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Shaikh TB, Chandra Y, Andugulapati SB, Sistla R. Vistusertib improves pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis by modulating inflammatory/oxidative stress mediators via suppressing the mTOR signalling. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:1223-1237. [PMID: 38789791 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01894-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammation and oxidative stress are key factors in the development of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) by promoting the differentiation of fibroblasts through modulating various pathways including Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β and mTOR signalling. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS This study aimed to evaluate the effects and elucidate the mechanisms of vistusertib (VSB) in treating pulmonary inflammation/fibrosis, specifically by targeting the mTOR pathway using various in vitro and in vivo models. RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation model in macrophages (RAW 264.7), epithelial (BEAS-2B) and endothelial (HMVEC-L) cells revealed that treatment with VSB significantly reduced the IL-6, TNF-α, CCL2, and CCL7 expression. TGF-β induced differentiation was also significantly reduced upon VSB treatment in fibrotic cells (LL29 and DHLF). Further, bleomycin-induced inflammation and fibrosis models demonstrated that treatment with VSB significantly ameliorated the severe inflammation, and lung architectural distortion, by reducing the inflammatory markers expression/levels, inflammatory cells and oxidative stress indicators. Further, fibrosis model results exhibited that, VSB treatment significantly reduced the α-SMA, collagen and TGF-β expressions, improved the lung architecture and restored lung functions. CONCLUSION Overall, this study uncovers the anti-inflammatory/anti-fibrotic effects of VSB by modulating the mTOR activation. Although VSB was tested for lung fibrosis, it can be tested for other fibrotic disorders to improve the patient's survival and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taslim B Shaikh
- Division of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Yogesh Chandra
- Division of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India
| | - Sai Balaji Andugulapati
- Division of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India.
| | - Ramakrishna Sistla
- Division of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India.
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2
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Zhang J, Chen C, Yan W, Fu Y. New sights of immunometabolism and agent progress in colitis associated colorectal cancer. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1303913. [PMID: 38273841 PMCID: PMC10808433 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1303913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Colitis associated colorectal cancer is a disease with a high incidence and complex course that develops from chronic inflammation and deteriorates after various immune responses and inflammation-induced attacks. Colitis associated colorectal cancer has the characteristics of both immune diseases and cancer, and the similarity of treatment models contributes to the similar treatment dilemma. Immunometabolism contributes to the basis of life and is the core of many immune diseases. Manipulating metabolic signal transduction can be an effective way to control the immune process, which is expected to become a new target for colitis associated colorectal cancer therapy. Immune cells participate in the whole process of colitis associated colorectal cancer development by transforming their functional condition via changing their metabolic ways, such as glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. The same immune and metabolic processes may play different roles in inflammation, dysplasia, and carcinoma, so anti-inflammation agents, immunomodulators, and agents targeting special metabolism should be used in combination to prevent and inhibit the development of colitis associated colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaoyue Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Zeng Y, Xiong C, Chen Y, Yang C, Li Q. Effects and mechanism of Rictor interference in podocyte injury induced by high glucose. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:473. [PMID: 37753299 PMCID: PMC10518650 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (Rictor) is a critical effector of mTOR protein complex 2 (mTORC2). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Rictor in the mTORC2 signaling pathway in high glucose (HG)-induced diabetic podocyte injury by silencing the expression of Rictor. In the present study, mouse podocytes were treated with glucose (150 mM) and mannitol (200 mM), the Rictor gene was silenced using small interfering RNA (siRNA). Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, whereas podocyte cytoskeletal protein expression was detected by western blotting (WB) and immunofluorescence staining. The results demonstrated that, compared with that in the control group, the podocyte apoptotic rate was significantly increased in the mannitol group (negative group) and the groups that were treated with glucose (model groups). The podocyte apoptotic rate in the model + Rictor siRNA group was significantly decreased compared with that in the negative, model and the model glucose + siRNA negative control (NC) groups. WB indicated that the protein expression levels of podocalyxin and synaptopodin were reduced in the model and model + siRNA NC groups compared with those in the normal control and negative groups. Additionally, the protein expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and P-AKT/AKT were increased in the model and model + siRNA NC groups compared with the those in control and negative groups. Compared with those the model and model + siRNA NC groups, the protein expression levels of podocalyxin and synaptopodin were increased, whilst those of the α-SMA and P-AKT/AKT proteins were decreased, in the model + Rictor siRNA group. Results from immunofluorescence analysis were basically consistent with those of WB. Therefore, results of the present study suggest that silencing of the Rictor gene may reduce the damage to podocytes induced by HG, such that the Rictor/mTORC2 signaling pathway may be involved in the remodeling of podocyte actin cytoskeletal in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Changbin Xiong
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yinxiang Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Chunyun Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Qiuyue Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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4
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Zhang Y, Li H, Lv L, Lu K, Li H, Zhang W, Cui T. Autophagy: Dual roles and perspective for clinical treatment of colorectal cancer. Biochimie 2023; 206:49-60. [PMID: 36244578 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) raises concerns to people because of its high recurrence and metastasis rate, diagnosis challenges, and poor prognosis. Various studies have shown the association of altered autophagy with tumorigenesis, tumor-stroma interactions, and resistance to cancer therapy in CRC. Autophagy is a highly conserved cytosolic catabolic process in eukaryotes that plays distinct roles in CRC occurrence and progression. In early tumorigenesis, autophagy may inhibit tumor growth through diverse mechanisms, whereas it exhibits a tumor promoting function in CRC progression. This different functions of autophagy in CRC occurrence and progression make developing therapies targeting autophagy complicated. In this review, we discuss the classification and process of autophagy as well as its dual roles in CRC, functions in the tumor microenvironment, cross-talk with apoptosis, and potential usefulness as a CRC therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Zhang
- West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Metabolomics and Gynecological Disease Research and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Kefeng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Huihui Li
- West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Metabolomics and Gynecological Disease Research and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Cui
- West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Metabolomics and Gynecological Disease Research and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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5
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Xu Z, Chu M. Advances in Immunosuppressive Agents Based on Signal Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:917162. [PMID: 35694243 PMCID: PMC9178660 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.917162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune abnormality involves in various diseases, such as infection, allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases, as well as transplantation. Several signal pathways have been demonstrated to play a central role in the immune response, including JAK/STAT, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT-mTOR, MAPK, and Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway, in which multiple targets have been used to develop immunosuppressive agents. In recent years, varieties of immunosuppressive agents have been approved for clinical use, such as the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib and the mTOR inhibitor everolimus, which have shown good therapeutic effects. Additionally, many immunosuppressive agents are still in clinical trials or preclinical studies. In this review, we classified the immunosuppressive agents according to the immunopharmacological mechanisms, and summarized the phase of immunosuppressive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Xu
- Department of Immunology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Chu
- Department of Immunology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Foerster EG, Mukherjee T, Cabral-Fernandes L, Rocha JD, Girardin SE, Philpott DJ. How autophagy controls the intestinal epithelial barrier. Autophagy 2022; 18:86-103. [PMID: 33906557 PMCID: PMC8865220 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1909406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a cellular catabolic process that results in lysosome-mediated recycling of organelles and protein aggregates, as well as the destruction of intracellular pathogens. Its role in the maintenance of the intestinal epithelium is of particular interest, as several autophagy-related genes have been associated with intestinal disease. Autophagy and its regulatory mechanisms are involved in both homeostasis and repair of the intestine, supporting intestinal barrier function in response to cellular stress through tight junction regulation and protection from cell death. Furthermore, a clear role has emerged for autophagy not only in secretory cells but also in intestinal stem cells, where it affects their metabolism, as well as their proliferative and regenerative capacity. Here, we review the physiological role of autophagy in the context of intestinal epithelial maintenance and how genetic mutations affecting autophagy contribute to the development of intestinal disease.Abbreviations: AKT1S1: AKT1 substrate 1; AMBRA1: autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; APC: APC regulator of WNT signaling pathway; ATF6: activating transcription factor 6; ATG: autophagy related; atg16l1[ΔIEC] mice: mice with a specific deletion of Atg16l1 in intestinal epithelial cells; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; BECN1: beclin 1; bsk/Jnk: basket; CADPR: cyclic ADP ribose; CALCOCO2: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CASP3: caspase 3; CD: Crohn disease; CDH1/E-cadherin: cadherin 1; CF: cystic fibrosis; CFTR: CF transmembrane conductance regulator; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; CLDN2: claudin 2; CoPEC: colibactin-producing E. coli; CRC: colorectal cancer; CYP1A1: cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1; DC: dendritic cell; DDIT3: DNA damage inducible transcript 3; DEPTOR: DEP domain containing MTOR interacting protein; DSS: dextran sulfate sodium; EGF: epidermal growth factor; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; EIF2A: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A; EIF2AK3: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; EIF2AK4/GCN2: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 4; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERN1: endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1; HSPA5/GRP78: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; IEC: intestinal epithelial cell; IFN: interferon; IFNG/IFNγ:interferon gamma; IL: interleukin; IRGM: immunity related GTPase M; ISC: intestinal stem cell; LGR5: leucine rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5; LRRK2: leucine rich repeat kinase 2; MAP1LC3A/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha; MAPK/JNK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAPK14/p38 MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase 14; MAPKAP1: MAPK associated protein 1; MAVS: mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; miRNA: microRNA; MLKL: mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase; MLST8: MTOR associated protein, LST8 homolog; MNV: murine norovirus; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; NLRP: NLR family pyrin domain containing; NOD: nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing; NRBF2: nuclear receptor binding factor 2; OPTN: optineurin; OXPHOS: oxidative phosphorylation; P: phosphorylation; Patj: PATJ crumbs cell polarity complex component; PE: phosphatidyl-ethanolamine; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PIK3R4: phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 4; PPARG: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma; PRR5: proline rich 5; PRR5L: proline rich 5 like; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; RER: rough endoplasmic reticulum; RHEB: Ras homolog, MTORC1 binding; RICTOR: RPTOR independent companion of MTOR complex 2; RIPK1: receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RPTOR: regulatory associated protein of MTOR complex 1; RPS6KB1: ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1; SH3GLB1: SH3 domain containing GRB2 like, endophilin B1; SNP: single-nucleotide polymorphism; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; TA: transit-amplifying; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TFE3: transcription factor binding to IGHM enhancer 3; TGM2: transglutaminase 2; TJ: tight junction; TJP1/ZO1: tight junction protein 1; TNBS: 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; TNF/TNFα: tumor necrosis factor; Tor: target of rapamycin; TRAF: TNF receptor associated factor; TRIM11: tripartite motif containing 11; TRP53: transformation related protein 53; TSC: TSC complex subunit; Ub: ubiquitin; UC: ulcerative colitis; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; USO1/p115: USO1 vesicle transport factor; UVRAG: UV radiation resistance associated; WIPI: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting; WNT: WNT family member; XBP1: X-box binding protein 1; ZFYVE1/DFCP1: zinc finger FYVE-type containing 1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tapas Mukherjee
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Stephen E. Girardin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dana J. Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Zhang M, Chen H, Qin P, Cai T, Li L, Chen R, Liu S, Chen H, Lin W, Chen H, Strickland AL, Xiong H, Jiang Q. UPF1 impacts on mTOR signaling pathway and autophagy in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:21202-21215. [PMID: 34520393 PMCID: PMC8457587 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most EEC cases are associated with activities of the mTOR pathway, which regulates protein synthesis, cell growth and autophagy. While Up-Frameshift 1(UPF1) is a key protein factor in the nonsense-mediated mRNA degradation pathway (NMD), its role in carcinogenesis of EEC remains unclear. In this study, we first evaluated the expression level of UPF1 in EEC tissues and cell lines. Then, we investigated the effect of UPF1 on cellular function and mTOR signaling pathway; these effects were further validated in vivo. Finally, its effect on autophagy was evaluated by western blot and GFP-mRFP-LC3 staining. UPF1 expression in the EEC tissue samples was significantly higher than that of matched normal tissue samples. Overexpression of UPF1 promoted migration and invasion of EEC cells. Conversely, depletion of UPF1 suppressed migration and invasion of EEC cells. In addition, overexpression of UPF1 increased the in vivo growth of our EEC xenograft tumors. Finally, UPF1 increased the activity of the mTOR/P70S6K/4EBP1 signaling pathway and inhibited autophagy in EEC cells. These findings suggest that UPF1 functions as an oncogene to promote EEC carcinogenesis. Our findings propose UPF1 as a new potential therapeutic target for EEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minfen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China.,Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Ping Qin
- Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Tonghui Cai
- Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Ruichao Chen
- Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Shaoyan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Changsha 410005, China
| | - Wanrun Lin
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Amanda L Strickland
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hanzhen Xiong
- Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Qingping Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China.,Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
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GDC-0349 inhibits non-small cell lung cancer cell growth. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:951. [PMID: 33154352 PMCID: PMC7644631 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03146-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of cancer-related human mortality with a clear need for new therapeutic intervention. GDC-0349 is a potent and selective ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor. In A549 cells and primary human NSCLC cells, GDC-0349 inhibited cell growth, proliferation, cell cycle progression, migration and invasion, while inducing significant apoptosis activation. Although GDC-0349 blocked Akt-mTORC1/2 activation in NSCLC cells, it also exerted cytotoxicity in Akt1-knockout A549 cells. Furthermore, restoring Akt-mTOR activation by a constitutively-active Akt1 only partially attenuated GDC-0349-induced A549 cell apoptosis, indicating the existence of Akt-mTOR-independent mechanisms. In NSCLC cells GDC-0349 induced sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) inhibition, ceramide accumulation, JNK activation and oxidative injury. Conversely, N-acetylcysteine, the JNK inhibitor and sphingosine 1-phosphate alleviated GDC-0349-induced NSCLC cell apoptosis. In vivo, daily oral administration of GDC-0349 potently inhibited NSCLC xenograft growth in mice. Akt-mTOR in-activation, SphK1 inhibition, JNK activation and oxidative stress were detected in NSCLC xenograft tissues with GDC-0349 administration. In summary, GDC-0349 inhibits NSCLC cell growth via Akt-mTOR-dependent and Akt-mTOR-independent mechanisms.
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Zheng B, Sun X, Chen XF, Chen Z, Zhu WL, Zhu H, Gu DH. Dual inhibition of DNA-PKcs and mTOR by CC-115 potently inhibits human renal cell carcinoma cell growth. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:20445-20456. [PMID: 33109772 PMCID: PMC7655216 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CC-115 is a dual inhibitor of DNA-PKcs and mTOR, both are valuable therapeutic targets for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Our results showed that CC-115 inhibited survival and proliferation of established RCC cell lines (786-O and A489) and primary human RCC cells. The dual inhibitor induced selective apoptosis activation in RCC cells, as compared to no cytotoxicity nor apoptotic effects toward normal renal epithelial cells. CC-115 inhibited DNA-PKcs and mTORC1/2 activation in RCC cells. It was however ineffective in DNA-PKcs-mTOR double knockout (DKO) 786-O cells. CC-115 induced feedback autophagy activation in RCC cells. Autophagy inhibitors or Beclin-1/Light chain 3 (LC3) silencing potentiated CC-115-induced anti-RCC cell activity. Conversely, ectopic overexpression of Beclin-1 inhibited CC-115-induced cytotoxicity. At last CC-115 oral administration inhibited 786-O subcutaneous xenograft growth in nude mice. Taken together, dual inhibition of DNA-PKcs and mTOR by CC-115 potently inhibited RCC cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zheng
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xu Sun
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Hospital Affiliated 5 to Nantong University, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Xin-Feng Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wei-Li Zhu
- Port Clinic, Changshu Customs, Changshu, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Dong-Hua Gu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Ye X, Ruan JW, Huang H, Huang WP, Zhang Y, Zhang F. PI3K-Akt-mTOR inhibition by GNE-477 inhibits renal cell carcinoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:9489-9499. [PMID: 32421688 PMCID: PMC7288912 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sustained activation of PI3K-Akt-mTOR cascade is important for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell progression. GNE-477 is a novel and efficacious PI3K-mTOR dual inhibitor. The current study tested its anti-RCC cell activity. In the primary cultured human RCC cells, GNE-477 potently inhibited cell growth, viability and proliferation, as well as cell cycle progression, migration and invasion. Furthermore, it induced robust apoptosis activation in primary RCC cells, but being non-cytotoxic to HK-2 epithelial cells and primary human renal epithelial cells. In the primary RCC cells GNE-477 inactivated PI3K-Akt-mTOR cascade by blocking phosphorylation of p85, Akt1, p70S6K1 and S6. Restoring Akt-mTOR activation by a constitutively-active Akt1 reversed GNE-477-induced anti-RCC cell activity. In nude mice intraperitoneal injection of GNE-477 potently suppressed RCC xenograft tumor growth. Collectively, targeting PI3K-Akt-mTOR cascade by GNE-477 inhibits RCC cell growth in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Ye
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian-Wei Ruan
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Hang Huang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei-Ping Huang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - Fangyi Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Thienopyrimidine Derivatives as PI3Kα Inhibitors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193422. [PMID: 31547116 PMCID: PMC6804295 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Three series of novel thienopyrimidine derivatives 9a–l, 15a–l, and 18a–h were designed and synthesized, and their IC50 values against four cancer cell lines HepG-2, A549, PC-3, and MCF-7 were evaluated. Most compounds show moderate cytotoxicity against the tested cancer cell lines. The most promising compound 9a showed moderate activity with IC50 values of 12.32 ± 0.96, 11.30 ± 1.19, 14.69 ± 1.32, and 9.80 ± 0.93 µM, respectively. The inhibitory activities of compounds 9a and 15a against PI3Kα and mTOR kinase were further evaluated. Compound 9a exhibited PI3Kα kinase inhibitory activity with IC50 of 9.47 ± 0.63 µM. In addition, docking studies of compounds 9a and 15a were also investigated.
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12
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Investigation of the novel mTOR inhibitor AZD2014 in neuronal ischemia. Neurosci Lett 2019; 706:223-230. [PMID: 31100427 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hamartin, a component of the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) that actively inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), may mediate the endogenous resistance of Cornu Ammonis 3 (CA3) hippocampal neurons following global cerebral ischemia. Pharmacological compounds that selectively inhibit mTOR may afford neuroprotection following ischemic stroke. We hypothesize that AZD2014, a novel mTORC1/2 inhibitor, may protect neurons following oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). METHODS Primary neuronal cultures from E18 Wistar rat embryos were exposed to 2 h OGD or normoxia. AZD2014 was administered either during OGD, 24 h prior to OGD or for 24 h following OGD. Cell death was quantified by lactate dehydrogenase assay. We characterized the expression of mTOR pathway proteins following exposure to AZD2014 using western blotting. RESULTS Following 2 h OGD +24 h recovery, AZD2014 increased neuronal death when present during OGD. Rapamycin, the archetypal mTOR inhibitor, had no effect on cell death. Treatment with AZD2014 24 h prior to OGD and 24 h after OGD also enhanced cell death. While Western blotting showed a trend towards decreased expression levels of phospho-Akt relative to total Akt with increasing AZD2014 concentration, hamartin expression was also significantly decreased leading to activation of mTOR. CONCLUSION AZD2014 was detrimental to neurons that underwent ischemia. AZD2014 appeared to reduce hamartin, a known neuroprotective mediator, thereby preventing any beneficial effects of mTOR inhibition. Further characterization of the role of individual mTOR complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2) and their upstream and downstream regulators are necessary to reveal whether these pathways are neuroprotective targets for stroke.
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13
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New insights into niclosamide action: autophagy activation in colorectal cancer. Biochem J 2019; 476:779-781. [PMID: 30842311 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer in the world, with more than half a million new cases annually. Amongst the most promising new therapies, niclosamide-an FDA-approved drug for treating tapeworm infections-is being assessed in a stage II clinical trial for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Despite this advanced stage of research, the underlying mechanisms behind its actions remain uncertain. Niclosamide reduces the growth of colorectal cancer cells by targeting several intracellular signalling pathways, including the β-catenin-dependent WNT signalling pathway. In a recent paper published in the Biochemical Journal [Biochem. J. (2019) 476, 535-546], Wang and colleagues revealed that niclosamide down-regulates β-catenin-dependent WNT signalling in colorectal cancer cells by degrading components of the pathway via autophagy. Autophagy is a catabolic process in which cellular macromolecules and organelles are recycled to their monomer units. This finding provides a further understanding of the actions of niclosamide upon colorectal cancer cells and may yield improved future treatment models for colorectal cancer patients.
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14
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Li Q, Zeng Y, Jiang Q, Wu C, Zhou J. Role of mTOR signaling in the regulation of high glucose-induced podocyte injury. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2495-2502. [PMID: 30906437 PMCID: PMC6425130 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocyte injury, which promotes progressive nephropathy, is considered a key factor in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling cascade controls cell growth, survival and metabolism. The present study investigated the role of mTOR signaling in regulating high glucose (HG)-induced podocyte injury. MTT assay and flow cytometry assay results indicated that HG significantly increased podocyte viability and apoptosis. HG effects on podocytes were suppressed by mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitor, rapamycin, and further suppressed by dual mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibitor, KU0063794, when compared with podocytes that received mannitol treatment. In addition, western blot analysis revealed that the expression levels of Thr-389-phosphorylated p70S6 kinase (p-p70S6K) and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) were significantly increased by HG when compared with mannitol treatment. Notably, rapamycin significantly inhibited HG-induced p-p70S6K expression, but did not significantly impact p-Akt expression. However, KU0063794 significantly inhibited the HG-induced p-p70S6K and p-Akt expression levels. Furthermore, the expression of ezrin was significantly reduced by HG when compared with mannitol treatment; however, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression was significantly increased. Immunofluorescence analysis on ezrin and α-SMA supported the results of western blot analysis. KU0063794, but not rapamycin, suppressed the effect of HG on the expression levels of ezrin and α-SMA. Thus, it was suggested that the increased activation of mTOR signaling mediated HG-induced podocyte injury. In addition, the present findings suggest that the mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling pathways may be responsible for the cell viability and apoptosis, and that the mTORC2 pathway could be primarily responsible for the regulation of cytoskeleton-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Li
- Nephrology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Nephrology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Qing Jiang
- Nephrology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Cong Wu
- Nephrology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Nephrology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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15
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Babic T, Dinic J, Buric SS, Hadzic S, Pesic M, Radojkovic D, Rankov AD. Comparative toxicity evaluation of targeted anticancer therapeutics in embryonic zebrafish and sea urchin models. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2018; 69:395-410. [PMID: 30587022 DOI: 10.1556/018.69.2018.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer drug resistance and poor selectivity towards cancer cells demand the constant search for new therapeutics. PI3K-Akt-mTOR and RAS-MAPK-ERK signaling pathways are key mechanisms involved in cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism and their deregulation in cancer can promote development of therapy resistance. We investigated the effects of targeted inhibitors (wortmannin, GSK690693, AZD2014 and tipifarnib) towards these two pathways on early zebrafish and sea urchin development to assess their toxicity in normal, fast proliferating cells. PI3K inhibitor wortmannin and RAS inhibitor tipifarnib displayed highest toxicity while GSK690693, a pan-Akt kinase inhibitor, exhibited a less significant impact on embryo survival and development. Moreover, inhibition of the upstream part of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway (wortmannin/GSK690693 co-treatment) produced a synergistic effect and impacted zebrafish embryo survival and development at much lower concentrations. Dual mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitor AZD2014 showed no considerable effects on embryonic cells of zebrafish in concentrations substantially toxic in cancer cells. AZD2014 also caused the least prominent effects on sea urchin embryo development compared to other inhibitors. Significant toxicity of AZD2014 in human cancer cells, its capacity to sensitize resistant cancers, lower antiproliferative activity against human normal cell lines and fast proliferating embryonic cells could make this agent a promising candidate for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Babic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11010, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Dinic
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sonja Stojkovic Buric
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stefan Hadzic
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Pesic
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragica Radojkovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11010, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Divac Rankov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11010, Belgrade, Serbia
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16
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The role of autophagy in colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2018; 3:31. [PMID: 30510778 PMCID: PMC6265276 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-018-0031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that eliminates harmful components through lysosomal degradation. In addition to its role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, autophagy is critical to pathological processes, such as inflammation and cancer. Colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) is a specific type of colorectal cancer that develops from long-standing colitis in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Accumulating evidence indicates that autophagy of microenvironmental cells plays different but vital roles during tumorigenesis and CAC development. Herein, after summarizing the recent advances in understanding the role of autophagy in regulating the tumor microenvironment during different CAC stages, we draw the following conclusions: autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells inhibits colitis and CAC initiation but promotes CAC progression; autophagy in macrophages inhibits colitis, but its function on CAC is currently unclear; autophagy in neutrophils and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promotes both colitis and CAC; autophagy in dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells represses both colitis and CAC; autophagy in natural killer cells (NKs) inhibits colitis, but promotes CAC; and autophagy in endothelial cells plays a controversial role in colitis and CAC. Understanding the role of autophagy in specific compartments of the tumor microenvironment during different stages of CAC may provide insight into malignant transformation, tumor progression, and combination therapy strategies for CAC.
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17
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Wang X, Yao Y, Zhu X. The influence of aberrant expression of GLI1/p-S6K on colorectal cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:3198-3204. [PMID: 30143258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Recent studies have reported that PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway regulated the GLI1 expression level via SMO-independent pathway in a variety of tumor types. We detected the expression level of GLI1/p-S6K in CRC tissues. We found the expression of GLI1/p-S6K was apparently close with lymph node metastasis and TNM stage and patients with positive GLI1/p-S6K expression had shorter survival time and patients with both GLI1 and p-S6K positive expression had an even worse overall survival than those with single positive expression. Moreover, GLI1 and p-S6K expression was considered to be independent prognostic factors in CRC patient and the positive co-expression of GLI1/p-S6K had greater influence than single expression positive on the prognosis of postoperative patients with tumor size≥5 cm, well differentiation, positive lymph node metastasis, venous invasion, neural invasion and TNM III-IV. Meanwhile, the GLI1/p-S6K expression had impact on more clinicopathologic features in colon-side carcinoma than in rectum-side carcinoma and the mTOR/S6K/GLI1 axis played an important role in CRC especially in advanced stage. Hence, further studies are underway to explore the molecular mechanism between GLI1 and p-S6K in CRC, and in addition, it offers novel facilities for molecular targeting therapy for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
| | - Yizhou Yao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
| | - Xinguo Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
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18
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Autophagy in cancer: a complex relationship. Biochem J 2018; 475:1939-1954. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy is the process by which cells package and degrade cytosolic components, and recycle the breakdown products for future use. Since its initial description by Christian de Duve in the 1960s, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms that underlie this vital cellular process and its specificity. Furthermore, macroautophagy is linked to pathologic conditions such as cancer and is being studied as a therapeutic target. In this review, we will explore the connections between autophagy and cancer, which are tumor- and context-dependent and include the tumor microenvironment. We will highlight the importance of tumor compartment-specific autophagy in both cancer aggressiveness and treatment.
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19
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Yang X, Zhu J, Wu J, Huang N, Cui Z, Luo Y, Sun F, Pan Q, Li Y, Yang Q. (-)-Guaiol regulates autophagic cell death depending on mTOR signaling in NSCLC. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:706-714. [PMID: 29611762 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1451277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
(-)-Guaiol, a sesquiterpene alcohol with the guaiane skeleton, has been found in many Chinese medicinal plants and been reported to comprise various guaiane natural products that are well known for their antibacterial activities. Previously, we have shown its antitumor activity by inducing autophagy in NSCLC cells. However, its potential mechanism in inducing autophagy is still under our investigation. Here, data from our western blotting assays showed that, in NSCLC cells, (-)-Guaiol significantly blocked the mTORC2-AKT signaling by suppressing mTOR phosphorylation at serine 2481 (S2481) to induce autophagy, illustrated by the increasing ratio of LC3II/I. Besides, it impaired the mTORC1 signaling by inhibiting the activity of its downstream factors, such as 4E-BP1 and p70 S6K, all of which could obviously rescued by the mTOR activator MHY1485. Afterwards, results from biofunctional assays, including cell survival analysis, colony formation assays and flow cytometry assays, suggested that (-)-Guaiol triggered autophagic cell death by targeting both mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling pathways. In summary, our studies showed that (-)-Guaiol inhibited the proliferation of NSCLC cells by specifically targeting mTOR signaling pathways, including both mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling, providing a better therapeutic option for substituting rapamycin in treating NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Yang
- b Department of oncology , Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Jiabei Zhu
- c Department of laboratory medicine , Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Jianchun Wu
- b Department of oncology , Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Nan Huang
- a Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine , Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhongqi Cui
- a Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine , Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University , Shanghai , China
| | - Yingbin Luo
- b Department of oncology , Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Fenyong Sun
- a Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine , Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University , Shanghai , China
| | - Qiuhui Pan
- c Department of laboratory medicine , Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Yan Li
- b Department of oncology , Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Qingyuan Yang
- a Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine , Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University , Shanghai , China
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20
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Xiong Z, Zang Y, Zhong S, Zou L, Wu Y, Liu S, Fang Z, Shen Z, Ding Q, Chen S. The preclinical assessment of XL388, a mTOR kinase inhibitor, as a promising anti-renal cell carcinoma agent. Oncotarget 2018; 8:30151-30161. [PMID: 28404914 PMCID: PMC5444733 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
XL388 is a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase inhibitor. We demonstrated that XL388 inhibited survival and proliferation of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines (786-0 and A549) and primary human RCC cells. XL388 activated caspase-dependent apoptosis in the RCC cells. XL388 blocked mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2 activation, and depleted hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) and HIF-2α expression in RCC cells. Yet, XL388 was ineffective in RCC cells with mTOR shRNA knockdown or kinase-dead mutation. Notably, XL388 was more efficient than mTORC1 inhibitors (rapamycin, everolimus and temsirolimus) in killing RCC cells. Further studies showed that activation of MEK-ERK might be a key resistance factor of XL388. Pharmacological or shRNA-mediated inhibition of MEK-ERK pathway sensitized XL388-induced cytotoxicity in RCC cells. In vivo, oral administration of XL388 inhibited in nude mice 786-0 RCC tumor growth, and its anti-tumor activity was sensitized with co-administration of the MEK-ERK inhibitor MEK162. Together, these results suggest that concurrent inhibition of mTORC1/2 by XL388 may represent a fine strategy to inhibit RCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuquan Xiong
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Zang
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Zhong
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lujia Zou
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yishuo Wu
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenghua Liu
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zujun Fang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhoujun Shen
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanwen Chen
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Liu W, Mao L, Ji F, Chen F, Hao Y, Liu G. Targeted activation of AMPK by GSK621 ameliorates H2O2-induced damages in osteoblasts. Oncotarget 2018; 8:10543-10552. [PMID: 28060740 PMCID: PMC5354679 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
GSK621 is a novel AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator. This study tested its potential cytoprotective effect in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-treated osteoblasts. In cultured MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells and primary murine osteoblasts, GSK621 significantly attenuated H2O2-induced cell death and apoptosis. AMPK activation was required for GSK621-induced osteoblast cytoprotection. Inhibition of AMPK, by AMPKα1 T172A mutation or shRNA silence, almost completely blocked GSK621-induced osteoblast cytoprotection. Reversely, introduction of a constitutively-active AMPKα1 (T172D) alleviated H2O2 injuries in MC3T3-E1 cells. Further, GSK621 increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) content in osteoblasts to inhibit H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Meanwhile, GSK621 activated cytoprotective autophagy in the osteoblasts. On the other hand, pharmacological inhibition of autophagy alleviated GSK621-mediated osteoblast cytoprotection against H2O2. These results suggest that targeted activation of AMPK by GSK621 ameliorates H2O2-induced osteoblast cell injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Li Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Feng Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Fengli Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Yuedong Hao
- Department of Orthopedics, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
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22
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Hu X, Wang Z, Chen M, Chen X, Liang W. The anti-osteosarcoma cell activity by a mTORC1/2 dual inhibitor RES-529. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:499-505. [PMID: 29432734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
mTOR over-activation is important for human osteosarcoma (OS) tumorigenesis and progression. RES-529 is a mTORC1/2 dual inhibitor. Here, our results show that RES-529 inhibited viability, cell cycle progression and proliferation of the established (U2OS line) and primary human OS cells. RES-529 induced apoptosis activation in OS cells. It was yet non-cytotoxic to OB-6 osteoblastic cells and the primary human osteoblasts. RES-529 disrupted assembling of mTORC1 (mTOR-Raptor association) and mTORC2 (mTOR-Rictor-mLST8 association) in human OS cells, blocking mTORC1/2 activation. Significantly, RES-529 induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial depolarization in U2OS cells as well. RES-529-induced anti-OS cell activity was more potent than other known Akt-mTOR inhibitors. In vivo, RES-529 intraperitoneal injection significantly inhibited U2OS xenograft tumor growth in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. mTORC1/2 activation in RES-529-treated tumor tissues was largely inhibited. Collectively, the mTOR inhibitor RES-529 efficiently inhibits human OS cell growth in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujun Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Zirui Wang
- East Medical Area, Internal Medicine Ward, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi City, Shandong, China
| | - Meikai Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Xuerong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Wenqing Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, China.
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23
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Wang JY, Jin X, Zhang X, Li XF. CC-223 inhibits human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell growth. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:1191-1196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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24
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Zheng L, Li H, Mo Y, Qi G, Liu B, Zhao J. Autophagy inhibition sensitizes LY3023414-induced anti-glioma cell activity in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2017; 8:98964-98973. [PMID: 29228741 PMCID: PMC5716781 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling is a valuable treatment target for human glioma. LY3023414 is a novel, highly-potent and pan PI3K-AKT-mTOR inhibitor. Here, we show that LY3023414 efficiently inhibited survival and proliferation of primary and established human glioma cells. Meanwhile, apoptosis activation was observed in LY3023414-treated glioma cells. LY3023414 blocked AKT-mTOR activation in human glioma cells. Further studies show that LY3023414 induced feedback activation of autophagy in U251MG cells. On the other hand, autophagy inhibition via adding pharmacological inhibitors or silencing Beclin-1/ATG-5 significantly potentiated LY3023414-induced glioma cell apoptosis. In vivo studies demonstrated that U251MG xenograft tumor growth in mice was suppressed by oral administration of LY3023414. Remarkably, LY3023414's anti-tumor activity was further augmented against the Beclin-1-silenced U251MG tumors. Together, our results suggest that targeting PI3K-AKT-mTOR cascade by LY3023414 inhibits human glioma cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Autophagy inhibition could further sensitize LY3023414 against human glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zheng
- Neurology Department, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanyin Li
- Neurology Department, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqing Mo
- Neurology Department, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gong Qi
- Neurology Department, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Neurology Department, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Neurology Department, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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25
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Mokarram P, Albokashy M, Zarghooni M, Moosavi MA, Sepehri Z, Chen QM, Hudecki A, Sargazi A, Alizadeh J, Moghadam AR, Hashemi M, Movassagh H, Klonisch T, Owji AA, Łos MJ, Ghavami S. New frontiers in the treatment of colorectal cancer: Autophagy and the unfolded protein response as promising targets. Autophagy 2017; 13:781-819. [PMID: 28358273 PMCID: PMC5446063 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1290751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), despite numerous therapeutic and screening attempts, still remains a major life-threatening malignancy. CRC etiology entails both genetic and environmental factors. Macroautophagy/autophagy and the unfolded protein response (UPR) are fundamental mechanisms involved in the regulation of cellular responses to environmental and genetic stresses. Both pathways are interconnected and regulate cellular responses to apoptotic stimuli. In this review, we address the epidemiology and risk factors of CRC, including genetic mutations leading to the occurrence of the disease. Next, we discuss mutations of genes related to autophagy and the UPR in CRC. Then, we discuss how autophagy and the UPR are involved in the regulation of CRC and how they associate with obesity and inflammatory responses in CRC. Finally, we provide perspectives for the modulation of autophagy and the UPR as new therapeutic options for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooneh Mokarram
- a Colorectal Research Center and Department of Biochemistry , School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Mohammed Albokashy
- b Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science , Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada
| | - Maryam Zarghooni
- c Zabol University of Medical Sciences , Zabol , Iran.,d University of Toronto Alumni , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Mohammad Amin Moosavi
- e Department of Molecular Medicine , Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Tehran , Iran
| | - Zahra Sepehri
- c Zabol University of Medical Sciences , Zabol , Iran
| | - Qi Min Chen
- b Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science , Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada
| | | | | | - Javad Alizadeh
- b Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science , Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada
| | - Adel Rezaei Moghadam
- b Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science , Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- g Department of Clinical Biochemistry , School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences , Zahedan , Iran
| | - Hesam Movassagh
- h Department of Immunology , Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- b Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science , Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada
| | - Ali Akbar Owji
- i Department of Clinical Biochemistry , School of Medicine, Shiraz Medical University , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Marek J Łos
- j Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology , Jagiellonian University , Krakow , Poland ; LinkoCare Life Sciences AB , Sweden
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- b Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science , Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , MB , Canada.,k Health Policy Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
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Xie J, Li Q, Ding X, Gao Y. GSK1059615 kills head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells possibly via activating mitochondrial programmed necrosis pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:50814-50823. [PMID: 28881606 PMCID: PMC5584207 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the anti-head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell activity by GSK1059615, a novel PI3K and mTOR dual inhibitor. GSK1059615 inhibited survival and proliferation of established (SCC-9, SQ20B and A253 lines) and primary human HNSCC cells. GSK1059615 blocked PI3K-AKT-mTOR activation in HNSCC cells. Intriguingly, GSK1059615 treatment in HNSCC cells failed to provoke apoptosis, but induced programmed necrosis. The latter was tested by mitochondria depolarization, ANT-1-cyclophilin-D mitochondrial association and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Reversely, mPTP blockers (sanglifehrin A, cyclosporin A and bongkrekic acid) or cyclophilin-D shRNA dramatically alleviated GSK1059615-induced SCC-9 cell death. Further studies demonstrated that GSK1059615 i.p. injection suppressed SCC-9 tumor growth in nude mice, which was compromised with co-administration with cyclosporin A. Thus, targeting PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway by GSK1059615 possibly provokes programmed necrosis pathway to kill HNSCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Quan Li
- Center of Stomatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xi Ding
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yunyun Gao
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Li Y, Cui JT. Inhibition of Bcl-2 potentiates AZD-2014-induced anti-head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:607-613. [PMID: 27343560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a therapeutic target for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Here, we evaluated the activity of AZD-2014, a potent mTOR complex 1/2 (mTORC1/2) dual inhibitor, against HNSCC cells. We showed that AZD-2014 blocked mTORC1/2 activation in established and primary human HNSCC cells, where it was anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic. Yet, AZD-2014 was non-cytotoxic to the human oral epithelial cells with low basal mTORC1/2 activation. In an effect to identify possible AZD-2014 resistance factors, we showed that the anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2 was upregulated in AZD-2014-resistant SQ20B HNSCC cells. Inhibition of Bcl-2 by ABT-737 (a known Bcl-2 inhibitor) or Bcl-2 shRNA dramatically potentiated AZD-2014 lethality against HNSCC cells. On the other hand, exogenous overexpression of Bcl-2 largely attenuated AZD-2014's activity against HNSCC cells. For the in vivo studies, we showed that oral gavage of AZD-2014 suppressed SQ20B xenograft growth in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. It also significantly improved mice survival. Importantly, AZD-2014's anti-HNSCC activity in vivo was potentiated with co-administration of ABT-737. The preclinical results of this study suggest that AZD-2014 could be further tested as a valuable anti-HNSCC agent, either alone or in combination with Bcl-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiang-Tao Cui
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Peng X, Zhang D, Li Z, Fu M, Liu H. mTOR inhibition sensitizes human hepatocellular carcinoma cells to resminostat. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:556-562. [PMID: 27311860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) hyper-activity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is often associated with patients' poor prognosis. Our previous study has shown that resminostat, a novel HDAC inhibitor (HDACi), activated mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP)-dependent apoptosis pathway in HCC cells. Here we explored the potential resminostat resistance factor by focusing on mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). We showed that AZD-2014, a novel mTOR kinase inhibitor, potentiated resminostat-induced cytotoxicity and proliferation inhibition in HCC cells. Molecularly, AZD-2014 enhanced resminostat-induced mPTP apoptosis pathway activation in HCC cells. Inhibition of this apoptosis pathway, by the caspase-9 specific inhibitor Ac-LEHD-CHO, the mPTP blockers (sanglifehrin A/cyclosporine A), or by shRNA-mediated knockdown of mPTP component cyclophilin-D (Cyp-D), significantly attenuated resminostat plus AZD-2014-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in HCC cells. Significantly, mTOR shRNA knockdown or kinase-dead mutation (Asp-2338-Ala) also sensitized HCC cells to resminostat, causing profound cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction. Together, these results suggest that mTOR could be a primary resistance factor of resminostat. Targeted inhibition of mTOR may thus significantly sensitize HCC cells to resminostat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Peng
- Department of Emergency General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Donghui Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China.
| | - Zhengling Li
- Department of Nursing, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, China.
| | - Meili Fu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China.
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Nursing, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China.
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Huo H, Zhou Z, Qin J, Liu W, Wang B, Gu Y. Erastin Disrupts Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore (mPTP) and Induces Apoptotic Death of Colorectal Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154605. [PMID: 27171435 PMCID: PMC4865238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We here evaluated the potential anti-colorectal cancer activity by erastin, a voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC)-binding compound. Our in vitro studies showed that erastin exerted potent cytotoxic effects against multiple human colorectal cancer cell lines, possibly via inducing oxidative stress and caspase-9 dependent cell apoptosis. Further, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening was observed in erastin-treated cancer cells, which was evidenced by VDAC-1 and cyclophilin-D (Cyp-D) association, mitochondrial depolarization, and cytochrome C release. Caspase inhibitors, the ROS scavenger MnTBAP, and mPTP blockers (sanglifehrin A, cyclosporin A and bongkrekic acid), as well as shRNA-mediated knockdown of VDAC-1, all significantly attenuated erastin-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. On the other hand, over-expression of VDAC-1 augmented erastin-induced ROS production, mPTP opening, and colorectal cancer cell apoptosis. In vivo studies showed that intraperitoneal injection of erastin at well-tolerated doses dramatically inhibited HT-29 xenograft growth in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Together, these results demonstrate that erastin is cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic to colorectal cancer cells. Erastin may be further investigated as a novel anti-colorectal cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhong Huo
- Department of General Surgery, The Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of General Surgery, The Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyong Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of General Surgery, The Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Waldner M, Fantus D, Solari M, Thomson AW. New perspectives on mTOR inhibitors (rapamycin, rapalogs and TORKinibs) in transplantation. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 82:1158-1170. [PMID: 26810941 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The macrolide rapamycin and its analogues (rapalogs) constitute the first generation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors. Since the introduction of rapamycin as an immunosuppressant, there has been extensive progress in understanding its complex mechanisms of action. New insights into the function of mTOR in different immune cell types, vascular endothelial cells and neoplastic cells have opened new opportunities and challenges regarding mTOR as a pharmacological target. Currently, the two known mTOR complexes, mTOR complex (mTORC) 1 and mTORC2, are the subject of intense investigation, and the introduction of second-generation dual mTORC kinase inhibitors (TORKinibs) and gene knockout mice is helping to uncover the distinct roles of these complexes in different cell types. While the pharmacological profiling of rapalogs is advanced, much less is known about the properties of TORKinibs. A potential benefit of mTOR inhibition in transplantation is improved protection against transplant-associated viral infections compared with standard calcineurin inhibitor-based immunosuppression. Preclinical and clinical data also underscore the potentially favourable antitumour effects of mTOR inhibitors in regard to transplant-associated malignancies and as a novel treatment option for various other cancers. Many aspects of the mechanisms of action of mTOR inhibitors and their clinical implications remain unknown. In this brief review we discuss new findings and perspectives of mTOR inhibitors in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Waldner
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Fantus
- Starzl Transplantation Institute and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mario Solari
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Angus W Thomson
- Starzl Transplantation Institute and Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Xu L, Zhang Y, Gao M, Wang G, Fu Y. Concurrent targeting Akt and sphingosine kinase 1 by A-674563 in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 472:662-8. [PMID: 26920060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Akt signaling plays a pivotal role in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) development and progression. In the present study, we evaluated the potential anti-AML activity by a novel Akt kinase inhibitor A-674563. Our results showed that A-674563 dose-dependently inhibited survival and proliferation of U937 AML cells and six lines of human AML progenitor cells, yet sparing human peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBMCs). A-674563 activated caspase-3/9 and apoptosis in the AML cells. Reversely, the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-CHO dramatically alleviated A-674563-induced AML cell apoptosis and cytotoxicity. For the molecular study, we showed that A-674563 blocked Akt activation in U937 cells and human AML progenitor cells. Further, A-674563 decreased sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) activity in above AML cells to deplete pro-survival sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and boost pro-apoptotic ceramide production. Such an effect on SphK1 signaling by A-674563 appeared independent of Akt blockage. Significantly, K6PC-5, a novel SphK1 activator, or supplement with S1P attenuated A-674563-induced ceramide production, and subsequent U937 cell death and apoptosis. Importantly, intraperitoneal injection of A-674563 at well-tolerated doses suppressed U937 leukemic xenograft tumor growth in nude mice, whiling significantly improving the animal survival. The results of the current study demonstrate that A-674563 exerts potent anti-leukemic activity in vitro and in vivo, possibly via concurrent targeting Akt and SphK1 signalings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Shaoyang Central Hospital, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Meng Gao
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Guangping Wang
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Yunfeng Fu
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
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Zhang Y, Pan Y, Bian Z, Chen P, Zhu S, Gu H, Guo L, Hu C. Ceramide Production Mediates Aldosterone-Induced Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC) Damages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146944. [PMID: 26788916 PMCID: PMC4720365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we studied the underlying mechanism of aldosterone (Aldo)-induced vascular endothelial cell damages by focusing on ceramide. We confirmed that Aldo (at nmol/L) inhibited human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) survival, and induced considerable cell apoptosis. We propose that ceramide (mainly C18) production might be responsible for Aldo-mediated damages in HUVECs. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), an anti-ceramide lipid, attenuated Aldo-induced ceramide production and following HUVEC damages. On the other hand, the glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) inhibitor PDMP or the ceramide (C6) potentiated Aldo-induced HUVEC apoptosis. Eplerenone, a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist, almost completely blocked Aldo-induced C18 ceramide production and HUVEC damages. Molecularly, ceramide synthase 1 (CerS-1) is required for C18 ceramide production by Aldo. Knockdown of CerS-1 by targeted-shRNA inhibited Aldo-induced C18 ceramide production, and protected HUVECs from Aldo. Reversely, CerS-1 overexpression facilitated Aldo-induced C18 ceramide production, and potentiated HUVEC damages. Together, these results suggest that C18 ceramide production mediates Aldo-mediated HUVEC damages. MR and CerS-1 could be the two signaling molecule regulating C18 ceramide production by Aldo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Yu Pan
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Zhixiang Bian
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Peihua Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Shijian Zhu
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Huiyi Gu
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Liping Guo
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Chun Hu
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
- * E-mail:
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Preclinical evaluation of WYE-687, a mTOR kinase inhibitor, as a potential anti-acute myeloid leukemia agent. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 470:324-330. [PMID: 26792718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) as a potential drug target for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we investigated the potential anti-leukemic activity by WYE-687, a potent mTOR kinase inhibitor. We demonstrated that WYE-687 potently inhibited survival and proliferation of established (HL-60, U937, AML-193 and THP-1 lines) and human AML progenitor cells. Yet, same WYE-687 treatment was non-cytotoxic to the primary peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBMCs) isolated from healthy donors. WYE-687 induced caspase-dependent apoptotic death in above AML cells/progenitor cells. On the other hand, the pan-caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK), the caspase-3 specific inhibitor (Z-DEVD-FMK) or the caspase-9 specific inhibitor (z-LEHD-fmk) attenuated WYE-687-induced cytotoxicity. At the molecular level, WYE-687 concurrently inhibited activation of mTORC1 (p70S6K1 and S6 phosphorylations) and mTORC2 (AKT Ser-473 and FoxO1/3a phosphorylations), whiling downregulating mTORC1/2-regulated genes (Bcl-xL and hypoxia-inducible factor 1/2α) in both HL-60/U937 cells and human AML progenitor cells. In vivo, oral administration of WYE-687 potently inhibited U937 leukemic xenograft tumor growth in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, without causing significant toxicities. In summary, our results demonstrate that targeting mTORC1/2 by WYE-687 leads to potent antitumor activity in preclinical models of AML.
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Ma X, Lv X, Qiu N, Yang B, He Q, Hu Y. Discovery of novel quinoline-based mTOR inhibitors via introducing intra-molecular hydrogen bonding scaffold (iMHBS): The design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:7585-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chen B, Tan Z, Gao J, Wu W, Liu L, Jin W, Cao Y, Zhao S, Zhang W, Qiu Z, Liu D, Mo X, Li W. Hyperphosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 predicts unfavorable clinical survival in non-small cell lung cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2015; 34:126. [PMID: 26490682 PMCID: PMC4618148 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6), a component of the 40S ribosomal subunit, is involved in multiple cellular bioactivities. However, its clinicopathological significance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is poorly understood. Methods Expressions of total rpS6 (t-rpS6) and phosphorylated rpS6 (Ser235/236, p-rpS6) were detected immunohistochemically in 316 NSCLC tissues and 82 adjacent controls, followed by statistical evaluation of the relationship between proteins expressions and patients’ survivals to identify their prognostic values. Cytological experiments with overexpressing or silencing rpS6 by lentivirus in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) and NSCLC cell lines were performed to explore potential mechanisms by which rpS6 affects the clinical development of NSCLC. Additionally, specific RNA interference for Akt1, Akt2, Akt3, Akt inhibitor and subsequent cellular bioactivity tests were employed as well to investigate the upstream regulation of rpS6. Results Positive rates of t-rpS6 and p-rpS6 were both significantly increased in NSCLC tissues, compared with controls (82.91 vs 62.20 % for t-rpS6; 52.22 vs 21.95 % for p-rpS6; both P < 0.001). However, only hyperphosphorylation of rpS6, expressed as either elevated p-rpS6 alone or the ratio of p-rpS6 to t-rpS6 (p-rpS6/t-rpS6) no less than 0.67, was greatly associated with the unfavorable survival of NSCLC patients, especially for cases at stage I (all P < 0.001). The independent adverse prognostic value of hyperphosphorylated rpS6 was confirmed by multivariate Cox regression analysis (hazard ratios for elevated p-rpS6 alone and p-rpS6/t-rpS6 no less than 0.67 were 2.403, 4.311 respectively, both P < 0.001). Overexpression or knockdown of rpS6, along with parallel alterations of p-rpS6, led to increased or decreased cells proliferations respectively, which were dependent on redistributions of cell cycles (all P < 0.05). Cells migration and invasion also changed with rpS6 interference (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, upstream overexpression or knockdown of Akt2 or Akt2 phosphorylation inhibition, rather than Akt1 or Akt3, resulted in striking hyperphosphorylation or dephosphorylation of mTOR, p70S6K and rpS6 (all P < 0.05), without any change in total proteins expressions. Further tests showed markedly accompanied variation of cells proliferation, cell cycle distribution and invasion (all P < 0.05). Conclusion Hyperphosphorylation of rpS6, probably regulated by the Akt2/mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway, is closely relevant to the progression of NSCLC and it might be served as a promising therapeutic target for NSCLC treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-015-0239-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojiang Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Street, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zhi Tan
- Inspectiong and Quarantine Technical Center of Sichuan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Toxicological Inspection, Sichuan Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Outpatient, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lida Liu
- Department of Toxicological Inspection, Sichuan Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Department of Toxicological Inspection, Sichuan Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu, China
| | - Yidan Cao
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Street, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Street, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhixin Qiu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Street, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Street, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xianming Mo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Street, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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Zhang D, Xia H, Zhang W, Fang B. The anti-ovarian cancer activity by WYE-132, a mTORC1/2 dual inhibitor. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:1327-36. [PMID: 26293898 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3922-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most common and lethal gynecological cancer in USA and around the world, causing major mortality annually. In the current study, we investigated the potential anti-ovarian cancer activity of WYE-132, a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1/2 (mTORC1/2) dual inhibitor. Our results showed that WYE-132 potently inhibited proliferation of primary and established human ovarian cancer cells. Meanwhile, WYE-132 induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. At the molecular level, WYE-132 blocked mTORC1/2 activation and inhibited expression of mTOR-regulated genes (cyclin D1 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α). Interestingly, introducing a constitutively active AKT (caAKT), which restored mTORC1/2 activation in WYE-132-treated ovarian cancer cells, only mitigated (but not abolished) WYE-132-mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis. Further studies showed that WYE-132 inhibited sphingosine kinase-1 (SphK1) activity, leading to pro-apoptotic ceramide production in ovarian cancer cells. Meanwhile, WYE-132-induced cytotoxicity against ovarian cancer cells was inhibited by sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) but was aggravated by SphK1 inhibitor SKI-II or C6 ceramide. In vivo, WYE-132 inhibited ovarian cancer cell growth, and its activity was further enhanced when co-administrated with paclitaxel (Taxol). These results demonstrate that WYE-132 inhibits ovarian cancer cell proliferation through mTOR-dependent and mTOR-independent mechanisms and indicate a potential value of WYE-132 in ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.,Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hexia Xia
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Fang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Zheng B, Mao JH, Qian L, Zhu H, Gu DH, Pan XD, Yi F, Ji DM. Pre-clinical evaluation of AZD-2014, a novel mTORC1/2 dual inhibitor, against renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2014; 357:468-75. [PMID: 25444920 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Here we found that dual mTORC1/2 inhibitor AZD-2014 significantly inhibited RCC cell survival and growth, with higher efficiency than conventional mTORC1 inhibitors rapamycin and RAD001. RCC cell apoptosis was also induced by AZD-2014. AZD-2014 disrupted mTORC1/2 assembly and activation, while downregulating HIF-1α/2α and cyclin D1 expressions in RCC cells. Meanwhile, AZD-2014 activated autophagy, detected by p62 degradation, Beclin-1/ATG-5 upregulation and light LC3B-I/-II conversion. Autophagy inhibition by pharmacologic or siRNA-based means increased AZD-2014 activity in vitro, causing substantial RCC cell apoptosis. In vivo, AZD-2014 was more efficient than RAD001 in inhibiting 786-0 xenografts and downregulating HIF-1α/2α or p-AKT (Ser-473). Finally, AZD-2014's activity in vivo was further enhanced by co-administration of the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyaldenine. We provide evidence for clinical trials of using AZD-2014 in RCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zheng
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China.
| | - Jia-Hui Mao
- Department of pathophysiology, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nantong, China
| | - Lin Qian
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Dong-hua Gu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Xiao-dong Pan
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Fang Yi
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Kidney and Dialysis, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dong-mei Ji
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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C6 ceramide sensitizes pemetrexed-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity in osteosarcoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:72-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Rosborough BR, Raïch-Regué D, Liu Q, Venkataramanan R, Turnquist HR, Thomson AW. Adenosine triphosphate-competitive mTOR inhibitors: a new class of immunosuppressive agents that inhibit allograft rejection. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:2173-80. [PMID: 25307040 PMCID: PMC4196715 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is inhibited clinically to suppress T cell function and prevent allograft rejection. mTOR is the kinase subunit of two mTOR-containing complexes, mTOR complex (mTORC) 1 and 2. Although mTORC1 is inhibited by the macrolide immunosuppressant rapamycin (RAPA), its efficacy may be limited by its inability to block mTORC1 completely and its limited effect on mTORC2. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-competitive mTOR inhibitors are an emerging class of mTOR inhibitors that compete with ATP at the mTOR active site and inhibit any mTOR-containing complex. Since this class of compounds has not been investigated for their immunosuppressive potential, our goal was to determine the influence of a prototypic ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor on allograft survival. AZD8055 proved to be a potent suppressor of T cell proliferation. Moreover, a short, 10-day course of the agent successfully prolonged murine MHC-mismatched, vascularized heart transplant survival. This therapeutic effect was associated with increased graft-infiltrating regulatory T cells and reduced CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell interferon-γ production. These studies establish for the first time, that ATP-competitive mTOR inhibition can prolong organ allograft survival and warrant further investigation of this next generation mTOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. R. Rosborough
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - D. Raïch-Regué
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Q. Liu
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - R. Venkataramanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - H. R. Turnquist
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - A. W. Thomson
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA,Corresponding Author: Angus W. Thomson,
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Lai K, Killingsworth MC, Lee CS. The significance of autophagy in colorectal cancer pathogenesis and implications for therapy. J Clin Pathol 2014; 67:854-8. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Li C, Wang Q, Wang JF. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) induces the expression of chondrogenesis-related genes through TGF-β receptor II (TGFRII)-AKT-mTOR signaling in primary cultured mouse precartilaginous stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:646-51. [PMID: 24946212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Precartilaginous stem cells (PSCs) are adult stem cells which could initiate chondrocytes and bone growth. In the current study, we purified PSCs from the neonate mice' perichondrial mesenchyme through immunomagnetic beads with the fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 (FGFR-3) antibody. Mouse PSCs were seeded and cultured, and their phenotype was confirmed by FGFR-3 over-expression. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) was added to induce PSCs differentiation. TGF-β increased mRNA expression of chondrogenesis-related genes (collagen type II, Sox 9, and aggrecan) in the cultured PSCs, which was abolished by TGF-β receptor II (TGFRII) lentiviral shRNA depletion. TGF-β induced AKT activation in mouse PSCs, while the PI3K/AKT inhibitor (LY294002) and the AKT specific inhibitors (perifosine and MK-2206) largely suppressed TGF-β-induced collagen II, Sox 9, and aggrecan mRNA expression. Meanwhile, the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) blocker RAD001 or the mTORC1/2 dual inhibitor AZD-2014 also alleviated TGF-β-induced chondrogenesis-associated genes expression. Further, lentiviral shRNA depletion of SIN1 (a mTORC2 component) or mTOR inhibited TGF-β's effect in the mouse PSCs. In conclusion, our evidence suggests that TGF-β induces the expression of chondrogenesis-related genes through TGFRII-AKT-mTOR signaling in cultured mouse PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi First People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi City, Jiangsu 214023, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi First People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi City, Jiangsu 214023, China.
| | - Jun-Fang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi First People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi City, Jiangsu 214023, China.
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Houédé N, Pourquier P. Targeting the genetic alterations of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway: its potential use in the treatment of bladder cancers. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 145:1-18. [PMID: 24929024 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is the most frequent tumor of the urinary tract and represents the fifth cause of death by cancer worldwide. The current first line chemotherapy is a combination of cisplatin and gemcitabine with median survival not exceeding 15months. Vinflunine is the only drug approved by EMEA as second-line treatment and few progresses have been made for the past 20years to increase the survival of metastatic patients, especially those who are not eligible for cisplatin-based regimen. The recent studies characterizing the genetic background of urothelial cancers of the bladder, revealed chromosomal alterations that are not seen at the same level in other types of cancers. This is especially the case for mutations of genes involved in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway that occupies a major place in the etiology of these tumors. Here, we describe the mutations leading to constitutive activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and discuss the potential use of the different classes of PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors in the treatment of urothelial bladder cancers. Despite the recent pivotal study evidencing specific mutations of TSC1 in bladder cancer patients responding to everolimus and the encouraging results obtained with other derivatives than rapalogs, few clinical trials are ongoing in bladder cancers. Because of the genetic complexity of these tumors, the cross-talks of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway with other pathways, and the small number of eligible patients, it will be of utmost importance to carefully choose the drugs or drug combinations to be further tested in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Houédé
- Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes, France; INSERM U896, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier & Université de Montpellier 1, France.
| | - Philippe Pourquier
- Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes, France; INSERM U896, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier & Université de Montpellier 1, France
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