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Zhang X, Zhao Y, Liang X, Zhang L, Li K, Sun Z, Zhao YF. α-Lipoic acid upregulates gene expression but reduces protein levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 in HepG2 Cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 131:270-281. [PMID: 35838000 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a metabolism-regulating hepatokine, and its expression is finely controlled by the nutrients and cellular stressors. α-Lipoic acid (ALA) regulates fuel metabolism as a nutrient, but it also arouses mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress as well as oxidative stress in hepatocytes. However, the role of cellular stress in ALA-regulated FGF21 expression has not been demonstrated as yet. The present study found that ALA upregulated FGF21 gene expression while it reduced FGF21 protein levels in HepG2 cells, which was accompanied by mitochondrial damage that was shown by ATP reduction and ROS elevation. ALA led to mitochondrial stress and ER stress as shown by the increased expression of HSP60, ATF6 and ATF4. Inhibition of ER stress by 4-PBA significantly attenuated ALA-stimulated FGF21 gene expression while it did not influence the reduction of FGF21 protein levels. H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress reduced FGF21 protein levels in HepG2 cells, and anti-oxidation by Tempol blocked ALA-induced reduction of FGF21 proteins. In conclusion, ALA upregulates FGF21 gene expression through the stimulation of mitochondrial and ER stress while it reduces FGF21 protein levels through the induction of oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Further studies are needed to demonstrate the in vivo effect of ALA on hepatic FGF21 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiangyan Liang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ke Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhuo Sun
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
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2
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Li G, Zhang J, Jiang Q, Liu B, Xu K. CREBH knockout accelerates hepatic fibrosis in mouse models of diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Life Sci 2020; 254:117795. [PMID: 32417373 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The primary focus of this study was to explore the effects of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein H (CREBH) on the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). MATERIALS AND METHODS CREBH knockout (KO) and wildtype (WT) mice were averagely divided into a methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) or high fat (HF) diet group and respective chow diet (CD) groups. Mice were sacrificed after 4-week treatment for MCD model and 24-week treatment for HF model. KEY FINDINGS Characteristics of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-related liver fibrosis in KO-MCD/HF group were verified by hepatic histological analyses. Compared with WT-MCD/HF group, levels of plasma ALT and hepatic hydroxyproline increased in KO-MCD/HF group. Significantly higher levels of MCP-1, αSMA, Desmin, COL-1, TIMP-1, TGF-β1, TGF-β2 were found while MMP-9 and FGF21 mRNA levels decreased in KO-MCD/HF group. There was also a distinct difference of mRNA levels of TNFα, CTGF and CCND1 in KO-HF group compared with controls. Protein levels of MCP-1, BAX, αSMA, COL-1, TGF-β1 and SMAD2/3 significantly increased in KO-MCD/HF group and CCND1 was also upregulated in KO-HF group compared to their counterparts. SIGNIFICANCE CREBH knockout may primarily regulate the TGF-β1 signaling pathway via TGF-β2 and FGF21 resulting in more severe inflammation and fibrosis in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixin Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Junli Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qianqian Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Keshu Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Liu X, Zhang P, Zhang X, Li X, Bai Y, Ao Y, Hexig B, Guo X, Liu D. Fgf21 knockout mice generated using CRISPR/Cas9 reveal genetic alterations that may affect hair growth. Gene 2020; 733:144242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and the Adaptive Response to Nutritional Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194692. [PMID: 31546675 PMCID: PMC6801670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) is considered an attractive therapeutic target for obesity and obesity-related disorders due to its beneficial effects in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. FGF21 response is essential under stressful conditions and its metabolic effects depend on the inducer factor or stress condition. FGF21 seems to be the key signal which communicates and coordinates the metabolic response to reverse different nutritional stresses and restores the metabolic homeostasis. This review is focused on describing individually the FGF21-dependent metabolic response activated by some of the most common nutritional challenges, the signal pathways triggering this response, and the impact of this response on global homeostasis. We consider that this is essential knowledge to identify the potential role of FGF21 in the onset and progression of some of the most prevalent metabolic pathologies and to understand the potential of FGF21 as a target for these diseases. After this review, we conclude that more research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying the role of FGF21 in macronutrient preference and food intake behavior, but also in β-klotho regulation and the activity of the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) to uncover its therapeutic potential as a way to increase the FGF21 signaling.
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5
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Allard C, Bonnet F, Xu B, Coons L, Albarado D, Hill C, Fagherazzi G, Korach KS, Levin ER, Lefante J, Morrison C, Mauvais-Jarvis F. Activation of hepatic estrogen receptor-α increases energy expenditure by stimulating the production of fibroblast growth factor 21 in female mice. Mol Metab 2019; 22:62-70. [PMID: 30797705 PMCID: PMC6437689 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The endogenous estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2) promotes metabolic homeostasis in premenopausal women. In a mouse model of post-menopausal metabolic syndrome, we reported that estrogens increased energy expenditure, thus preventing estrogen deficiency-induced adiposity. Estrogens' prevention of fat accumulation was associated with increased serum concentrations of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), suggesting that FGF21 participates in estrogens' promotion of energy expenditure. METHODS We studied the effect of E2 on FGF21 production and the role of FGF21 in E2 stimulation of energy expenditure and prevention of adiposity, using female estrogen receptor (ER)- and FGF21-deficient mice fed a normal chow and a cohort of ovariectomized women from the French E3N prospective cohort study. RESULTS E2 acting on the hepatocyte ERα increases hepatic expression and production of FGF21 in female mice. In vivo activation of ERα increases the transcription of Fgf21 via an estrogen response element outside the promoter of Fgf21. Treatment with E2 increases oxygen consumption and energy expenditure and prevents whole body fat accumulation in ovariectomized female WT mice. The effect of E2 on energy expenditure is not observed in FGF21-deficient mice. While E2 treatment still prevents fat accumulation in FGF21-deficient mice, this effect is decreased compared to WT mice. In an observational cohort of ovariectomized women, E2 treatment was associated with lower serum FGF21 concentrations, which may reflect a healthier metabolic profile. CONCLUSIONS In female mice, E2 action on the hepatocyte ERα increases Fgf21 transcription and FGF21 production, thus promoting energy expenditure and partially decreasing fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Allard
- Diabetes Discovery Research and Sex-Based Medicine Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Fabrice Bonnet
- LACESP, INSERM U1018, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Cedex, F-94805, France
| | - Beibei Xu
- Diabetes Discovery Research and Sex-Based Medicine Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Laurel Coons
- Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Diana Albarado
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Cristal Hill
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Guy Fagherazzi
- LACESP, INSERM U1018, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif Cedex, F-94805, France
| | - Kenneth S Korach
- Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ellis R Levin
- Division of Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA; Department of Medicine and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92717, USA
| | - John Lefante
- Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Christopher Morrison
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Diabetes Discovery Research and Sex-Based Medicine Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, USA; Southeast Louisiana Veterans Healthcare System Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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6
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Staiger H, Keuper M, Berti L, Hrabe de Angelis M, Häring HU. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21-Metabolic Role in Mice and Men. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:468-488. [PMID: 28938407 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since its identification in 2000, the interest of scientists in the hepatokine fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 has tremendously grown, and still remains high, due to a wealth of very robust data documenting this factor's favorable effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in mice. For more than ten years now, intense in vivo and ex vivo experimentation addressed the physiological functions of FGF21 in humans as well as its pathophysiological role and pharmacological effects in human metabolic disease. This work produced a comprehensive collection of data revealing overlaps in FGF21 expression and function but also significant differences between mice and humans that have to be considered before translation from bench to bedside can be successful. This review summarizes what is known about FGF21 in mice and humans with a special focus on this factor's role in glucose and lipid metabolism and in metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We highlight the discrepancies between mice and humans and try to decipher their underlying reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Staiger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Interfaculty Center for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Keuper
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lucia Berti
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair for Experimental Genetics, Technical University Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Interfaculty Center for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology, and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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7
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Effect of alpha lipoic acid on in vitro development of bovine secondary preantral follicles. Theriogenology 2017; 88:124-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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8
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Pérez-Martí A, Sandoval V, Marrero PF, Haro D, Relat J. Nutritional regulation of fibroblast growth factor 21: from macronutrients to bioactive dietary compounds. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2016; 30:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2016-0034/hmbci-2016-0034.xml. [PMID: 27583468 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2016-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide health problem mainly due to its associated comorbidities. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a peptide hormone involved in metabolic homeostasis in healthy individuals and considered a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of obesity. FGF21 is predominantly produced by the liver but also by other tissues, such as white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), skeletal muscle, and pancreas in response to different stimuli such as cold and different nutritional challenges that include fasting, high-fat diets (HFDs), ketogenic diets, some amino acid-deficient diets, low protein diets, high carbohydrate diets or specific dietary bioactive compounds. Its target tissues are essentially WAT, BAT, skeletal muscle, heart and brain. The effects of FGF21 in extra hepatic tissues occur through the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-1c together with the co-receptor β-klotho (KLB). Mechanistically, FGF21 interacts directly with the extracellular domain of the membrane bound cofactor KLB in the FGF21- KLB-FGFR complex to activate FGFR substrate 2α and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Mice lacking KLB are resistant to both acute and chronic effects of FGF21. Moreover, the acute insulin sensitizing effects of FGF21 are also absent in mice with specific deletion of adipose KLB or FGFR1. Most of the data show that pharmacological administration of FGF21 has metabolic beneficial effects. The objective of this review is to compile existing information about the mechanisms that could allow the control of endogenous FGF21 levels in order to obtain the beneficial metabolic effects of FGF21 by inducing its production instead of doing it by pharmacological administration.
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9
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Erickson A, Moreau R. The regulation of FGF21 gene expression by metabolic factors and nutrients. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2016; 30:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2016-0016/hmbci-2016-0016.xml. [PMID: 27285327 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2016-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) gene expression is altered by a wide array of physiological, metabolic, and environmental factors. Among dietary factors, high dextrose, low protein, methionine restriction, short-chain fatty acids (butyric acid and lipoic acid), and all-trans-retinoic acid were repeatedly shown to induce FGF21 expression and circulating levels. These effects are usually more pronounced in liver or isolated hepatocytes than in adipose tissue or isolated fat cells. Although peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a key mediator of hepatic FGF21 expression and function, including the regulation of gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis, torpor, and growth inhibition, there is increasing evidence of PPARα-independent transactivation of the FGF21 gene by dietary molecules. FGF21 expression is believed to follow the circadian rhythm and be placed under the control of first order clock-controlled transcription factors, retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors (RORs) and nuclear receptors subfamily 1 group D (REV-ERBs), with FGF21 rhythm being anti-phase to REV-ERBs. Key metabolic hormones such as glucagon, insulin, and thyroid hormone have presumed or clearly demonstrated roles in regulating FGF21 transcription and secretion. The control of the FGF21 gene by glucagon and insulin appears more complex than first anticipated. Some discrepancies are noted and will need continued studies. The complexity in assessing the significance of FGF21 gene expression resides in the difficulty to ascertain (i) when transcription results in local or systemic increase of FGF21 protein; (ii) if FGF21 is among the first or second order genes upregulated by physiological, metabolic, and environmental stimuli, or merely an epiphenomenon; and (iii) whether FGF21 may have some adverse effects alongside beneficial outcomes.
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10
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Cheng Y, Gao WW, Tang HMV, Deng JJ, Wong CM, Chan CP, Jin DY. β-TrCP-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of liver-enriched transcription factor CREB-H. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23938. [PMID: 27029215 PMCID: PMC4814919 DOI: 10.1038/srep23938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CREB-H is an endoplasmic reticulum-resident bZIP transcription factor which critically regulates lipid homeostasis and gluconeogenesis in the liver. CREB-H is proteolytically activated by regulated intramembrane proteolysis to generate a C-terminally truncated form known as CREB-H-ΔTC, which translocates to the nucleus to activate target gene expression. CREB-H-ΔTC is a fast turnover protein but the mechanism governing its destruction was not well understood. In this study, we report on β-TrCP-dependent ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of CREB-H-ΔTC. The degradation of CREB-H-ΔTC was mediated by lysine 48-linked polyubiquitination and could be inhibited by proteasome inhibitor. CREB-H-ΔTC physically interacted with β-TrCP, a substrate recognition subunit of the SCFβ-TrCP E3 ubiquitin ligase. Forced expression of β-TrCP increased the polyubiquitination and decreased the stability of CREB-H-ΔTC, whereas knockdown of β-TrCP had the opposite effect. An evolutionarily conserved sequence, SDSGIS, was identified in CREB-H-ΔTC, which functioned as the β-TrCP-binding motif. CREB-H-ΔTC lacking this motif was stabilized and resistant to β-TrCP-induced polyubiquitination. This motif was a phosphodegron and its phosphorylation was required for β-TrCP recognition. Furthermore, two inhibitory phosphorylation sites close to the phosphodegron were identified. Taken together, our work revealed a new intracellular signaling pathway that controls ubiquitination and degradation of the active form of CREB-H transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Wei-Wei Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Hei-Man Vincent Tang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian-Jun Deng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwestern University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Chi-Ming Wong
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ping Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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McCarty MF. Practical prospects for boosting hepatic production of the "pro-longevity" hormone FGF21. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 30:/j/hmbci.ahead-of-print/hmbci-2015-0057/hmbci-2015-0057.xml. [PMID: 26741352 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2015-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21), produced mainly in hepatocytes and adipocytes, promotes leanness, insulin sensitivity, and vascular health while down-regulating hepatic IGF-I production. Transgenic mice overexpressing FGF21 enjoy a marked increase in median and maximal longevity comparable to that evoked by calorie restriction - but without a reduction in food intake. Transcriptional factors which promote hepatic FGF21 expression include PPARα, ATF4, STAT5, and FXR; hence, fibrate drugs, elevated lipolysis, moderate-protein vegan diets, growth hormone, and bile acids may have potential to increase FGF21 synthesis. Sirt1 activity is required for optimal responsiveness of FGF21 to PPARα, and Sirt1 activators can boost FGF21 transcription. Conversely, histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) inhibits PPARα's transcriptional impact on FGF21, and type 1 deacetylase inhibitors such as butyrate therefore increase FGF21 expression. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) increases hepatic expression of both PPARα and Sirt1; acarbose, which increases intestinal GLP-1 secretion, also increases FGF21 and lifespan in mice. Glucagon stimulates hepatic production of FGF21 by increasing the expression of the Nur77 transcription factor; increased glucagon secretion can be evoked by supplemental glycine administered during post-absorptive metabolism. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has also been reported recently to promote FGF21 transcription. Bilirubin is known to be an agonist for this receptor, and this may rationalize a recent report that heme oxygenase-1 induction in the liver boosts FGF21 expression. There is reason to suspect that phycocyanorubin, a bilirubin homolog that is a metabolite of the major phycobilin in spirulina, may share bilirubin's agonist activity for AhR, and perhaps likewise promote FGF21 induction. In the future, regimens featuring a plant-based diet, nutraceuticals, and safe drugs may make it feasible to achieve physiologically significant increases in FGF21 that promote metabolic health, leanness, and longevity.
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12
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Goldstein I, Hager GL. Transcriptional and Chromatin Regulation during Fasting - The Genomic Era. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:699-710. [PMID: 26520657 PMCID: PMC4673016 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An elaborate metabolic response to fasting is orchestrated by the liver and is heavily reliant on transcriptional regulation. In response to hormones (glucagon, glucocorticoids) many transcription factors (TFs) are activated and regulate various genes involved in metabolic pathways aimed at restoring homeostasis: gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, ketogenesis, and amino acid shuttling. We summarize recent discoveries regarding fasting-related TFs with an emphasis on genome-wide binding patterns. Collectively, the findings we discuss reveal a large degree of cooperation between TFs during fasting that occurs at motif-rich DNA sites bound by a combination of TFs. These new findings implicate transcriptional and chromatin regulation as major determinants of the response to fasting and unravels the complex, multi-TF nature of this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Goldstein
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, The National Cancer Institute, The National institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Gordon L Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, The National Cancer Institute, The National institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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13
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Kim KH, Lee MS. FGF21 as a mediator of adaptive responses to stress and metabolic benefits of anti-diabetic drugs. J Endocrinol 2015; 226:R1-16. [PMID: 26116622 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Most hormones secreted from specific organs of the body in response to diverse stimuli contribute to the homeostasis of the whole organism. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a hormone induced by a variety of environmental or metabolic stimuli, plays a crucial role in the adaptive response to these stressful conditions. In addition to its role as a stress hormone, FGF21 appears to function as a mediator of the therapeutic effects of currently available drugs and those under development for treatment of metabolic diseases. In this review, we highlight molecular mechanisms and the functional importance of FGF21 induction in response to diverse stress conditions such as changes of nutritional status, cold exposure, and exercise. In addition, we describe recent findings regarding the role of FGF21 in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes associated with obesity, liver diseases, pancreatitis, muscle atrophy, atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and diabetic nephropathy. Finally, we discuss the current understanding of the actions of FGF21 as a crucial regulator mediating beneficial metabolic effects of therapeutic agents such as metformin, glucagon/glucagon-like peptide 1 analogues, thiazolidinedione, sirtuin 1 activators, and lipoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kook Hwan Kim
- Severance Biomedical Research InstituteDepartment of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Severance Biomedical Research InstituteDepartment of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea Severance Biomedical Research InstituteDepartment of Internal MedicineYonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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