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Kovilakath A, Mauro AG, Valentine YA, Raucci FJ, Jamil M, Carter C, Thompson J, Chen Q, Beutner G, Yue Y, Allegood J, Wang XX, Dail J, Devarakonda T, Myakala K, Windle JJ, Subler MA, Montefusco D, Willard B, Javaheri A, Bernas T, Mahata SK, Levi M, Liu J, Porter GA, Lesnefsky EJ, Salloum FN, Cowart LA. SPTLC3 Is Essential for Complex I Activity and Contributes to Ischemic Cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2024; 150:622-641. [PMID: 38660786 PMCID: PMC11333184 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.066879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulated metabolism of bioactive sphingolipids, including ceramides and sphingosine-1-phosphate, has been implicated in cardiovascular disease, although the specific species, disease contexts, and cellular roles are not completely understood. Sphingolipids are produced by the serine palmitoyltransferase enzyme, canonically composed of 2 subunits, SPTLC1 (serine palmitoyltransferase long chain base subunit 1) and SPTLC2 (serine palmitoyltransferase long chain base subunit 2). Noncanonical sphingolipids are produced by a more recently described subunit, SPTLC3 (serine palmitoyltransferase long chain base subunit 3). METHODS The noncanonical (d16) and canonical (d18) sphingolipidome profiles in cardiac tissues of patients with end-stage ischemic cardiomyopathy and in mice with ischemic cardiomyopathy were analyzed by targeted lipidomics. Regulation of SPTLC3 by HIF1α under ischemic conditions was determined with chromatin immunoprecipitation. Transcriptomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, echocardiography, mitochondrial electron transport chain, mitochondrial membrane fluidity, and mitochondrial membrane potential were assessed in the cSPTLC3KO transgenic mice we generated. Furthermore, morphological and functional studies were performed on cSPTLC3KO mice subjected to permanent nonreperfused myocardial infarction. RESULTS Herein, we report that SPTLC3 is induced in both human and mouse models of ischemic cardiomyopathy and leads to production of atypical sphingolipids bearing 16-carbon sphingoid bases, resulting in broad changes in cell sphingolipid composition. This induction is in part attributable to transcriptional regulation by HIF1α under ischemic conditions. Furthermore, cardiomyocyte-specific depletion of SPTLC3 in mice attenuates oxidative stress, fibrosis, and hypertrophy in chronic ischemia, and mice demonstrate improved cardiac function and increased survival along with increased ketone and glucose substrate metabolism utilization. Depletion of SPTLC3 mechanistically alters the membrane environment and subunit composition of mitochondrial complex I of the electron transport chain, decreasing its activity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a novel essential role for SPTLC3 in electron transport chain function and a contribution to ischemic injury by regulating complex I activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kovilakath
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics (A.K., M.J., J.J.W., M.A.S.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Adolfo G Mauro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Richmond, VA (A.G.M., J.T., Q.C., T.D., E.J.L., F.N.S.)
| | - Yolander A Valentine
- C. Kenneth and Dianne Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research (Y.A.V.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.A.V., Y.Y., J.A., J.D., D.M., E.J.L., L.A.C.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Frank J Raucci
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology (F.J.R.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Maryam Jamil
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics (A.K., M.J., J.J.W., M.A.S.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Christiane Carter
- Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center (C.C., J.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Jeremy Thompson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Richmond, VA (A.G.M., J.T., Q.C., T.D., E.J.L., F.N.S.)
| | - Qun Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Richmond, VA (A.G.M., J.T., Q.C., T.D., E.J.L., F.N.S.)
| | - Gisela Beutner
- Department of Pediatrics (G.B., G.A.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.A.V., Y.Y., J.A., J.D., D.M., E.J.L., L.A.C.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Jeremy Allegood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.A.V., Y.Y., J.A., J.D., D.M., E.J.L., L.A.C.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Xiaoxin X Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (X.X.W., K.M., M.L.)
| | - Jordan Dail
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.A.V., Y.Y., J.A., J.D., D.M., E.J.L., L.A.C.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Teja Devarakonda
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics (F.N.S., T.D., E.J.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Richmond, VA (A.G.M., J.T., Q.C., T.D., E.J.L., F.N.S.)
| | - Komuraiah Myakala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (X.X.W., K.M., M.L.)
| | - Jolene J Windle
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics (A.K., M.J., J.J.W., M.A.S.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
- Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.J.W., J.L., F.N.S., L.A.C.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Mark A Subler
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics (A.K., M.J., J.J.W., M.A.S.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - David Montefusco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.A.V., Y.Y., J.A., J.D., D.M., E.J.L., L.A.C.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Belinda Willard
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Laboratory Resource, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (B.W.)
| | - Ali Javaheri
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (A.J.)
- St. Louis Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, MO (A.J.)
| | - Tytus Bernas
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.B.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- Veterans' Affairs San Diego Healthcare System and University of California San Diego, (S.K.M)
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC (X.X.W., K.M., M.L.)
| | - Jinze Liu
- Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center (C.C., J.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
- Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.J.W., J.L., F.N.S., L.A.C.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - George A Porter
- Department of Pediatrics (G.B., G.A.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (G.A.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute (G.A.P.), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY
| | - Edward J Lesnefsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.A.V., Y.Y., J.A., J.D., D.M., E.J.L., L.A.C.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics (F.N.S., T.D., E.J.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Richmond, VA (A.G.M., J.T., Q.C., T.D., E.J.L., F.N.S.)
- Richmond Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, VA (E.J.L., L.A.C.)
| | - Fadi N Salloum
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics (F.N.S., T.D., E.J.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
- Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.J.W., J.L., F.N.S., L.A.C.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Richmond, VA (A.G.M., J.T., Q.C., T.D., E.J.L., F.N.S.)
| | - L Ashley Cowart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Y.A.V., Y.Y., J.A., J.D., D.M., E.J.L., L.A.C.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
- Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.J.W., J.L., F.N.S., L.A.C.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
- Richmond Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, VA (E.J.L., L.A.C.)
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Chatterjee S, Yuan R, Thapa S, Talwar R. Central Role of β-1,4-GalT-V in Cancer Signaling, Inflammation, and Other Disease-Centric Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:483. [PMID: 38203654 PMCID: PMC10778672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
UDP-Galactose: Glucosylceramide, β-1,4-Galactose transferase-V (β-1,4-GalT-V), is a member of a large glycosyltransferase family, primarily involved in the transfer of sugar residues from nucleotide sugars, such as galactose, glucose mannose, etc., to sugar constituents of glycosphingolipids and glycoproteins. For example, UDP-Galactose: Glucosylceramide, β-1,4-galactosyltransferase (β-1,4-GalT-V), transfers galactose to glucosylceramide to generate Lactosylceramide (LacCer), a bioactive "lipid second messenger" that can activate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH) oxidase (NOX-1) to produce superoxide's (O2-) to activate several signaling pathways critical in regulating multiple phenotypes implicated in health and diseases. LacCer can also activate cytosolic phospholipase A-2 to produce eicosanoids and prostaglandins to induce inflammatory pathways. However, the lack of regulation of β-1,4-GalT-V contributes to critical phenotypes central to cancer and cardiovascular diseases, e.g., cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, phagocytosis, and apoptosis. Additionally, inflammation that accompanies β-1,4-GalT-V dysregulation accelerates the initiation and progression of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as inflammation-centric diseases, like lupus erythematosus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and inflammatory bowel diseases. An exciting development in this field of research arrived due to the recognition that the activation of β-1,4-GalT-V is a "pivotal" point of convergence for multiple signaling pathways initiated by physiologically relevant molecules, e.g., growth factors, oxidized-low density lipoprotein(ox- LDL), pro-inflammatory molecules, oxidative and sheer stress, diet, and cigarette smoking. Thus, dysregulation of these pathways may well contribute to cancer, heart disease, skin diseases, and several inflammation-centric diseases in experimental animal models of human diseases and in humans. These observations have been described under post-transcriptional modifications of β-1,4- GalT-V. On the other hand, we also point to the important role of β-1-4 GalT-V-mediated glycosylation in altering the formation of glycosylated precursor forms of proteins and their activation, e.g., β-1 integrin, wingless-related integration site (Wnt)/-β catenin, Frizzled-1, and Notch1. Such alterations in glycosylation may influence cell differentiation, angiogenesis, diminished basement membrane architecture, tissue remodeling, infiltrative growth, and metastasis in human colorectal cancers and breast cancer stem cells. We also discuss Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), which is a comprehensive database of human genes and genetic disorders used to provide information on the genetic basis of inherited diseases and traits and information about the molecular pathways and biological processes that underlie human physiology. We describe cancer genes interacting with the β-1,4-GalT-V gene and homologs generated by OMIM. In sum, we propose that β-1,4-GalT-V gene/protein serves as a "gateway" regulating several signal transduction pathways in oxidative stress and inflammation leading to cancer and other diseases, thus rationalizing further studies to better understand the genetic regulation and interaction of β-1,4-GalT-V with other genes. Novel therapies will hinge on biochemical analysis and characterization of β-1,4-GalT-V in patient-derived materials and animal models. And using β-1,4-GalT-V as a "bonafide drug target" to mitigate these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subroto Chatterjee
- The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1800 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Nakamura H, Zhou Y, Sakamoto Y, Yamazaki A, Kurumiya E, Yamazaki R, Hayashi K, Kasuya Y, Watanabe K, Kasahara J, Takabatake M, Tatsumi K, Yoshino I, Honda T, Murayama T. N-butyldeoxynojirimycin (miglustat) ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis through inhibition of nuclear translocation of Smad2/3. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114405. [PMID: 36804125 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive lung disease. The disease involves excessive accumulation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, and myofibroblasts differentiated by pro-fibrotic factors promote the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen and fibronectin. Transforming growth factor-β1 is a pro-fibrotic factor that promotes fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation (FMD). Therefore, inhibition of FMD may be an effective strategy for IPF treatment. In this study, we screened the anti-FMD effects of various iminosugars and showed that some compounds, including N-butyldeoxynojirimycin (NB-DNJ, miglustat, an inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase (GCS)), a clinically approved drug for treating Niemann-Pick disease type C and Gaucher disease type 1, inhibited TGF-β1-induced FMD by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of Smad2/3. N-butyldeoxygalactonojirimycin having GCS inhibitory effect did not attenuate the TGF-β1-induced FMD, suggesting that NB-DNJ exerts the anti-FMD effects by GCS inhibitory effect independent manner. N-butyldeoxynojirimycin did not inhibit TGF-β1-induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation. In a mouse model of bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis, intratracheal or oral administration of NB-DNJ at an early fibrotic stage markedly ameliorated lung injury and deterioration of respiratory functions, such as specific airway resistance, tidal volume, and peak expiratory flow. Furthermore, the anti-fibrotic effects of NB-DNJ in the BLM-induced lung injury model were similar to those of pirfenidone and nintedanib, which are clinically approved drugs for the treatment of IPF. These results suggest that NB-DNJ may be effective for IPF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yuka Sakamoto
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Ayako Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Eon Kurumiya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Risa Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kyota Hayashi
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Kasuya
- Deprtment of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Watanabe
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Junya Kasahara
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Mamoru Takabatake
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tatsumi
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yoshino
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takuya Honda
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Murayama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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Baccam GC, Xie J, Jin X, Park H, Wang B, Husson H, Ibraghimov-Beskrovnaya O, Huang CL. Glucosylceramide synthase inhibition protects against cardiac hypertrophy in chronic kidney disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9340. [PMID: 35660779 PMCID: PMC9167280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13390-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant population of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) develops cardiac hypertrophy, which can lead to heart failure and sudden cardiac death. Soluble klotho (sKL), the shed ectodomain of the transmembrane protein klotho, protects the heart against hypertrophic growth. We have shown that sKL protects the heart by regulating the formation and function of lipid rafts by targeting the sialic acid moiety of gangliosides, GM1/GM3. Reduction in circulating sKL contributes to an increased risk of cardiac hypertrophy in mice. sKL replacement therapy has been considered but its use is limited by the inability to mass produce the protein. Therefore, alternative methods to protect the heart are proposed. Glucosylation of ceramide catalyzed by glucosylceramide synthase is the entry step for the formation of gangliosides. Here we show that oral administration of a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor (GCSi) reduces plasma and heart tissue glycosphingolipids, including gangliosides. Administration of GCSi is protective in two mouse models of cardiac stress-induction, one with isoproterenol overstimulation and the other with 5/6 nephrectomy-induced CKD. Treatment with GCSi does not alter the severity of renal dysfunction and hypertension in CKD. These results provide proof of principle for targeting glucosylceramide synthase to decrease gangliosides as a treatment for cardiac hypertrophy. They also support the hypothesis that sKL protects the heart by targeting gangliosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C Baccam
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, E300 GH, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1081, USA
| | - Jian Xie
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, E300 GH, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1081, USA
| | - Xin Jin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, E300 GH, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1081, USA
| | - Hyejung Park
- US Early Development, Synthetics Platform, Global CMC Development, Sanofi, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- US Early Development, Synthetics Platform, Global CMC Development, Sanofi, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Hervé Husson
- Genomic Medicine Unit, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Oxana Ibraghimov-Beskrovnaya
- Rare and Neurologic Diseases, Sanofi, Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
- Dyne Therapeutics, 1560 Trapelo Road, Waltham, MA, 20451, USA
| | - Chou-Long Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, E300 GH, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1081, USA.
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Berkowitz L, Cabrera-Reyes F, Salazar C, Ryff CD, Coe C, Rigotti A. Sphingolipid Profiling: A Promising Tool for Stratifying the Metabolic Syndrome-Associated Risk. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:785124. [PMID: 35097004 PMCID: PMC8795367 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.785124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multicomponent risk condition that reflects the clustering of individual cardiometabolic risk factors related to abdominal obesity and insulin resistance. MetS increases the risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, there still is not total clinical consensus about the definition of MetS, and its pathophysiology seems to be heterogeneous. Moreover, it remains unclear whether MetS is a single syndrome or a set of diverse clinical conditions conferring different metabolic and cardiovascular risks. Indeed, traditional biomarkers alone do not explain well such heterogeneity or the risk of associated diseases. There is thus a need to identify additional biomarkers that may contribute to a better understanding of MetS, along with more accurate prognosis of its various chronic disease risks. To fulfill this need, omics technologies may offer new insights into associations between sphingolipids and cardiometabolic diseases. Particularly, ceramides –the most widely studied sphingolipid class– have been shown to play a causative role in both T2DM and CVD. However, the involvement of simple glycosphingolipids remains controversial. This review focuses on the current understanding of MetS heterogeneity and discuss recent findings to address how sphingolipid profiling can be applied to better characterize MetS-associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loni Berkowitz
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism & Center of Molecular Nutrition and Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Loni Berkowitz
| | - Fernanda Cabrera-Reyes
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Salazar
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism & Center of Molecular Nutrition and Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carol D. Ryff
- Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Christopher Coe
- Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Attilio Rigotti
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism & Center of Molecular Nutrition and Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between different surrogates of insulin resistance and left ventricular geometry in obese children is still unclear. OBJECTIVE We sought to explore the relationship between commonly used measures of insulin sensitivity/resistance (homeostatic model assessment index, serum uric acid, and triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio) and left ventricular geometry in normotensive obese children. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 32 normotensive obese children were examined. Transthoracic echocardiography was used to measure left ventricular mass index and relative wall thickness. Homeostasis model assessment index, serum uric acid level, and a ratio of triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were used as markers of the insulin resistance. Simple and partial correlation analyses (to control for the effects of body mass index) were conducted to explore relationship between studied variables and left ventricular mass index or relative wall thickness as outcome variables. RESULTS We found positive correlations between homeostasis model assessment index and relative wall thickness (r = 0.47, p = 0.03) which remained significant after controlling for the effect of body mass index, z-score (r = 0.48, p = 0.03). The cutoff level of homeostasis model assessment index with the optimum sensitivity (Sn) and specificity (Sp) derived from the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for predicting concentric remodelling was ≥5.51 with Sn = 83.33 and Sp = 68.75. CONCLUSION There is a positive relationship between homeostasis model assessment index and relative wall thickness of obese normotensive children which may help to distinguish at risk obese normotensive children for the development of concentric left ventricular remodelling.
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Chatterjee S, Balram A, Li W. Convergence: Lactosylceramide-Centric Signaling Pathways Induce Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Other Phenotypic Outcomes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041816. [PMID: 33673027 PMCID: PMC7917694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactosylceramide (LacCer), also known as CD17/CDw17, is a member of a large family of small molecular weight compounds known as glycosphingolipids. It plays a pivotal role in the biosynthesis of glycosphingolipids, primarily by way of serving as a precursor to the majority of its higher homolog sub-families such as gangliosides, sulfatides, fucosylated-glycosphingolipids and complex neutral glycosphingolipids—some of which confer “second-messenger” and receptor functions. LacCer is an integral component of the “lipid rafts,” serving as a conduit to transduce external stimuli into multiple phenotypes, which may contribute to mortality and morbidity in man and in mouse models of human disease. LacCer is synthesized by the action of LacCer synthase (β-1,4 galactosyltransferase), which transfers galactose from uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-galactose) to glucosylceramide (GlcCer). The convergence of multiple physiologically relevant external stimuli/agonists—platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), stress, cigarette smoke/nicotine, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and in particular, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)—on β-1,4 galactosyltransferase results in its phosphorylation or activation, via a “turn-key” reaction, generating LacCer. This newly synthesized LacCer activates NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dihydrogen phosphate) oxidase to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a highly “oxidative stress” environment, which trigger a cascade of signaling molecules and pathways and initiate diverse phenotypes like inflammation and atherosclerosis. For instance, LacCer activates an enzyme, cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), which cleaves arachidonic acid from phosphatidylcholine. In turn, arachidonic acid serves as a precursor to eicosanoids and prostaglandin, which transduce a cascade of reactions leading to inflammation—a major phenotype underscoring the initiation and progression of several debilitating diseases such as atherosclerosis and cancer. Our aim here is to present an updated account of studies made in the field of LacCer metabolism and signaling using multiple animal models of human disease, human tissue, and cell-based studies. These advancements have led us to propose that previously unrelated phenotypes converge in a LacCer-centric manner. This LacCer synthase/LacCer-induced “oxidative stress” environment contributes to inflammation, atherosclerosis, skin conditions, hair greying, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, targeting LacCer synthase may well be the answer to remedy these pathologies.
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Seah JYH, Chew WS, Torta F, Khoo CM, Wenk MR, Herr DR, Choi H, Tai ES, van Dam RM. Plasma sphingolipids and risk of cardiovascular diseases: a large-scale lipidomic analysis. Metabolomics 2020; 16:89. [PMID: 32816082 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sphingolipids are a diverse class of lipids with various roles in cell functions and subclasses such as ceramides have been associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in previous studies. OBJECTIVES We aimed to measure molecularly-distinct sphingolipids via a large-scale lipidomic analysis and expand the literature to an Asian population. METHODS We performed a lipidomics evaluation of 79 molecularly distinct sphingolipids in the plasma of 2627 ethnically-Chinese Singaporeans. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 12.9 years, we documented 152 cases of major CVD (non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular death). Total ceramide concentrations were not associated with CVD risk [hazard ratio (HR), 0.99; 95% CI 0.81-1.21], but higher circulating total monohexosylceramides (HR, 1.22; 95% CI 1.03, 1.45), total long-chain sphingolipids (C16-C18) (HR, 1.22; 95% CI 1.02, 1.45) and total 18:1 sphingolipids (HR, 1.21; 95% CI 1.01, 1.46) were associated with higher CVD risk after adjusting for conventional CVD risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support the hypothesis that higher ceramide concentrations are linked to higher CVD risk, but suggest that other classes of sphingolipids may affect CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jowy Yi Hoong Seah
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore (NUS), 12 Science Drive 2, #10-01, Singapore, 117549, Singapore.
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, NUS, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.
| | - Wee Siong Chew
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Federico Torta
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, NUS, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Chin Meng Khoo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS and National University Health System, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, NUS, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, NUS, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
| | - Deron R Herr
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Hyungwon Choi
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore (NUS), 12 Science Drive 2, #10-01, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS and National University Health System, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore (NUS), 12 Science Drive 2, #10-01, Singapore, 117549, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS and National University Health System, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore (NUS), 12 Science Drive 2, #10-01, Singapore, 117549, Singapore.
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, NUS, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Wasserman AH, Venkatesan M, Aguirre A. Bioactive Lipid Signaling in Cardiovascular Disease, Development, and Regeneration. Cells 2020; 9:E1391. [PMID: 32503253 PMCID: PMC7349721 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of death globally. Understanding and characterizing the biochemical context of the cardiovascular system in health and disease is a necessary preliminary step for developing novel therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring cardiovascular function. Bioactive lipids are a class of dietary-dependent, chemically heterogeneous lipids with potent biological signaling functions. They have been intensively studied for their roles in immunity, inflammation, and reproduction, among others. Recent advances in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques have revealed a staggering number of novel bioactive lipids, most of them unknown or very poorly characterized in a biological context. Some of these new bioactive lipids play important roles in cardiovascular biology, including development, inflammation, regeneration, stem cell differentiation, and regulation of cell proliferation. Identifying the lipid signaling pathways underlying these effects and uncovering their novel biological functions could pave the way for new therapeutic strategies aimed at CVD and cardiovascular regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H. Wasserman
- Regenerative Biology and Cell Reprogramming Laboratory, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.H.W.); (M.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Manigandan Venkatesan
- Regenerative Biology and Cell Reprogramming Laboratory, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.H.W.); (M.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Aitor Aguirre
- Regenerative Biology and Cell Reprogramming Laboratory, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.H.W.); (M.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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10
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Lipid profile and left ventricular geometry pattern in obese children. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:109. [PMID: 32456629 PMCID: PMC7251900 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an important risk factor for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Previous studies reported conflicting results concerning the relationship between serum lipid levels and left ventricular geometry pattern. We sought to explore the relationship between standard serum lipid profile measures with left ventricular geometry pattern in obese children. Patients and methods In this cross-sectional study, a total of 70 obese children were examined. Fasting blood samples were taken to measure total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TGs), glucose, and insulin. Based on these values TG/HDL ratio, BMI and HOMA index were calculated. We also measured the average 24-h ambulatory systolic blood pressure (SBP) and two-dimensional (2/D) transthoracic echocardiography was performed to determine left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and relative wall thickness (RWT). Multiple regression analyses were conducted to explore relationships between study variables and the LVMI or RWT as outcome variables. The final model with LVMI included TG/HDL ratio, BMI, 24 h-average SBP, age and sex, while for the RWT we included BMI, insulin, age and sex. Results Our study included 70 children (65.71% boys and 34.29% girls) median age (14 years, IQR = 12–16)." We demonstrated independent and positive association of TG/HDL ratio, BMI and 24 h-average SBP with LVMI (effect = 3.65, SE = 1.32, p < 0.01; effect = 34.90, SE = 6.84, p < 0.01; effect = 0.32, SE = 0.12, p < 0.01, respectively). On the other hand, in model with RWT as outcome variable, only BMI and insulin were significantly linked (BMI: effect = 13.07, SE = 5.02, p = 0.01 Insulin: effect = 2.80, SE = 0.97). Conclusion Increased TG/HDL ratio in obese children is associated with the development of eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy while increased BMI and insulin were associated with concentric left ventricular hypertophy.
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11
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Potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis in sphingolipid metabolism. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:763-776. [PMID: 30890654 PMCID: PMC6422862 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids, such as sphingomyelins, ceramides, glycosphingolipids, and sphingosine-1-phosphates (S1P) are a large group of structurally and functionally diverse molecules. Some specific species are found associated with atherogenesis and provide novel therapeutic targets. Herein, we briefly review how sphingolipids are implicated in the progression of atherosclerosis and related diseases, and then we discuss the potential therapy options by targetting several key enzymes in sphingolipid metabolism.
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12
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Mitsnefes MM, Fitzpatrick J, Sozio SM, Jaar BG, Estrella MM, Monroy-Trujillo JM, Zhang W, Setchell K, Parekh RS. Plasma glucosylceramides and cardiovascular risk in incident hemodialysis patients. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 12:1513-1522.e4. [PMID: 30143433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent population-based studies identified plasma sphingolipids as independent predictors of increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Understanding the impact of sphingolipids on CVD outcomes in patients on dialysis, who suffer from higher risk of these conditions, is important for risk assessment and treatment. OBJECTIVE To measure plasma sphingolipid levels and determine their associations with CVD in adults initiating maintenance hemodialysis. METHODS To evaluate associations of plasma sphingolipids with intermediate cardiovascular outcomes (hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and decreased ejection fraction), cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease, we measured plasma levels of ceramides, glucosylceramides, and lactosylceramides from the family of sphingolipids in 368 incident hemodialysis patients enrolled in the Predictors of Arrhythmic and Cardiovascular Risk in End-Stage Renal Disease study. RESULTS Glucosylceramide C16GC (per 1 log μM increase) was associated with higher odds of having uncontrolled hypertension (odds ratio [OR]: 1.34; 95% confidential interval [CI]: 1.01-1.76), left ventricular hypertrophy (OR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.11-2.13), and reduced ejection fraction (OR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.00-1.11) in fully adjusted models. During a median 2.5 years of follow-up, there were 78 deaths from all causes, of which 33 were from CVD. Mortality was higher among those in the highest tertile of C16GC for all causes (HR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.02-3.22) and CVD (HR: 2.63, 95% CI: 1.08-6.55). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that abnormal glycosphingolipid metabolism might contribute to increased CVD risk in end-stage renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Mitsnefes
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Jessica Fitzpatrick
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen M Sozio
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bernard G Jaar
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Nephrology Center of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michelle M Estrella
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco and Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Wujuan Zhang
- Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kenneth Setchell
- Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rulan S Parekh
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Biswas A, Das S, Kapoor M, Shamsudheen KV, Jayarajan R, Verma A, Seth S, Bhargava B, Scaria V, Sivasubbu S, Rao V. Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Identification of cause and risk stratification through exome sequencing. Gene 2018; 660:151-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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14
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Legros N, Pohlentz G, Runde J, Dusny S, Humpf HU, Karch H, Müthing J. Colocalization of receptors for Shiga toxins with lipid rafts in primary human renal glomerular endothelial cells and influence of D-PDMP on synthesis and distribution of glycosphingolipid receptors. Glycobiology 2018; 27:947-965. [PMID: 28535204 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage of human renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGECs) of the kidney represents the linchpin in the pathogenesis of the hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by Shiga toxins of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). We performed a comprehensive structural analysis of the Stx-receptor glycosphingolipids (GSLs) globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer, Galα4Galβ4Glcβ1Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer, GalNAcβ3Galα4Galβ4Glcβ1Cer) and their distribution in lipid raft analog detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) and nonDRMs prepared from primary HRGECs. Predominant receptor lipoforms were Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer with Cer (d18:1, C16:0), Cer (d18:1, C22:0) and Cer (d18:1, C24:1/C24:0). Stx-receptor GSLs co-distribute with sphingomyelin (SM) and cholesterol as well as flotillin-2 in DRMs, representing the liquid-ordered membrane phase and indicating lipid raft association. Lyso-phosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC) was identified as a nonDRM marker phospholipid of the liquid-disordered membrane phase. Exposure of primary HRGECs to the ceramide analogon d-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (D-PDMP) reduced total Gb3Cer and Gb4Cer content, roughly calculated from two biological replicates, down to half and quarter of its primordial content, respectively, but strengthened their prevalence and cholesterol preponderance in DRMs. At the same time, the distribution of PC, SM and lyso-PC to subcellular membrane fractions remained unaffected by D-PDMP treatment. Defining the GSL composition and precise microdomain structures of primary HRGECs may help to develop novel therapeutic options to combat life-threatening EHEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Legros
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gottfried Pohlentz
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jana Runde
- Institute for Food Chemistry, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dusny
- Institute for Food Chemistry, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute for Food Chemistry, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Law BA, Hancock WD, Cowart LA. Getting to the heart of the sphingolipid riddle. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 1:111-122. [PMID: 33195889 PMCID: PMC7665081 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Metabolic Syndrome induce dyslipidemia resulting in inundation of peripheral organs with fatty acids. These not only serve as substrates for energy production, but also contribute to aberrant production of bioactive lipids. Moreover, lipid metabolism is affected in many cardiac disorders including heart failure, ischemia reperfusion injury, and others. While lipids serve crucial homeostatic roles, perturbing biosynthesis of lipid mediators leads to aberrant cell signaling, which contributes to maladaptive cardiovascular programs. Bioactive sphingolipids, in particular, have been implicated in pathophysiology in the heart and vasculature by a variety of studies in cells, animal models, and humans. Because of the burgeoning interest in sphingolipid-driven biology in the cardiovascular system, it is necessary to discuss the experimental considerations for studying sphingolipid metabolism and signaling, emphasizing the caveats to some widely available experimental tools and approaches. Additionally, there is a growing appreciation for the diversity of ceramide structures generated via specific enzymes and bearing disparate cellular functions. While targeting these individual species and enzymes constitutes a major advance, studies show that sphingolipid synthesis readily adapts to compensate for experimental targeting of any individual pathway, thereby convoluting data interpretation. Furthermore, though some molecular mechanisms of sphingolipid action are known, signaling pathways impacted by sphingolipids remain incompletely understood. In this review, we discuss these issues and highlight recent studies as well as future directions that may extend our understanding of the metabolism and signaling actions of these enigmatic lipids in the cardiovascular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britany A Law
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Present Address: Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Duke University, Durham NC
| | - William D. Hancock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - L Ashley Cowart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Ralph H. Johnson Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
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Sfyri P, Matsakas A. Crossroads between peripheral atherosclerosis, western-type diet and skeletal muscle pathophysiology: emphasis on apolipoprotein E deficiency and peripheral arterial disease. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:42. [PMID: 28688452 PMCID: PMC5502081 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process that, in the presence of hyperlipidaemia, promotes the formation of atheromatous plaques in large vessels of the cardiovascular system. It also affects peripheral arteries with major implications for a number of other non-vascular tissues such as the skeletal muscle, the liver and the kidney. The aim of this review is to critically discuss and assimilate current knowledge on the impact of peripheral atherosclerosis and its implications on skeletal muscle homeostasis. Accumulating data suggests that manifestations of peripheral atherosclerosis in skeletal muscle originates in a combination of increased i)-oxidative stress, ii)-inflammation, iii)-mitochondrial deficits, iv)-altered myofibre morphology and fibrosis, v)-chronic ischemia followed by impaired oxygen supply, vi)-reduced capillary density, vii)- proteolysis and viii)-apoptosis. These structural, biochemical and pathophysiological alterations impact on skeletal muscle metabolic and physiologic homeostasis and its capacity to generate force, which further affects the individual's quality of life. Particular emphasis is given on two major areas representing basic and applied science respectively: a)-the abundant evidence from a well-recognised atherogenic model; the Apolipoprotein E deficient mouse and the role of a western-type diet and b)-on skeletal myopathy and oxidative stress-induced myofibre damage from human studies on peripheral arterial disease. A significant source of reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease is the family of NADPH oxidases that contribute to several pathologies. Finally, strategies targeting NADPH oxidases in skeletal muscle in an attempt to attenuate cellular oxidative stress are highlighted, providing a better understanding of the crossroads between peripheral atherosclerosis and skeletal muscle pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Sfyri
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Atherothrombotic & Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Antonios Matsakas
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Atherothrombotic & Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.
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