative disorders are not precise, oxidative stress, the key regulators of apoptosis and autophagy, such as bcl-2 and beclin 1, seem to be the potential players in the aging of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. As a type of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylases, sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) has been associated to age-related diseases. However, the exact role of SIRT2 in brain aging is not well studied. The objective of the current study was to study the role of SIRT2 inhibition on brain aging through the neuroprotective mechanisms. Methods We tested the effects of AGK-2, a SIRT2 inhibitor, on oxidative stress parameters, apoptosis and autophagy regulators including bcl-2, bax, beclin1 in young and old rats. 24 Wistar albino rats (3 months-old and 22 months-old) were divided into four groups; Young-Control (4% DMSO+PBS), Young-AGK-2 (10 µM/bw, ip), Aged-Control, and Aged-AGK-2. Following the 30 days of drug administration period the rats were sacrificed and the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum were isolated. Total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) were measured as oxidative stress parameters in all three brain regions. SIRT2, bcl-2, and bax protein expression levels were measured by western blot and gene expression level of beclin 1, Atg5, and SIRT2 by real-time PCR. Results The bcl-2, bcl-2/bax ratio, beclin 1, and TAS in the cerebral cortex of the aged group were significantly decreased; however, the TOS, oxidative stress index (OSI), and SIRT2 expression in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus increased. SIRT2 inhibition by AGK-2 reduced TOS and OSI levels in all brain regions and increased bcl-2, bcl-2/bax ratio. In aged animals, AGK-2 also increased the beclin 1 levels in the cortex and hippocampus. Conclusion Our results indicate that SIRT2 has an essential role in brain aging. The inhibition of SIRT2 by AGK-2 may increase cell survival and decrease aging related processes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus via decreasing oxidative stress, and increasing bcl-2 and beclin 1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.G. Akbulut
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A. Keskin-Aktan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - S.A. Abgarmi
- Department of Basic Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Ankara University Ankara, Turkey
| | - H. Akbulut
- Department of Basic Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Ankara University Ankara, Turkey
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The Neuro-Protective Effects of the TSPO Ligands CB86 and CB204 on 6-OHDA-Induced PC12 Cell Death as an In Vitro Model for Parkinson’s Disease. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111183. [PMID: 34827176 PMCID: PMC8615274 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Aims and objectives: For this study, we hypothesized that the two TSPO ligands CB86 and CB204 can inhibit cellular apoptosis and necrosis by in in vitro cellular PD model of undifferentiated PC12 cells exposed to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 80 µM). The two TSPO ligands CB86 and CB204 seem to suppress cell death of PC12 induced by 6-OHDA. The results may be relevant to the use of these two TSPO ligands as therapeutic options for neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson disease (PD). Results: The two ligands normalized significantly (57% and 52%, respectively, from 44%; whereas the control was 68%) cell proliferation at different time points from 0–24 h. As compared to control, the red count was increased up to 57-fold whereas CB86 and CB204 inhibited to 2.7-fold and 3.2-fold, respectively. CB86 and CB204 inhibited also normalized the cell viability up to 1.8-fold after the exposure to 6-OHDA, as assessed by XTT assay. The two TSPO ligands also inhibited apoptosis significantly (1.3-fold for both) as assessed by apopxin green staining. Conclusion: It appears that CB86, CB204, and maybe other TSPO ligands are able to slow the progression of neurodegenerative diseases like PD. Abstract Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra (SN). Oxidative stress or reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was suggested to play a role in this specific type of neurodegeneration. Therapeutic options which can target and counteract ROS generation may be of benefit. TSPO ligands are known to counteract with neuro-inflammation, ROS generation, apoptosis, and necrosis. In the current study, we investigated an in vitro cellular PD model by the assessment of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 80 µM)-induced PC12 neurotoxicity. Simultaneously to the exposure of the cells to 6-OHDA, we added the TSPO ligands CB86 and CB204 (25 µM each) and assessed the impact on several markers of cell death. The two ligands normalized significantly (57% and 52% respectively, from 44%; whereas the control was 68%) cell proliferation at different time points from 0–24 h. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of these two TSPO ligands on necrosis using propidium iodide (PI) staining and found that the ligands inhibited significantly the 6-OHDA-induced necrosis. As compared to control, the red count was increased up to 57-fold whereas CB86 and CB204 inhibited to 2.7-fold and 3.2-fold respectively. Necrosis was also analyzed by LDH assay which showed significant effect. Both assays demonstrated similar potent anti-necrotic effect of the two TSPO ligands. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation induced by 6-OHDA was also inhibited by the two TSPO ligand up to 1.3 and 1.5-fold respectively, as compared to 6-OHDA group. CB86 and CB204 inhibited also normalized the cell viability up to 1.8-fold after the exposure to 6-OHDA, as assessed by XTT assay. The two TSPO ligands also inhibited apoptosis significantly (1.3-fold for both) as assessed by apopxin green staining. In summary, it appears that the two TSPO ligands CB86 and CB204 can suppress cell death of PC12 induced by 6-OHDA. The results may be relevant to the use of these two TSPO ligands as therapeutic option neurodegenerative diseases like PD.
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Marucci G, Ben DD, Lambertucci C, Navia AM, Spinaci A, Volpini R, Buccioni M. Combined Therapy of A 1AR Agonists and A 2AAR Antagonists in Neuroinflammation. Molecules 2021; 26:1188. [PMID: 33672225 PMCID: PMC7926490 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and multiple sclerosis are neurodegenerative diseases related by neuronal degeneration and death in specific areas of the central nervous system. These pathologies are associated with neuroinflammation, which is involved in disease progression, and halting this process represents a potential therapeutic strategy. Evidence suggests that microglia function is regulated by A1 and A2A adenosine receptors (AR), which are considered as neuroprotective and neurodegenerative receptors, respectively. The manuscript's aim is to elucidate the role of these receptors in neuroinflammation modulation through potent and selective A1AR agonists (N6-cyclopentyl-2'- or 3'-deoxyadenosine substituted or unsubstituted in 2 position) and A2AAR antagonists (9-ethyl-adenine substituted in 8 and/or in 2 position), synthesized in house, using N13 microglial cells. In addition, the combined therapy of A1AR agonists and A2AAR antagonists to modulate neuroinflammation was evaluated. Results showed that A1AR agonists were able, to varying degrees, to prevent the inflammatory effect induced by cytokine cocktail (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and interferon (IFN)-γ), while A2AAR antagonists showed a good ability to counteract neuroinflammation. Moreover, the effect achieved by combining the two most effective compounds (1 and 6) in doses previously found to be non-effective was greater than the treatment effect of each of the two compounds used separately at maximal dose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michela Buccioni
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy; (G.M.); (D.D.B.); (C.L.); (A.M.N.); (A.S.); (R.V.)
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Chung Y, Kim Y, Yun N, Oh YJ. Dysregulated autophagy is linked to BAX oligomerization and subsequent cytochrome c release in 6-hydroxydopmaine-treated neuronal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 548:20-26. [PMID: 33631669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are essential physiological pathways that are required to maintain cellular homeostasis. Therefore, it is suggested that dysregulation in both pathways is linked to several disease states. Moreover, the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis plays an important role in pathophysiological processes associated with several neurodegenerative disorders. We have previously reported that 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) induces dysregulated autophagy, and that a dysregulated autophagic flux contributes to caspase-dependent neuronal apoptosis. Based on our previous findings, we specifically aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the potential role of dysregulated autophagy in apoptotic neurodegeneration. The disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS) cross-linking assay and immunological analyses indicated that exposure of several types of cells to 6-OHDA resulted in BAX activation and subsequent oligomerization. Pharmacological inhibition and genetic perturbation of autophagy prevented 6-OHDA-induced BAX oligomerization and subsequent release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytosol and caspase activation. These events were independent of expression levels of XIAP. Taken together, our results suggest that BAX oligomerization comprises a critical step by which 6-OHDA-induced dysregulated autophagy mediates neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhyun Chung
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Yoonkyung Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Nuri Yun
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
| | - Young J Oh
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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Yadati T, Houben T, Bitorina A, Shiri-Sverdlov R. The Ins and Outs of Cathepsins: Physiological Function and Role in Disease Management. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071679. [PMID: 32668602 PMCID: PMC7407943 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins are the most abundant lysosomal proteases that are mainly found in acidic endo/lysosomal compartments where they play a vital role in intracellular protein degradation, energy metabolism, and immune responses among a host of other functions. The discovery that cathepsins are secreted and remain functionally active outside of the lysosome has caused a paradigm shift. Contemporary research has unraveled many versatile functions of cathepsins in extralysosomal locations including cytosol and extracellular space. Nevertheless, extracellular cathepsins are majorly upregulated in pathological states and are implicated in a wide range of diseases including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Taking advantage of the differential expression of the cathepsins during pathological conditions, much research is focused on using cathepsins as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. A tailored therapeutic approach using selective cathepsin inhibitors is constantly emerging to be safe and efficient. Moreover, recent development of proteomic-based approaches for the identification of novel physiological substrates offers a major opportunity to understand the mechanism of cathepsin action. In this review, we summarize the available evidence regarding the role of cathepsins in health and disease, discuss their potential as biomarkers of disease progression, and shed light on the potential of extracellular cathepsin inhibitors as safe therapeutic tools.
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Jiang L, Poon IKH. Methods for monitoring the progression of cell death, cell disassembly and cell clearance. Apoptosis 2020; 24:208-220. [PMID: 30684146 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-018-01511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell death through apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis, as well as the clearance of dead cells are crucial biological processes in the human body. Likewise, disassembly of dying cells during apoptosis to generate cell fragments known as apoptotic bodies may also play important roles in regulating cell clearance and intercellular communication. Recent advances in the field have led to the development of new experimental systems to identify cells at different stages of cell death, measure the levels of apoptotic cell disassembly, and monitor the cell clearance process using a range of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive review of the methods for monitoring the progression of cell death, cell disassembly and cell clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanzhou Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Ivan K H Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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Pourhanifeh MH, Shafabakhsh R, Reiter RJ, Asemi Z. The Effect of Resveratrol on Neurodegenerative Disorders: Possible Protective Actions Against Autophagy, Apoptosis, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:2178-2191. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190717110932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the loss of neuronal function is rapidly
increasing. The pathogenesis of the majority of these diseases is not entirely clear, but current evidence has
shown the possibility that autophagy, apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress are involved. The present
review summarizes the therapeutic effects of resveratrol on neurodegenerative disorders, based on the especially
molecular biology of these diseases. The PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science and Scopus databases were
searched for studies published in English until March 30th, 2019 that contained data for the role of inflammation,
oxidative stress, angiogenesis and apoptosis in the neurodegenerative disorders. There are also studies documenting
the role of molecular processes in the progression of central nervous system diseases. Based on current evidence,
resveratrol has potential properties that may reduce cell damage due to inflammation. This polyphenol
affects cellular processes, including autophagy and the apoptosis cascade under stressful conditions. Current
evidence supports the beneficial effects of resveratrol on the therapy of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H. Pourhanifeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Rana Shafabakhsh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Nagabhishek SN, Madankumar A. A novel apoptosis-inducing metabolite isolated from marine sponge symbiont Monascus sp. NMK7 attenuates cell proliferation, migration and ROS stress-mediated apoptosis in breast cancer cells. RSC Adv 2019; 9:5878-5890. [PMID: 35517301 PMCID: PMC9060890 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09886g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The marine environment has a remarkable source of natural products mainly from marine fungi, which have been a central source of novel pharmacologically bioactive secondary metabolites. In this study, the search for a new potential apoptosis-inducing metabolite is focused on marine sponge-associated symbionts. A total of sixteen different sponges were obtained from the Gulf of Mannar region, India, and twenty-three different marine fungal strains were isolated and tested for antiproliferative activity by the MTT assay. Out of these, Monascus sp. NMK7 associated with the marine sponge Clathria frondifera was found to have a promising antiproliferative property. Furthermore, to isolate the pure active metabolite, the crude material was subjected to column chromatography and HPLC. Structural characterization was conducted by a variety of spectroscopic techniques including UV, IR, MS and NMR. The obtained results from the MS and NMR spectroscopy determined 418.5 Da to be the molecular weight and C24H34O6 to be the molecular formula of the metabolite, indicating the presence of monacolin X (NMKD7). NMKD7 was found to induce dose-dependent cytotoxicity in different human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, T47D, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468 and MCF-10A normal breast cell after 24 h of exposure. For elucidating the possible mode of cell death, T47D and MDA-MB-468 cells were treated with NMKD7 for 24 h to examine the morphological change of the chromatin (PI & AO/EB). Therefore, it has been suggested as the possible mechanism of apoptosis, and apart from this, it has also exhibited antibacterial and anti-migratory properties as well as induced the ROS stress (DCFH-DA), which causes the mitochondrial membrane potential difference (Rhodamine-123), the loss of cell membrane integrity and eventually cell death. Thus, the present study features a novel promising apoptosis-inducing metabolite (NMKD7) with minimal toxicity, suggesting its potential for biotechnological applications, and substantiates that it should be further considered for the elucidation of molecular targets and signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirpu Natesh Nagabhishek
- Cancer Biology Lab, Molecular and Nanomedicine Research Unit, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Chennai-600119 Tamil Nadu India +919942110146
| | - Arumugam Madankumar
- Cancer Biology Lab, Molecular and Nanomedicine Research Unit, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Chennai-600119 Tamil Nadu India +919942110146
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Chung Y, Lee J, Jung S, Lee Y, Cho JW, Oh YJ. Dysregulated autophagy contributes to caspase-dependent neuronal apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1189. [PMID: 30538224 PMCID: PMC6289995 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a regulated, intracellular degradation process that delivers unnecessary or dysfunctional cargo to the lysosome. Autophagy has been viewed as an adaptive survival response to various stresses, whereas in other cases, it promotes cell death. Therefore, both deficient and excessive autophagy may lead to cell death. In this study, we specifically attempted to explore whether and how dysregulated autophagy contributes to caspase-dependent neuronal cell death induced by the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Ultrastructural and biochemical analyses indicated that MN9D neuronal cells and primary cultures of cortical neurons challenged with 6-OHDA displayed typical features of autophagy. Cotreatment with chloroquine and monitoring autophagic flux by a tandem mRFP-EGFP-tagged LC3 probe indicated that the autophagic phenomena were primarily caused by dysregulated autophagic flux. Consequently, cotreatment with an antioxidant but not with a pan-caspase inhibitor significantly blocked 6-OHDA-stimulated dysregulated autophagy. These results indicated that 6-OHDA-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) played a critical role in triggering neuronal death by causing dysregulated autophagy and subsequent caspase-dependent apoptosis. The results of the MTT reduction, caspase-3 activation, and TUNEL assays indicated that pharmacological inhibition of autophagy using 3-methyladenine or deletion of the autophagy-related gene Atg5 significantly inhibited 6-OHDA-induced cell death. Taken together, our results suggest that abnormal induction of autophagic flux promotes apoptotic neuronal cell death, and that the treatments limiting dysregulated autophagy may have a strong neuroprotective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhyun Chung
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
| | - Juhyung Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
| | - Shinae Jung
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
| | - Yangsin Lee
- Glycosylation Network Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
| | - Jin Won Cho
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea.,Glycosylation Network Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea
| | - Young J Oh
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea.
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Zelleroth S, Nylander E, Nyberg F, Grönbladh A, Hallberg M. Toxic Impact of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids in Primary Rat Cortical Cell Cultures. Neuroscience 2018; 397:172-183. [PMID: 30500611 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) among non-athletes is a public health-problem, as abusers underestimate the negative effects associated with these drugs. The present study investigated the toxic effects of testosterone, nandrolone, stanozolol, and trenbolone, and aimed to understand how AAS abuse affects the brain. Mixed cortical cultures from embryonic rats were grown in vitro for 7 days and thereafter treated with increasing concentrations of AASs for 24 h (single-dose) or 3 days (repeated exposure). Cells were co-treated with the androgen-receptor (AR) antagonist flutamide, to determine whether the potential adverse effects observed were mediated by the AR. Cellular toxicity was determined by measuring mitochondrial activity, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and caspase-3/7 activity. Nandrolone, unlike the other AASs studied, indicated an effect on mitochondrial activity after 24 h. Furthermore, single-dose exposure with testosterone, nandrolone and trenbolone increased LDH release, while no effect was detected with stanozolol. However, all of the four steroids negatively affected mitochondrial function and resulted in LDH release after repeated exposure. Testosterone, nandrolone, and trenbolone caused their toxic effects by induction of apoptosis, unlike stanozolol that seemed to induce necrosis. Flutamide almost completely prevented AAS-induced toxicity by maintaining mitochondrial function, cellular integrity, and inhibition of apoptosis. Overall, we found that supra-physiological concentrations of AASs induce cell death in mixed primary cortical cultures, but to different extents, and possibly through various mechanisms. The data presented herein suggest that the molecular interactions of the AASs with the AR are primarily responsible for the toxic outcomes observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Zelleroth
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, SE-751 24, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Erik Nylander
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, SE-751 24, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Fred Nyberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, SE-751 24, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Alfhild Grönbladh
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, SE-751 24, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Biological Research on Drug Dependence, SE-751 24, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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Edrees NE, Galal AA, Abdel Monaem AR, Beheiry RR, Metwally MM. Curcumin alleviates colistin-induced nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity in rats via attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 294:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Yagami T, Yamamoto Y, Koma H. Pathophysiological Roles of Intracellular Proteases in Neuronal Development and Neurological Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3090-3112. [PMID: 30097848 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are classified into six distinct classes (cysteine, serine, threonine, aspartic, glutamic, and metalloproteases) on the basis of catalytic mechanism. The cellular control of protein quality senses misfolded or damaged proteins principally by selective ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and non-selective autophagy-lysosome pathway. The two pathways do not only maintain cell homeostasis physiologically, but also mediate necrosis and apoptosis pathologically. Proteasomes are threonine proteases, whereas cathepsins are lysosomal aspartic proteases. Calpains are non-lysosomal cysteine proteases and calcium-dependent papain-like enzyme. Calpains and cathepsins are involved in the neuronal necrosis, which are accidental cell death. Necrosis is featured by the disruption of plasma membranes and lysosomes, the loss of ATP and ribosomes, the lysis of cell and nucleus, and the caspase-independent DNA fragmentation. On the other hand, caspases are cysteine endoproteases and mediate neuronal cell death such as apoptosis and pyroptosis, which are programmed cell death. In the central nervous system, necroptosis, ferroptosis and autophagic cell death are also classified into programmed cell death. Neuronal apoptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage, plasma membrane blebbing, karyorrhexis, chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation. Necroptosis and pyroptosis are necrotic and lytic forms of programmed cell death, respectively. Although autophagy is involved in cell survival, it fails to maintain cellular homeostasis, resulting in autophagic cell death. Ferroptosis is induced by reactive oxygen species in excitotoxicity of glutamate and ischemia-reperfusion. Apoptosis and pyroptosis are dependent on caspase-3 and caspase-1, respectively. Autophagic cell death and necroptosis are dependent on calpain and cathepsin, respectively, but independent of caspase. Although apoptosis has been defined by the absence of morphological features of necrosis, the two deaths are both parts of a continuum. The intracellular proteases do not only maintain cell homeostasis but also regulate neuronal maturation during the development of embryonic brain. Furthermore, neurodegenerative diseases are caused by the impairment of quality control mechanisms for a proper folding and function of protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hiromi Koma
- Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
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Pi H, Li M, Xie J, Yang Z, Xi Y, Yu Z, Zhou Z. Transcription factor E3 protects against cadmium-induced apoptosis by maintaining the lysosomal-mitochondrial axis but not autophagic flux in Neuro-2a cells. Toxicol Lett 2018; 295:335-350. [PMID: 30030080 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), is a well-known environmental and occupational hazard with a potent neurotoxic action. However, the mechanism underlying cadmium-induced neurotoxicity remains unclear. Herein, we exposed Neuro-2a cells to different concentrations of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (12.5, 25 and 50 μM) for 24 h and found that Cd significantly induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) with the release of cathepsin B (CTSB) to the cytosol, which in turn caused the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c (Cyt c) and eventually triggered caspase-dependent apoptosis. Interestingly, Cd decreased TFE3 expression but induced the nuclear translocation of TFE3 and TFE3 target-gene expression, which might be associated with lysosomal stress mediated by Cd. Notably, Tfe3 overexpression protected against Cd-induced neurotoxicity by maintaining the lysosomal-mitochondrial axis, and the protective effect of TFE3 is not dependent on the restoration of autophagic flux. In conclusion, our study demonstrated for the first time that lysosomal-mitochondrial axis dependent apoptosis, a neglected mechanism, may be the most important reason for Cd-induced neurotoxicity and that manipulation of TFE3 signaling may be a potential therapeutic approach for treatment of Cd-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Pi
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Xie
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiqi Yang
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Neurology, Army General Hospital in Lanzhou, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu Xi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengping Yu
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Environmental Medicine, and Department of Critical Care Medicine of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Radi ZA, Stewart ZS, O'Neil SP. Accidental and Programmed Cell Death in Investigative and Toxicologic Pathology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 76:e51. [PMID: 30040239 DOI: 10.1002/cptx.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular development and homeostasis are regulated via programmed cell death (PCD; apoptosis), which is a genetically regulated cellular process. Accidental cell death (ACD; necrosis) can be triggered by chemical, physical, or mechanical stress. Necrosis is the presence of dead tissues or cells in a living organism regardless of the initiating process and can be observed in infectious and non-infectious diseases and toxicities. This article describes tissue-based immunohistotechnical protocols used for assessing PCD and necrosis in formalin-fixed tissues obtained from preclinical species used in investigative and toxicologic pathology. Two commonly employed protocols for the identification of PCD and necrosis are described in this article: immunohistochemistry (IHC) for cleaved caspase 3, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). TUNEL has been used to detect DNA fragmentation by labeling the terminal ends of nucleic acids in necrotic and apoptotic cells. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaher A Radi
- Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
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15
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SERS Investigation of Cancer Cells Treated with PDT: Quantification of Cell Survival and Follow-up. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7175. [PMID: 28775257 PMCID: PMC5543153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) data recorded from mouse mammary glands cancer cells (4T1 cell line) was used to assess information regarding differences between control, death and viable cells after Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) treatment. The treatment used nanoemulsions (NE/PS) loaded with different chloroaluminumphthalocyanine (ClAlP) photosensitizer (PS) contents (5 and 10 µmol × L−1) and illumination (660 nm wavelength) at 10 J × cm−2 (10 minutes). The SERS data revealed significant molecular alterations in proteins and lipids due to the PDT treatment. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to analyze the data recorded. Three-dimensional and well reproductive PCA scatter plots were obtained, revealing that two clusters of dead cells were well separated from one another and from control cluster. Overlap between two clusters of viable cells was observed, though well separated from control cluster. Moreover, the data analysis also pointed out necrosis as the main cell death mechanism induced by the PDT, in agreement with the literature. Finally, Raman modes peaking at 608 cm−1 (proteins) and 1231 cm−1 (lipids) can be selected for follow up of survival rate of neoplastic cells after PDT. We envisage that this finding is key to contribute to a quick development of quantitative infrared thermography imaging.
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16
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Li H, Wu J, Shen H, Yao X, Liu C, Pianta S, Han J, Borlongan CV, Chen G. Autophagy in hemorrhagic stroke: Mechanisms and clinical implications. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 163-164:79-97. [PMID: 28414101 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence advances the critical role of autophagy in brain pathology after stroke. Investigations employing autophagy induction or inhibition using pharmacological tools or autophagy-related gene knockout mice have recently revealed the biological significance of intact and functional autophagy in stroke. Most of the reported cases attest to a pro-survival role for autophagy in stroke, by facilitating removal of damaged proteins and organelles, which can be recycled for energy generation and cellular defenses. However, these observations are difficult to reconcile with equally compelling evidence demonstrating stroke-induced upregulation of brain cell death index that parallels enhanced autophagy. This begs the question of whether drug-induced autophagy during stroke culminates in improved or worsened pathological outcomes. A corollary fascinating hypothesis, but presents as a tricky conundrum, involves the effects of autophagy on cell death and inflammation, which are two main culprits in the disease progression of stroke-induced brain injury. Evidence has extended the roles of autophagy in inflammation via cytokine regulation in an unconventional secretion manner or by targeting inflammasomes for degradation. Moreover, in the recently concluded Vancouver Autophagy Symposium (VAS) held in 2014, the potential of selective autophagy for clinical treatment has been recognized. The role of autophagy in ischemic stroke has been reviewed previously in detail. Here, we evaluate the strength of laboratory and clinical evidence by providing a comprehensive summary of the literature on autophagy, and thereafter we offer our perspectives on exploiting autophagy as a drug target for cerebral ischemia, especially in hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiyang Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Chenglin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - S Pianta
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine,12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - J Han
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine,12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - C V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine,12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China.
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17
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Wright C, Iyer AKV, Wang L, Wu N, Yakisich JS, Rojanasakul Y, Azad N. Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on human keratinocytes. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 40:90-100. [PMID: 27310834 PMCID: PMC5161738 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2016.1185111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a ubiquitous whitening compound widely used in topical products such as sunscreens, lotions and facial creams. The damaging health effects of TiO2 inhalation has been widely studied in rats, mice and humans showing oxidative stress increase, DNA damage, cell death and inflammatory gene upregulation in lung and throat cells; however, the effects on skin cells from long-term topical use of various products remain largely unknown. In this study, we assessed the effect of specific TiO2 nanoparticles (H2TiO7) on a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). We performed a comparative analysis using three TiO2 particles varying in size (Fine, Ultrafine and H2TiO7) and analyzed their effects on HaCaTs. There is a clear dose-dependent increase in superoxide production, caspase 8 and 9 activity, and apoptosis in HaCaTs after treatment with all three forms of TiO2; however, there is no consistent effect on cell viability and proliferation with either of these TiO2 particles. While there is data suggesting UV exposure can enhance the carcinogenic effects of TiO2, we did not observe any significant effect of UV-C exposure combined with TiO2 treatment on HaCaTs. Furthermore, TiO2-treated cells showed minimal effects on VEGF upregulation and Wnt signaling pathway thereby showing no potential effect on angiogenesis and malignant transformation. Overall, we report here an increase in apoptosis, which may be caspase 8/Fas-dependent, and that the H2TiO7 nanoparticles, despite their smaller particle size, had no significant enhanced effect on HaCaT cells as compared to Fine and Ultrafine forms of TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton Wright
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Liying Wang
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Nianqiang Wu
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Juan S. Yakisich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Neelam Azad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA, USA
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18
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Regina C, Panatta E, Candi E, Melino G, Amelio I, Balistreri CR, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M, Di Daniele N, Ruvolo G. Vascular ageing and endothelial cell senescence: Molecular mechanisms of physiology and diseases. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 159:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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19
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Genin EC, Plutino M, Bannwarth S, Villa E, Cisneros-Barroso E, Roy M, Ortega-Vila B, Fragaki K, Lespinasse F, Pinero-Martos E, Augé G, Moore D, Burté F, Lacas-Gervais S, Kageyama Y, Itoh K, Yu-Wai-Man P, Sesaki H, Ricci JE, Vives-Bauza C, Paquis-Flucklinger V. CHCHD10 mutations promote loss of mitochondrial cristae junctions with impaired mitochondrial genome maintenance and inhibition of apoptosis. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:58-72. [PMID: 26666268 PMCID: PMC4718158 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CHCHD10-related diseases include mitochondrial DNA instability disorder, frontotemporal dementia-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FTD-ALS) clinical spectrum, late-onset spinal motor neuropathy (SMAJ), and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2 (CMT2). Here, we show that CHCHD10 resides with mitofilin, CHCHD3 and CHCHD6 within the "mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system" (MICOS) complex. CHCHD10 mutations lead to MICOS complex disassembly and loss of mitochondrial cristae with a decrease in nucleoid number and nucleoid disorganization. Repair of the mitochondrial genome after oxidative stress is impaired in CHCHD10 mutant fibroblasts and this likely explains the accumulation of deleted mtDNA molecules in patient muscle. CHCHD10 mutant fibroblasts are not defective in the delivery of mitochondria to lysosomes suggesting that impaired mitophagy does not contribute to mtDNA instability. Interestingly, the expression of CHCHD10 mutant alleles inhibits apoptosis by preventing cytochrome c release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle C Genin
- IRCAN, UMR CNRS 7284/INSERM U1081/UNS, School of Medicine, Nice Sophia-Antipolis University, Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Morgane Plutino
- IRCAN, UMR CNRS 7284/INSERM U1081/UNS, School of Medicine, Nice Sophia-Antipolis University, Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Sylvie Bannwarth
- IRCAN, UMR CNRS 7284/INSERM U1081/UNS, School of Medicine, Nice Sophia-Antipolis University, Nice Cedex 2, France Department of Medical Genetics, National Centre for Mitochondrial Diseases, Nice Teaching Hospital, Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Elodie Villa
- INSERM U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), équipe "contrôle métabolique des morts cellulaires", Nice Sophia-Antipolis University, Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Eugenia Cisneros-Barroso
- Research Health Institute of Palma (IdISPa), Research Unit, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Madhuparna Roy
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bernardo Ortega-Vila
- Research Health Institute of Palma (IdISPa), Research Unit, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Konstantina Fragaki
- IRCAN, UMR CNRS 7284/INSERM U1081/UNS, School of Medicine, Nice Sophia-Antipolis University, Nice Cedex 2, France Department of Medical Genetics, National Centre for Mitochondrial Diseases, Nice Teaching Hospital, Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Françoise Lespinasse
- IRCAN, UMR CNRS 7284/INSERM U1081/UNS, School of Medicine, Nice Sophia-Antipolis University, Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Estefania Pinero-Martos
- Research Health Institute of Palma (IdISPa), Research Unit, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Gaëlle Augé
- IRCAN, UMR CNRS 7284/INSERM U1081/UNS, School of Medicine, Nice Sophia-Antipolis University, Nice Cedex 2, France Department of Medical Genetics, National Centre for Mitochondrial Diseases, Nice Teaching Hospital, Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - David Moore
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Newcastle Eye Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Florence Burté
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Newcastle Eye Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sandra Lacas-Gervais
- Joint Center for Applied Electron Microscopy, Nice Sophia-Antipolis University, Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Yusuke Kageyama
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kie Itoh
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Newcastle Eye Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jean-Ehrland Ricci
- INSERM U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), équipe "contrôle métabolique des morts cellulaires", Nice Sophia-Antipolis University, Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Cristofol Vives-Bauza
- Research Health Institute of Palma (IdISPa), Research Unit, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Véronique Paquis-Flucklinger
- IRCAN, UMR CNRS 7284/INSERM U1081/UNS, School of Medicine, Nice Sophia-Antipolis University, Nice Cedex 2, France Department of Medical Genetics, National Centre for Mitochondrial Diseases, Nice Teaching Hospital, Nice Cedex 2, France
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20
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Serum Markers of Neurodegeneration in Maple Syrup Urine Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5709-5719. [PMID: 27660262 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an inherited disorder caused by deficient activity of the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex involved in the degradation pathway of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and their respective α-keto-acids. Patients affected by MSUD present severe neurological symptoms and brain abnormalities, whose pathophysiology is poorly known. However, preclinical studies have suggested alterations in markers involved with neurodegeneration. Because there are no studies in the literature that report the neurodegenerative markers in MSUD patients, the present study evaluated neurodegenerative markers (brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cathepsin D, neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 total (PAI-1 (total)), platelet-derived growth factor AA (PDGF-AA), PDGF-AB/BB) in plasma from 10 MSUD patients during dietary treatment. Our results showed a significant decrease in BDNF and PDGF-AA levels in MSUD patients. On the other hand, NCAM and cathepsin D levels were significantly greater in MSUD patients compared to the control group, while no significant changes were observed in the levels of PAI-1 (total) and PDGF-AB/BB between the control and MSUD groups. Our data show that MSUD patients present alterations in proteins involved in the neurodegenerative process. Thus, the present findings corroborate previous studies that demonstrated that neurotrophic factors and lysosomal proteases may contribute, along with other mechanisms, to the intellectual deficit and neurodegeneration observed in MSUD.
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21
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de Munck E, Palomo V, Muñoz-Sáez E, Perez DI, Gómez-Miguel B, Solas MT, Gil C, Martínez A, Arahuetes RM. Small GSK-3 Inhibitor Shows Efficacy in a Motor Neuron Disease Murine Model Modulating Autophagy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162723. [PMID: 27631495 PMCID: PMC5025054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive motor neuron degenerative disease that has no effective treatment up to date. Drug discovery tasks have been hampered due to the lack of knowledge in its molecular etiology together with the limited animal models for research. Recently, a motor neuron disease animal model has been developed using β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (L-BMAA), a neurotoxic amino acid related to the appearing of ALS. In the present work, the neuroprotective role of VP2.51, a small heterocyclic GSK-3 inhibitor, is analysed in this novel murine model together with the analysis of autophagy. VP2.51 daily administration for two weeks, starting the first day after L-BMAA treatment, leads to total recovery of neurological symptoms and prevents the activation of autophagic processes in rats. These results show that the L-BMAA murine model can be used to test the efficacy of new drugs. In addition, the results confirm the therapeutic potential of GSK-3 inhibitors, and specially VP2.51, for the disease-modifying future treatment of motor neuron disorders like ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía de Munck
- Departamento de Biología Animal II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valle Palomo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu 9, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Muñoz-Sáez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel I. Perez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu 9, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Gómez-Miguel
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Teresa Solas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Gil
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu 9, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maetzu 9, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (AM); (RMA)
| | - Rosa M. Arahuetes
- Departamento de Biología Animal II, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (AM); (RMA)
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22
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Sarı F, Yalçın AD, Genç GE, Sarıkaya M, Bisgin A, Çetinkaya R, Gümüşlü S. Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Disease is Associated with Depressed Levels of Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand. Balkan Med J 2016; 33:512-516. [PMID: 27761278 PMCID: PMC5056653 DOI: 10.5152/balkanmedj.2016.150685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by multiple, large renal cysts and impaired kidney function. Although the reason for the development of kidney cysts is unknown, ADPKD is associated with cell cycle arrest and abundant apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells. AIMS We asked whether serum-soluble TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (sTRAIL) might underlie ADPKD. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study. METHODS Serum sTRAIL levels were measured in 44 patients with ADPKD and 18 healthy volunteers. The human soluble TRAIL/Apo2L ELISA kit was used for the in vitro quantitative determination of sTRAIL in serum samples. RESULTS Mean serum sTRAIL levels were lower in patients with ADPKD as compared to the control group (446.9±103.1 and 875.9±349.6 pg/mL, p<0.001). Serum sTRAIL levels did not differ among stages of renal failure in patients with ADPKD. There was no correlation between serum sTRAIL levels and estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with ADPKD (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Our results show that ADPKD patients have depressed sTRAIL levels, indicating apoptosis unrelated to the stage of chronic renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda Sarı
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
- Address for Correspondence: Dr. Funda Sarı, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey, Phone: +90 532 646 34 42, e-mail:
| | - Arzu Didem Yalçın
- Department of Internal Medicine, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gizem Esra Genç
- Department of Biochemistry, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Metin Sarıkaya
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Atıl Bisgin
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Linköping School of Health Sciences, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ramazan Çetinkaya
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Saadet Gümüşlü
- Department of Biochemistry, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
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23
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Wu Y, Lindblad JL, Garnett J, Kamber Kaya HE, Xu D, Zhao Y, Flores ER, Hardy J, Bergmann A. Genetic characterization of two gain-of-function alleles of the effector caspase DrICE in Drosophila. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:723-32. [PMID: 26542461 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspases are the executioners of apoptosis. Although much is known about their physiological roles and structures, detailed analyses of missense mutations of caspases are lacking. As mutations within caspases are identified in various human diseases, the study of caspase mutants will help to elucidate how caspases interact with other components of the apoptosis pathway and how they may contribute to disease. DrICE is the major effector caspase in Drosophila required for developmental and stress-induced cell death. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of six de novo drICE mutants, all of which carry point mutations affecting amino acids conserved among caspases in various species. These six mutants behave as recessive loss-of-function mutants in a homozygous condition. Surprisingly, however, two of the newly isolated drICE alleles are gain-of-function mutants in a heterozygous condition, although they are loss-of-function mutants homozygously. Interestingly, they only behave as gain-of-function mutants in the presence of an apoptotic signal. These two alleles carry missense mutations affecting conserved amino acids in close proximity to the catalytic cysteine residue. This is the first time that viable gain-of-function alleles of caspases are described in any intact organism and provides a significant exception to the expectation that mutations of conserved amino acids always abolish the pro-apoptotic activity of caspases. We discuss models about how these mutations cause the gain-of-function character of these alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J L Lindblad
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - J Garnett
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - H E Kamber Kaya
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - D Xu
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Y Zhao
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - E R Flores
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Hardy
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - A Bergmann
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Reunov AA, Reunov AV, Pimenova EA, Reunova YA, Menchinskaya ES, Lapshina LA, Aminin DL. Cucumarioside A2-2 stimulates apoptotic necrosis in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2015; 462:161-163. [PMID: 26164340 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496615020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A A Reunov
- Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690041, Russia,
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The cytotoxic nature of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus stem bark extracts in human breast cancer cells. Saudi J Biol Sci 2015; 22:752-9. [PMID: 26587004 PMCID: PMC4625120 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Acanthopanax sessiliflorus, a small woody shrub has traditionally been referred to have anticancer activity, but it has not been scientifically explored so far. Therefore, to investigate the anticancer effects of A. sessiliflorus stem bark extracts (ASSBE), MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were treated with one of its bioactive fractions, n-hexane (ASSBE-nHF). Cytotoxicity (24 h) was determined by MTT assay and antiproliferative effect was assessed by counting cell numbers after 72 h treatment using hemocytometer. The role of ASSBE-nHF on apoptosis was analysed by annexin V-FITC/PI, Hoechst 33342 staining, DNA fragmentation pattern and immunoblotting of apoptosis markers. For the assay of enhanced production of ROS and mitochondrial membrane depolarization, specific stains such as DCFH-DA and JC-1 were used, respectively. To understand the mode of action of ASSBE-nHF on MCF-7 cells, cells were pre-treated with antioxidant, n-acetylcysteine. The hexane fraction of ASSBE showed maximum activity towards human breast cancer cells compared to other two fractions at a minimal concentration of 50 μg/ml. The annexin V-FITC/PI, Hoechst 33342 staining, DNA fragmentation and immunoblotting assays showed that ASSBE-nHF induces non-apoptotic cell death in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. ASSBE-nHF significantly increased the production of ROS and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in MCF-7 cells. Similarly, it decreased the MMP in MDA-MB-231 cells, but had no effect on ROS production. Further, the cytotoxic effect of ASSBE-nHF in MCF-7 cells was not significantly reversed even in the presence of n-acetylcysteine, an antioxidant. These findings revealed that ASSBE-nHF induces non-apoptotic cell death via mitochondria associated with both ROS dependent and independent pathways in human breast cancer cells.
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Key Words
- ASSBE, Acanthopanax sessiliflorus stem bark extracts
- ASSBE-nHF, normal hexane fraction of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus stem bark extracts
- Acanthopanax sessiliflorus
- Breast cancer
- Cytotoxicity
- DCFH-DA, 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
- JC-1, 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethyl-imidacarbocyanine iodide
- MMP, mitochondrial membrane potential
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Traditional medicinal plants
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Jantas D, Greda A, Leskiewicz M, Grygier B, Pilc A, Lason W. Neuroprotective effects of mGluR II and III activators against staurosporine- and doxorubicin-induced cellular injury in SH-SY5Y cells: New evidence for a mechanism involving inhibition of AIF translocation. Neurochem Int 2015; 88:124-37. [PMID: 25661514 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are several experimental data sets demonstrating the neuroprotective effects of activation of group II and III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR II/III), however, their effect on neuronal apoptotic processes has yet to be fully recognized. Thus, the comparison of the neuroprotective potency of the mGluR II agonist LY354740, mGluR III agonist ACPT-I, mGluR4 PAM VU0361737, mGluR8 PAM AZ12216052 and allosteric mGluR7 agonist AMN082 against staurosporine (St-) and doxorubicin (Dox)-induced cell death has been performed in undifferentiated (UN-) and retinoic acid differentiated (RA-) human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. The highest neuroprotection in UN-SH-SY5Y cells was noted for AZ12216052 (0.01-1 µM) and VU0361737 (1-10 µM), with both agents partially attenuating the St- and Dox-evoked cell death. LY354740 (0.01-10 µM) and ACPT-I (10 µM) were protective only against the St-evoked cell damage, whereas AMN082 (0.001-0.01 µM) attenuated only the Dox-induced cell death. In RA-SH-SY5Y, a moderate neuroprotective response of mGluR II/III activators was observed for LY354740 (10 µM) and AZ12216052 (0.01 and 10 µM), which afforded protection only against the St-induced cell damage. The protection mediated by mGluR II/III activators against the St- and Dox-evoked cell death in UN-SH-SY5Y cells was not related to attenuation of caspase-3 activity, however, a decrease in the number of TUNEL-positive nuclei was found. Moreover, mGluR II/III activators attenuated the cytosolic level of the apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), which was increased after St and Dox exposure. Our data point to differential neuroprotective efficacy of various mGluR II/III activators in attenuating St- and Dox-evoked cell damage in SH-SY5Y cells, and dependence of the effects on the cellular differentiation state, as well on the type of the pro-apoptotic agent that is employed. Moreover, the neuroprotection mediated by mGluR II/III activators is accompanied by inhibition of caspase-3-independent DNA fragmentation evoked by AIF translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jantas
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, Krakow PL 31-343, Poland.
| | - A Greda
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, Krakow PL 31-343, Poland
| | - M Leskiewicz
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, Krakow PL 31-343, Poland
| | - B Grygier
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, Krakow PL 31-343, Poland
| | - A Pilc
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, Krakow PL 31-343, Poland
| | - W Lason
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12 Street, Krakow PL 31-343, Poland
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Ghare SS, Joshi-Barve S, Moghe A, Patil M, Barker DF, Gobejishvili L, Brock GN, Cave M, McClain CJ, Barve SS. Coordinated histone H3 methylation and acetylation regulate physiologic and pathologic fas ligand gene expression in human CD4+ T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:412-21. [PMID: 24899502 PMCID: PMC5096587 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Activation-induced Fas ligand (FasL) mRNA expression in CD4+ T cells is mainly controlled at transcriptional initiation. To elucidate the epigenetic mechanisms regulating physiologic and pathologic FasL transcription, TCR stimulation-responsive promoter histone modifications in normal and alcohol-exposed primary human CD4+ T cells were examined. TCR stimulation of normal and alcohol-exposed cells led to discernible changes in promoter histone H3 lysine trimethylation, as documented by an increase in the levels of transcriptionally permissive histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation and a concomitant decrease in the repressive histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation. Moreover, acetylation of histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9), a critical feature of the active promoter state that is opposed by histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation, was significantly increased and was essentially mediated by the p300-histone acetyltransferase. Notably, the degree of these coordinated histone modifications and subsequent recruitment of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II were significantly enhanced in alcohol-exposed CD4+ T cells and were commensurate with the pathologic increase in the levels of FasL mRNA. The clinical relevance of these findings is further supported by CD4+ T cells obtained from individuals with a history of heavy alcohol consumption, which demonstrate significantly greater p300-dependent H3K9 acetylation and FasL expression. Overall, these data show that, in human CD4+ T cells, TCR stimulation induces a distinct promoter histone profile involving a coordinated cross-talk between histone 3 lysine 4 and H3K9 methylation and acetylation that dictates the transcriptional activation of FasL under physiologic, as well as pathologic, conditions of alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita S Ghare
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Swati Joshi-Barve
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; and
| | - Akshata Moghe
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; and
| | - Madhuvanti Patil
- University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; and
| | - David F Barker
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Leila Gobejishvili
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Guy N Brock
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Matthew Cave
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; and
| | - Craig J McClain
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; and
| | - Shirish S Barve
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; and
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28
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Ghavami S, Shojaei S, Yeganeh B, Ande SR, Jangamreddy JR, Mehrpour M, Christoffersson J, Chaabane W, Moghadam AR, Kashani HH, Hashemi M, Owji AA, Łos MJ. Autophagy and apoptosis dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 112:24-49. [PMID: 24211851 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 722] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are basic physiologic processes contributing to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Autophagy encompasses pathways that target long-lived cytosolic proteins and damaged organelles. It involves a sequential set of events including double membrane formation, elongation, vesicle maturation and finally delivery of the targeted materials to the lysosome. Apoptotic cell death is best described through its morphology. It is characterized by cell rounding, membrane blebbing, cytoskeletal collapse, cytoplasmic condensation, and fragmentation, nuclear pyknosis, chromatin condensation/fragmentation, and formation of membrane-enveloped apoptotic bodies, that are rapidly phagocytosed by macrophages or neighboring cells. Neurodegenerative disorders are becoming increasingly prevalent, especially in the Western societies, with larger percentage of members living to an older age. They have to be seen not only as a health problem, but since they are care-intensive, they also carry a significant economic burden. Deregulation of autophagy plays a pivotal role in the etiology and/or progress of many of these diseases. Herein, we briefly review the latest findings that indicate the involvement of autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases. We provide a brief introduction to autophagy and apoptosis pathways focusing on the role of mitochondria and lysosomes. We then briefly highlight pathophysiology of common neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's diseases, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Then, we describe functions of autophagy and apoptosis in brain homeostasis, especially in the context of the aforementioned disorders. Finally, we discuss different ways that autophagy and apoptosis modulation may be employed for therapeutic intervention during the maintenance of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; St. Boniface Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Biochemistry, Recombinant Protein Laboratory, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Behzad Yeganeh
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Experimental Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Sudharsana R Ande
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jaganmohan R Jangamreddy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Division of Cell Biology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Maryam Mehrpour
- INSERM U845, Research Center "Growth & Signaling" Paris Descartes University Medical School, France
| | - Jonas Christoffersson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Division of Cell Biology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Wiem Chaabane
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Division of Cell Biology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Hessam H Kashani
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ali A Owji
- Department of Biochemistry, Recombinant Protein Laboratory, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Marek J Łos
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Division of Cell Biology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden.
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Chimenti MS, Tucci P, Candi E, Perricone R, Melino G, Willis AE. Metabolic profiling of human CD4+ cells following treatment with methotrexate and anti-TNF-α infliximab. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:3025-36. [PMID: 23974102 PMCID: PMC3875677 DOI: 10.4161/cc.26067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The autoimmune process in rheumatoid arthritis depends on activation of immune cells, which utilize intracellular kinases to respond to external stimuli such as cytokines, immune complexes, and antigens. CD4+ T cells comprise a large proportion of the inflammatory cells that invade the synovial tissue and may therefore be a cell type of pathogenic importance. Both methotrexate and infliximab are effective in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis; however, the biological effects triggered by these treatments and the biochemical mechanisms underlining the cell response are still not fully understood. Thus, in this study the global metabolic changes associated with methotrexate or infliximab treatment of isolated human CD4+ T cells were examined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. In total 148 metabolites involved in selective pathways were found to be significantly altered. Overall, the changes observed are likely to reflect the effort of CD4+ cells to increase the production of cellular reducing power to offset the cellular stress exerted by treatment. Importantly, analysis of the global metabolic changes associated with MTX or infliximab treatment of isolated human CD4+ T cells suggested that the toxicity associated with these agents is minimal when used at clinically relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sole Chimenti
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Rome Tor Vergata; Rome, Italy
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30
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Tedesco I, Russo M, Bilotto S, Spagnuolo C, Scognamiglio A, Palumbo R, Nappo A, Iacomino G, Moio L, Russo GL. Dealcoholated red wine induces autophagic and apoptotic cell death in an osteosarcoma cell line. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:377-84. [PMID: 23933363 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, the supposed preventive effects of red wine against cardiovascular diseases, the so-called "French Paradox", has been associated to its antioxidant properties. The interest in the anticancer capacity of polyphenols present in red wine strongly increased consequently to the enormous number of studies on resveratrol. In this study, using lyophilized red wine, we present evidence that its anticancer effect in a cellular model is mediated by apoptotic and autophagic cell death. Using a human osteosarcoma cell line, U2Os, we found that the lyophilized red wine was cytotoxic in a dose-dependent manner with a maximum effect in the range of 100-200 μg/ml equivalents of gallic acid. A mixed phenotype of types I/II cell death was evidenced by means of specific assays following treatment of U2Os with lyophilized red wine, e.g., autophagy and apoptosis. We found that cell death induced by lyophilized red wine proceeded through a mechanism independent from its anti-oxidant activity and involving the inhibition of PI3K/Akt kinase signaling. Considering the relative low concentration of each single bioactive compound in lyophilized red wine, our study suggests the activation of synergistic mechanism able to inhibit growth in malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tedesco
- Istituto Scienze dell'Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 83100 Avellino, Italy
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31
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Metabolic effects of TiO2 nanoparticles, a common component of sunscreens and cosmetics, on human keratinocytes. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e549. [PMID: 23519118 PMCID: PMC3615742 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The long-term health risks of nanoparticles remain poorly understood, which is a serious concern given their prevalence in the environment from increased industrial and domestic use. The extent to which such compounds contribute to cellular toxicity is unclear, and although it is known that induction of oxidative stress pathways is associated with this process, the proteins and the metabolic pathways involved with nanoparticle-mediated oxidative stress and toxicity are largely unknown. To investigate this problem further, the effect of TiO2 on the HaCaT human keratinocyte cell line was examined. The data show that although TiO2 does not affect cell cycle phase distribution, nor cell death, these nanoparticles have a considerable and rapid effect on mitochondrial function. Metabolic analysis was performed to identify 268 metabolites of the specific pathways involved and 85 biochemical metabolites were found to be significantly altered, many of which are known to be associated with the cellular stress response. Importantly, the uptake of nanoparticles into the cultured cells was restricted to phagosomes, TiO2 nanoparticles did not enter into the nucleus or any other cytoplasmic organelle. No other morphological changes were detected after 24-h exposure consistent with a specific role of mitochondria in this response.
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32
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Abstract
p63 is a transcriptional factor implicated in cancer and development. The presence in TP63 gene of alternative promoters allows expression of one isoform containing the N-terminal transactivation domain (TA isoform) and one N-terminal truncated isoform (ΔN isoform). Complete ablation of all p63 isoforms produced mice with fatal developmental abnormalities, including lack of epidermal barrier, limbs and other epidermal appendages. Specific TAp63-null mice, although they developed normally, failed to undergo in DNA damage-induced apoptosis during primordial follicle meiotic arrest, suggesting a p63 involvement in maternal reproduction. Recent findings have elucidated the role in DNA damage response of a novel Hominidae p63 isoform, GTAp63, specifically expressed in human spermatic precursors. Thus, these findings suggest a unique strategy of p63 gene, to evolve in order to preserve the species as a guardian of reproduction. Elucidation of the biological basis of p63 function in reproduction may provide novel approaches to the control of human fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivano Amelio
- Medical Research Council; Toxicology Unit; Leicester University; Leicester, UK
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research; VIB; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francesca Grespi
- Medical Research Council; Toxicology Unit; Leicester University; Leicester, UK
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research; VIB; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Gerry Melino
- Medical Research Council; Toxicology Unit; Leicester University; Leicester, UK
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research; VIB; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
- Biochemistry IDI-IRCCS Laboratory and Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery; University of Rome “Tor Vergata;” Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) control cellular adaptation to oxygen deprivation. Cancer cells engage HIFs to sustain their growth in adverse conditions, thus promoting a cellular reprograming that includes metabolism, proliferation, survival and mobility. HIFs overexpression in human cancer biopsies correlates with high metastasis and mortality. A recent report has elucidated a novel mechanism for HIFs regulation in triple-negative breast cancer. Specifically, the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), Sharp-1, serves HIF1α to the proteasome and promotes its O2-indendpendet degradation, counteracting HIF-mediated metastasis. These findings shed light on how HIFs are manipulated during cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivano Amelio
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
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Grespi F, Amelio I, Tucci P, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M, Melino G. Tissue-specific expression of p73 C-terminal isoforms in mice. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:4474-83. [PMID: 23159862 PMCID: PMC3552929 DOI: 10.4161/cc.22787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
p73 is a p53 family transcription factor. Due to the presence in the 5' flanking region of two promoters, there are two N-terminal variants, TAp73, which retains a fully active transactivation domain (TA), and ΔNp73, in which the N terminus is truncated. In addition, extensive 3' splicing gives rise to at least seven distinctive isoforms; TAp73-selective knockout highlights its role as a regulator of cell death, senescence and tumor suppressor. ΔNp73-selective knockout, on the other hand, highlights anti-apoptotic function of ΔNp73 and its involvement in DNA damage response. In this work, we investigated the expression pattern of murine p73 C-terminal isoforms. By using a RT-PCR approach, we were able to detect mRNAs of all the C-terminal isoforms described in humans. We characterized their in vivo expression profile in mouse organs and in different mouse developmental stages. Finally, we investigated p73 C-terminal expression profile following DNA damage, ex vivo after primary cultures treatment and in vivo after systemic administration of cytotoxic compounds. Overall, our study first elucidates spatio-temporal expression of mouse p73 isoforms and provides novel insights on their expression-switch under triggered conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Grespi
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
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Abstract
Although the adult human brain has a small number of neural stem cells, they are insufficient to repair the damaged brain to achieve significant functional recovery for neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. Stem cell therapy, by either enhancing endogenous neurogenesis, or transplanting stem cells, has been regarded as a promising solution. However, the harsh environment of the diseased brain posts a severe threat to the survival and correct differentiation of those new stem cells. Hormesis (or preconditioning, stress adaptation) is an adaptation mechanism by which cells or organisms are potentiated to survive an otherwise lethal condition, such as the harsh oxidative stress in the stroke brain. Stem cells treated by low levels of chemical, physical, or pharmacological stimuli have been shown to survive better in the neurodegenerative brain. Thus combining hormesis and stem cell therapy might improve the outcome for treatment of these diseases. In addition, since the cell death patterns and their underlying molecular mechanism may vary in different neurodegenerative diseases, even in different progression stages of the same disease, it is essential to design a suitable and optimum hormetic strategy that is tailored to the individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghu Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University
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36
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Zhou Z, Lu X, Zhu P, Zhu W, Mu X, Qu R, Li M. VCC-1 over-expression inhibits cisplatin-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 420:336-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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37
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Sambri I, Capasso R, Pucci P, Perna AF, Ingrosso D. The microRNA 15a/16-1 cluster down-regulates protein repair isoaspartyl methyltransferase in hepatoma cells: implications for apoptosis regulation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:43690-43700. [PMID: 22033921 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.290437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparaginyl deamidation, a spontaneous protein post-biosynthetic modification, determines isoaspartyl formation and structure-function impairment. The isoaspartyl protein carboxyl-O-methyltransferase (PCMT1; EC 2.1.1.77) catalyzes the repair of the isopeptide bonds at isoaspartyl sites, preventing deamidation-related functional impairment. Protein deamidation affects key apoptosis mediators, such as BclxL, thus increasing susceptibility to apoptosis, whereas PCMT1 activity may effectively counteract such alterations. The aim of this work was to establish the role of RNAi as a potential mechanism for regulating PCMT1 expression and its possible implications in apoptosis. We investigated the regulatory properties of the microRNA 15a/16-1 cluster on PCMT1 expression on HepG2 cells. MicroRNA 15a or microRNA 16-1 transfection, as well as their relevant antagonists, showed that PCMT1 is effectively regulated by this microRNA cluster. The direct interaction of these two microRNAs with the seed sequence at the 3' UTR of PCMT1 transcripts was demonstrated by the luciferase assay system. The role of PCMT1 down-regulation in conditioning the susceptibility to apoptosis was investigated using various specific siRNA or shRNA approaches, to prevent non-PCMT1-specific pleiotropic effects to take place. We found that PCMT1 silencing is associated with an increase of the BclxL isoform reported to be inactivated by deamidation, thus making cells more susceptible to apoptosis induced by cisplatinum. We conclude that PCMT1 is effectively regulated by the microRNA 15a/16-1 cluster and is involved in apoptosis by preserving the structural stability and biological function of BclxL from deamidation. Control of PCMT1 expression by microRNA 15a/16-1 may thus represent a late checkpoint in apoptosis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sambri
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Rosanna Capasso
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Piero Pucci
- Ceinge, Advanced Biotechnologies and School of Life Science, "Federico II" University, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Alessandra F Perna
- First Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine and Surgery, Second University of Naples, Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Diego Ingrosso
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples 80138, Italy.
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