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Lozano-Durán R. Viral Recognition and Evasion in Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:655-677. [PMID: 39038248 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-060223-030224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Viruses, causal agents of devastating diseases in plants, are obligate intracellular pathogens composed of a nucleic acid genome and a limited number of viral proteins. The diversity of plant viruses, their diminutive molecular nature, and their symplastic localization pose challenges to understanding the interplay between these pathogens and their hosts in the currently accepted framework of plant innate immunity. It is clear, nevertheless, that plants can recognize the presence of a virus and activate antiviral immune responses, although our knowledge of the breadth of invasion signals and the underpinning sensing events is far from complete. Below, I discuss some of the demonstrated or hypothesized mechanisms enabling viral recognition in plants, the step preceding the onset of antiviral immunity, as well as the strategies viruses have evolved to evade or suppress their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Center for Molecular Plant Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany;
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2
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Piau M, Schmitt-Keichinger C. The Hypersensitive Response to Plant Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:2000. [PMID: 37896777 PMCID: PMC10612061 DOI: 10.3390/v15102000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant proteins with domains rich in leucine repeats play important roles in detecting pathogens and triggering defense reactions, both at the cellular surface for pattern-triggered immunity and in the cell to ensure effector-triggered immunity. As intracellular parasites, viruses are mostly detected intracellularly by proteins with a nucleotide binding site and leucine-rich repeats but receptor-like kinases with leucine-rich repeats, known to localize at the cell surface, have also been involved in response to viruses. In the present review we report on the progress that has been achieved in the last decade on the role of these leucine-rich proteins in antiviral immunity, with a special focus on our current understanding of the hypersensitive response.
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Jovanović I, Frantová N, Zouhar J. A sword or a buffet: plant endomembrane system in viral infections. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1226498. [PMID: 37636115 PMCID: PMC10453817 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1226498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The plant endomembrane system is an elaborate collection of membrane-bound compartments that perform distinct tasks in plant growth and development, and in responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Most plant viruses are positive-strand RNA viruses that remodel the host endomembrane system to establish intricate replication compartments. Their fundamental role is to create optimal conditions for viral replication, and to protect replication complexes and the cell-to-cell movement machinery from host defenses. In addition to the intracellular antiviral defense, represented mainly by RNA interference and effector-triggered immunity, recent findings indicate that plant antiviral immunity also includes membrane-localized receptor-like kinases that detect viral molecular patterns and trigger immune responses, which are similar to those observed for bacterial and fungal pathogens. Another recently identified part of plant antiviral defenses is executed by selective autophagy that mediates a specific degradation of viral proteins, resulting in an infection arrest. In a perpetual tug-of-war, certain host autophagy components may be exploited by viral proteins to support or protect an effective viral replication. In this review, we present recent advances in the understanding of the molecular interplay between viral components and plant endomembrane-associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jovanović
- Department of Crop Science, Breeding and Plant Medicine, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Nicole Frantová
- Department of Crop Science, Breeding and Plant Medicine, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Zouhar
- Central European Institute of Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
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Siriwan W, Hemniam N, Vannatim N, Malichan S, Chaowongdee S, Roytrakul S, Charoenlappanit S, Sawwa A. Analysis of proteomic changes in cassava cv. Kasetsart 50 caused by Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:573. [PMID: 36494781 PMCID: PMC9737768 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus (SLCMV) is a plant virus causing significant economic losses throughout Southeast Asia. While proteomics has the potential to identify molecular markers that could assist the breeding of virus resistant cultivars, the effects of SLCMV infection in cassava have not been previously explored in detail. RESULTS Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) was used to identify differentially expressed proteins in SLCMV infected leaves, and qPCR was used to confirm changes at mRNA levels. LC/MS-MS identified 1,813 proteins, including 479 and 408 proteins that were upregulated in SLCMV-infected and healthy cassava plants respectively, while 109 proteins were detected in both samples. Most of the identified proteins were involved in biosynthetic processes (29.8%), cellular processes (20.9%), and metabolism (18.4%). Transport proteins, stress response molecules, and proteins involved in signal transduction, plant defense responses, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration, although present, only represented a relatively small subset of the detected differences. RT-qPCR confirmed the upregulation of WRKY 77 (A0A140H8T1), WRKY 83 (A0A140H8T7), NAC 6 (A0A0M4G3M4), NAC 35 (A0A0M5JAB4), NAC 22 (A0A0M5J8Q6), NAC 54 (A0A0M4FSG8), NAC 70 (A0A0M4FEU9), MYB (A0A2C9VER9 and A0A2C9VME6), bHLH (A0A2C9UNL9 and A0A2C9WBZ1) transcription factors. Additional upregulated transcripts included receptors, such as receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (RSTK) (A0A2C9UPE4), Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) (A0A2C9V5Q3), leucine rich repeat N-terminal domain (LRRNT_2) (A0A2C9VHG8), and cupin (A0A199UBY6). These molecules participate in innate immunity, plant defense mechanisms, and responses to biotic stress and to phytohormones. CONCLUSIONS We detected 1,813 differentially expressed proteins infected cassava plants, of which 479 were selectively upregulated. These could be classified into three main biological functional groups, with roles in gene regulation, plant defense mechanisms, and stress responses. These results will help identify key proteins affected by SLCMV infection in cassava plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwisa Siriwan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Nuannapa Hemniam
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Nattachai Vannatim
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Srihunsa Malichan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Somruthai Chaowongdee
- Center of Excellence On Agricultural Biotechnology (AG-BIO/MHESI), Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaengsaen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic and Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, 12100, Thailand
| | - Sawanya Charoenlappanit
- National Center for Genetic and Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, 12100, Thailand
| | - Aroonothai Sawwa
- Biotechnology Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Thanyaburi, Pathumthani, 12110, Thailand
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Gao Z, Zhang D, Wang X, Zhang X, Wen Z, Zhang Q, Li D, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Zhang Y. Coat proteins of necroviruses target 14-3-3a to subvert MAPKKKα-mediated antiviral immunity in plants. Nat Commun 2022; 13:716. [PMID: 35132090 PMCID: PMC8821596 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play an important role in innate immunity against various pathogens in plants and animals. However, we know very little about the importance of MAPK cascades in plant defense against viral pathogens. Here, we used a positive-strand RNA necrovirus, beet black scorch virus (BBSV), as a model to investigate the relationship between MAPK signaling and virus infection. Our findings showed that BBSV infection activates MAPK signaling, whereas viral coat protein (CP) counteracts MAPKKKα-mediated antiviral defense. CP does not directly target MAPKKKα, instead it competitively interferes with the binding of 14-3-3a to MAPKKKα in a dose-dependent manner. This results in the instability of MAPKKKα and subversion of MAPKKKα-mediated antiviral defense. Considering the conservation of 14-3-3-binding sites in the CPs of diverse plant viruses, we provide evidence that 14-3-3-MAPKKKα defense signaling module is a target of viral effectors in the ongoing arms race of defense and viral counter-defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Dingliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Qianshen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China.
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Gupta K, Rishishwar R, Dasgupta I. The interplay of plant hormonal pathways and geminiviral proteins: partners in disease development. Virus Genes 2022; 58:1-14. [PMID: 35034268 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Viruses belonging to the family Geminiviridae infect plants and are responsible for a number of diseases of crops in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the World. The innate immune response of the plant assists in its defense against such viral pathogens by the recognition of pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns through pattern-recognition receptors. Phytohormone signalling pathways play a vital role in plant defense responses against these devastating viruses. Geminiviruses, however, have developed counter-defense strategies that prevail over the above defense pathways. The proteins encoded by geminiviruses act as suppressors of plant immunity by interacting with the signalling components of several hormones. In this review we focus on the molecular interplay of phytohormone pathways and geminiviral infection and try to find interesting parallels with similar mechanisms known in other plant-infecting viruses and strengthen the argument that this interplay is necessary for disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Gupta
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, -110021, India
| | - Rashmi Rishishwar
- Department of Botany, Bhagat Singh Government P.G. College, Jaora, Ratlam, Madhya Pradesh, 457226, India
| | - Indranil Dasgupta
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, -110021, India.
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Tungadi T, Watt LG, Groen SC, Murphy AM, Du Z, Pate AE, Westwood JH, Fennell TG, Powell G, Carr JP. Infection of Arabidopsis by cucumber mosaic virus triggers jasmonate-dependent resistance to aphids that relies partly on the pattern-triggered immunity factor BAK1. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1082-1091. [PMID: 34156752 PMCID: PMC8358999 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many aphid-vectored viruses are transmitted nonpersistently via transient attachment of virus particles to aphid mouthparts and are most effectively acquired or transmitted during brief stylet punctures of epidermal cells. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the aphid-transmitted virus cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) induces feeding deterrence against the polyphagous aphid Myzus persicae. This form of resistance inhibits prolonged phloem feeding but promotes virus acquisition by aphids because it encourages probing of plant epidermal cells. When aphids are confined on CMV-infected plants, feeding deterrence reduces their growth and reproduction. We found that CMV-induced inhibition of growth as well as CMV-induced inhibition of reproduction of M. persicae are dependent upon jasmonate-mediated signalling. BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1) is a co-receptor enabling detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns and induction of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). In plants carrying the mutant bak1-5 allele, CMV induced inhibition of M. persicae reproduction but not inhibition of aphid growth. We conclude that in wildtype plants CMV induces two mechanisms that diminish performance of M. persicae: a jasmonate-dependent and PTI-dependent mechanism that inhibits aphid growth, and a jasmonate-dependent, PTI-independent mechanism that inhibits reproduction. The growth of two crucifer specialist aphids, Lipaphis erysimi and Brevicoryne brassicae, was not affected when confined on CMV-infected A. thaliana. However, B. brassicae reproduction was inhibited on CMV-infected plants. This suggests that in A. thaliana CMV-induced resistance to aphids, which is thought to incentivize virus vectoring, has greater effects on polyphagous than on crucifer specialist aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisna Tungadi
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- NIAB EMREast MallingUK
| | - Lewis G. Watt
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Simon C. Groen
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Department of BiologyNew York UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Alex M. Murphy
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Zhiyou Du
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Institute of BioengineeringZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhouChina
| | | | - Jack H. Westwood
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address:
Walder FoundationSkokieIllinoisUSA
| | - Thea G. Fennell
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - John P. Carr
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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R-BPMV-Mediated Resistance to Bean pod mottle virus in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Is Heat-Stable but Elevated Temperatures Boost Viral Infection in Susceptible Genotypes. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071239. [PMID: 34206842 PMCID: PMC8310253 DOI: 10.3390/v13071239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of climate change, elevated temperature is a major concern due to the impact on plant–pathogen interactions. Although atmospheric temperature is predicted to increase in the next century, heat waves during summer seasons have already become a current problem. Elevated temperatures strongly influence plant–virus interactions, the most drastic effect being a breakdown of plant viral resistance conferred by some major resistance genes. In this work, we focused on the R-BPMV gene, a major resistance gene against Bean pod mottle virus in Phaseolus vulgaris. We inoculated different BPMV constructs in order to study the behavior of the R-BPMV-mediated resistance at normal (20 °C) and elevated temperatures (constant 25, 30, and 35 °C). Our results show that R-BPMV mediates a temperature-dependent phenotype of resistance from hypersensitive reaction at 20 °C to chlorotic lesions at 35 °C in the resistant genotype BAT93. BPMV is detected in inoculated leaves but not in systemic ones, suggesting that the resistance remains heat-stable up to 35 °C. R-BPMV segregates as an incompletely dominant gene in an F2 population. We also investigated the impact of elevated temperature on BPMV infection in susceptible genotypes, and our results reveal that elevated temperatures boost BPMV infection both locally and systemically in susceptible genotypes.
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9
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Geminivirus-Host Interactions: Action and Reaction in Receptor-Mediated Antiviral Immunity. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050840. [PMID: 34066372 PMCID: PMC8148220 DOI: 10.3390/v13050840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In plant−virus interactions, the plant immune system and virulence strategies are under constant pressure for dominance, and the balance of these opposing selection pressures can result in disease or resistance. The naturally evolving plant antiviral immune defense consists of a multilayered perception system represented by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) and resistance (R) proteins similarly to the nonviral pathogen innate defenses. Another layer of antiviral immunity, signaling via a cell surface receptor-like kinase to inhibit host and viral mRNA translation, has been identified as a virulence target of the geminivirus nuclear shuttle protein. The Geminiviridae family comprises broad-host range viruses that cause devastating plant diseases in a large variety of relevant crops and vegetables and hence have evolved a repertoire of immune-suppressing functions. In this review, we discuss the primary layers of the receptor-mediated antiviral immune system, focusing on the mechanisms developed by geminiviruses to overcome plant immunity.
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10
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Huang C. From Player to Pawn: Viral Avirulence Factors Involved in Plant Immunity. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040688. [PMID: 33923435 PMCID: PMC8073968 DOI: 10.3390/v13040688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the plant immune system, according to the 'gene-for-gene' model, a resistance (R) gene product in the plant specifically surveils a corresponding effector protein functioning as an avirulence (Avr) gene product. This system differs from other plant-pathogen interaction systems, in which plant R genes recognize a single type of gene or gene family because almost all virus genes with distinct structures and functions can also interact with R genes as Avr determinants. Thus, research conducted on viral Avr-R systems can provide a novel understanding of Avr and R gene product interactions and identify mechanisms that enable rapid co-evolution of plants and phytopathogens. In this review, we intend to provide a brief overview of virus-encoded proteins and their roles in triggering plant resistance, and we also summarize current progress in understanding plant resistance against virus Avr genes. Moreover, we present applications of Avr gene-mediated phenotyping in R gene identification and screening of segregating populations during breeding processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650021, China
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11
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Plant virus-interactions: unraveling novel defense mechanisms under immune-suppressing pressure. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 70:108-114. [PMID: 33866213 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plants have developed multilayered molecular defense strategies to combat pathogens. These defense layers have been predominantly identified and characterized in incompatible interactions, in which the plant immune system induces a rapid and efficient defense. Nevertheless, due to the constant evolutionary pressure between plants and pathogens for dominance, it is conceptually accepted that several mechanisms of plant defense may be hidden by the co-evolving immune-suppressing functions from pathogens. Recent studies focusing on begomovirus-host interactions have provided an in-depth view of how suppressed plant antiviral mechanisms can offer a more dynamic view of evolving pressures in the immune system also shared with nonviral pathogens. The emerging theme of crosstalk between host antiviral defenses and antibacterial immunity is also discussed. This interplay between immune responses allows bacteria and viruses to activate immunity against pathogens from a different kingdom, hence preventing multiple infections presumably to avoid competition.
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Yoon JY, Palukaitis P. Cucumber Mosaic Virus 1a Protein Interacts with the Tobacco SHE1 Transcription Factor and Partitions between the Nucleus and the Tonoplast Membrane. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 37:182-193. [PMID: 33866760 PMCID: PMC8053847 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.ft.03.2021.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor SHE1 was identified as an interacting partner with the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 1a protein in the yeast two-hybrid system, by a pull-down assay, and via bimolecular fluorescent complementation. Using fluorescent-tagged proteins and confocal microscopy, the CMV 1a protein itself was found distributed predominantly between the nucleus and the tonoplast membrane, although it was also found in speckles in the cytoplasm. The SHE1 protein was localized in the nucleus, but in the presence of the CMV 1a protein was partitioned between the nucleus and the tonoplast membrane. SHE1 expression was induced by infection of tobacco with four tested viruses: CMV, tobacco mosaic virus, potato virus X and potato virus Y. Transgenic tobacco expressing the CMV 1a protein showed constitutive expression of SHE1, indicating that the CMV 1a protein may be responsible for its induction. However, previously, such plants also were shown to have less resistance to local and systemic movement of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) expressing the green fluorescent protein, suggesting that the CMV 1a protein may act to prevent the function of the SHE1 protein. SHE1 is a member of the AP2/ERF class of transcription factors and is conserved in sequence in several Nicotiana species, although two clades of SHE1 could be discerned, including both different Nicotiana species and cultivars of tobacco, varying by the presence of particular insertions or deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Virology Unit, Division of Horticultural and Herbal Crop Environment, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Peter Palukaitis
- Department of Horticulture Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797,
Korea
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13
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Marwal A, Gaur RK. Host Plant Strategies to Combat Against Viruses Effector Proteins. Curr Genomics 2020; 21:401-410. [PMID: 33093803 PMCID: PMC7536791 DOI: 10.2174/1389202921999200712135131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate parasites that exist in an inactive state until they enter the host body. Upon entry, viruses become active and start replicating by using the host cell machinery. All plant viruses can augment their transmission, thus powering their detrimental effects on the host plant. To diminish infection and diseases caused by viruses, the plant has a defence mechanism known as pathogenesis-related biochemicals, which are metabolites and proteins. Proteins that ultimately prevent pathogenic diseases are called R proteins. Several plant R genes (that confirm resistance) and avirulence protein (Avr) (pathogen Avr gene-encoded proteins [effector/elicitor proteins involved in pathogenicity]) molecules have been identified. The recognition of such a factor results in the plant defence mechanism. During plant viral infection, the replication and expression of a viral molecule lead to a series of a hypersensitive response (HR) and affect the host plant's immunity (pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity). Avr protein renders the host RNA silencing mechanism and its innate immunity, chiefly known as silencing suppressors towards the plant defensive machinery. This is a strong reply to the plant defensive machinery by harmful plant viruses. In this review, we describe the plant pathogen resistance protein and how these proteins regulate host immunity during plant-virus interactions. Furthermore, we have discussed regarding ribosome-inactivating proteins, ubiquitin proteasome system, translation repression (nuclear shuttle protein interacting kinase 1), DNA methylation, dominant resistance genes, and autophagy-mediated protein degradation, which are crucial in antiviral defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Marwal
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Vigyan Bhawan - Block B, New Campus, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan - 313001, India; 2Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh - 273009, India
| | - Rajarshi Kumar Gaur
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Vigyan Bhawan - Block B, New Campus, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan - 313001, India; 2Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh - 273009, India
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14
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Sanfaçon H. Modulation of disease severity by plant positive-strand RNA viruses: The complex interplay of multifunctional viral proteins, subviral RNAs and virus-associated RNAs with plant signaling pathways and defense responses. Adv Virus Res 2020; 107:87-131. [PMID: 32711736 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses induce a range of symptoms of varying intensity, ranging from severe systemic necrosis to mild or asymptomatic infection. Several evolutionary constraints drive virus virulence, including the dependence of viruses on host factors to complete their infection cycle, the requirement to counteract or evade plant antiviral defense responses and the mode of virus transmission. Viruses have developed an array of strategies to modulate disease severity. Accumulating evidence has highlighted not only the multifunctional role that viral proteins play in disrupting or highjacking plant factors, hormone signaling pathways and intracellular organelles, but also the interaction networks between viral proteins, subviral RNAs and/or other viral-associated RNAs that regulate disease severity. This review focusses on positive-strand RNA viruses, which constitute the majority of characterized plant viruses. Using well-characterized viruses with different genome types as examples, recent advances are discussed as well as knowledge gaps and opportunities for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Sanfaçon
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada.
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15
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Palukaitis P, Yoon JY. R gene mediated defense against viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 45:1-7. [PMID: 32402925 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The relationship of Resistance (R) gene-mediated defense to other forms of resistance in plants is considered, and the natures of the products of dominant and recessive R genes are reviewed. Various factors involved in expressing R gene-mediated resistance are described. These include phytohormones and plant effector molecules: the former regulating different pathways for disease resistance and the latter having direct effects on viral genomes or encoded proteins. Finally, the status of our knowledge concerning the cell-death hypersensitive response and its relationship to the actual resistance response involved in inhibiting virus infection is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Palukaitis
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Virology Unit, Horticultural and Herbal Environment Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Yaron JR, Zhang L, Guo Q, Burgin M, Schutz LN, Awo E, Wise L, Krause KL, Ildefonso CJ, Kwiecien JM, Juby M, Rahman MM, Chen H, Moyer RW, Alcami A, McFadden G, Lucas AR. Deriving Immune Modulating Drugs from Viruses-A New Class of Biologics. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E972. [PMID: 32244484 PMCID: PMC7230489 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9040972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are widely used as a platform for the production of therapeutics. Vaccines containing live, dead and components of viruses, gene therapy vectors and oncolytic viruses are key examples of clinically-approved therapeutic uses for viruses. Despite this, the use of virus-derived proteins as natural sources for immune modulators remains in the early stages of development. Viruses have evolved complex, highly effective approaches for immune evasion. Originally developed for protection against host immune responses, viral immune-modulating proteins are extraordinarily potent, often functioning at picomolar concentrations. These complex viral intracellular parasites have "performed the R&D", developing highly effective immune evasive strategies over millions of years. These proteins provide a new and natural source for immune-modulating therapeutics, similar in many ways to penicillin being developed from mold or streptokinase from bacteria. Virus-derived serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins), chemokine modulating proteins, complement control, inflammasome inhibition, growth factors (e.g., viral vascular endothelial growth factor) and cytokine mimics (e.g., viral interleukin 10) and/or inhibitors (e.g., tumor necrosis factor) have now been identified that target central immunological response pathways. We review here current development of virus-derived immune-modulating biologics with efficacy demonstrated in pre-clinical or clinical studies, focusing on pox and herpesviruses-derived immune-modulating therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R. Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Qiuyun Guo
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Michelle Burgin
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Lauren N. Schutz
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Enkidia Awo
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Lyn Wise
- University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (L.W.); (K.L.K.)
| | - Kurt L. Krause
- University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (L.W.); (K.L.K.)
| | | | - Jacek M. Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Michael Juby
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Masmudur M. Rahman
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Hao Chen
- The Department of Tumor Surgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China;
| | - Richard W. Moyer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Antonio Alcami
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Grant McFadden
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (J.R.Y.); (L.Z.); (Q.G.); (M.B.); (L.N.S.); (E.A.); (M.J.)
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA (G.M.)
- St Joseph Hospital, Dignity Health, Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
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17
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Martins LGC, Raimundo GAS, Ribeiro NGA, Silva JCF, Euclydes NC, Loriato VAP, Duarte CEM, Fontes EPB. A Begomovirus Nuclear Shuttle Protein-Interacting Immune Hub: Hijacking Host Transport Activities and Suppressing Incompatible Functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:398. [PMID: 32322262 PMCID: PMC7156597 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Begomoviruses (Geminiviridae family) represent a severe constraint to agriculture worldwide. As ssDNA viruses that replicate in the nuclei of infected cells, the nascent viral DNA has to move to the cytoplasm and then to the adjacent cell to cause disease. The begomovirus nuclear shuttle protein (NSP) assists the intracellular transport of viral DNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and cooperates with the movement protein (MP) for the cell-to-cell translocation of viral DNA to uninfected cells. As a facilitator of intra- and intercellular transport of viral DNA, NSP is predicted to associate with host proteins from the nuclear export machinery, the intracytoplasmic active transport system, and the cell-to-cell transport complex. Furthermore, NSP functions as a virulence factor that suppresses antiviral immunity against begomoviruses. In this review, we focus on the protein-protein network that converges on NSP with a high degree of centrality and forms an immune hub against begomoviruses. We also describe the compatible host functions hijacked by NSP to promote the nucleocytoplasmic and intracytoplasmic movement of viral DNA. Finally, we discuss the NSP virulence function as a suppressor of the recently described NSP-interacting kinase 1 (NIK1)-mediated antiviral immunity. Understanding the NSP-host protein-protein interaction (PPI) network will probably pave the way for strategies to generate more durable resistance against begomoviruses.
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18
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Li B, Ferreira MA, Huang M, Camargos LF, Yu X, Teixeira RM, Carpinetti PA, Mendes GC, Gouveia-Mageste BC, Liu C, Pontes CSL, Brustolini OJB, Martins LGC, Melo BP, Duarte CEM, Shan L, He P, Fontes EPB. The receptor-like kinase NIK1 targets FLS2/BAK1 immune complex and inversely modulates antiviral and antibacterial immunity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4996. [PMID: 31676803 PMCID: PMC6825196 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12847-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants deploy various immune receptors to recognize pathogens and defend themselves. Crosstalk may happen among receptor-mediated signal transduction pathways in the same host during simultaneous infection of different pathogens. However, the related function of the receptor-like kinases (RLKs) in thwarting different pathogens remains elusive. Here, we report that NIK1, which positively regulates plant antiviral immunity, acts as an important negative regulator of antibacterial immunity. nik1 plants exhibit dwarfed morphology, enhanced disease resistance to bacteria and increased PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) responses, which are restored by NIK1 reintroduction. Additionally, NIK1 negatively regulates the formation of the FLS2/BAK1 complex. The interaction between NIK1 and FLS2/BAK1 is enhanced upon flg22 perception, revealing a novel PTI regulatory mechanism by an RLK. Furthermore, flg22 perception induces NIK1 and RPL10A phosphorylation in vivo, activating antiviral signalling. The NIK1-mediated inverse modulation of antiviral and antibacterial immunity may allow bacteria and viruses to activate host immune responses against each other. Plants deploy numerous receptor-like kinases (RLKs) to respond to pathogens. Here the authors show that NIK1, an RLK that positively regulates antiviral immunity, negatively regulates the response to bacteria by modulating FLS2/BAK1 complex formation, suggesting crosstalk between bacterial and viral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China. .,The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Marco Aurélio Ferreira
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil
| | - Mengling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Luiz Fernando Camargos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Federal Institute of Education from Goias, Science and Technology, Urutaí, GO, 75790-000, Brazil
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ruan M Teixeira
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil
| | - Paola A Carpinetti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil
| | - Giselle C Mendes
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Catarinense, Rio do Sul, SC, 89163-356, Brazil
| | - Bianca C Gouveia-Mageste
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil
| | - Chenglong Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Claudia S L Pontes
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil
| | - Otávio J B Brustolini
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Laboratório Nacional de Computação Cientifica (LNCC), Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil
| | - Laura G C Martins
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil
| | - Bruno P Melo
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil
| | - Christiane E M Duarte
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Elizabeth P B Fontes
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570.900, Brazil.
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19
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Nemes K, Gellért Á, Bóka K, Vági P, Salánki K. Symptom recovery is affected by Cucumber mosaic virus coat protein phosphorylation. Virology 2019; 536:68-77. [PMID: 31401466 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus induces specific recovery phenotype, namely cyclic mosaic symptoms on tobacco plants. We provide further evidence that besides the 2b suppressor protein, the coat protein (CP) also has a role in symptom recovery and it is connected to its phosphorylation. We analyzed the impact of the phosphorylated (S148D) and the non-phosphorylated (S148A) state of CP148 Ser on symptom formation, virion stability and the effect of CP and its mutants on 2b-mediated local GFP-silencing. We demonstrated that a single aa change could be responsible for preventing the recovery phenomenon as replacing the phosphorylatable Ser with Ala in the 148aa position abolishing the cyclic phenomenon. CP/S148A mutation equilibrates the accumulation of the virus during the infection both at RNA and protein level in N. tabacum L. cv Xanthi plants. In summary, we determined a regulatory effect of the CMV CP on the self-attenuation mechanism and downregulation of the suppressor effect of the 2b protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Nemes
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Gellért
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Bóka
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Vági
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Salánki
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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20
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Teixeira RM, Ferreira MA, Raimundo GAS, Loriato VAP, Reis PAB, Fontes EPB. Virus perception at the cell surface: revisiting the roles of receptor-like kinases as viral pattern recognition receptors. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1196-1202. [PMID: 31094066 PMCID: PMC6715618 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Activation of antiviral innate immune responses depends on the recognition of viral components or viral effectors by host receptors. This virus recognition system can activate two layers of host defence, pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). While ETI has long been recognized as an efficient plant defence against viruses, the concept of antiviral PTI has only recently been integrated into virus-host interaction models, such as the RNA silencing-based defences that are triggered by viral dsRNA PAMPs produced during infection. Emerging evidence in the literature has included the classical PTI in the antiviral innate immune arsenal of plant cells. Therefore, our understanding of PAMPs has expanded to include not only classical PAMPS, such as bacterial flagellin or fungal chitin, but also virus-derived nucleic acids that may also activate PAMP recognition receptors like the well-documented phenomenon observed for mammalian viruses. In this review, we discuss the notion that plant viruses can activate classical PTI, leading to both unique antiviral responses and conserved antipathogen responses. We also present evidence that virus-derived nucleic acid PAMPs may elicit the NUCLEAR SHUTTLE PROTEIN-INTERACTING KINASE 1 (NIK1)-mediated antiviral signalling pathway that transduces an antiviral signal to suppress global host translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan M. Teixeira
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMinas Gerais36570‐000Brazil
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMinas Gerais36570‐000Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Ferreira
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMinas Gerais36570‐000Brazil
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMinas Gerais36570‐000Brazil
| | - Gabriel A. S. Raimundo
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMinas Gerais36570‐000Brazil
- Agronomy Institute, Universidade Federal de ViçosaCampus FlorestalFlorestalMinas Gerais35690‐000Brazil
| | - Virgílio A. P. Loriato
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMinas Gerais36570‐000Brazil
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMinas Gerais36570‐000Brazil
| | - Pedro A. B. Reis
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMinas Gerais36570‐000Brazil
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMinas Gerais36570‐000Brazil
| | - Elizabeth P. B. Fontes
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMinas Gerais36570‐000Brazil
- Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversidade Federal de ViçosaViçosaMinas Gerais36570‐000Brazil
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21
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Macho AP, Lozano‐Duran R. Molecular dialogues between viruses and receptor-like kinases in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1191-1195. [PMID: 31094075 PMCID: PMC6715595 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) play a prominent role in the interaction between plants and extracellular pathogens. Intriguingly, in the past few years several studies have demonstrated that a number of RLKs influence plant susceptibility to viruses and, in some cases, interact with viral proteins. In this review, we will summarize and discuss recent advances suggesting a direct role for RLKs in plant-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto P. Macho
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201602China
| | - Rosa Lozano‐Duran
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201602China
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22
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Li X, Wang Y, Chen K, Gao D, Wang D, Xue W. Cucumber mosaic virus coat protein: The potential target of 1, 4-pentadien-3-one derivatives. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 155:45-50. [PMID: 30857626 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus coat protein (CMV CP) plays a key role in cell-to-cell movement in host organisms. 1,4-Pentadien-3-one derivatives have excellent antiviral activities. In this study, we cloned, expressed and purified a CP recombinant protein. Then, we studied the binding interactions of CMV CP and 1, 4-pentadien-3-one derivatives N1-N20. Microscale thermophoresis experiments showed that N12 and N16 bound to CMV CP with dissociation constants of 0.071 and 0.11 μM, respectively. Docking and site-directed mutagenesis studies provided further insights into the interactions of N12 and N16 with Ile210, Thr69 and Ser213of CMV CP. Thus, these CMV CP residues may be important binding sites for the 1,4-pentadien-3-one derivatives N12 and N16. The data are important for designing and synthesizing new pentadienone derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
| | - Yihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Di Gao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Wei Xue
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
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23
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The Tug-of-War between Plants and Viruses: Great Progress and Many Remaining Questions. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030203. [PMID: 30823402 PMCID: PMC6466000 DOI: 10.3390/v11030203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are persistently challenged by various phytopathogens. To protect themselves, plants have evolved multilayered surveillance against all pathogens. For intracellular parasitic viruses, plants have developed innate immunity, RNA silencing, translation repression, ubiquitination-mediated and autophagy-mediated protein degradation, and other dominant resistance gene-mediated defenses. Plant viruses have also acquired diverse strategies to suppress and even exploit host defense machinery to ensure their survival. A better understanding of the defense and counter-defense between plants and viruses will obviously benefit from the development of efficient and broad-spectrum virus resistance for sustainable agriculture. In this review, we summarize the cutting edge of knowledge concerning the defense and counter-defense between plants and viruses, and highlight the unexploited areas that are especially worth investigating in the near future.
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