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Song XM, Zhao MN, Li GZ, Li N, Wang T, Zhou H. Atorvastatin ameliorated myocardial fibrosis in db/db mice by inhibiting oxidative stress and modulating macrophage polarization. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:1849-1861. [PMID: 38222782 PMCID: PMC10784803 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i12.1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with diabetes mellitus (DM) suffer from multiple chronic complications due to sustained hyperglycemia, especially diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Oxidative stress and inflammatory cells play crucial roles in the occurrence and progression of myocardial remodeling. Macrophages polarize to two distinct phenotypes: M1 and M2, and such plasticity in phenotypes provide macrophages various biological functions. AIM To investigate the effect of atorvastatin on cardiac function of DCM in db/db mice and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS DCM mouse models were established and randomly divided into DM, atorvastatin, and metformin groups. C57BL/6 mice were used as the control. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson staining was used to examine the morphology and collagen fibers in myocardial tissues. The expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β),M1 macrophages (iNOS+), and M2 macrophages (CD206+) were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. The levels of TGF-β1, IL-1β, and TNF-α were detected by ELISA and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations and superoxide dismutase (SOD) ac-tivities were also measured. RESULTS Treatment with atorvastatin alleviated cardiac dysfunction and decreased db/db mice. The broken myocardial fibers and deposition of collagen in the myocardial interstitium were relieved especially by atorvastatin treatment. Atorvastatin also reduced the levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase isoenzyme, and troponin; lowered the levels of TGF-β1, TNF-α and IL-1β in serum and myocardium; decreased the concentration of MDA and increased SOD activity in myocardium of db/db mice; inhibited M1 macrophages; and promoted M2 macrophages. CONCLUSION Administration of atorvastatin attenuates myocardial fibrosis in db/db mice, which may be associated with the antioxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effects of atorvastatin on diabetic myocardium through modulating macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Min Song
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Handan Central Hospital, Handan 056001, Hebei Province, China
| | - Meng-Nan Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Gui-Zhi Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
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Saha S, Fang X, Green CD, Das A. mTORC1 and SGLT2 Inhibitors-A Therapeutic Perspective for Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15078. [PMID: 37894760 PMCID: PMC10606418 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a critical diabetes-mediated co-morbidity characterized by cardiac dysfunction and heart failure, without predisposing hypertensive or atherosclerotic conditions. Metabolic insulin resistance, promoting hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, is the primary cause of diabetes-related disorders, but ambiguous tissue-specific insulin sensitivity has shed light on the importance of identifying a unified target paradigm for both the glycemic and non-glycemic context of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Several studies have indicated hyperactivation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), specifically complex 1 (mTORC1), as a critical mediator of T2D pathophysiology by promoting insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, inflammation, vasoconstriction, and stress. Moreover, mTORC1 inhibitors like rapamycin and their analogs have shown significant benefits in diabetes and related cardiac dysfunction. Recently, FDA-approved anti-hyperglycemic sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) have gained therapeutic popularity for T2D and diabetic cardiomyopathy, even acknowledging the absence of SGLT2 channels in the heart. Recent studies have proposed SGLT2-independent drug mechanisms to ascertain their cardioprotective benefits by regulating sodium homeostasis and mimicking energy deprivation. In this review, we systematically discuss the role of mTORC1 as a unified, eminent target to treat T2D-mediated cardiac dysfunction and scrutinize whether SGLT2is can target mTORC1 signaling to benefit patients with diabetic cardiomyopathy. Further studies are warranted to establish the underlying cardioprotective mechanisms of SGLT2is under diabetic conditions, with selective inhibition of cardiac mTORC1 but the concomitant activation of mTORC2 (mTOR complex 2) signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Saha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (S.S.); (X.F.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Xianjun Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (S.S.); (X.F.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Christopher D. Green
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (S.S.); (X.F.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Anindita Das
- Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Dodson TA, Nieuwoudt S, Morse CN, Pierre V, Liu C, Senyo SE, Prestwich EG. Ribonucleosides from tRNA in hyperglycemic mammalian cells and diabetic murine cardiac models. Life Sci 2023; 318:121462. [PMID: 36736767 PMCID: PMC9992345 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cardiomyopathy is a diabetic comorbidity with few molecular targets. To address this, we evaluated transfer RNA (tRNA) modifications in the diabetic heart because tRNA modifications have been implicated in diabetic etiologies. MAIN METHODS tRNA was isolated from aorta, apex, and atrial tissue of healthy and diabetic murine hearts and related hyperglycemic cell models. tRNA modifications and canonical ribonucleosides were quantified by liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using stable isotope dilution. Correlations between ribonucleosides and diabetic comorbidity pathology were assessed using statistical analyses. KEY FINDINGS Total tRNA ribonucleoside levels were analyzed from cell types and healthy and diabetic murine heart tissue. Each heart structure had characteristic ribonucleoside profiles and quantities. Several ribonucleosides were observed as significantly different in hyperglycemic cells and diabetic tissues. In hyperglycemic models, ribonucleosides N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C), 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (mcm5s2U), 5-methylcytidine (m5C), and N1-methylguanosine (m1G) were anomalous. Specific tRNA modifications known to be on murine tRNAIni(CAU) were higher in diabetic heart tissue which suggests that tRNA modifications could be regulating translation in diabetes. SIGNIFICANCE We identified tRNA ribonucleosides and tRNA species associated with hyperglycemia and diabetic etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Dodson
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Stephan Nieuwoudt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Chase N Morse
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Valinteshley Pierre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Samuel E Senyo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Erin G Prestwich
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States.
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Liu J, Lu J, Zhang L, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Yuan X, Xiang M, Tang Q. The combination of exercise and metformin inhibits TGF-β1/Smad pathway to attenuate myocardial fibrosis in db/db mice by reducing NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114080. [PMID: 36481406 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent hyperglycemia increases inflammation response, promoting the development of myocardial fibrosis. Based on our previous research that exercise and metformin alone or their combination intervention could attenuate myocardial fibrosis in db/db mice, this study aimed to further explore the underlying mechanisms by which these interventions attenuate myocardial fibrosis in early diabetic cardiomyopathy. Forty BKS db/db mice were randomly divided into four groups. Diabetic db/db mice without intervention were in the C group. Aerobic exercise (7-12 m/min, 30-40 min/day, 5 days/week) was performed in the E group. Metformin (300 mg·kg-1·day-1) was administered in the M group. Exercise combined with metformin was performed in the EM group. Ten wild-type mice were in the WT group. All interventions were administered for 8 weeks. Results showed that the expression levels of α-SMA, Collagen I, and Collagen III were increased in 16-week-old db/db mice, which were reversed by exercise and metformin alone or their combination intervention. All interventions attenuated the level of TGF-β1/Smad2/3 pathway-related proteins and reduced the expression of inflammatory signaling pathway-regulated proteins TNF-α, p-IκBα/IκBα, and p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65 in db/db mice. Furthermore, metformin intervention inhibited HNF4α expression via AMPK activation, whereas exercise intervention increased the expression of IL-6 instead of activating AMPK. In conclusion, exercise and metformin alone or their combination intervention inhibited the TGF-β1/Smad pathway to attenuate myocardial fibrosis by reducing NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response. The anti-fibrotic effects were regulated by metformin-activated AMPK or exercise-induced elevation of IL-6, whereas their combination intervention showed no synergistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- School of Sports and Health, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Jiao Lu
- School of Sports and Health, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Sport and Health Project, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Liumei Zhang
- School of Sports and Health, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Yuting Liu
- School of Sports and Health, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Sports and Health, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Yaran Gao
- School of Sports and Health, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Xinmeng Yuan
- School of Sports and Health, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Mengqi Xiang
- School of Sports and Health, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Qiang Tang
- School of Sports and Health, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Sport and Health Project, Nanjing 210014, China.
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Gu W, Li Q, Ding M, Cao Y, Wang T, Zhang S, Feng J, Li H, Zheng L. Regular Exercise Rescues Heart Function Defects and Shortens the Lifespan of Drosophila Caused by dMnM Downregulation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16554. [PMID: 36554435 PMCID: PMC9779684 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although studies have shown that myomesin 2 (MYOM2) mutations can lead to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a common cardiovascular disease that has a serious impact on human life, the effect of MYOM2 on cardiac function and lifespan in humans is unknown. In this study, dMnM (MYOM2 homologs) knockdown in cardiomyocytes resulted in diastolic cardiac defects (diastolic dysfunction and arrhythmias) and increased cardiac oxidative stress. Furthermore, the knockdown of dMnM in indirect flight muscle (IFM) reduced climbing ability and shortened lifespan. However, regular exercise significantly ameliorated diastolic cardiac dysfunction, arrhythmias, and oxidative stress triggered by dMnM knockdown in cardiac myocytes and also reversed the reduction in climbing ability and shortening of lifespan caused by dMnM knockdown in Drosophila IFM. In conclusion, these results suggest that Drosophila cardiomyocyte dMnM knockdown leads to cardiac functional defects, while dMnM knockdown in IFM affects climbing ability and lifespan. Furthermore, regular exercise effectively upregulates cardiomyocyte dMnM expression levels and ameliorates cardiac functional defects caused by Drosophila cardiomyocyte dMnM knockdown by increasing cardiac antioxidant capacity. Importantly, regular exercise ameliorates the shortened lifespan caused by dMnM knockdown in IFM.
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Mkolo NM, Olaokun OO, King PH, Janse van Rensburg I, Eloff JN, Naidoo V. Verification of the folkloric and anecdotal antidiabetic effects of Hypoxis hemerocallidea (Fisch., C.A. Mey. & Avé-Lall) and isolated, β-sitosterol using early-stage type II spontaneous diabetic mutant BKS-Leprdb mice. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:163. [PMID: 35725532 PMCID: PMC9208228 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03640-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies in our laboratory in ex vivo assays have demonstrated H. hemerocallidea extract as potential antidiabetic agent through increased insulin release from pancreatic beta cells. Thus, for this study the early stage type II spontaneous diabetic mutant mice model was used to evaluate and determine the degree of the antidiabetic efficacy of H. hemerocallidea. Methods Eight-weeks-old type II spontaneous pre-diabetic mutant BKS-Leprdb mice were fed with feed supplemented with either H. hemerocallidea extract, isolated compound (β-sitosterol) or chlorpropamide (positive control) for 4 weeks. The haematological parameters, clinical chemistry, glucose tolerance, feed intake, faecal output and body weights were measured. Results The blood glucose concentrations of all the animals treated with plant extract, β-sitosterol compound and non-treated pre-diabetic animals did not return to baseline levels. Only the β-sitosterol treatment and positive control groups resulted in a respective small decrease of 5.8 and 5.2% in the mouse weights over the study period, with no significant changes (p > 0.05) in food intake. However, there was a general trend for decrease in faecal output for all the groups. Albumin, triglycerides, and total cholesterol levels in β-sitosterol and chlorpropamide-treated animals were lower, relative to untreated-animals. Animals fed with plant extract showed large amounts of internal fat. There were no significant changes (p > 0.05) in total serum protein, globulin, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea nitrogen and creatinine attributed to administration of treatments. In all groups, some animals showed lesions associated with cardiac puncture. Few animals except animals treated with plant extract, showed presence of a left-ventricular hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The liver and kidneys for all groups appeared macroscopically normal and the thymuses were small (±2 mg). There were pathological signs in some of the animals particularly in myocardial fibres, renal tubular, glomerular, hepatocyte granularity and pancreas islets. However, there was no significance trend between the groups. Conclusion Based on the results, none of the treatments could be considered highly effective for the management of type II pre-diabetes as sole therapeutic intervention. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-022-03640-y.
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Smith AN, Altara R, Amin G, Habeichi NJ, Thomas DG, Jun S, Kaplan A, Booz GW, Zouein FA. Genomic, Proteomic, and Metabolic Comparisons of Small Animal Models of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Tale of Mice, Rats, and Cats. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e026071. [PMID: 35904190 PMCID: PMC9375492 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.122.026071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) remains a medical anomaly that baffles researchers and physicians alike. The overall phenotypical changes of diastolic function and left ventricular hypertrophy observed in HFpEF are definable; however, the metabolic and molecular alterations that ultimately produce these changes are not well established. Comorbidities such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes, as well as general aging, play crucial roles in its development and progression. Various animal models have recently been developed to better understand the pathophysiological and metabolic developments in HFpEF and to illuminate novel avenues for pharmacotherapy. These models include multi‐hit rodents and feline aortic constriction animals. Recently, genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic approaches have been used to define altered signaling pathways in the heart associated with HFpEF, including those involved in inflammation, cGMP‐related, Ca2+ handling, mitochondrial respiration, and the unfolded protein response in endoplasmic reticulum stress. This article aims to present an overview of what has been learnt by these studies, focusing mainly on the findings in common while highlighting unresolved issues. The knowledge gained from these research models will not simply be of benefit for treating HFpEF but will undoubtedly provide new insights into the mechanisms by which the heart deals with external stresses and how the processes involved can fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex N Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson MS
| | - Raffaele Altara
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson MS
| | - Ghadir Amin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine American University of Beirut Medical Center Beirut Lebanon
| | - Nada J Habeichi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine American University of Beirut Medical Center Beirut Lebanon.,Laboratory of Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Inserm Unit UMR-S 1180, Faculty of Pharmacy Paris-Saclay University Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Daniel G Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson MS
| | - Seungho Jun
- Division of Cardiology The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Baltimore MD
| | - Abdullah Kaplan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine American University of Beirut Medical Center Beirut Lebanon.,Cardiology Clinic Rumeli Hospital Istanbul Turkey
| | - George W Booz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson MS
| | - Fouad A Zouein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson MS.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine American University of Beirut Medical Center Beirut Lebanon.,Laboratory of Signaling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Inserm Unit UMR-S 1180, Faculty of Pharmacy Paris-Saclay University Châtenay-Malabry France.,The Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Excellence American University of Beirut Medical Center Beirut Lebanon
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Dia M, Leon C, Chanon S, Bendridi N, Gomez L, Rieusset J, Thibault H, Paillard M. Effect of Metformin on T2D-Induced MAM Ca 2+ Uncoupling and Contractile Dysfunction in an Early Mouse Model of Diabetic HFpEF. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073569. [PMID: 35408928 PMCID: PMC8998623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a leading complication in type 2 diabetes patients. Recently, we have shown that the reticulum-mitochondria Ca2+ uncoupling is an early and reversible trigger of the cardiac dysfunction in a diet-induced mouse model of DCM. Metformin is a first-line antidiabetic drug with recognized cardioprotective effect in myocardial infarction. Whether metformin could prevent the progression of DCM remains not well understood. We therefore investigated the effect of a chronic 6-week metformin treatment on the reticulum-mitochondria Ca2+ coupling and the cardiac function in our high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFHSD) mouse model of DCM. Although metformin rescued the glycemic regulation in the HFHSD mice, it did not preserve the reticulum-mitochondria Ca2+ coupling either structurally or functionally. Metformin also did not prevent the progression towards cardiac dysfunction, i.e., cardiac hypertrophy and strain dysfunction. In summary, despite its cardioprotective role, metformin is not sufficient to delay the progression to early DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Dia
- Laboratoire CarMeN—IRIS Team, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA-Lyon, Univ-Lyon, 69500 Bron, France; (M.D.); (C.L.); (L.G.); (H.T.)
| | - Christelle Leon
- Laboratoire CarMeN—IRIS Team, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA-Lyon, Univ-Lyon, 69500 Bron, France; (M.D.); (C.L.); (L.G.); (H.T.)
| | - Stephanie Chanon
- Laboratoire CarMeN—MERISM Team, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA-Lyon, Univ-Lyon, 69921 Oullins, France; (S.C.); (N.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Nadia Bendridi
- Laboratoire CarMeN—MERISM Team, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA-Lyon, Univ-Lyon, 69921 Oullins, France; (S.C.); (N.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Ludovic Gomez
- Laboratoire CarMeN—IRIS Team, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA-Lyon, Univ-Lyon, 69500 Bron, France; (M.D.); (C.L.); (L.G.); (H.T.)
| | - Jennifer Rieusset
- Laboratoire CarMeN—MERISM Team, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA-Lyon, Univ-Lyon, 69921 Oullins, France; (S.C.); (N.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Helene Thibault
- Laboratoire CarMeN—IRIS Team, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA-Lyon, Univ-Lyon, 69500 Bron, France; (M.D.); (C.L.); (L.G.); (H.T.)
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Melanie Paillard
- Laboratoire CarMeN—IRIS Team, INSERM, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, INSA-Lyon, Univ-Lyon, 69500 Bron, France; (M.D.); (C.L.); (L.G.); (H.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)4-78-78-56-10
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