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Zhao YH, Liang Y, Wang KJ, Jin SN, Yu XM, Zhang Q, Wei JY, Liu H, Fang WG, Zhao WD, Li Y, Chen YH. Endothelial lincRNA-p21 alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024:271678X241248907. [PMID: 38661094 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x241248907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is increasingly recognized as an early contributor to the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and is also a key event in triggering secondary damage to the central nervous system. Recently, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) have been found to be associated with ischemic stroke. However, the roles of lncRNA in BBB homeostasis remain largely unknown. Here, we report that long intergenic non-coding RNA-p21 (lincRNA-p21) was the most significantly down-regulated lncRNA in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) after oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) treatment among candidate lncRNA, which were both sensitive to hypoxia and involved in atherosclerosis. Exogenous brain-endothelium-specific overexpression of lincRNA-p21 could alleviate BBB disruption, diminish infarction volume and attenuate motor function deficits in middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) mice. Further results showed that lincRNA-p21 was critical to maintain BBB integrity by inhibiting the degradation of junction proteins under MCAO/R and OGD/R conditions. Specifically, lincRNA-p21 could inhibit autophagy-dependent degradation of occludin by activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Besides, lincRNA-p21 could inhibit VE-cadherin degradation by binding with miR-101-3p. Together, we identify that lincRNA-p21 is critical for BBB integrity maintenance, and endothelial lincRNA-p21 overexpression could alleviate cerebral I/R injury in mice, pointing to a potential strategy to treat cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hua Zhao
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kang-Ji Wang
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Jin
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Yu
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Yi Wei
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen-Gang Fang
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhao
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu-Hua Chen
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Developmental Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Long F, Zheng P, Su Q, Zhang Y, Wang D, Xiao Z, Wu M, Li J. LncRNA SNHG12 regulated by WTAP aggravated the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced injury in bEnd.3 cell. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2024; 33:107613. [PMID: 38301749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.107613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies have identified abnormal expression of lncRNA SNHG12 in ischemic stroke, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Through database predictions, m6A methylation sites were found on SNHG12, suggesting post-transcriptional modification. To further elucidate the role of SNHG12 and m6A methyltransferase WTAP in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R)-induced damage in cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, we conducted investigations. Additionally, we examined the impact of m6A methyltransferase WTAP on SNHG12 expression. RESULTS Overexpressing SNHG12 in bEnd.3 cells was found to inhibit cell proliferation and promote apoptosis, as well as activate the production of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines (E-selectin, IL-6 and MCP-1), along with angiogenic proteins (VEGFA and FGFb). Conversely, SNHG12 knockdown alleviated OGD/R-induced damage to BEnd.3 cells, resulting in improved cell proliferation, reduced apoptosis, decreased ROS and LDH production, as well as diminished expression of inflammatory cytokines (E-selectin, IL-6 and MCP-1) and angiogenic proteins (VEGFA and FGFb). Furthermore, WTAP was found to positively regulate SNHG12 expression, and WTAP knockdown in bEnd.3 cells under the OGD/R conditions inhibited cell proliferation, promoted apoptosis, and increased ROS and LDH production. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that WTAP may play a crucial role in SNHG12-mediated OGD/R-induced damage in bEnd.3 cells. More molecular experiments are needed to further analyze its mechanism. Overall, our study helps to enrich our understanding of the dysregulation of SNHG12 in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faqing Long
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, #368 Yehai Avenue, Longhua District, Haikou 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Pisi Zheng
- Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Qingjie Su
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, #368 Yehai Avenue, Longhua District, Haikou 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, #368 Yehai Avenue, Longhua District, Haikou 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Desheng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, #368 Yehai Avenue, Longhua District, Haikou 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Zhixiang Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, #368 Yehai Avenue, Longhua District, Haikou 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Mingchang Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, #368 Yehai Avenue, Longhua District, Haikou 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Jianhong Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, #368 Yehai Avenue, Longhua District, Haikou 570311, Hainan, China.
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Feng W, Liang H, Liu D, Ruan S. The SNHG12/microRNA-15b-5p/MYLK axis regulates vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype to affect intracranial aneurysm formation. Microvasc Res 2024; 152:104643. [PMID: 38081409 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2023.104643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research was dedicated to investigating the impact of the SNHG12/microRNA (miR)-15b-5p/MYLK axis on the modulation of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype and the formation of intracranial aneurysm (IA). METHODS SNHG12, miR-15b-5p and MYLK expression in IA tissue samples from IA patients were tested by RT-qPCR and western blot. Human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were cultivated with H2O2 to mimic IA-like conditions in vitro, and the cell proliferation and apoptosis were measured by MTT assay and Annexin V/PI staining. IA mouse models were established by induction with systemic hypertension combined with elastase injection. The blood pressure in the tail artery of mice in each group was assessed and the pathological changes in arterial tissues were observed by HE staining and TUNEL staining. The expression of TNF-α and IL-1β, MCP-1, iNOS, caspase-3, and caspase-9 in the arterial tissues were tested by RT-qPCR and ELISA. The relationship among SNHG12, miR-15b-5p and MYLK was verified by bioinformatics, RIP, RNA pull-down, and luciferase reporter assays. RESULTS The expression levels of MYLK and SNHG12 were down-regulated and that of miR-15b-5p was up-regulated in IA tissues and H2O2-treated human aortic VSMCs. Overexpressed MYLK or SNHG12 mitigated the decrease in proliferation and increase in apoptosis of VSMCs caused by H2O2 induction, and overexpression of miR-15b-5p exacerbated the decrease in proliferation and increase in apoptosis of VSMCs caused by H2O2 induction. Overexpression of miR-15b-5p reversed the H2O2-treated VSMC phenotypic changes caused by SNHG12 up-regulation, and overexpression of MYLK reversed the H2O2-treated VSMC phenotypic changes caused by up-regulation of miR-15b-5p. Overexpression of SNHG12 reduced blood pressure and ameliorated arterial histopathological damage and VSMC apoptosis in IA mice. The mechanical analysis uncovered that SNHG12 acted as an endogenous RNA that competed with miR-15b-5p, thus modulating the suppression of its endogenous target, MYLK. CONCLUSION Decreased expression of SNHG12 in IA may contribute to the increasing VSMC apoptosis via increasing miR-15b-5p expression and subsequently decreasing MYLK expression. These findings provide potential new strategies for the clinical treatment of IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Feng
- Stroke Center Neurointervention Ward, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian 463000, Henan, China.
| | - Hao Liang
- Stroke Center Neurointervention Ward, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian 463000, Henan, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Stroke Center Neurointervention Ward, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian 463000, Henan, China
| | - Shiwang Ruan
- Neurology Department 2, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian 463000, Henan, China
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Yang X, Xiong S, Zhao X, Jin J, Yang X, Du Y, Zhao L, He Z, Gong C, Guo L, Liang T. Orchestrating Cellular Balance: ncRNAs and RNA Interactions at the Dominant of Autophagy Regulation in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1561. [PMID: 38338839 PMCID: PMC10855840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a complex and highly regulated cellular process, is critical for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by lysosomal degradation of cellular debris, intracellular pathogens, and dysfunctional organelles. It has become an interesting and attractive topic in cancer because of its dual role as a tumor suppressor and cell survival mechanism. As a highly conserved pathway, autophagy is strictly regulated by diverse non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), ranging from short and flexible miRNAs to lncRNAs and even circRNAs, which largely contribute to autophagy regulatory networks via complex RNA interactions. The potential roles of RNA interactions during autophagy, especially in cancer procession and further anticancer treatment, will aid our understanding of related RNAs in autophagy in tumorigenesis and cancer treatment. Herein, we mainly summarized autophagy-related mRNAs and ncRNAs, also providing RNA-RNA interactions and their potential roles in cancer prognosis, which may deepen our understanding of the relationships between various RNAs during autophagy and provide new insights into autophagy-related therapeutic strategies in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueni Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (S.X.); (X.Z.); (J.J.); (L.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Shizheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (S.X.); (X.Z.); (J.J.); (L.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Xinmiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (S.X.); (X.Z.); (J.J.); (L.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Jiaming Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (S.X.); (X.Z.); (J.J.); (L.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Xinbing Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yajing Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (Y.D.)
| | - Linjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (S.X.); (X.Z.); (J.J.); (L.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zhiheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (S.X.); (X.Z.); (J.J.); (L.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Chengjun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (S.X.); (X.Z.); (J.J.); (L.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (S.X.); (X.Z.); (J.J.); (L.Z.); (Z.H.)
| | - Tingming Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.Y.); (Y.D.)
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Shoorei H, Hussen BM, Abdullah SR, Poornajaf Y, Taheri M, Samsami M. LncRNA SNHG12: A budding star in human diseases. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 251:154897. [PMID: 37862921 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 (SNHG12) is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that contributes in a variety of human pathologies. This lncRNAs acts as molecular sponge for various miRNAs, namely miR-200c-5p, miR-129-5p, miR-30a-3p, miR-195, miR-133b, miR-199a/b-5p, miR-320b, miR-16, miR-15a, miR-218-5p, miR-320 and a number of other miRNAs. Through this mechanism, SNHG12 can affect activity of HIF-1α, Wnt/β-catenin, VEGF, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, PTEN, NF-κB and ERK-1/2 signaling. SNHG12 can affect pathogenesis of several disorders, including those arising from genitourinary, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, central nervous and cardiovascular systems. These effects have been best characterized in the context of cancer where it can be used as a possible diagnostic and prognostic marker. In order to summarize the role of this lncRNA in human disorders, particularly cancer and highlight its potential application in biomedical studies, we designed the current review. We also emphasized on its diagnostic and prognostic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Shoorei
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Snur Rasool Abdullah
- Medical Laboratory Science, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Yadollah Poornajaf
- Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of human genetics, Jena university Hospital, Jena, Germany; Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Samsami
- Cancer Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Arruri V, Vemuganti R. Role of autophagy and transcriptome regulation in acute brain injury. Exp Neurol 2022; 352:114032. [PMID: 35259350 PMCID: PMC9187300 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular system that routes distinct cytoplasmic cargo to lysosomes for degradation and recycling. Accumulating evidence highlight the mechanisms of autophagy, such as clearance of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and damaged organelles. The critical role of autophagy in selective degradation of the transcriptome is still emerging and could shape the total proteome of the cell, and thus can regulate the homeostasis under stressful conditions. Unregulated autophagy that potentiates secondary brain damage is a key pathological features of acute CNS injuries such as stroke and traumatic brain injury. This review discussed the mutual modulation of autophagy and RNA and its significance in mediating the functional consequences of acute CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Arruri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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Cao Y, Liu J, Lu Q, Huang K, Yang B, Reilly J, Jiang N, Shu X, Shang L. An update on the functional roles of long non‑coding RNAs in ischemic injury (Review). Int J Mol Med 2022; 50:91. [PMID: 35593308 PMCID: PMC9170192 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic injuries result from ischemia and hypoxia in cells. Tissues and organs receive an insufficient supply of nutrients and accumulate metabolic waste, which leads to the development of inflammation, fibrosis and a series of other issues. Ischemic injuries in the brain, heart, kidneys, lungs and other organs can cause severe adverse effects. Acute renal ischemia induces acute renal failure, heart ischemia induces myocardial infarction and cerebral ischemia induces cerebrovascular accidents, leading to loss of movement, consciousness and possibly, life-threatening disabilities. Existing evidence suggests that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are regulatory sequences involved in transcription, post-transcription, epigenetic regulation and multiple physiological processes. lncRNAs have been shown to be differentially expressed following ischemic injury, with the severity of the ischemic injury being affected by the upregulation or downregulation of certain types of lncRNA. The present review article provides an extensive summary of the functional roles of lncRNAs in ischemic injury, with a focus on the brain, heart, kidneys and lungs. The present review mainly summarizes the functional roles of lncRNA MALAT1, lncRNA MEG3, lncRNA H19, lncRNA TUG1, lncRNA NEAT1, lncRNA AK139328 and lncRNA CAREL, among which lncRNA MALAT1, in particular, plays a crucial role in ischemic injury and is currently a hot research topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqun Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan 422000, P.R. China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan 422000, P.R. China
| | - Quzhe Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan 422000, P.R. China
| | - Kai Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan 422000, P.R. China
| | - Baolin Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - James Reilly
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
| | - Na Jiang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xinhua Shu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan 422000, P.R. China
| | - Lei Shang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmic Disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Yuan Y, Xia F, Gao R, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Cheng Z, Zhao H, Xu L. Kaempferol Mediated AMPK/mTOR Signal Pathway Has a Protective Effect on Cerebral Ischemic-Reperfusion Injury in Rats by Inducing Autophagy. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2187-2197. [PMID: 35524892 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03604-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) caused by ischemic stroke treatments leads to brain injury and its pathological mechanism is related to autophagy. The underlying mechanism of kaempferol on cerebral I/R injury needs to be explored. To establish I/R injury, we used a middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion (MCAO) model in rats. MCAO rats were treated with the same amount of saline (I/R group); Treatment group rats were treated orally with kaempferol (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) for 7 days before surgery. After reperfusion for 24 h, the scores of neurological deficits and infarct volume in each group were evaluated. LC3, Beclin-1 p62, AMPK and mTOR protein expression levels were examined by TTC staining, immunofluorescence staining, qRT-PCR and western blotting assay. H&E and TTC staining showed that compared with model group, the infarction size of rats in kaempferol group was markedly reduced. Meanwhile, the results showed that kaempferol had a dose-dependent nerve function repairability. Nissl and TUNEL staining showed that kaempferol could reduce neuronal apoptosis and ameliorate neuronal impairment after I/R. Western blotting and qRT-PCR results showed that kaempferol could protect the brain from ischemia reperfusion by activating autophagy. In addition, add AMPK inhibitor, western blotting and immumohistochemical staining showed that kaempferol mediated AMPK/mTOR signal pathway in MCAO rats. Kaempferol could mediate the AMPK signal pathway to regulate autophagy and inhibit apoptosis to protect brain against I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Yuan
- Department of Anesthesia, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xia
- Department of Anesthesia, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Gao
- Department of Pathology, Gansu Medical College, Lanzhou, 730050, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongping Cheng
- Department of Anesthesia, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- Department of Anesthesia, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China.
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, HuanhuXi Road, TiYuanBei, He Xi District, Tianjin, 300060, China.
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Shoorei H, Mohaqiq M, Majidpoor J, Moosavi MA, Taheri M. Exploring the role of non-coding RNAs in autophagy. Autophagy 2022; 18:949-970. [PMID: 33525971 PMCID: PMC9196749 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1883881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a self-degradative mechanism, macroautophagy/autophagy has a role in the maintenance of energy homeostasis during critical periods in the development of cells. It also controls cellular damage through the eradication of damaged proteins and organelles. This process is accomplished by tens of ATG (autophagy-related) proteins. Recent studies have shown the involvement of non-coding RNAs in the regulation of autophagy. These transcripts mostly modulate the expression of ATG genes. Both long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to modulate the autophagy mechanism. Levels of several lncRNAs and miRNAs are altered in this process. In the present review, we discuss the role of lncRNAs and miRNAs in the regulation of autophagy in diverse contexts such as cancer, deep vein thrombosis, spinal cord injury, diabetes and its complications, acute myocardial infarction, osteoarthritis, pre-eclampsia and epilepsy.Abbreviations: AMI: acute myocardial infarction; ATG: autophagy-related; lncRNA: long non-coding RNA; miRNA: microRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Shoorei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mohaqiq
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Moosavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Zou SF, Peng YH, Zheng CM, Fei YX, Zhao SW, Sun HP, Yang JF. Octreotide ameliorates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury through SNHG12/TAF15-mediated Sirt1 stabilization and YAP1 transcription. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 442:115975. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Zhou ZW, Ren X, Zheng LJ, Li AP, Zhou WS. LncRNA NEAT1 ameliorate ischemic stroke via promoting Mfn2 expression through binding to Nova and activates Sirt3. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:653-664. [PMID: 35067795 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies revealed that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have significant roles in regulating the pathogenesis of ischemia stroke, and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced cell apoptosis. Aberrant expression of NEAT1 was found after the injury of ischemia-reperfusion, but the mechanism was not fully understood. METHODS The expression of NEAT1 and Mfn2 were detected in BV-2 and N2a cell with or without OGD/R-induced by qRT-PCR. Inflammatory cytokines secretion was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The oxidative stress was evaluated by the examination of ROS, MDA and SOD levels. Flow cytometry and apoptosis marker detection by western blot were performed to examined apoptosis. RESULTS The expression of NEAT1 and Mfn2 were decreased in OGD/R-induced cell model. Overexpression of NEAT1 or Mfn2 reduced oxidative stress and apoptosis by OGD/R-induced in neuronal cells, while knockdown of Sirt3 reversed the protective effect of NEAT1 and Mfn2. NEAT1 stabilized Mfn2 mRNA via recruiting Nova. NEAT1 alleviates the oxidative stress and apoptosis by OGD/R-induced via activating Sirt3. CONCLUSION LncRNA NEAT1 stabilizes Mfn2 mRNA via recruiting Nova, therefore increase the expression of Mfn2 and alleviates ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative stress and apoptosis via Mfn2/Sirt3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wen Zhou
- Departments of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First-Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No.89, Guhan Road, Changsha, 410016, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Departments of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First-Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No.89, Guhan Road, Changsha, 410016, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410016, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Ping Li
- Departments of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First-Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No.89, Guhan Road, Changsha, 410016, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Sheng Zhou
- Departments of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First-Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No.89, Guhan Road, Changsha, 410016, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Sun L, Yuan R. LncRNA SNHG12 ameliorates bupivacaine-induced neurotoxicity by sponging miR-497-5p to upregulate NLRX1. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271221089001. [PMID: 35410500 DOI: 10.1177/09603271221089001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 (SNHG12) has been reported to participate in the regulation of various nervous system disorders. Bupivacaine (BV), a commonly used local anesthetic, could generate neurotoxicity in neurons. This work intended to investigate the role and specific mechanism of SNHG12 in BV-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, we established an in vitro cell model of BV-induced neurotoxicity by exposing human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) to BV. It was found that SNHG12 and NLRX1 levels were gradually downregulated, while miR-497-5p enrichment was upregulated accordingly with the increase of BV concentration. As indicated by functional assays, SNHG12 overexpression promoted cell viability but inhibited cell apoptosis and oxidative stress in BV-treated SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, it was identified that SNHG12 directly targeted miR-497-5p and attenuated BV-induced neurotoxicity via interaction with miR-497-5p. Besides, it was confirmed that SNHG12 could upregulate NLRX1 expression by absorbing miR-497-5p. Moreover, miR-497-5p decreased cell viability and induced cell apoptosis and oxidative stress, which was partly reversed by NLRX1 upregulation. In conclusion, our findings indicated that SNHG12 might relieve BV-associated neurotoxicity by upregulating NLRX1 via miR-497-5p in vitro, providing novel clues and biomarkers for the treatment and prevention of BV-associated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzhou Wujin People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ru Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzhou Wujin People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China
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13
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Lu Z, Li L, Wei L, Cai J, Wu J. Long non-coding RNA LOC366613 alleviates the cerebral ischemic injury via regulating the miR-532-5p/phosphatase and tensin homolog axis. Bioengineered 2021; 12:2511-2522. [PMID: 34251959 PMCID: PMC8806633 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1930966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral infarction (CI) has become a leading cause of death in China. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are intensively involved in the progression of CI. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of lncRNA LOC366613 (LOC366613) on cerebral I/R injury, as well as its possible mechanism. Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was used to establish a mouse model of cerebral I/R, and the PC12 cell line was used to establish an in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) injury model. The MTT assay was used to determine cell viability, and qRT-PCR was used to determine RNA levels. Western blotting was conducted to detect protein expression levels. The TUNEL assay and flow cytometry were used to measure cell apoptosis, and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) was used to determine cerebral infarct volume. Finally, RNA pull-down and luciferase activity assays were used to examine interactions between miR-532-5p and LOC366613, as well as between miR-532-5p and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). LOC366613 was overexpressed in patients with cerebral I/R injury. In PC12 cells, knockdown of LOC366613 reduced the apoptosis rate and lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) expression, while increasing cell viability. Moreover, miR-532-5p was shown to be a target of LOC366613, as predicted. Downregulation of miR-532-5p reversed the effects of LOC366613 knockdown on PC12 cell apoptosis, LDH release, and cell viability. Finally, PTEN was verified as a target of miR-532-5p. LOC366613 participates in cerebral I/R injury by regulating the miR-532-5p/PTEN axis, potentially providing a new CI treatment target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenze Lu
- Guangzhou Medical University Graduate School
- Neurology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital
| | - Ling Li
- Neurology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Jifu Cai
- Neurology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital
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14
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Wang J, Wang Y. Circular RNA cerebellar degeneration-related protein 1 antisense RNA (Circ-CDR1as) downregulation induced by dexmedetomidine treatment protects hippocampal neurons against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury through the microRNA-28-3p (miR-28-3p)/tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-3 (TRAF3) axis. Bioengineered 2021; 12:10512-10524. [PMID: 34787053 PMCID: PMC8810102 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1999369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CI/R) injury results in serious brain tissue damage, thereby leading to long-term disability and mortality. It has been reported that dexmedetomidine (DEX) exerted neuroprotective effects in CI/R injury. Herein, we intended to investigate whether and how circular RNA (circRNA) cerebellar degeneration-related protein 1 antisense RNA (circ-CDR1as) was involved in the DEX-mediated protection on hippocampal neurons. In our work, the mouse hippocampal neuronal cells (HT-22) were used to construct a hypoxia/reperfusion (H/R) model for CI/R injury. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated by CCK-8 and flow cytometry. Gene expressions were detected by RT-qPCR. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) were measured by ELISA. The association between miR-28-3p and circ-CDR1as or TRAF3 was verified by dual-luciferase assay. The results indicated that DEX alleviated HT-22 cell dysfunction induced by H/R treatment. In addition, circ-CDR1as was downregulated after DEX treatment and reversed the effects of DEX on the proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses of H/R-treated HT-22 cells. Circ-CDR1as positively regulated TRAF3 expression via interaction with miR-28-3p in HT-22 cells. Circ-CDR1as aggravated H/R-treated HT-22 cell dysfunction through targeting miR-28-3p. Furthermore, TRAF3 inhibition partly abolished the effect of circ-CDR1as overexpression on cellular activities of H/R-treated HT-22 cells. To sum up, our findings, for the first time, demonstrated that DEX exerted neuroprotective effects on hippocampal neurons against H/R treatment via the circ-CDR1as/miR-28-3p/TRAF3 regulatory network, providing novel therapeutic targets for DEX administration in CI/R treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, Liyang People's Hospital, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, Liyang People's Hospital, Changzhou, P.R. China
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15
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Yan L, Li L, Lei J. Long noncoding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 12/microRNA-138-5p/nuclear factor I/B regulates neuronal apoptosis, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease. Bioengineered 2021; 12:12867-12879. [PMID: 34783303 PMCID: PMC8810044 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2005928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes tremors, gait rigidity, and hypokinesia. We determined the effects of long noncoding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 (lncRNA SNHG12) on the development of PD. StarBase analysis and dual-luciferase reporter assay verified the interaction between lncRNA SNHG12 and microRNA-138-5p (miR-138-5p). The effects of suppressed lncRNA SNHG12 and increased miR-138-5p levels on mRNA were determined using quantitative real-time-PCR (qRT-PCR) in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) treated SH-SY5Y cells. Increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, apoptosis, cleaved-Caspase3/Caspase3 ratio, inflammatory response, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, decreased cell viability, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were observed in MPP+-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells. Transfection of the lncRNA SNHG12-plasmid reduced neuronal apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in MPP+-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells that were rescued by adding the miR-138-5p mimic. These results showed that lncRNA SNHG12 could affect neuronal apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in a PD cell model by regulating miR-138-5p expression. TargetScan and dual-luciferase reporter analysis suggested that miR-138-5p targeted nuclear factor I/B (NFIB). Furthermore, the expression level of NFIB was downregulated after MPP+ stimulation in SH-SY5Y cells. After transfecting with the miR-138-5p inhibitor, NFIB-siRNA, and co-transfecting and detecting NFIB mRNA and protein, we found that miR-138-5p negatively regulated NFIB expression. In conclusion, lncRNA SNHG12 could alleviate neuronal apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in a PD cell model by regulating the miR-138-5p/NFIB axis, providing new therapeutic targets for patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- Pain Department, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Lei Li
- Rehabilitation Medical Department, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Jingan Lei
- Neurology Department, Wuhan Third Hospital (Tongren Hospital of WuHan University), Wuhan 430060, China
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16
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Zhou X, Wang Z, Xu B, Ji N, Meng P, Gu L, Li Y. Long non-coding RNA NORAD protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury induced brain damage, cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation by regulating miR-30a-5p/YWHAG. Bioengineered 2021; 12:9174-9188. [PMID: 34709972 PMCID: PMC8810080 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1995115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
LncRNAs are identified as critical regulators in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI). In this current work, SH-SY5Y cells suffered from oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) were applied to analyze the biological role of lncRNA NORAD and underlying molecular mechanism in CIRI in vitro. Levels of lncRNA NORAD, miR-30a-5p and YWHAG were measured using RT-qPCR. Bioinformatics analysis predicted the binding sites of lncRNA NORAD to miR-30a-5p and miR-30a-5p to YWHAG. Luciferase reporter assay verified the binding relationships among lncRNA NORAD, miR-30a-5p and YWHAG. Additionally, cell viability was determined using CCK-8 assay, and cell apoptosis was assessed using TUNEL staining and western blot analysis. Moreover, the levels of ROS, MDA, LDH and SOD as well as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 were assessed via application of the corresponding assay kits. Decreased cell viability and temporarily increased lncRNA NORAD level were observed in SH-SY5Y cells after OGD/R. It was demonstrated that lncRNA NORAD regulated YWHAG expression by sponging miR-30a-5p. Upregulation of lncRNA NORAD contributed to the enhancement of cell viability, the inhibition of cell apoptosis as well as the alleviation of oxidative stress and inflammation in OGD/R-injured SH-SY5Y cells, which were reversed upon elevation of miR-30a-5p. In contrast, downregulation of lncRNA NORAD reduced cell viability, promoted cell apoptosis as well as aggravated oxidative stress and inflammation under OGD/R challenge, and the functions of lncRNA NORAD knockdown in OGD/R injury were abolished by upregulation of YWHAG. Taken together, lncRNA NORAD exerted protective effects against OGD/R-induced neural injury by sponging miR-30a-5p to upregulate YWHAG expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, the First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhonglong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Jining Psychiatric Hospital, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bingchao Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, the First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Niu Ji
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, the First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Pin Meng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, the First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Gu
- Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Xiaotangshan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Rehabilitation Center, Beijing Xiaotangshan Hospital, Beijing, China
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17
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Liu N, Peng A, Sun H, Zhuang Y, Yu M, Wang Q, Wang J. LncRNA AC136007.2 alleviates cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury by suppressing autophagy. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:19587-19597. [PMID: 34419936 PMCID: PMC8386572 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Differential expression and diagnostic significance of the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) AC136007.2 has been reported in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, its role on disease progression and outcome remains unclear. Here, we employed an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells and performed middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery in rats to investigate the function of AC136007.2 in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. AC136007.2 expression was determined by RT-qPCR and cell viability was examined using CCK-8, Edu, LDH, and apoptosis assays. Pro-inflammatory cytokine expression was assessed using ELISA. OGD/R downregulated AC136007.2 expression in SH-SY5Y cells, decreased viability by inducing apoptosis, and stimulated secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. In turn, lentivirus-mediated AC136007.2 overexpression significantly reversed these phenomena. LC3 immunofluorescence and western blotting analyses of LC3-I/II and Beclin-1 expression and AMPK/mTOR phosphorylation status showed that AC136007.2 suppressed autophagy in SH-SY5Y cells via inactivation of AMPK/mTOR signaling. Notably, incubation with the AMPK activator AICAR abolished the pro-survival effect of AC136007.2 upon OGD/R treatment. Importantly, intraventricular injection of AC136007.2 significantly reduced cerebral infarction and brain edema in MCAO rats, as shown by TTC staining and water content measurements. We conclude that AC136007.2 alleviates cerebral I/R injury by suppressing AMPK/mTOR-dependent autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang 212000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Aini Peng
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang 212000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiyan Sun
- Department of Neurology, Jilin Provincial FAW General Hospital, Changchun 130000, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yuansu Zhuang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang 212000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ming Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang 212000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinping Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang 212000, Jiangsu Province, China
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18
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Li H, Yang W, Wang Z, Wang X, Hao Y, Xi J, Lu H, Du Z, Feng J, Zhang B, Ma D. Computational research of mTORC1 inhibitor on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:19598-19613. [PMID: 34343111 PMCID: PMC8386574 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke contributes to more than 80% of all strokes and has the four characteristics of high prevalence, high disability, high mortality, and high recurrence. Stroke is a preventable and controllable disease. In addition to controlling the primary disease, effective prevention and control measures need to be given to the occurrence and development of stroke. With the development and progress of modern treatment methods for ischemic stroke, the mortality and disability rate have decreased significantly. At present, the main treatment methods for ischemic stroke include thrombolysis, thrombus removal at the ultra-early stage, and treatment of improving collateral circulation in the acute phase. However, the ultra-early and early blood reperfusion involves reperfusion injury, which will cause secondary nerve damage, which is called cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI). Studies have found that autophagy is involved in the entire process of CIRI and can reduce the damage of CIRI. The mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTORC1) is the primary signal pathway regulating autophagy. And the mTORC1 inhibitor, Rapamycin, has been proved to exert neuroprotective effects in the ultra-early and early cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Therefore, screening and designing mTORC1 inhibitors is very important to control reperfusion injury and reduce neuronal death and apoptosis. In this research, plenty of computer-assisted was applied to virtually screen and select potential mTORC1's inhibitors. We used Libdock to screen the structure and performed toxicity predictions, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) to predict small molecules' pharmacological and toxicological properties. To assess the binding mechanism and affinity between the mTORC1 dimer and the ligand, molecular docking was performed. Then, the pharmacophore of small molecules in the docking conformation with the protein was supplemented by Schrodinger. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to assess if the ligand-receptor complex was stable in a natural environment. Furthermore, an experiment was performed to verify the inhibitory effect of compound 1 and compound 2 on mTOR protein. All in all, the study provides a hand of candidate drugs as well as pharmacological properties, which can play an essential role in mTORC1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenzhuo Yang
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yulei Hao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianxin Xi
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Han Lu
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhishan Du
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- Department of Urology Surgery, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Di Ma
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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19
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Zhang H, Xia J, Hu Q, Xu L, Cao H, Wang X, Cao M. Long non‑coding RNA XIST promotes cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by modulating miR‑27a‑3p/FOXO3 signaling. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:566. [PMID: 34254504 PMCID: PMC8201472 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury leads to neuronal damage, which may cause disability and even mortality. Multiple studies have revealed that long non‑coding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of cerebral I/R injury. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether the lncRNA X inactivate‑specific transcript (XIST) protects neuronal cells from cerebral I/R injury. In the present study, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR demonstrated that XIST expression was upregulated in the brain tissues of an I/R mouse model and in oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R)‑treated Neuro‑2a (N2a) cells. Knockdown of XIST alleviated cerebral injury, as well as reduced N2a cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Additionally, luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays identified that XIST could bind with microRNA (miR)‑27a‑3p. It was found that miR‑27a‑3p expression was downregulated in the brain tissues of an I/R mouse model and in OGD/R‑induced N2a cells. In addition, miR‑27a‑3p overexpression attenuated I/R‑induced cerebral injury, and inhibited the apoptosis and ROS production of N2a cells. miR‑27a‑3p was found to target FOXO3. Silencing of FOXO3 alleviated cerebral injury, as well as inhibited N2a cell apoptosis and ROS production. Collectively, these findings indicated that XIST aggravated cerebral I/R injury by regulating miR‑27a‑3p/FOXO3 signaling, which may provide a novel insight into the treatment of cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, China Resources & WISCO General Hospital (CR & WISCO General Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei 430080, P.R. China
| | - Junyong Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, China Resources & WISCO General Hospital (CR & WISCO General Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei 430080, P.R. China
| | - Qiushan Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, China Resources & WISCO General Hospital (CR & WISCO General Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei 430080, P.R. China
| | - Liqin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, China Resources & WISCO General Hospital (CR & WISCO General Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei 430080, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, China Resources & WISCO General Hospital (CR & WISCO General Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei 430080, P.R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, China Resources & WISCO General Hospital (CR & WISCO General Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei 430080, P.R. China
| | - Min Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, China Resources & WISCO General Hospital (CR & WISCO General Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology), Wuhan, Hubei 430080, P.R. China
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20
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Vijayan M, Reddy PH. Non-Coding RNAs Based Molecular Links in Type 2 Diabetes, Ischemic Stroke, and Vascular Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 75:353-383. [PMID: 32310177 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews recent advances in the study of microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and their functions in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), ischemic stroke (IS), and vascular dementia (VaD). miRNAs and lncRNAs are gene regulation markers that both regulate translational aspects of a wide range of proteins and biological processes in healthy and disease states. Recent studies from our laboratory and others have revealed that miRNAs and lncRNAs expressed differently are potential therapeutic targets for neurological diseases, especially T2DM, IS, VaD, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Currently, the effect of aging in T2DM, IS, and VaD and the cellular and molecular pathways are largely unknown. In this article, we highlight results from the works on the molecular connections between T2DM and IS, and IS and VaD. In each disease, we also summarize the pathophysiology and the differential expressions of miRNAs and lncRNAs. Based on current research findings, we hypothesize that 1) T2DM bi-directionally and age-dependently induces IS and VaD, and 2) these changes are precursors to the onset of dementia in elderly people. Research into these hypotheses is required to examine further whether research efforts on reducing T2DM, IS, and VaD may affect dementia and/or delay the AD disease process in the aged population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Vijayan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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21
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Wang LQ, Zheng YY, Zhou HJ, Zhang XX, Wu P, Zhu SM. LncRNA-Fendrr protects against the ubiquitination and degradation of NLRC4 protein through HERC2 to regulate the pyroptosis of microglia. Mol Med 2021; 27:39. [PMID: 33858325 PMCID: PMC8048261 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00299-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Targeted inhibition of inflammatory response can reduce diabetic cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injure. Pyroptosis is characterized by caspase-1 dependence and the release of a large number of pro-inflammatory factors. LncRNA-Fendrr is associated with a variety of diseases, but Fendrr has not been studied in diabetic cerebral I/R. NLR-family CARD-containing protein 4 (NLRC4) regulate the pyroptosis of microglia cells. This study was designed to investigate whether Fendrr is involved in the effects of diabetic cerebral I/R injury. METHODS The diabetic brain I/R model in mice was constructed. Mouse microglia cell line BV-2 cells were exposed to high glucose followed by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). Fendrr and some pyroptosis-associated proteins were detected by qRT-PCR, western blot or ELISA. HE staining was used to detect pathological changes. Microglia pyroptosis was detected by TUNEL staining. RNA pull-down and RNA Immunoprecipitation were used to detect binding of Fendrr to HERC2 (E3 ubiquitin ligase), and CO-IP detected binding of HERC2 to NLRC4. The ubiquitination of NLRC4 was detected by ubiquitination experiments. RESULTS Fendrr was significantly increased in the diabetic cerebral I/R model, and NLRC4 inflammatory complex and pyroptosis mediated inflammatory factors were increased. NLRC4 and inflammatory cytokines associated with pyroptosis were decreased in the high glucose-treated hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced microglia after Fendrr knockdown. Fendrr bound to HERC2 protein, and HERC2 bound to NLRC4. Meanwhile, Fendrr could inhibit the ubiquitination of NLRC4, HERC2 promoted the ubiquitination of NLRC4 protein. Moreover, the effect of Fendrr overexpression in the diabetic cerebral I/R model of microglia can be reversed by HERC2 overexpression. CONCLUSION Fendrr can protect against the ubiquitination and degradation of NLRC4 protein through E3 ubiquitin ligase HERC2, thereby accelerating the pyroptosis of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Ying Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng-Jun Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong-Xin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Pin Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Mei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Wolska M, Jarosz-Popek J, Junger E, Wicik Z, Porshoor T, Sharif L, Czajka P, Postula M, Mirowska-Guzel D, Czlonkowska A, Eyileten C. Long Non-coding RNAs as Promising Therapeutic Approach in Ischemic Stroke: a Comprehensive Review. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1664-1682. [PMID: 33236327 PMCID: PMC7932985 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02206-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, ischemic stroke (IS) has been one of the major causes of disability and mortality worldwide. The general mechanism of IS is based on reduced blood supply to neuronal tissue, resulting in neuronal cell damage by various pathological reactions. One of the main techniques for acute IS treatment entails advanced surgical approaches for restoration of cerebral blood supply but this is often associated with secondary brain injury, also known as ischemic reperfusion injury (I/R injury). Many researches have come to emphasize the significant role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in IS, especially in I/R injury and their potential as therapeutic approaches. LncRNAs are non-protein transcripts that are able to regulate cellular processes and gene expression. Further, lncRNAs have been shown to be involved in neuronal signaling pathways. Several lncRNAs are recognized as key factors in the physiological and pathological processes of IS. In this review, we discuss the role of lncRNAs in neuronal injury mechanisms and their association with brain neuroprotection. Moreover, we identify the lncRNAs that show the greatest potential as novel therapeutic approaches in IS, which therefore merit further investigation in preclinical research. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Wolska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Banacha 1B str., Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Jarosz-Popek
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Banacha 1B str., Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eva Junger
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Banacha 1B str., Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Wicik
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Banacha 1B str., Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tahmina Porshoor
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Banacha 1B str., Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lucia Sharif
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Banacha 1B str., Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pamela Czajka
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Banacha 1B str., Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Postula
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Banacha 1B str., Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dagmara Mirowska-Guzel
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Banacha 1B str., Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Czlonkowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Banacha 1B str., Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ceren Eyileten
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Banacha 1B str., Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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23
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Zhou X, Xu B, Gu Y, Ji N, Meng P, Dong L. Long noncoding RNA SNHG1 protects brain microvascular endothelial cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced injury by sponging miR-298 and upregulating SIK1 expression. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:1163-1174. [PMID: 33677804 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03096-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Growing evidence shows that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are widely involved in the progression of multiple diseases, including ischemic stroke. The aim of this study was to explore the function and underlying mechanism of lncRNAs small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1) in ischemic stroke. RESULTS SNHG1 and salt-induced kinase 1 (SIK1) were upregulated in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R)-induced bEnd3 cells. SNHG1 downregulation promoted OGD/R-induced injury through decreasing cell proliferation and increasing apoptosis, which was reversed by upregulating SIK1 or downregulating miR-298. Moreover, SIK1 interference had similar functions with SNHG1 knockdown in OGD/R-treated bEnd3 cells. In addition, miR-298 was a direct target of SNHG1 and could specifically bind to SIK1. Furthermore, SNHG1 functioned as a molecular sponge of miR-298 to regulate SIK1 expression. CONCLUSION SNHG1 knockdown enhanced OGD/R-induced injury in bEnd3 cells by regulating miR-298/SIK1 axis, which might provide promising therapeutic target for treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhou
- The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingchao Xu
- The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Gu
- The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Niu Ji
- The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pin Meng
- The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingdan Dong
- Department of Pathology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, No. 745, Wu Luo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei province, China.
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24
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Chavda V, Madhwani K. Coding and non-coding nucleotides': The future of stroke gene therapeutics. Genomics 2021; 113:1291-1307. [PMID: 33677059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the foremost cause of death ranked after heart disease and cancer. It is the fatal life-threatening event that requires immediate medical admissions to overcome following morbidity and mortality. The therapeutic advances in stroke therapy have been manipulated with diverse paths for last 5 years. Recent research and clinical trials have investigated a variety of anti-stroke agents including anti-coagulants, cerebro-protective agents, antiplatelet therapy, stem-cell therapy, and specified gene therapy. In recent advanced studies, genetic therapies including noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), Piwi interacting RNAs (PiWi RNAs) have shown better potential as targeted future therapeutics with a better outcome than conventional stroke therapeutics. The potential of targeted gene therapy is much more advanced in not only the induction of neuroprotection but also safer non-toxic targeted therapeutics. In the current state of the art review, we have focused on the recent advancements made towards the stroke with RNA modifications and targeted gene therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Chavda
- Department of Pharmacology, Nirma University, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India.
| | - Kajal Madhwani
- Department of Microbiology, Nirma University, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
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25
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Li T, Luo Y, Zhang P, Guo S, Sun H, Yan D, Liu X, Yang B. LncRNA MEG3 regulates microglial polarization through KLF4 to affect cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:1460-1467. [PMID: 33180644 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00433.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore whether long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) affects the polarization of microglia in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury through regulating Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4). A middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion-induced (MCAO/R-induced) mouse model was established as an in vivo model. Oxygen and glucose confinement/reoxygenation-induced (OGD/R-induced) microglia (BV2 cells) were used as an in vitro model. RNA pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation were used to detect the binding between MEG3 and KLF4. The MEG3 expression was signally elevated in the MCAO/R-induced mice or OGD/R-induced BV2 cells. The inhibition of MEG3 reversed the effects of OGD/R injury on the polarization and inflammation of BV2 cells. Moreover, MEG3 bound to KLF4 and inhibited its protein expression. Furthermore, the overexpression of MEG3 promoted M1 polarization and inflammation but inhibited M2 polarization by inhibiting KLF4 in BV2 cells. The transfection of small interfering RNAs against MEG3 inhibited M1 polarization and inflammation and promoted M2 polarization in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of MEG3 can alleviate cerebral I/R injury via regulating the polarization of microglia through KLF4.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To study the role of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, we clarified the mechanism by which lncRNA MEG3 regulates the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in microglia through in vitro and in vivo experiments. We discovered that inhibition of MEG3 could alleviate cerebral I/R injury via inhibiting M1 polarization and promoting M2 polarization through Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), indicating an effective theoretical basis for potential therapeutic targets of cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuru Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shewei Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongming Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xianzhi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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26
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Zhang H, Chen X, Zheng T, Lin M, Chen P, Liao Y, Gong C, Gao F, Zheng X. Amitriptyline Protects Against Lidocaine-induced Neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells via Inhibition of BDNF-mediated Autophagy. Neurotox Res 2020; 39:133-145. [PMID: 33156513 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amitriptyline (AMI) is a traditional tricyclic antidepressant that has been proven to exhibit neuroprotective effects in various neurological disorders. However, the underlying mechanism by which AMI attenuates lidocaine-induced neurotoxicity remains poorly understood. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an essential neurotrophin to neuronal development and survival in the brain, and recent studies have suggested that BDNF plays an important role in mediating lidocaine-induced neurotoxicity. The present study was performed to evaluate the protective effect of AMI against the neurotoxicity induced by lidocaine and to explore the role of BDNF-dependent autophagy in this process. The data showed that AMI pretreatment alleviated lidocaine-induced neurotoxicity, as evidenced by the restoration of cell viability, normalization of cell morphology, and reduction in the cell apoptosis index. In addition, autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) had a protective effect similar to that of AMI, but autophagy activator rapamycin eliminated the protective effect of AMI by suppressing mTOR activation. Moreover, at the molecular level, we found that AMI-mediated autophagy was involved in the expression of BDNF. The overexpression of BDNF or application of exogenous recombinant BDNF significantly suppressed autophagy and protected SH-SY5Y cells from apoptosis induced by Lido, whereas the neuroprotection of AMI was abolished by either knockdown of BDNF or use of a tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) inhibitor ANA-12 in SH-SY5Y cells. Overall, our findings demonstrated that the protective effect of AMI against lidocaine-induced neurotoxicity correlated with inhibition of autophagy activity through upregulation of BDNF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxue Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pinzhong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Cansheng Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China. .,Fujian Provincial Institute of Emergency Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Fan J, Saft M, Sadanandan N, Gonzales-Portillo B, Park YJ, Sanberg PR, Borlongan CV, Luo Y. LncRNAs Stand as Potent Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Stroke. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:594571. [PMID: 33192490 PMCID: PMC7604318 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.594571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major public health problem worldwide with a high burden of neurological disability and mortality. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have attracted much attention in the past decades because of their newly discovered roles in pathophysiological processes in many diseases. The abundance of lncRNAs in the nervous system indicates that they may be part of a complex regulatory network governing physiology and pathology of the brain. In particular, lncRNAs have been shown to play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of stroke. In this article, we provide a review of the multifaceted functions of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage, highlighting their promising use as stroke diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutics. To this end, we discuss the potential of stem cells in aiding lncRNA applications in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfen Fan
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Madeline Saft
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Nadia Sadanandan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Bella Gonzales-Portillo
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - You Jeong Park
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Paul R Sanberg
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Cesario V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Yumin Luo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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28
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Huang Z, Zhuo W, Xu R, Wu Z, Xiong Y, Xu Z. The relationship between Long Noncoding RNA (lncRNA) Small Nucleolar RNA Host Gene 12 (SNHG12) expression in solid malignant tumors and prognosis of tumor patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22247. [PMID: 33031264 PMCID: PMC10545391 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 (SNHG12) has been demonstrated to be a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that facilitates the progression of several solid malignant tumors. However, whether the expression level of SNHG12 in solid malignant tumors is associated with patients prognosis have not been investigated. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library from Jan 1, 1950 to Mar 24, 2020 for randomized controlled trials published in English on SNHG12 expression in solid malignant tumors. We used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess the quality of articles. The HRs and 95%CI that extracted from Kaplan-Meier curves were used to perform the forest plot using a fixed-effects model. The meta-analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. RESULTS Thirteen articles containing 821 patients were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The result showed that high lncRNA SNHG12 expression is significantly associated with poor overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.56-2.41, P < .001) and the studies are lack of statistically significant heterogeneity (P= .878, I = 0.0%). Beggs plot and Eggers test were applied to testify no publication bias existence in these studies. Subgroup analyses were performed and the result showed that TNM stage, lymph node metastasis and tumor type can influence the patients outcome, while there was no significantly correlation between SNHG12 expression and gender. CONCLUSIONS The systematical review and meta-analysis synthetically analyzed 13 articles including 821 patients with ten types of solid malignant tumors, concluding that higher lncRNA SNHG12 expression is significantly associated with worse clinical prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wen Zhuo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi
| | - Ruoqing Xu
- Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei
| | - Zilong Wu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | | | - Zhenyan Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi
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29
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Autophagy-Associated lncRNAs: Promising Targets for Neurological Disease Diagnosis and Therapy. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8881687. [PMID: 33029125 PMCID: PMC7528122 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8881687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases are a major threat to global public health and prosperity. The number of patients with neurological diseases is increasing due to the population aging and increasing life expectancy. Autophagy is one of the crucial mechanisms to maintain nerve cellular homeostasis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that autophagy plays a dual role in neurological diseases. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a vital class of noncoding RNAs with a length of more than 200 nucleotides and cannot encode proteins themselves but are expressed in most neurological diseases. An early phase, emerging knowledge has revealed that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial in autophagy regulation. Furthermore, autophagy-associated lncRNAs can promote the development of neurological diseases or slow their progression. In this review, we introduce a general overview of lncRNA functional mechanisms and summarizes the recent progress of lncRNAs on autophagy regulation in neurological diseases to reveal possible novel therapeutic targets or useful biomarkers.
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30
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Long Non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), A New Target in Stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:501-519. [PMID: 32865676 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00954-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke has become the most disabling and the second most fatal disease in the world. It has been a top priority to reveal the pathophysiology of stroke at cellular and molecular levels. A large number of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are identified to be abnormally expressed after stroke. Here, we summarize 35 lncRNAs associated with stroke, and clarify their functions on the prognosis through signal transduction and predictive values as biomarkers. Changes in the expression of these lncRNAs mediate a wide range of pathological processes in stroke, including apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, and autophagy. Based on the exploration of the functions and mechanisms of lncRNAs in stroke, more timely, accurate predictions and more effective, safer treatments for stroke could be developed.
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31
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Zeng Q, Zhou Y, Liang D, He H, Liu X, Zhu R, Zhang M, Luo X, Wang Y, Huang G. Exosomes Secreted From Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation-Induced Pyroptosis in PC12 Cells by Promoting AMPK-Dependent Autophagic Flux. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:182. [PMID: 32765221 PMCID: PMC7379865 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cerebral ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury can lead to severe dysfunction, and its treatment is difficult. It is reported that nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat family protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-mediated cell pyroptosis is an important part of cerebral I/R injury and the activation of autophagy can inhibit pyroptosis in some tissue injury. Our previous study found that the protective effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in cerebral I/R injury may be associated with the regulation of autophagy. Recent studies have demonstrated that exosomes secreted from BMSCs (BMSC-Exos) may play an essential role in the effective biological performance of BMSCs and the protective mechanism of BMSC-Exos is associated with the activation of autophagy and the remission of inflammation, but it has not been reported in studies of cerebral I/R injury. We aimed to investigate the effects of BMSC-Exos on cerebral I/R injury and determine if the mechanism is associated with the regulation of pyroptosis and autophagic flux. Method: PC12 cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) to induce cerebral I/R in vitro and were cocultured with BMSC-Exos. Cell viability was determined with CCK-8 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) detection kits. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide (PI) double staining, 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate assay, immunofluorescence, Western blot, and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect cell pyroptosis. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), GFP-RFP-LC3 adenovirus transfection, and Western blot were used to detect autophagic flux and its influence on pyroptosis. Finally, coimmunoprecipitation was used to detect the binding interaction between NLRP3 and LC3. Results: BMSC-Exos increased cell viability in OGD/R. The inhibitory effect of BMSC-Exos on pyroptosis was comparable to the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 and was reversed by NLRP3 overexpression. Furthermore, BMSC-Exos promoted autophagic flux through the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of the rapamycin pathway, whereas chloroquine, AMPK silencing, and compound C blocked the inhibitory effect on pyroptosis. Conclusions: BMSC-Exos can protect PC12 cells against OGD/R injury via attenuation of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis by promoting AMPK-dependent autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Rehabilitation Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Rehabilitation Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Donghui Liang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - He He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Rehabilitation Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Rehabilitation Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Rehabilitation Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meimei Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Rehabilitation Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xun Luo
- Kerry Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Sanming Project Group, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shenzhen Dapeng New District Nan'ao People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guozhi Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Rehabilitation Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Shoorei H, Taheri M. Non-coding RNAs participate in the ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110419. [PMID: 32563988 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia, being defined as blood supply deficiency is involved in the pathogenesis of a number of life-threatening conditions such as myocardial infarction and cerebral stroke. Assessment of the molecular pathology of these conditions has led to identification of the role of reperfusion in induction and aggravation of tissue injury and necrosis. Thus, the term "ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R) injury" has been introduced. This process involves aberrant regulation of the mitochondrial function, apoptotic and autophagic pathways and signal transducers. More recently, non-coding RNAs including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) ad microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to influence I/R injury. Animal studies and clinical investigations have shown up-/down-regulation of tens of lncRNAs and miRNAs in this process. In the current study, we summarize the role of these transcripts in the pathophysiology of I/R injury and their potential as biomarkers for detection of extent of tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Shoorei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Sun X, Wang D, Zhang T, Lu X, Duan F, Ju L, Zhuang X, Jiang X. Eugenol Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Enhancing Autophagy via AMPK-mTOR-P70S6K Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:84. [PMID: 32153404 PMCID: PMC7047211 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Eugenol, as an active compound isolated from Acorus gramineus, has been shown to protect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Nonetheless, the detailed neuroprotective mechanisms of eugenol in cerebral I/R injury have not been elaborated. In the present study, cerebral I/R injury model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. HT22 cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) to mimic cerebral I/R injury in vitro. The results showed that eugenol pre-treatment relieved cerebral I/R injury as evidenced by improving neurological deficits and reducing infarct volume. Autophagy was induced by MCAO, which was further promoted by eugenol administration. Moreover, rapamycin, an activator of autophagy, promoted eugenol-induced decreases in neurological score, infarct volume, brain water content, and apoptosis. However, pretreatment with 3-MA, an inhibitor of autophagy, led to the opposite results. Similarly, eugenol pretreatment increased the viability and restrained apoptosis of OGD/R-challenged HT22 cells. OGD/R-induced autophagy was strengthened by eugenol. Mechanically, eugenol promoted autophagy through regulating AMPK/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, pretreatment with eugenol attenuated cerebral I/R injury by inducing autophagy via AMPK/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Sun
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Dongyan Wang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xuejian Lu
- Department of Chinese Medicine Clinical Foundation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Fangfang Duan
- Department of Chinese Medicine Clinical Foundation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Lili Ju
- Department of Chinese Medicine Clinical Foundation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhuang
- Department of Chinese Medicine Clinical Foundation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xicheng Jiang
- Department of Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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34
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Xiao ZH, Wang L, Gan P, He J, Yan BC, Ding LD. Dynamic Changes in miR-126 Expression in the Hippocampus and Penumbra Following Experimental Transient Global and Focal Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:1107-1119. [PMID: 32067150 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-02986-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
miR-126 which is considered one of the most important miRNAs for maintaining vascular integrity, plays an important role in neuroprotection after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I-R). Moreover, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), sprouty-related EVH1 domain-containing protein 1 (SPRED1), and Raf-1 are also involved in physiological processes of vascular endothelial cells (ECs). This study investigated how miR-126 changes with reperfusion time in different brain tissues after global cerebral ischemia and focal cerebral ischemia and examined the underlying mechanism miR-126 involving VEGFA, SPRED1, and Raf-1 after I-R. The results indicated decreases in the levels of miR-126-3p and miR-126-5p expression in mice and gerbils after I-R, consistent with the results after oxygen and glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) in PC12 cells. Glial cells were activated as neuronal damage gradually increased after I-R. Inhibition of miR-126-3p exacerbated the OGD/R-induced cell death and reduced cell viability. After miR-126-3p inhibition, the levels of SPRED1 and VEGFA expression were increased, and p-Raf-1 expression was decreased after OGD/R. Moreover, based on the intervention of miR-126-3p inhibition, we found that the expression of p-Raf-1 was significantly increased after the intervention of siSPRED1, while it was not statistically significant after intervention of siVEGFA. The reduction of miR-126 expression after global and focal cerebral ischemia exacerbated neuronal death, which was closely related to increasing the SPRED1 activation and inhibiting the Raf-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Hong Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou Second People's Hospital, Taizhou, 225500, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Gan
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou Second People's Hospital, Taizhou, 225500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou Second People's Hospital, Taizhou, 225500, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Chun Yan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Dong Ding
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou Second People's Hospital, Taizhou, 225500, People's Republic of China.
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35
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Yu B, Ruan M, Liang T, Yu Y. Synergy Between Borneol and Extract of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort Against Cortex and Striatum Ischemia. INT J PHARMACOL 2020. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2020.104.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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36
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Wang J, Cao Y, Lu X, Wang X, Kong X, Bo C, Li S, Bai M, Jiao Y, Gao H, Yao X, Ning S, Wang L, Zhang H. Identification of the Regulatory Role of lncRNA SNHG16 in Myasthenia Gravis by Constructing a Competing Endogenous RNA Network. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 19:1123-1133. [PMID: 32059338 PMCID: PMC7016163 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder resulting from antibodies against the proteins at the neuromuscular junction. Emerging evidence indicates that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), acting as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), are involved in various diseases. However, the regulatory mechanisms of ceRNAs underlying MG remain largely unknown. In this study, we constructed a lncRNA-mediated ceRNA network involved in MG using a multi-step computational strategy. Functional annotation analysis suggests that these lncRNAs may play crucial roles in the immunological mechanism underlying MG. Importantly, through manual literature mining, we found that lncRNA SNHG16 (small nucleolar RNA host gene 16), acting as a ceRNA, plays important roles in the immune processes. Further experiments showed that SNHG16 expression was upregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from MG patients compared to healthy controls. Luciferase reporter assays confirmed that SNHG16 is a target of the microRNA (miRNA) let-7c-5p. Subsequent experiments indicated that SNHG16 regulates the expression of the key MG gene interleukin (IL)-10 by sponging let-7c-5p in a ceRNA manner. Furthermore, functional assays showed that SNHG16 inhibits Jurkat cell apoptosis and promotes cell proliferation by sponging let-7c-5p. Our study will contribute to a deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanism of MG and will potentially provide new therapeutic targets for MG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yuze Cao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Xiaotong Kong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Chunrui Bo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Ming Bai
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xiuhua Yao
- Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shangwei Ning
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Huixue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
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37
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Li M, Gao WW, Liu L, Gao Y, Wang YF, Zhao B, Xiong XX. The Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3β pathway participates in the neuroprotective effect of interleukin-4 against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1716-1723. [PMID: 32209778 PMCID: PMC7437578 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.276343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) has a protective effect against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Animal experiments have shown that IL-4 improves the short- and long-term prognosis of neurological function. The Akt (also called protein kinase B, PKB)/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (Akt/GSK-3β) signaling pathway is involved in oxidative stress, the inflammatory response, apoptosis, and autophagy. However, it is not yet clear whether the Akt/GSK-3β pathway participates in the neuroprotective effect of IL-4 against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. In the present study, we established a cerebral ischemia/reperfusion mouse model by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 60 minutes followed by a 24-hour reperfusion. An IL-4/anti-IL-4 complex (10 μg) was intraperitoneally administered 30 minutes before surgery. We found that administration of IL-4 significantly alleviated the neurological deficits, oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, and autophagy and reduced infarct volume of the mice with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury 24 hours after reperfusion. Simultaneously, IL-4 activated Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway. However, an Akt inhibitor LY294002, which was injected at 15 nmol/kg via the tail vein, attenuated the protective effects of IL-4. These findings indicate that IL-4 has a protective effect on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by mitigating oxidative stress, reducing apoptosis, and inhibiting excessive autophagy, and that this mechanism may be related to activation of the Akt/GSK-3β pathway. This animal study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China (approval No. WDRY2017-K037) on March 9, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wen-Wei Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Personnel, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ya-Feng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Xing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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38
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Chokkalla AK, Mehta SL, Kim T, Chelluboina B, Kim JY, Vemuganti R. Transient Focal Ischemia Significantly Alters the m 6A Epitranscriptomic Tagging of RNAs in the Brain. Stroke 2019; 50:2912-2921. [PMID: 31436138 PMCID: PMC6759411 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.026433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Adenosine in many types of RNAs can be converted to m6A (N6-methyladenosine) which is a highly dynamic epitranscriptomic modification that regulates RNA metabolism and function. Of all organs, the brain shows the highest abundance of m6A methylation of RNAs. As recent studies showed that m6A modification promotes cell survival after adverse conditions, we currently evaluated the effect of stroke on cerebral m6A methylation in mRNAs and lncRNAs. Methods- Adult C57BL/6J mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. In the peri-infarct cortex, m6A levels were measured by dot blot analysis, and transcriptome-wide m6A changes were profiled using immunoprecipitated methylated RNAs with microarrays (44 122 mRNAs and 12 496 lncRNAs). Gene ontology analysis was conducted to understand the functional implications of m6A changes after stroke. Expression of m6A writers, readers, and erasers was also estimated in the ischemic brain. Results- Global m6A levels increased significantly at 12 hours and 24 hours of reperfusion compared with sham. While 139 transcripts (122 mRNAs and 17 lncRNAs) were hypermethylated, 8 transcripts (5 mRNAs and 3 lncRNAs) were hypomethylated (>5-fold compared with sham) in the ischemic brain at 12 hours reperfusion. Inflammation, apoptosis, and transcriptional regulation are the major biological processes modulated by the poststroke differentially m6A methylated mRNAs. The m6A writers were unaltered, but the m6A eraser (fat mass and obesity-associated protein) decreased significantly after stroke compared with sham. Conclusions- This is the first study to show that stroke alters the cerebral m6A epitranscriptome, which might have functional implications in poststroke pathophysiology. Visual Overview- An online visual overview is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Chokkalla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Suresh L. Mehta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - TaeHee Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bharath Chelluboina
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joo Yong Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran Administration Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
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39
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Ao LY, Li WT, Zhou L, Yan YY, Ye AQ, Liang BW, Shen WY, Zhu X, Li YM. Therapeutic effects of JLX-001 on ischemic stroke by inducing autophagy via AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway in rats. Brain Res Bull 2019; 153:162-170. [PMID: 31472184 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(3β,5α,16α,20S)-4,4,14-trimethyl-3,20-bis(methylamino)-9,19-cyclopregnan-16-ol-dihydrochloride (JLX-001), a structural analogue of cyclovirobuxine D (CVB-D), is a novel compound from synthesis. This study aims to confirm the therapeutic effects of JLX001 on ischemic stroke (IS) and research its induction of autophagy function via 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-Human Serine/threonine-protein kinase (ULK1) signaling pathway activation. The therapeutic effects of JLX001 were evaluated by infarct sizes, brain edema, neurological scores and proportion of apoptotic neurons in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). The number of autophagosomes was obtained by transmission electron microscopy. The expression of LC3-II was measured by immunofluorescence. p-AMPK and activated ULK1 were detected by western blots. Results showed that JLX001 treatment markedly alleviated cerebral infarcts, edema, neurological scores and proportion of apoptotic neurons in MCAO/R rats. The number of autophagosomes was increased, accompanying with the increased expressions of LC3-II, p-AMPK and ULK1. In summary, JLX001 attenuates cerebral ischemia injury and the underlying mechanisms may relate to inducing autophagy via AMPK-ULK1 signaling pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Yao Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Wan-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yun-Yi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - An-Qi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Bing-Wen Liang
- Jiangsu Jinglixin Pharmaceutical Technology Company Limited, Nanjing, 211100, PR China
| | - Wei-Yang Shen
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Xiong Zhu
- Jiangsu Jinglixin Pharmaceutical Technology Company Limited, Nanjing, 211100, PR China.
| | - Yun-Man Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
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Sun J, Li X, Liu J, Pan X, Zhao Q. Stigmasterol Exerts Neuro-Protective Effect Against Ischemic/Reperfusion Injury Through Reduction Of Oxidative Stress And Inactivation Of Autophagy. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:2991-3001. [PMID: 31695390 PMCID: PMC6805119 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s220224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Stroke remains the primary cause of pain, suffering, and death in patients. One of the major thrusts in stroke therapy is to find an effective prevention strategy. Objectives of this study are to testify the neuro-protection effect of stigmasterol in ischemic/reperfusion injury model. METHODS The dosage-dependent effects (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) of stigmasterol on physiological behaviors and oxidative stress biomarkers were investigated. Expression and phosphorylation of beclin1, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mTOR, and N-terminal kinase (JNK) were detected. RESULTS The results showed that stigmasterol was able to effectively reduce neurological deficits and infarct damage induced by the ischemic/reperfusion injury, improve histopathology changes, and restore the levels of the endogenous antioxidant defense system in a dose-response mode. Stigmasterol effectively depressed the expression level of beclin1, and the conversion of LC3 I to LC3 II, while promoted the phosphorylation of mTOR, and remarkably inhibited the phosphorylation of AMPK and JNK, as well as the expression of JNK induced by 24 hrs of reperfusion. CONCLUSION These findings reveal that stigmasterol has neuro-protective effect against the ischemic/reperfusion injury, possibly associated with reduction of oxidative stress and inactivation of autophagy via AMPK/mTOR and JNK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Sun
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang City, Shandong Province 262100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang City, Shandong Province 262100, People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang City, Shandong Province 262100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Pan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang City, Shandong Province 262100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang City, Shandong Province 262100, People's Republic of China
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