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Sabag I, Pnini S, Morota G, Peleg Z. Refining flowering date enhances sesame yield independently of day-length. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:711. [PMID: 39060970 PMCID: PMC11282604 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth is a key factor in yield maximization. Sesame (Sesamum indicum), an indeterminate short-day oilseed crop, is rapidly being introduced into new cultivation areas. Thus, decoding its flowering mechanism is necessary to facilitate adaptation to environmental conditions. In the current study, we uncover the effect of day-length on flowering and yield components using F2 populations segregating for previously identified quantitative trait loci (Si_DTF QTL) confirming these traits. RESULTS Generally, day-length affected all phenotypic traits, with short-day preceding days to flowering and reducing yield components. Interestingly, the average days to flowering required for yield maximization was 50 to 55 days, regardless of day-length. In addition, we found that Si_DTF QTL is more associated with seed-yield and yield components than with days to flowering. A bulk-segregation analysis was applied to identify additional QTL differing in allele frequencies between early and late flowering under both day-length conditions. Candidate genes mining within the identified major QTL intervals revealed two flowering-related genes with different expression levels between the parental lines, indicating their contribution to sesame flowering regulation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the essential role of flowering date on yield components and will serve as a basis for future sesame breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idan Sabag
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Shaked Pnini
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Gota Morota
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Zvi Peleg
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
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Dong W, Li D, Zhang L, Tao P, Zhang Y. Flowering-associated gene expression and metabolic characteristics in adzuki bean ( Vigna angularis L.) with different short-day induction periods. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17716. [PMID: 39035158 PMCID: PMC11260412 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The adzuki bean is a typical short-day plant and an important grain crop that is widely used due to its high nutritional and medicinal value. The adzuki bean flowering time is affected by multiple environmental factors, particularly the photoperiod. Adjusting the day length can induce flower synchronization in adzuki bean and accelerate the breeding process. In this study, we used RNA sequencing analysis to determine the effects of different day lengths on gene expression and metabolic characteristics related to adzuki bean flowering time. Methods 'Tangshan hong xiao dou' was used as the experimental material in this study and field experiments were conducted in 2022 using a randomized block design with three treatments: short-day induction periods of 5 d (SD-5d), 10 d (SD-10d), and 15 d (SD-15d). Results A total of 5,939 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 38.09% were up-regulated and 23.81% were down-regulated. Gene ontology enrichment analysis was performed on the target genes to identify common functions related to photosystems I and II. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis identified two pathways involved in the antenna protein and circadian rhythm. Furthermore, florescence was promoted by down-regulating genes in the circadian rhythm pathway through the blue light metabolic pathway; whereas, antenna proteins promoted flowering by enhancing the reception of light signals and accelerating electron transport. In these two metabolic pathways, the number of DEGs was the greatest between the SD-5d VS SD-15d groups. Real-time reverse transcription‒quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis results of eight DEGs were consistent with the sequencing results. Thus, the sequencing results were accurate and reliable and eight genes were identified as candidates for the regulation of short-day induction at the adzuki bean seedling stage. Conclusions Short-day induction was able to down-regulate the expression of genes related to flowering according to the circadian rhythm and up-regulate the expression of certain genes in the antenna protein pathway. The results provide a theoretical reference for the molecular mechanism of short-day induction and multi-level information for future functional studies to verify the key genes regulating adzuki bean flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Dong
- College of Agronomy and Medical, Hebei Open University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Dongxiao Li
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, Shandong, China
| | - Peijun Tao
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yuechen Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
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Zhong J, Cui J, Miao M, Hu F, Dong J, Liu J, Zhong C, Cheng J, Hu K. A point mutation in MC06g1112 encoding FLOWERING LOCUS T decreases the first flower node in bitter gourd ( Momordica charantia L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1153208. [PMID: 37881613 PMCID: PMC10595031 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1153208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
In Cucurbitaceae crops, the first flower node (FFN) is an important agronomic trait which can impact the onset of maturity, the production of female flowers, and yield. However, the gene responsible for regulating FFN in bitter gourd is unknown. Here, we used a gynoecious line (S156G) with low FFN as the female parent and a monoecious line (K8-201) with high FFN as the male parent to obtain F1 and F2 generations. Genetic analysis indicated that the low FFN trait was incompletely dominant over the high FFN trait. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL)-Mcffn and four minor effect QTLs-Mcffn1.1, Mcffn1.2, Mcffn1.3, and Mcffn1.4 were detected by whole-genome re-sequencing-based QTL mapping in the S156G×K8-201 F2 population (n=234) cultivated in autumn 2019. The Mcffn locus was further supported by molecular marker-based QTL mapping in three S156G×K8-201 F2 populations planted in autumn 2019 (n=234), autumn 2020 (n=192), and spring 2022 (n=205). Then, the Mcffn locus was fine-mapped into a 77.98-kb physical region on pseudochromosome MC06 using a large S156G×K8-201 F2 population (n=2,402). MC06g1112, which is a homolog of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), was considered as the most likely Mcffn candidate gene according to both expression and sequence variation analyses between parental lines. A point mutation (C277T) in MC06g1112, which results in a P93S amino acid mutation between parental lines, may be responsible for decreasing FFN in bitter gourd. Our findings provide a helpful resource for the molecular marker-assisted selective breeding of bitter gourd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Horticulture Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junjie Cui
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mingjun Miao
- Horticulture Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fang Hu
- Henry Fok School of Biology and Agricultural, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Jichi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunfeng Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaowen Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kailin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (South China), College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Fan Z, Gao Y, Gao Y, Guan C, Liu R, Wang S, Zhang Q. Functional characterization of two flowering repressors SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 in reblooming bearded Iris (Iris spp.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 328:111542. [PMID: 36563940 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Reblooming bearded iris (Iris spp.) could bloom in both spring and autumn, which has extended the ornamental periods. Our previous transcriptome analysis has indicated the possible regulatory role of SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) in reblooming of bearded iris. Moreover, it has been revealed that the mutations of TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) led to the continuous-flowering phenotypes in rose (Rosa spp.) and strawberry (Fragaria spp.). In order to verify the functions of these two genes on reblooming in bearded iris, IgSVP and IgTFL1 were isolated and functionally characterized. All the overexpression Arabidopsis lines of IgSVP and IgTFL1 generated the late-flowering phenotypes, indicating their functions as flowering repressors. The ectopic expression of IgSVP and IgTFL1 also generated phenotypic changes on flowers, inflorescences and branch structures. Moreover, the protein-protein interaction was found between a homologue of IgSVP and the floral meristem identity gene APETALA 1. The expression profiling showed that IgSVP was expressed significantly lower in the rebloomers in the second floral initiation stage (T5) than those of the first one (T1) in both the once-bloomers and the rebloomers, suggesting the possible regulation of IgSVP on reblooming. However, the expression level of IgTFL1 in the rebloomers was significantly higher in T5 than that in T1. The functional characterization of the two important flowering repressors IgSVP and IgTFL1 could lay solid foundation for future molecular breeding of iris, for example, knocking out the key repressors by CRISPR/Cas9 system to extend the ornamental periods of bearded iris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuping Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yike Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China.
| | - Yaohui Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Chunjing Guan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Shiting Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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Wang S, Yang Y, Chen F, Jiang J. Functional diversification and molecular mechanisms of FLOWERING LOCUS T/TERMINAL FLOWER 1 family genes in horticultural plants. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2022; 2:19. [PMID: 37789396 PMCID: PMC10515248 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-022-00039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Flowering is an important process in higher plants and is regulated by a variety of factors, including light, temperature, and phytohormones. Flowering restriction has a considerable impact on the commodity value and production cost of many horticultural crops. In Arabidopsis, the FT/TFL1 gene family has been shown to integrate signals from various flowering pathways and to play a key role in the transition from flower production to seed development. Studies in several plant species of the FT/TFL1 gene family have revealed it harbors functional diversity in the regulation of flowering. Here, we review the functional evolution of the FT/TFL1 gene family in horticulture plants and its unique regulatory mechanisms; in addition, the FT/TFL1 family of genes as an important potential breeding target is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yiman Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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6
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Dou J, Yang H, Sun D, Yang S, Sun S, Zhao S, Lu X, Zhu H, Liu D, Ma C, Liu W, Yang L. The branchless gene Clbl in watermelon encoding a TERMINAL FLOWER 1 protein regulates the number of lateral branches. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:65-79. [PMID: 34562124 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03952-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A SNP mutation in Clbl gene encoding TERMINAL FLOWER 1 protein is responsible for watermelon branchless. Lateral branching is one of the most important traits, which directly determines plant architecture and crop productivity. Commercial watermelon has the characteristics of multiple lateral branches, and it is time-consuming and labor-costing to manually remove the lateral branches in traditional watermelon cultivation. In our present study, a lateral branchless trait was identified in watermelon material WCZ, and genetic analysis revealed that it was controlled by a single recessive gene, which named as Clbl (Citrullus lanatus branchless). A bulked segregant sequencing (BSA-seq) and linkage analysis was conducted to primarily map Clbl on watermelon chromosome 4. Next-generation sequencing-aided marker discovery and a large mapping population consisting of 1406 F2 plants were used to further map Clbl locus into a 9011-bp candidate region, which harbored only one candidate gene Cla018392 encoding a TERMINAL FLOWER 1 protein. Sequence comparison of Cla018392 between two parental lines revealed that there was a SNP detected from C to A in the coding region in the branchless inbred line WCZ, which resulted in a mutation from alanine (GCA) to glutamate (GAA) at the fourth exon. A dCAPS marker was developed from the SNP locus, which was co-segregated with the branchless phenotype in both BC1 and F2 population, and it was further validated in 152 natural watermelon accessions. qRT-PCR and in situ hybridization showed that the expression level of Cla018392 was significantly reduced in the axillary bud and apical bud in branchless line WCZ. Ectopic expression of ClTFL1 in Arabidopsis showed an increased number of lateral branches. The results of this study will be helpful for better understanding the molecular mechanism of lateral branch development in watermelon and for the development of marker-assisted selection (MAS) for new branchless watermelon cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Dou
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Huihui Yang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Dongling Sun
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Sen Yang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Shouru Sun
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Shengjie Zhao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Xuqiang Lu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China
| | - Huayu Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Dongming Liu
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Changsheng Ma
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Wenge Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450009, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Luming Yang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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Jiang L, Jiang X, Li Y, Gao Y, Wang S, Ma Y, Wang G. FT-like paralogs are repressed by an SVP protein during the floral transition in Phalaenopsis orchid. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:233-248. [PMID: 34713321 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02805-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An SVP protein, PhSVP, bound to the CArG-boxes in the promoter regions of FT-like paralogs and repressed their expression, thus affecting the floral transition in Phalaenopsis orchid. Phalaenopsis is an important ornamental flower native to tropical rain forests. It usually reaches vegetative maturity after 4-5 leaves and, after a juvenile stage, forms a flower spike (inflorescence) from the axillary buds. The PEBP gene family encodes a phosphatidyl-ethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) domain involved in regulating flowering and other aspects of plant development. Here, we identified eight PEBP family genes in Phalaenopsis and detected the expression patterns of seven of them in various organs. Among them, PhFT1 (Phalaenopsis hybrid FLOWERING LOCUS T1), PhFT3, PhFT5, and PhMFT (Phalaenopsis hybrid MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1) promoted flowering in transgenic Arabidopsis, while PhFT6 inhibited flowering. PhSVP (Phalaenopsis hybrid SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE), an SVP protein that repressed flowering in Arabidopsis, bound to the CArG-boxes in the promoter regions of PhFT3, PhFT6, and PhMFT in a yeast one-hybrid assay. Additionally, dual-luciferase and transient expression assays showed that PhSVP significantly inhibits the expression of both PhFT3 and PhFT6. Together, our work provides a comprehensive understanding of the PhFT-like genes that can promote or repress flowering, and it suggests strategies for regulating the floral transition in Phalaenopsis that exploit the evolutionary versatility of PhFTs to respond to various signals stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Jiang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanna Li
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yongxia Gao
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shiyao Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuehua Ma
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guangdong Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Wang YH, He XH, Yu HX, Mo X, Fan Y, Fan ZY, Xie XJ, Liu Y, Luo C. Overexpression of four MiTFL1 genes from mango delays the flowering time in transgenic Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:407. [PMID: 34493220 PMCID: PMC8422776 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) belongs to the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) family, which is involved in inflorescence meristem development and represses flowering in several plant species. In the present study, four TFL1 genes were cloned from the mango (Mangifera indica L.) variety 'SiJiMi' and named MiTFL1-1, MiTFL1-2, MiTFL1-3 and MiTFL1-4. RESULTS Sequence analysis showed that the encoded MiTFL1 proteins contained a conserved PEBP domain and belonged to the TFL1 group. Expression analysis showed that the MiTFL1 genes were expressed in not only vegetative organs but also reproductive organs and that the expression levels were related to floral development. Overexpression of the four MiTFL1 genes delayed flowering in transgenic Arabidopsis. Additionally, MiTFL1-1 and MiTFL1-3 changed the flower morphology in some transgenic plants. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) analysis showed that several stress-related proteins interacted with MiTFL1 proteins. CONCLUSIONS The four MiTFL1 genes exhibited a similar expression pattern, and overexpression in Arabidopsis resulted in delayed flowering. Additionally, MiTFL1-1 and MiTFL1-3 overexpression affected floral organ development. Furthermore, the MiTFL1 proteins could interact with bHLH and 14-3-3 proteins. These results indicate that the MiTFL1 genes may play an important role in the flowering process in mango.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Han Wang
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xin-Hua He
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Hai-Xia Yu
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao Mo
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Fan
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhi-Yi Fan
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Xie
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Cong Luo
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, China.
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Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Differentially Expressed Transcripts Associated with Flowering Time of Loquat (Eriobotya japonica Lindl.). HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7070171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flowering is an important phenophase of plant species, however, knowledge about the regulatory mechanism controlling flowering cues in loquat is limited. To identify candidate genes regulating flowering time in loquat, we used RNA-Seq technology to conduct a comparative transcriptome analysis of differentiating apical buds collected from the early-flowering variety ‘Baiyu’ and the late-flowering variety ‘Huoju’. A total of 28,842 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) were identified. Of these, 42 DETs controlled flowering time while 17 other DETs were associated with the ABA signaling pathway. Compared with those in ‘Huoju’, EjFT, EjFY, EjFLK, and EjCAL1-like were significantly upregulated in ‘Baiyu’. Moreover, transcripts of the ABA 8′-hydroxylases (EjABH2, EjABH4, and EjABH4-like2), the ABA receptors (EjPYL4/8), and the bZIP transcription factor EjABI5-like were upregulated in ‘Baiyu’ compared with ‘Huoju’. Hence, they might regulate loquat flowering time. There was no significant difference between ‘Baiyu’ and ‘Huoju’ in terms of IAA content. However, the ABA content was about ten-fold higher in the apical buds of ‘Baiyu’ than in those of ‘Huoju’. The ABA:IAA ratio sharply rose and attained a peak during bud differentiation. Thus, ABA is vital in regulating floral bud formation in loquat. The results of the present study help clarify gene transcription during loquat flowering.
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Njogu MK, Yang F, Li J, Wang X, Ogweno JO, Chen J. A novel mutation in TFL1 homolog sustaining determinate growth in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:3323-3332. [PMID: 32857171 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BSA-seq combined with whole-genome resequencing map-based cloning delimited the cucumber det-novel locus into a 44.5 kb region in chromosome 6 harboring a putative candidate gene encoding a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (CsCEN). Determinate and indeterminate growth habits of cucumber can affect plant architecture and crop yield. The TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) controls determinate/indeterminate growth in Arabidopsis. In this study, a novel mutation in cucumber TFL1 homolog (CsCEN) has shown to regulate determinate growth and product of terminal flowers in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), which is similar to the function of CsTFL1 as previously reported. Genetic analysis in two determinate genotypes (D226 and D082) and indeterminate genotype (CCMC) revealed that a single recessive gene is responsible for this determinate growth trait. With the combination of BSA-seq and whole-genome resequencing, the locus of determinate-novel (det-novel) trait was mapped to a 44.5 kb genomic region in chromosome 6. Sequence alignment identified one non-synonymous SNP mutation (A to T) in the third exon of CsCEN, resulting in an amino acid substitution (Thr to Pro), suggesting that determinate growth might be controlled by a novel gene CsCEN (Csa6G152360) which differed from the reported CsTFL1 gene. The CsCEN expression level in shoot apexes and axillary buds was significantly lower in D226 compared to CCMC, suggesting its essential role in sustaining indeterminate growth habit. Identification and characterization of the CsCEN in the present study provide a new insight into plant architecture modification and development of cucumber cultivars suited to mechanized production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kagiki Njogu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Department of Plant Science, Chuka University, P.O. Box 109-60400, Chuka, Kenya
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xueyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Joshua Otieno Ogweno
- Department of Crops Horticulture and Soil Science, Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya.
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Haider S, Gao Y, Gao Y. Standardized Genetic Transformation Protocol for Chrysanthemum cv. 'Jinba' with TERMINAL FLOWER 1 Homolog CmTFL1a. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080860. [PMID: 32731555 PMCID: PMC7463584 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum x morifolium Ramat.) cultivar Jinba is a distinctive short-day chrysanthemum that can be exploited as a model organism for studying the molecular mechanism of flowering. The commercial value of Jinba can be increased in global flower markets by developing its proper regeneration and genetic transformation system. By addressing typical problems associated with Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in chrysanthemum, that is, low transformation efficiency and high cultivar specificity, we designed an efficient, stable transformation system. Here, we identify the features that significantly affect the genetic transformation of Jinba and standardize its transformation protocol by using CmTFL1a as a transgene. The appropriate concentrations of various antibiotics (kanamycin, meropenem and carbenicillin) and growth regulators (6-BA, 2,4-D and NAA) for the genetic transformation were determined to check their effects on in vitro plant regeneration from leaf segments of Jinba; thus, the transformation protocol was standardized through Agrobacterium tumefaciens (EHA105). In addition, the presence of the transgene and its stable expression in CmTFL1a transgenic plants were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The CmTFL1a transgene constitutively expressed in the transgenic plants was highly expressed in shoot apices as compared to stem and leaves. Overexpression of CmTFL1a led to a delay in transition to the reproductive phase and significantly affected plant morphology. This study will help to understand the biological phenomenon of TFL1 homolog in chrysanthemum. Moreover, our findings can explore innovative possibilities for genetic engineering and breeding of other chrysanthemum cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Haider
- National Flower Engineering Research Centre, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Landscape Architecture of Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Yaohui Gao
- Architectural Institute, Inner Mongolia University of Science & Technology, Alding Street No.7, Kundulun District, Baotou 014010, China;
| | - Yike Gao
- National Flower Engineering Research Centre, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Landscape Architecture of Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-138-0102-1804
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12
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Asadi Khanouki M, Rezanejad F, Millar AA. Sequence and functional analysis of a TERMINAL FLOWER 1 homolog from Brassica juncea: a putative biotechnological tool for flowering time adjustment. GM CROPS & FOOD 2020; 11:79-92. [PMID: 31876221 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2019.1707340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Flowering time is an important agricultural trait of the oil crop Brassica juncea (B. juncea), as accelerated flowering enables avoidance of terminal drought leading to increased yields. One gene known to control flowering time is TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1), which belongs to a family of phosphatidylethanolamine binding proteins, which can either repress or promote flowering time. Here, a TFL1 homolog, named BjTFL1, has been isolated from B. juncea, which shared 95% amino acid identity with TFL1 from Arabidopsis thaliana. Sequence analysis predicts the BjTFL1 protein contains the ligand-binding site, conserved motifs and other amino acid residues that are critical for TFL1 function. Confirming this as a functional TFL1 orthologue, overexpression of BjTFL1 under the control of the constitutive 35S promoter in Arabidopsis delayed flowering time. As a proof-of-concept to investigate its utility to shorten flowering time, an RNAi construct containing a partial sequence of BjTFL1 was transformed into Arabidopsis. Transcript analysis demonstrated the downregulation of endogenous AtTFL1. Moreover, the RNAi BjTFL1 transgenic lines were early flowering and had fewer rosette and cauline leaves compared to wild-type. Therefore, this BjTFL1 RNAi transgene could be used as a biotechnological tool to reduce flowering time in Brassica juncea in a bid to improve agricultural performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Asadi Khanouki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Farkhondeh Rezanejad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Anthony A Millar
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Yang Z, Chen L, Kohnen MV, Xiong B, Zhen X, Liao J, Oka Y, Zhu Q, Gu L, Lin C, Liu B. Identification and Characterization of the PEBP Family Genes in Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla). Sci Rep 2019; 9:14998. [PMID: 31628413 PMCID: PMC6802209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Moso bamboo is one of the economically most important plants in China. Moso bamboo is a monocarpic perennial that exhibits poor and slow germination. Thus, the flowering often causes destruction of moso bamboo forestry. However, how control of flowering and seed germination are regulated in moso bamboo is largely unclear. In this study, we identified 5 members (PhFT1-5) of the phosphatidyl ethanolamine-binding proteins (PEBP) family from moso bamboo genome that regulate flowering, flower architecture and germination, and characterized the function of these PEBP family genes further in Arabidopsis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 3 (PhFT1, PhFT2 and PhFT3), 1 (PhFT4) and 1 (PhFT5) members belong to the TFL1-like clade, FT-like clade, and MFT-like clade, respectively. These PEBP family genes possess all structure necessary for PEBP gene function. The ectopic overexpression of PhFT4 and PhFT5 promotes flowering time in Arabidopsis, and that of PhFT1, PhFT2 and PhFT3 suppresses it. In addition, the overexpression of PhFT5 promotes seed germination rate. Interestingly, the overexpression of PhFT1 suppressed seed germination rate in Arabidopsis. The expression of PhFT1 and PhFT5 is significantly higher in seed than in tissues including leaf and shoot apical meristem, implying their function in seed germination. Taken together, our results suggested that the PEBP family genes play important roles as regulators of flowering and seed germination in moso bamboo and thereby are necessary for the sustainability of moso bamboo forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohe Yang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Markus V Kohnen
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Bei Xiong
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Xi Zhen
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Jiakai Liao
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yoshito Oka
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Lianfeng Gu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Chentao Lin
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Bobin Liu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
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