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Scharf P, Sandri S, Borges PP, Franco de Oliveira T, Farsky SHP. A single and short exposure to heated tobacco vapor or cigarette smoke affects macrophage activation and polarization. Toxicology 2024; 506:153859. [PMID: 38825031 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The toxicity of heated tobacco products (HTP) on the immune cells remains unclear. Here, U937-differentiated macrophages were exposed to a single and short-term exposure (30 minutes) of HTP vapor or cigarette smoke (CS) in an air-liquid interface (ALI) system to evaluate the effects on macrophages' early activation and polarization. In our system, HTP released lower amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), but higher nicotine levels than CS into the cell culture supernatant. Both tobacco products triggered the expression of the α-7 nicotinic receptor (α7 nAChR) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. When challenged with a bacterial product, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), cells exposed to HTP or CS failed to respond properly and enhance ROS production upon LPS stimuli. Furthermore, both tobacco products also impaired bacterial phagocytosis and the exposures triggered higher IL-1β secretion. The α7 nAChR antagonist treatment rescued the effects caused only by HTP exposure. The CS-exposed group switched macrophage to the pro-inflammatory M1, while HTP polarized to the suppressive M2 profile. Associated, data highlight that HTP and CS exposures similarly activate macrophages; nonetheless, the α7 nAChR pathway is only involved in HTP actions, and the distinct subsequent polarization caused by HTP or CS may influence the outcome of host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Scharf
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Silvana Sandri
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Pacassa Borges
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Tiago Franco de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sandra Helena Poliselli Farsky
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
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2
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Ghazi S, Song MA, El-Hellani A. A scoping review of the toxicity and health impact of IQOS. Tob Induc Dis 2024; 22:TID-22-97. [PMID: 38832049 PMCID: PMC11145630 DOI: 10.18332/tid/188867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This work aims to summarize the current evidence on the toxicity and health impact of IQOS, taking into consideration the data source. On 1 June 2022, we searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases using the terms: 'heated tobacco product', 'heat-not-burn', 'IQOS', and 'tobacco heating system'. The search was time-restricted to update a previous search conducted on 8 November 2021, on IQOS data from 2010-2021. The data source [independent, Philip Morris International (PMI), or other manufacturers] was retrieved from relevant sections of each publication. Publications were categorized into two general categories: 1) Toxicity assessments included in vitro, in vivo, and systems toxicology studies; and 2) The impact on human health included clinical studies assessing biomarkers of exposure and biomarkers of health effects. Generally, independent studies used classical in vitro and in vivo approaches, but PMI studies combined these with modeling of gene expression (i.e. systems toxicology). Toxicity assessment and health impact studies covered pulmonary, cardiovascular, and other systemic toxicity. PMI studies overall showed reduced toxicity and health risks of IQOS compared to cigarettes, but independent data did not always conform with this conclusion. This review highlights some discrepancies in IQOS risk assessment regarding methods, depth, and breadth of data collection, as well as conclusions based on the data source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ghazi
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, United States
| | - Min-Ae Song
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, United States
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus OH, United States
| | - Ahmad El-Hellani
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, United States
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus OH, United States
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3
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Rong Y, Xu M, Hu T, Zhang S, Fu J, Liu H. Effects of butyrate on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury via the HMGB1-TLR4-MyD88 signaling pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:7961-7978. [PMID: 38709282 PMCID: PMC11131991 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study combined bioinformatics and experimental verification in a mouse model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) to explore the protection mechanism exerted by butyrate against IRI. METHODS GeneCards, Bioinformatics Analysis Tool for Molecular Mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine and GSE190581 were used to explore the relationship between butyrate and IRI and aging. Protein-protein interaction networks involving butyrate and IRI were constructed via the STRING database, with hub gene analysis performed through Cytoscape. Functional enrichment analysis was conducted on intersection genes. A mouse model of IRI was established, followed by direct arterial injection of butyrate. The experiment comprised five groups: normal, sham, model, vehicle, low-dose butyrate, and high-dose butyrate. Intestinal tissue observation was done via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), histological examination via hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, tight junction proteins detection via immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis of hub genes. Drug-target interactions were evaluated through molecular docking. RESULTS Butyrate protected against IRI by targeting 458 genes, including HMGB1 and TLR4. Toll-like receptor pathway was implicated. Butyrate improved intestinal IRI by reducing mucosal damage, increasing tight junction proteins, and lowering levels of HMGB1, TLR4, and MyD88. Molecular docking showed strong binding energies between butyrate and HMGB1 (-3.7 kcal/mol) and TLR4 (-3.8 kcal/mol). CONCLUSIONS According to bioinformatics predictions, butyrate mitigates IRI via multiple-target and multiple-channel mechanisms. The extent of IRI can be reduced by butyrate through the inhibition of the HMGB1-TLR4-MyD88 signaling pathway, which is related to senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Rong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei, China
| | - Meili Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei, China
| | - Jianfeng Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei, China
| | - Huaqin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, Hebei, China
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Cordery S, Thompson K, Stevenson M, Simms L, Chapman F, Grandolfo E, Malt L, Weaver S, Fearon IM, Nahde T. The Product Science of Electrically Heated Tobacco Products: An Updated Narrative Review of the Scientific Literature. Cureus 2024; 16:e61223. [PMID: 38939262 PMCID: PMC11209752 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Heated tobacco products represent a novel category of tobacco products in which a tobacco consumable is heated to a temperature that releases nicotine from the tobacco leaf but not to a temperature sufficient to cause combustion. Heated tobacco products may therefore have the potential to be a less harmful alternative for adult smokers who would otherwise continue to smoke cigarettes, as their use should result in exposure to substantially fewer and lower levels of toxicants. This update represents a two-year extension to our previous narrative review, which covered peer-reviewed journal articles published up to August 31, 2021. The scientific evidence published between 2021 and 2023 continues to indicate that aerosols produced from heated tobacco products contain fewer and substantially lower levels of harmful and potentially harmful constituents and that these observed reductions consistently translate to reduced biological effects in both in vitro and in vivo toxicological studies. Biomarker and clinical data from studies in which product use is controlled within a clinical setting continue to suggest changes in levels of biomarkers of exposure, biomarkers of potential harm, and clinical endpoints indicating the potential for reduced harm with switching to exclusive use of heated tobacco products in adult smokers. Overall, the available peer-reviewed scientific evidence continues to indicate that heated tobacco products offer promise as a potentially less harmful alternative to cigarettes, and as such, the conclusions of our original narrative review remain valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cordery
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Plc., Bristol, GBR
| | - Keith Thompson
- Independent Scientific Consultant, Elucid8 Holdings Ltd., Coleraine, GBR
| | - Matthew Stevenson
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Plc., Bristol, GBR
| | - Liam Simms
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Plc., Bristol, GBR
| | - Fiona Chapman
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Plc., Bristol, GBR
| | - Erika Grandolfo
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Plc., Bristol, GBR
| | - Layla Malt
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Plc., Bristol, GBR
| | - Sarah Weaver
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Plc., Bristol, GBR
| | - Ian M Fearon
- Scientific Research, whatIF? Consulting Ltd., Harwell, GBR
| | - Thomas Nahde
- Group Science and Regulatory Affairs, Imperial Brands Reemtsma, Hamburg, DEU
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5
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Świątkowska B, Jankowski M, Kaleta D. Comparative evaluation of ten blood biomarkers of inflammation in regular heated tobacco users and non-smoking healthy males-a pilot study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8779. [PMID: 38627440 PMCID: PMC11021498 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are novel tobacco products that are alternatives to cigarettes. The study aimed to investigate the effect of HTPs on blood biomarkers of inflammation as well as to provide a comparative evaluation between daily heated tobacco users and healthy men who do not use nicotine products. This case-control study was carried out among 92 healthy males in Poland (Lodz-Province) aged 20-56 years: 44 daily heated tobacco users (daily use in the past 90 days) and 48 controls who do not use nicotine products. The history of use of the nicotine-containing products was self-reported and verified using a saliva cotinine test. A 20 ml blood sample was collected and the levels of ten blood biomarkers were analyzed. Among all heated tobacco users (n = 44), only the levels of interleukin 8 (IL-8) were significantly higher when compared to controls: 6.86 vs. 3.95 (p = 0.01). Among exclusive heated tobacco users (n = 33), the levels of IL-8 were also significantly higher when compared to controls: 7.76 vs. 3.95 (p = 0.01). IL-8 level was positively correlated (r = 0.37; p = 0.01) with the daily number of heated tobacco sticks. Out of 10 different biomarkers of inflammation, only IL-8 levels were significantly elevated in heated tobacco use compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Świątkowska
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9 Street, 90-752, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Jankowski
- Department of Population Health, School of Public Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Kleczewska 61/63 Street, 01-826, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Kaleta
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9 Street, 90-752, Łódź, Poland
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Choukroun E, Parnot M, Surmenian J, Gruber R, Cohen N, Davido N, Simonpieri A, Savoldelli C, Afota F, El Mjabber H, Choukroun J. Bone Formation and Maintenance in Oral Surgery: The Decisive Role of the Immune System-A Narrative Review of Mechanisms and Solutions. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:191. [PMID: 38391677 PMCID: PMC10886049 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Based on the evidence of a significant communication and connection pathway between the bone and immune systems, a new science has emerged: osteoimmunology. Indeed, the immune system has a considerable impact on bone health and diseases, as well as on bone formation during grafts and its stability over time. Chronic inflammation induces the excessive production of oxidants. An imbalance between the levels of oxidants and antioxidants is called oxidative stress. This physio-pathological state causes both molecular and cellular damage, which leads to DNA alterations, genetic mutations and cell apoptosis, and thus, impaired immunity followed by delayed or compromised wound healing. Oxidative stress levels experienced by the body affect bone regeneration and maintenance around teeth and dental implants. As the immune system and bone remodeling are interconnected, bone loss is a consequence of immune dysregulation. Therefore, oral tissue deficiencies such as periodontitis and peri-implantitis should be regarded as immune diseases. Bone management strategies should include both biological and surgical solutions. These protocols tend to improve immunity through antioxidant production to enhance bone formation and prevent bone loss. This narrative review aims to highlight the relationship between inflammation, oxidation, immunity and bone health in the oral cavity. It intends to help clinicians to detect high-risk situations in oral surgery and to propose biological and clinical solutions that will enhance patients' immune responses and surgical treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Franck Afota
- Private Practice, 06000 Nice, France
- Head and Neck Institute, CHU, 06000 Nice, France
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Vivarelli F, Morosini C, Rullo L, Losapio LM, Lacorte A, Sangiorgi S, Ghini S, Fagiolino I, Franchi P, Lucarini M, Candeletti S, Canistro D, Romualdi P, Paolini M. Effects of unburned tobacco smoke on inflammatory and oxidative mediators in the rat prefrontal cortex. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1328917. [PMID: 38333013 PMCID: PMC10851081 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1328917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the Food and Drug Administration has authorized the marketing of "heat-not-burn" (HnB) electronic cigarettes as a modified risk tobacco product (MRTP), toxicological effects of HnB smoke exposure on the brain are still unexplored. Here, paramagnetic resonance of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of HnB-exposed rats shows a dramatic increase in reactive radical species (RRS) yield coupled with an inflammatory response mediated by NF-κB-target genes including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and the downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and gamma expression. The PFC shows higher levels of 8-hydroxyguanosine, a marker of DNA oxidative damage, along with the activation of antioxidant machinery and DNA repair systems, including xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) protein complex and 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1. HnB also induces the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes such as CYP1A1, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, and CYP2E, particularly involved in the biotransformation of nicotine and several carcinogenic agents such as aldehydes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons here recorded in the HnB stick smoke. Taken together, these effects, from disruption of redox homeostasis, inflammation, PPAR manipulation along with enhanced bioactivation of neurotoxicants, and upregulation of cMYC protooncogene to impairment of primary cellular defense mechanisms, suggest a possible increased risk of brain cancer. Although the HnB device reduces the emission of tobacco toxicants, our findings indicate that its consumption may carry a risk of potential adverse health effects, especially in non-smokers so far. Further studies are needed to fully understand the long-term effects of these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Vivarelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Morosini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Rullo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Loredana Maria Losapio
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Lacorte
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Sangiorgi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Severino Ghini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Paola Franchi
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Lucarini
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sanzio Candeletti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Donatella Canistro
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Romualdi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Moreno Paolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Yamada H, Yamazaki Y, Takebayashi Y, Yazawa K, Sasanishi M, Motoda A, Nakamori M, Morino H, Takahashi T, Maruyama H. The long-term effects of heated tobacco product exposure on the central nervous system in a mouse model of prodromal Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2024; 14:227. [PMID: 38167640 PMCID: PMC10761999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50941-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Heated tobacco products (HTPs) have emerged as novel alternatives to conventional cigarettes (CCs), marketed by the tobacco industry as having a reduced potential for harm. Nevertheless, a significant dearth of information remains regarding the long-term effects of HTPs on the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we sought to shed light on the repercussions of prolonged exposure to HTPs on the CNS, employing a mouse model mimicking prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our study entailed subjecting App knock-in mice to 16 weeks of HTP exposure, administered 5 days per week, with serum cotinine concentration serving as confirmation of HTP exposure within this model. Histological analysis, aimed at assessing amyloid pathology, unveiled a minimal impact attributable to HTPs. However, exploration of differentially expressed genes in the cerebral cortex, using unadjusted p values, indicated an association between HTP exposure and non-inflammatory pathways, specifically linked to neurohypophyseal and neuropeptide hormone activity within the CNS. Of note, similar results have already been observed after exposure to CCs in vivo. Our study not only contributes insights into the potential non-inflammatory effects of HTPs within the context of AD pathogenesis but also underscores the significance of continued research to comprehend the full scope of their impact on the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetada Yamada
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yu Yamazaki
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Yoshiko Takebayashi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Yazawa
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Miwako Sasanishi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Atsuko Motoda
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakamori
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morino
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takahashi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Maruyama
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
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Xu W, Yang Y, Tian J, Du X, Ye Y, Liu Z, Li Y, Zhao Y. Haloxyfop-P-methyl induces immunotoxicity and glucose metabolism disorders and affects the Nrf2/ARE pathway mediated antioxidant system in Chiromantes dehaani. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122332. [PMID: 37558200 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Haloxyfop-P-methyl is used extensively in agricultural production, and its metabolites in soil have potentially toxic effects on aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we explored the toxicity of haloxyfop-P-methyl on Chiromantes dehaani. The results of the 21-day toxicity test showed that haloxyfop-P-methyl decreased the weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and hepatosomatic index (HSI). In glucose metabolism, haloxyfop-P-methyl reduced pyruvate, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase, but enhanced glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and hexokinase. Furthermore, expression of glucose metabolism-related genes was upregulated. We cloned the full-length CdG6PDH gene, which contains a 1587 bp ORF that encoded a 528 amino acid polypeptide. In antioxidant system, haloxyfop-P-methyl increased glutathione, thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin peroxidase activities and activated the Nrf2/ARE pathway through upregulation of ERK, JNK, PKC and Nrf2. In immunity, low concentrations haloxyfop-P-methyl, or short-term exposure, upregulated the expression of immune-related genes and enhanced immune-related enzymes activity, while high concentrations or long-term exposure inhibited immune function. In summary, haloxyfop-P-methyl inhibited the growth performance, disrupted glucose metabolism, activated the antioxidant system, and led to immunotoxicity. The results deepen our understanding of the toxicity mechanism of haloxyfop-P-methyl and provide basic biological data for the comprehensive assessment of the risk of haloxyfop-P-methyl to the environment and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Xu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jiangtao Tian
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xinglin Du
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yucong Ye
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhiquan Liu
- School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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10
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Sato A, Ishigami A. Effects of heated tobacco product aerosol extracts on DNA methylation and gene transcription in lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 475:116637. [PMID: 37499768 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Smoking causes DNA methylation (DNAm) alterations that lead to lung cancer development. Although the use of heated tobacco products (HTPs) has recently increased, their impact on health remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of HTPs on DNAm and gene transcription in human lung epithelial cells in vitro. MAIN METHODS Human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells with type II alveolar epithelial characteristics were treated with aerosol extracts of two HTPs or a smoke extract of combustible reference cigarette (RC). Global 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) levels were quantified using dot blot analysis. Furthermore, reduced representation of bisulfite sequencing, DNA microarray, and quantitative PCR analyses were performed to determine CpG methylation and gene transcription changes induced by HTP and RC. KEY FINDINGS Global 5-mC and 5-hmC levels were decreased by the RC extract but not the HTP extracts. However, an HTP extract altered the CpG methylation pattern, and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of the differentially methylated regions of the RC and HTP groups showed a similar pattern. The HTP extract affected gene expression, albeit to a lesser extent than the RC extract. In particular, the HTP extract markedly affected the mRNA expression and promoter methylation of cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1 (CYP1A1), which is associated with carcinogenic risk. SIGNIFICANCE The study results suggest that HTPs as well as conventional combustible cigarettes can alter CpG methylation and gene transcription in lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayami Sato
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan.
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11
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Belkin S, Benthien J, Axt PN, Mohr T, Mortensen K, Weckmann M, Drömann D, Franzen KF. Impact of Heated Tobacco Products, E-Cigarettes, and Cigarettes on Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119432. [PMID: 37298381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to the market launch of heated tobacco products (HTPs) and the JUUL as well as the EVALI, they caused a widespread discussion on the risk reduction compared to a combustible cigarette. Furthermore, first data showed harmful effects on the cardiovascular system. We, therefore, conducted investigations including a control group with a nicotine-free liquid. Forty active smokers were studied in two different approaches during and after consuming an HTP, a cigarette, a JUUL, or a typical electronic cigarette with or without nicotine in a partly double-blinded randomised, cross-over trial. Inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and blood samples (full blood count, ELISA, multiplex immunoassay) were analysed, and arterial stiffness was measured. In addition to the cigarette, an increase in the white blood cell count but also in proinflammatory cytokines was shown for the various nicotine delivery systems. These correlated with the parameters of arterial vascular stiffness as a clinical parameter of endothelial dysfunction. It can be shown that even a single consumption of the different nicotine delivery system or cigarette leads to a significant inflammatory reaction followed by endothelial dysfunction and increased arterial stiffness causing cardiovascular disease. Inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and arterial stiffness should be addressed in long-term observational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Belkin
- Medical Clinic III, Site Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
| | - Julia Benthien
- Medical Clinic III, Site Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
| | - Paul Niklas Axt
- Medical Clinic III, Site Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
| | - Theresa Mohr
- Medical Clinic III, Site Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
| | - Kai Mortensen
- Cardiology Kiel, 24116 Kiel, Germany
- Clinic for Rhythmology, Campus Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Markus Weckmann
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
- Section for Pulmonary Pediatrics, Campus Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Daniel Drömann
- Medical Clinic III, Site Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
| | - Klaas Frederik Franzen
- Medical Clinic III, Site Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
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Hu H, Miyamoto T, Okazaki H, Eguchi M, Shirasaka T, Kochi T, Kabe I, Tomizawa A, Nakagawa T, Honda T, Yamamoto S, Miki T, Fukunaga A, Yamamoto S, Inoue Y, Miyake H, Konishi M, Dohi S, Mizoue T. Heated tobacco product use and abnormal glucose metabolism: a working population-based study. Acta Diabetol 2023; 60:371-378. [PMID: 36527503 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-022-02009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to assess the cross-sectional association of heated tobacco product (HTP) use with prediabetes and diabetes. METHODS The present analysis included 8950 workers from 5 companies (Study I) and 31,341 workers from another large company (Study II), who participated in the Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health Study. The participants were divided into five groups: never smokers, past smokers, exclusive HTP users, dual users of cigarettes and HTPs, and exclusive cigarette smokers. Diabetes and prediabetes were defined according to the fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels and self-reported diabetes treatment, using the American Diabetes Association criteria. We analyzed the data of Study I and II separately, and then pooled these estimates using the fixed-effect models, with adjustment for a wide range of covariates. RESULTS In this study that included 40,291 participants (mean age, 46.6 years; men, 84.3%), about half of the current tobacco-related product users reported using HTPs. Exclusive HTP users had higher odds of prediabetes (pooled odds ratio 1.36; 95% CI 1.25-1.47) and diabetes (1.68; 95% CI 1.45-1.94) than never smokers. Similarly, dual users also had increased odds of prediabetes (pooled odds ratio, 1.26; 95% CI 1.13-1.39) and diabetes (1.93; 95% CI 1.63-2.29). The strength of these associations was comparable to that of cigarette smokers. We observed significantly higher HbA1c and fasting blood glucose levels among both exclusive HTP users and dual users compared to never smokers. CONCLUSION HTP use was associated with an increased likelihood of prediabetes and diabetes. Prospective studies are warranted to confirm the cross-sectional association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Hu
- Research Center for Prevention From Radiation Hazards of Workers, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Nagao 6-21-1, Tama-Ku, Kawasaki, 214-8585, Japan.
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Miyamoto
- Nippon Steel Corporation, East Nippon Works Kimitsu Area, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Isamu Kabe
- KUBOTA Corporation Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Tohru Nakagawa
- Hitachi Health Care Center, Hitachi, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toru Honda
- Hitachi Health Care Center, Hitachi, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Takako Miki
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ami Fukunaga
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Yamamoto
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Inoue
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Miyake
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Konishi
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuya Mizoue
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Koike S, Sato K, Sawa M, Inaba Y, Hattori K, Nakadate K, Ushiyama A, Ogasawara Y. Exposure to Heated Tobacco Products Aerosol Causes Acute Stress Responses in the Lung of Mouse. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122329. [PMID: 36552537 PMCID: PMC9774187 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the acute response of mice exposed to IQOS aerosol, a brand-name heated tobacco product (HTP), in the lung tissue. First, the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS) value was measured as an index to assess oxidative stress, and a significant increase was observed after exposure, followed by a significant increase in the total lung GSH concentration. The stress responses induced by IQOS aerosols was then analyzed by focusing on the changes in Nrf2 and ATF4, which are transcription factors that induce the expression of genes involved in GSH biosynthesis or metabolism. Although Nrf2 activation was not observed, significant accumulation of ATF4 in the nuclear fraction was noted three hours after exposure to IQOS aerosols. Upon an examination of changes in factors in the GSH biosynthetic system, a significant increase in cystine concentration in the lung tissue was measured, and an increase in xCT expression level was observed in the cell membrane fraction three-six hours after IQOS exposure. Furthermore, characteristic changes in HO-1, a stress-response protein regulated by ATF4, was discovered six hours after IQOS exposure. Moreover, analysis of the upstream ATF4 regulatory system revealed that phosphorylation of eIF2α was enhanced in the lung cytoplasmic fraction three hours after exposure to IQOS aerosols. These findings suggest that ER stress might be induced as an early response to IQOS aerosol exposure, accompanied by the activation of the eIF2α-ATF4 axis. These intracellular changes have also been reported after exposure to combustible cigarette smoke. Thus, the acute response found in the lungs of mice in the present study demonstrate that the inhalation of aerosols from IQOS elicits a biological response similar to that of combustible cigarette smoke. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that the biological effects of HTPs, such as IQOS, cannot be ignored in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Koike
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Kohei Sato
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Marie Sawa
- Department of Environmental Science, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yohei Inaba
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Saitama 351-0197, Japan
| | - Kenji Hattori
- Department of Environmental Science, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakadate
- Department of Basic Science, Educational and Research Center for Pharmacy, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Akira Ushiyama
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Saitama 351-0197, Japan
| | - Yuki Ogasawara
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
- Correspondence:
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