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Mays SG, Hercules D, Ortlund EA, Okafor CD. The nuclear receptor LRH-1 discriminates between ligands using distinct allosteric signaling circuits. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4754. [PMID: 37572334 PMCID: PMC10510465 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are transcription factors that regulate essential biological processes in response to cognate ligands. An important part of NR function involves ligand-induced conformational changes that recruit coregulator proteins to the activation function surface (AFS), ~15 Å away from the ligand-binding pocket. Ligands must communicate with the AFS to recruit appropriate coregulators and elicit different transcriptional outcomes, but this communication is poorly understood. These studies illuminate allosteric communication networks underlying activation of liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1), a NR that regulates development, metabolism, cancer progression, and intestinal inflammation. Using >100 μs of all-atom molecular dynamics simulations involving 74 LRH-1 complexes, we identify distinct signaling circuits used by active and inactive ligands for AFS communication. Inactive ligands communicate via strong, coordinated motions along paths through the receptor to the AFS. Activating ligands disrupt the "inactive" circuit and induce connectivity with a second allosteric site. Ligand-contacting residues in helix 7 help mediate the switch between circuits, suggesting new avenues for developing LRH-1-targeted therapeutics. We also elucidate aspects of coregulator signaling, showing that localized, destabilizing fluctuations are induced by inappropriate ligand-coregulator pairings. These studies have uncovered novel features of LRH-1 allostery, and the quantitative approach used to analyze many simulations provides a framework to study allosteric signaling in other receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne G. Mays
- Department of BiochemistryEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Department of Genome BiologyCentre for Genomic RegulationBarcelonaSpain
| | - David Hercules
- Department of BiochemistryEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | | | - C. Denise Okafor
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryPennsylvania State UniversityState CollegePennsylvaniaUSA
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2
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Shen J, Luo Y, Wang J, Hu J, Liu X, Li S, Hao Z, Li M, Zhao Z, Zhang Y, Yang S, Wang L, Gu Y. Integrated transcriptome analysis reveals roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in caprine skeletal muscle mass and meat quality. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:63. [PMID: 36810929 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-00987-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in the growth and development of skeletal muscle. However, there is limited information on goats. In this study, expression profiles of lncRNAs in Longissimus dorsi muscle from Liaoning cashmere (LC) goats and Ziwuling black (ZB) goats with divergent meat yield and meat quality were compared using RNA-sequencing. Based on our previous microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA profiles obtained from the same tissues, the target genes and binding miRNAs of differentially expressed lncRNAs were obtained. Subsequently, lncRNA-mRNA interaction networks and a ceRNA network of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA were constructed. A total of 136 differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified between the two breeds. Fifteen cis target genes and 143 trans target genes were found for differentially expressed lncRNAs, and they were enriched in muscle contraction, muscle system process, muscle cell differentiation, and p53 signaling pathway. A total of 69 lncRNA-trans target gene pairs were constructed, with close relationship with muscle development, intramuscular fat deposition, and meat tenderness. A total of 16 lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA pairs were identified, of which some reportedly associated with skeletal muscle development and fat deposition were found. The study will provide an improved understanding of the roles of lncRNAs in caprine meat yield and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Shen
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yuzhu Luo
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Jiqing Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Jiang Hu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiu Liu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Shaobin Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Zhiyun Hao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Mingna Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Zhidong Zhao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Shutong Yang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Longbin Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yuanhua Gu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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Mays SG, Hercules D, Ortlund EA, Okafor CD. The nuclear receptor LRH-1 discriminates between ligands using distinct allosteric signaling circuits. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.27.525934. [PMID: 36747705 PMCID: PMC9900875 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.27.525934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are transcription factors that regulate essential biological processes in response to cognate ligands. An important part of NR function involves ligand-induced conformational changes that recruit coregulator proteins to the activation function surface (AFS), ~15 Å away from the ligand binding pocket. Ligands must communicate with the AFS to recruit appropriate coregulators and elicit different transcriptional outcomes, but this communication is poorly understood. These studies illuminate allosteric communication networks underlying activation of liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1), a NR that regulates development, metabolism, cancer progression and intestinal inflammation. Using >100 microseconds of all-atom molecular dynamics simulations involving 69 LRH-1 complexes, we identify distinct signaling circuits used by active and inactive ligands for AFS communication. Inactive ligands communicate via strong, coordinated motions along paths through the receptor to the AFS. Activating ligands disrupt the "inactive" circuit by inducing connectivity elsewhere. Ligand-contacting residues in helix 7 help mediate the switch between circuits, suggesting new avenues for developing LRH-1-targeted therapeutics. We also elucidate aspects of coregulator signaling, showing that localized, destabilizing fluctuations are induced by inappropriate ligand-coregulator pairings. These studies have uncovered novel features of LRH-1 allostery, and the quantitative approach used to analyze many simulations provides a framework to study allosteric signaling in other receptors.
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4
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Ryan AS, Li G. Adipose and Skeletal Muscle Expression of Adiponectin and Liver Receptor Homolog-1 With Weight Loss and Aerobic Exercise. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac095. [PMID: 35854979 PMCID: PMC9281870 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Adiponectin is an adipokine mainly secreted by adipocytes that regulates the metabolism of lipids and glucose. Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1), also named NR5A2, is a nuclear receptor that regulates lipid metabolism and homeostasis. Objective The purpose of this study was to compare adiponectin and LRH-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in adipose tissue and LRH-1 expression in skeletal muscle between men and women at baseline and to study the effects of aerobic exercise (AEX) training or weight loss (WL) on their expression. Methods This hospital and university setting study included 62 overweight and obese men (n = 23) and women (n = 39) older than 45 years, of whom 41 completed 6 months of WL (n = 21) or AEX (n = 20). Outcomes included abdominal and gluteal adipose tissue and skeletal muscle gene expression. Results Adiponectin and LRH-1 mRNA expression in adipose tissue and LRH-1 mRNA expression in skeletal muscle is higher in women than in men (P < .05). Adiponectin mRNA expression in gluteal and abdominal adipose tissue did not change significantly after AEX or WL. LRH-1 mRNA expression increased both in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle after AEX (P < .05) and the change in muscle LRH-1 was different between the groups (P < .05). Adiponectin was positively correlated to LRH-1 in adipose tissue (P < .001). The change in maximal oxygen consumption related to the change in LRH-1 mRNA (r = 0.43; P = .01). Conclusion LRH-1, as a nuclear reporter, may activate adiponectin mRNA expression in adipose tissue and increases after AEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice S Ryan
- VA Research Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Guoyan Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Börsch A, Ham DJ, Mittal N, Tintignac LA, Migliavacca E, Feige JN, Rüegg MA, Zavolan M. Molecular and phenotypic analysis of rodent models reveals conserved and species-specific modulators of human sarcopenia. Commun Biol 2021; 4:194. [PMID: 33580198 PMCID: PMC7881157 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, affects 5-13% of individuals aged over 60 years. While rodents are widely-used model organisms, which aspects of sarcopenia are recapitulated in different animal models is unknown. Here we generated a time series of phenotypic measurements and RNA sequencing data in mouse gastrocnemius muscle and analyzed them alongside analogous data from rats and humans. We found that rodents recapitulate mitochondrial changes observed in human sarcopenia, while inflammatory responses are conserved at pathway but not gene level. Perturbations in the extracellular matrix are shared by rats, while mice recapitulate changes in RNA processing and autophagy. We inferred transcription regulators of early and late transcriptome changes, which could be targeted therapeutically. Our study demonstrates that phenotypic measurements, such as muscle mass, are better indicators of muscle health than chronological age and should be considered when analyzing aging-related molecular data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Börsch
- Biozentrum, University of Basel and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J Ham
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nitish Mittal
- Biozentrum, University of Basel and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lionel A Tintignac
- Department of Biomedicine, Pharmazentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jérôme N Feige
- Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Mihaela Zavolan
- Biozentrum, University of Basel and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland.
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6
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Mays SG, Stec J, Liu X, D'Agostino EH, Whitby RJ, Ortlund EA. Enantiomer-specific activities of an LRH-1 and SF-1 dual agonist. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22279. [PMID: 33335203 PMCID: PMC7747700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chirality is an important consideration in drug development: it can influence recognition of the intended target, pharmacokinetics, and off-target effects. Here, we investigate how chirality affects the activity and mechanism of action of RJW100, a racemic agonist of the nuclear receptors liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) and steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1). LRH-1 and SF-1 modulators are highly sought as treatments for metabolic and neoplastic diseases, and RJW100 has one of the few scaffolds shown to activate them. However, enantiomer-specific effects on receptor activation are poorly understood. We show that the enantiomers have similar binding affinities, but RR-RJW100 stabilizes both receptors and is 46% more active than SS-RJW100 in LRH-1 luciferase reporter assays. We present an LRH-1 crystal structure that illuminates striking mechanistic differences: SS-RJW100 adopts multiple configurations in the pocket and fails to make an interaction critical for activation by RR-RJW100. In molecular dynamics simulations, SS-RJW100 attenuates intramolecular signalling important for coregulator recruitment, consistent with previous observations that it weakly recruits coregulators in vitro. These studies provide a rationale for pursuing enantiomerically pure RJW100 derivatives: they establish RR-RJW100 as the stronger LRH-1 agonist and identify a potential for optimizing the SS-RJW100 scaffold for antagonist design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne G Mays
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Carrer Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Józef Stec
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, SO17, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Marshall B. Ketchum University, 2575 Yorba Linda Blvd, Fullerton, CA, 82831, USA
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Emma H D'Agostino
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Richard J Whitby
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, SO17, United Kingdom
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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7
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Michalek S, Brunner T. Nuclear-mitochondrial crosstalk: On the role of the nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog-1 (NR5A2) in the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism, cell survival, and cancer. IUBMB Life 2020; 73:592-610. [PMID: 32931651 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1, NR5A2) is an orphan nuclear receptor with widespread activities in the regulation of development, stemness, metabolism, steroidogenesis, and proliferation. Many of the LRH-1-regulated processes target the mitochondria and associated activities. While under physiological conditions, a balanced LRH-1 expression and regulation contribute to the maintenance of a physiological equilibrium, deregulation of LRH-1 has been associated with inflammation and cancer. In this review, we discuss the role and mechanism(s) of how LRH-1 regulates metabolic processes, cell survival, and cancer in a nuclear-mitochondrial crosstalk, and evaluate its potential as a pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Michalek
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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8
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Mays SG, Flynn AR, Cornelison JL, Okafor CD, Wang H, Wang G, Huang X, Donaldson HN, Millings EJ, Polavarapu R, Moore DD, Calvert JW, Jui NT, Ortlund EA. Development of the First Low Nanomolar Liver Receptor Homolog-1 Agonist through Structure-guided Design. J Med Chem 2019; 62:11022-11034. [PMID: 31419141 PMCID: PMC10026690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As a key regulator of metabolism and inflammation, the orphan nuclear hormone receptor, liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1), has potential as a therapeutic target for diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Discovery of LRH-1 modulators has been difficult, in part due to the tendency for synthetic compounds to bind unpredictably within the lipophilic binding pocket. Using a structure-guided approach, we exploited a newly discovered polar interaction to lock agonists in a consistent orientation. This enabled the discovery of the first low nanomolar LRH-1 agonist, one hundred times more potent than the best previous modulator. We elucidate a novel mechanism of action that relies upon specific polar interactions deep in the LRH-1 binding pocket. In an organoid model of IBD, the new agonist increases expression of LRH-1-controlled steroidogenic genes and promotes anti-inflammatory gene expression changes. These studies constitute major progress in developing LRH-1 modulators with potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne G. Mays
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Autumn R. Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | | | - C. Denise Okafor
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Guohui Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xiangsheng Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Heather N. Donaldson
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Millings
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
- Department of Surgery, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Rohini Polavarapu
- Department of Surgery, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - David D. Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - John W. Calvert
- Department of Surgery, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Nathan T. Jui
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Eric A. Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
- Corresponding Author Eric A. Ortlund, 1525 Clifton Rd. G235, Atlanta, GA 30322,
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9
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Rojo C, Zhang Q, Keleş S. iFunMed: Integrative functional mediation analysis of GWAS and eQTL studies. Genet Epidemiol 2019; 43:742-760. [PMID: 31328826 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified thousands of genetic variants contributing to disease and other phenotypes. However, significant obstacles hamper our ability to elucidate causal variants, identify genes affected by causal variants, and characterize the mechanisms by which genotypes influence phenotypes. The increasing availability of genome-wide functional annotation data is providing unique opportunities to incorporate prior information into the analysis of GWAS to better understand the impact of variants on disease etiology. Although there have been many advances in incorporating prior information into prioritization of trait-associated variants in GWAS, functional annotation data have played a secondary role in the joint analysis of GWAS and molecular (i.e., expression) quantitative trait loci (eQTL) data in assessing evidence for association. To address this, we develop a novel mediation framework, iFunMed, to integrate GWAS and eQTL data with the utilization of publicly available functional annotation data. iFunMed extends the scope of standard mediation analysis by incorporating information from multiple genetic variants at a time and leveraging variant-level summary statistics. Data-driven computational experiments convey how informative annotations improve single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) selection performance while emphasizing robustness of iFunMed to noninformative annotations. Application to Framingham Heart Study data indicates that iFunMed is able to boost detection of SNPs with mediation effects that can be attributed to regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Rojo
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Sündüz Keleş
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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10
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Jia X, Yang Y, Chen Y, Xia Z, Zhang W, Feng Y, Li Y, Tan J, Xu C, Zhang Q, Deng H, Shi X. Multivariate analysis of genome-wide data to identify potential pleiotropic genes for type 2 diabetes, obesity and coronary artery disease using MetaCCA. Int J Cardiol 2019; 283:144-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.10.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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11
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Jin J, Jin J, Woodfield SE, Patel RH, Jin NG, Shi Y, Liu B, Sun W, Chen X, Yu Y, Vasudevan SA. Targeting LRH‑1 in hepatoblastoma cell lines causes decreased proliferation. Oncol Rep 2018; 41:143-153. [PMID: 30320362 PMCID: PMC6278492 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma is the most common malignant liver tumor in children. Since it is often unresectable and exhibits drug resistance, the treatment of advanced hepatoblastoma is challenging. The orphan nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) serves prominent roles in malignancy; however, to the best of our knowledge, the role of LRH-1 in hepatoblastoma remains unknown. In the present study, human hepatoblastoma cell lines were analyzed; the mRNA and protein expression levels of LRH-1 were significantly higher in HepG2 and HuH6 cells compared with those in HepT1 cells and control THLE-2 cells. Knockdown of LRH-1 resulted in decreased HepG2 and HuH6 cell proliferation via downregulation of cyclin D1 (CCND1) and c-Myc. Furthermore, treatment with an LRH-1 antagonist (LRA) inhibited the proliferation and colony formation of cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, and induced cell cycle arrest at G1 phase through inhibition of CCND1 expression. Finally, LRA treatment enhanced the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin on hepatoblastoma cells. Collectively, these findings suggested that LRH-1 may have an important role in the progression of hepatoblastoma and implicated LRA as a novel, potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of hepatoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingling Jin
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junliang Jin
- Carnegie Vanguard High School, Houston, TX 77019, USA
| | - Sarah E Woodfield
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Roma H Patel
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nan Ge Jin
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yan Shi
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Pediatrics‑Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sanjeev A Vasudevan
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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12
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Hatem-Vaquero M, Griera M, García-Jerez A, Luengo A, Álvarez J, Rubio JA, Calleros L, Rodríguez-Puyol D, Rodríguez-Puyol M, De Frutos S. Peripheral insulin resistance in ILK-depleted mice by reduction of GLUT4 expression. J Endocrinol 2017; 234:115-128. [PMID: 28490443 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of insulin resistance is characterized by the impairment of glucose uptake mediated by glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). Extracellular matrix changes are induced when the metabolic dysregulation is sustained. The present work was devoted to analyze the possible link between the extracellular-to-intracellular mediator integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and the peripheral tissue modification that leads to glucose homeostasis impairment. Mice with general depletion of ILK in adulthood (cKD-ILK) maintained in a chow diet exhibited increased glycemia and insulinemia concurrently with a reduction of the expression and membrane presence of GLUT4 in the insulin-sensitive peripheral tissues compared with their wild-type littermates (WT). Tolerance tests and insulin sensitivity indexes confirmed the insulin resistance in cKD-ILK, suggesting a similar stage to prediabetes in humans. Under randomly fed conditions, no differences between cKD-ILK and WT were observed in the expression of insulin receptor (IR-B) and its substrate IRS-1 expressions. The IR-B isoform phosphorylated at tyrosines 1150/1151 was increased, but the AKT phosphorylation in serine 473 was reduced in cKD-ILK tissues. Similarly, ILK-blocked myotubes reduced their GLUT4 promoter activity and GLUT4 expression levels. On the other hand, the glucose uptake capacity in response to exogenous insulin was impaired when ILK was blocked in vivo and in vitro, although IR/IRS/AKT phosphorylation states were increased but not different between groups. We conclude that ILK depletion modifies the transcription of GLUT4, which results in reduced peripheral insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake, suggesting ILK as a molecular target and a prognostic biomarker of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Hatem-Vaquero
- Department of Systems BiologyPhysiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Griera
- Department of Systems BiologyPhysiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Andrea García-Jerez
- Department of Systems BiologyPhysiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Luengo
- Department of Systems BiologyPhysiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Julia Álvarez
- Endocrinology and Nutrition DepartmentHospital Príncipe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Rubio
- Endocrinology and Nutrition DepartmentHospital Príncipe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Calleros
- Department of Systems BiologyPhysiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Diego Rodríguez-Puyol
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Foundation and Nephrology DepartmentHospital Príncipe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Systems BiologyPhysiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Puyol
- Department of Systems BiologyPhysiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
| | - Sergio De Frutos
- Department of Systems BiologyPhysiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid, Spain
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13
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Mays SG, Okafor CD, Tuntland ML, Whitby RJ, Dharmarajan V, Stec J, Griffin PR, Ortlund EA. Structure and Dynamics of the Liver Receptor Homolog 1-PGC1 α Complex. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 92:1-11. [PMID: 28363985 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.108514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC1α) regulates energy metabolism by directly interacting with transcription factors to modulate gene expression. Among the PGC1α binding partners is liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1; NR5A2), an orphan nuclear hormone receptor that controls lipid and glucose homeostasis. Although PGC1α is known to bind and activate LRH-1, mechanisms through which PGC1α changes LRH-1 conformation to drive transcription are unknown. Here, we used biochemical and structural methods to interrogate the LRH-1-PGC1α complex. Purified, full-length LRH-1, as well as isolated ligand binding domain, bound to PGC1α with higher affinity than to the coactivator, nuclear receptor coactivator-2 (Tif2), in coregulator peptide recruitment assays. We present the first crystal structure of the LRH-1-PGC1α complex, which depicts several hydrophobic contacts and a strong charge clamp at the interface between these partners. In molecular dynamics simulations, PGC1α induced correlated atomic motion throughout the entire LRH-1 activation function surface, which was dependent on charge-clamp formation. In contrast, Tif2 induced weaker signaling at the activation function surface than PGC1α but promoted allosteric signaling from the helix 6/β-sheet region of LRH-1 to the activation function surface. These studies are the first to probe mechanisms underlying the LRH-1-PGC1α interaction and may illuminate strategies for selective therapeutic targeting of PGC1α-dependent LRH-1 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne G Mays
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.G.M., C.D.O., M.L.T., E.A.O.); School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (R.J.W., J.S.); and Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (V.D., P.R.G.)
| | - C Denise Okafor
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.G.M., C.D.O., M.L.T., E.A.O.); School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (R.J.W., J.S.); and Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (V.D., P.R.G.)
| | - Micheal L Tuntland
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.G.M., C.D.O., M.L.T., E.A.O.); School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (R.J.W., J.S.); and Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (V.D., P.R.G.)
| | - Richard J Whitby
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.G.M., C.D.O., M.L.T., E.A.O.); School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (R.J.W., J.S.); and Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (V.D., P.R.G.)
| | - Venkatasubramanian Dharmarajan
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.G.M., C.D.O., M.L.T., E.A.O.); School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (R.J.W., J.S.); and Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (V.D., P.R.G.)
| | - Józef Stec
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.G.M., C.D.O., M.L.T., E.A.O.); School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (R.J.W., J.S.); and Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (V.D., P.R.G.)
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.G.M., C.D.O., M.L.T., E.A.O.); School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (R.J.W., J.S.); and Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (V.D., P.R.G.)
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (S.G.M., C.D.O., M.L.T., E.A.O.); School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (R.J.W., J.S.); and Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida (V.D., P.R.G.).
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14
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Kivelä R, Salmela I, Nguyen YH, Petrova TV, Koistinen HA, Wiener Z, Alitalo K. The transcription factor Prox1 is essential for satellite cell differentiation and muscle fibre-type regulation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13124. [PMID: 27731315 PMCID: PMC5064023 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The remarkable adaptive and regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle is regulated by several transcription factors and pathways. Here we show that the transcription factor Prox1 is an important regulator of myoblast differentiation and of slow muscle fibre type. In both rodent and human skeletal muscles Prox1 is specifically expressed in slow muscle fibres and in muscle stem cells called satellite cells. Prox1 activates the NFAT signalling pathway and is necessary and sufficient for the maintenance of the gene program of slow muscle fibre type. Using lineage-tracing we show that Prox1-positive satellite cells differentiate into muscle fibres. Furthermore, we provide evidence that Prox1 is a critical transcription factor for the differentiation of myoblasts via bi-directional crosstalk with Notch1. These results identify Prox1 as an essential transcription factor that regulates skeletal muscle phenotype and myoblast differentiation by interacting with the NFAT and Notch pathways. Skeletal muscle has remarkable adaptive and regenerative capacity. Here the authors show that the transcription factor Prox1 is necessary for maintenance of slow muscle fibre types via activation of NFAT signalling, and for myoblast differentiation via cross-talk with the Notch signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Kivelä
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,Translational Cancer Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Ida Salmela
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,Translational Cancer Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Yen Hoang Nguyen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum Helsinki 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,Department of Medicine and Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, P.O. Box 340, Helsinki 00029, Finland
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), and Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, CHUV, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Heikki A Koistinen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum Helsinki 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,Department of Medicine and Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, P.O. Box 340, Helsinki 00029, Finland
| | - Zoltan Wiener
- Translational Cancer Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,Translational Cancer Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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15
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Mays SG, Okafor CD, Whitby RJ, Goswami D, Stec J, Flynn AR, Dugan MC, Jui NT, Griffin PR, Ortlund EA. Crystal Structures of the Nuclear Receptor, Liver Receptor Homolog 1, Bound to Synthetic Agonists. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25281-25291. [PMID: 27694446 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.753541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog 1 (NR5A2, LRH-1) is an orphan nuclear hormone receptor that regulates diverse biological processes, including metabolism, proliferation, and the resolution of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Although preclinical and cellular studies demonstrate that LRH-1 has great potential as a therapeutic target for metabolic diseases and cancer, development of LRH-1 modulators has been difficult. Recently, systematic modifications to one of the few known chemical scaffolds capable of activating LRH-1 failed to improve efficacy substantially. Moreover, mechanisms through which LRH-1 is activated by synthetic ligands are entirely unknown. Here, we use x-ray crystallography and other structural methods to explore conformational changes and receptor-ligand interactions associated with LRH-1 activation by a set of related agonists. Unlike phospholipid LRH-1 ligands, these agonists bind deep in the pocket and do not interact with residues near the mouth nor do they expand the pocket like phospholipids. Unexpectedly, two closely related agonists with similar efficacies (GSK8470 and RJW100) exhibit completely different binding modes. The dramatic repositioning is influenced by a differential ability to establish stable face-to-face π-π-stacking with the LRH-1 residue His-390, as well as by a novel polar interaction mediated by the RJW100 hydroxyl group. The differing binding modes result in distinct mechanisms of action for the two agonists. Finally, we identify a network of conserved water molecules near the ligand-binding site that are important for activation by both agonists. This work reveals a previously unappreciated complexity associated with LRH-1 agonist development and offers insights into rational design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne G Mays
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, and
| | - C Denise Okafor
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, and
| | - Richard J Whitby
- the School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, and
| | | | - Józef Stec
- the School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom, and
| | - Autumn R Flynn
- the Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Michael C Dugan
- the Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Nathan T Jui
- the Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | | | - Eric A Ortlund
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, and
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16
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Musille PM, Kossmann BR, Kohn JA, Ivanov I, Ortlund EA. Unexpected Allosteric Network Contributes to LRH-1 Co-regulator Selectivity. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1411-26. [PMID: 26553876 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.662874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids (PLs) are unusual signaling hormones sensed by the nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1), which has evolved a novel allosteric pathway to support appropriate interaction with co-regulators depending on ligand status. LRH-1 plays an important role in controlling lipid and cholesterol homeostasis and is a potential target for the treatment of metabolic and neoplastic diseases. Although the prospect of modulating LRH-1 via small molecules is exciting, the molecular mechanism linking PL structure to transcriptional co-regulator preference is unknown. Previous studies showed that binding to an activating PL ligand, such as dilauroylphosphatidylcholine, favors LRH-1's interaction with transcriptional co-activators to up-regulate gene expression. Both crystallographic and solution-based structural studies showed that dilauroylphosphatidylcholine binding drives unanticipated structural fluctuations outside of the canonical activation surface in an alternate activation function (AF) region, encompassing the β-sheet-H6 region of the protein. However, the mechanism by which dynamics in the alternate AF influences co-regulator selectivity remains elusive. Here, we pair x-ray crystallography with molecular modeling to identify an unexpected allosteric network that traverses the protein ligand binding pocket and links these two elements to dictate selectivity. We show that communication between the alternate AF region and classical AF2 is correlated with the strength of the co-regulator interaction. This work offers the first glimpse into the conformational dynamics that drive this unusual PL-mediated nuclear hormone receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Musille
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 and
| | - Bradley R Kossmann
- the Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302
| | - Jeffrey A Kohn
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 and
| | - Ivaylo Ivanov
- the Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 and
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17
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Choi M, Lee J, Le MT, Nguyen DT, Park S, Soundrarajan N, Schachtschneider KM, Kim J, Park JK, Kim JH, Park C. Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in pigs using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing. DNA Res 2015; 22:343-55. [PMID: 26358297 PMCID: PMC4596400 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsv017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation plays a major role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Although a few DNA methylation profiling studies of porcine genome which is one of the important biomedical models for human diseases have been reported, the available data are still limited. We tried to study methylation patterns of diverse pig tissues as a study of the International Swine Methylome Consortium to generate the swine reference methylome map to extensively evaluate the methylation profile of the pig genome at a single base resolution. We generated and analysed the DNA methylome profiles of five different tissues and a cell line originated from pig. On average, 39.85 and 62.1% of cytosine and guanine dinucleotides (CpGs) of CpG islands and 2 kb upstream of transcription start sites were covered, respectively. We detected a low rate (an average of 1.67%) of non-CpG methylation in the six samples except for the neocortex (2.3%). The observed global CpG methylation patterns of pigs indicated high similarity to other mammals including humans. The percentage of CpG methylation associated with gene features was similar among the tissues but not for a 3D4/2 cell line. Our results provide essential information for future studies of the porcine epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyeung Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Jongin Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Min Thong Le
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Dinh Truong Nguyen
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Suhyun Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | | | - Kyle M Schachtschneider
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA Animal Breeding and Genomics Center, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaebum Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Jin-Ki Park
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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