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Miyahara S, Mori H, Fukuda K, Ogawa M, Saito M. Non-purulent myositis caused by direct invasion of skeletal muscle tissue by Leptospira in a hamster model. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0042023. [PMID: 38240601 PMCID: PMC10870730 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00420-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Myalgia is a common symptom of Leptospira infection in humans. Autopsies have reported that muscle tissue shows degeneration and necrosis of the myofibers and infiltration of inflammatory cells composed mainly of macrophages and lymphocytes. It remains unclear whether Leptospira directly infects the muscle and how the infiltrating inflammatory cells are involved in muscle fiber destruction. This study evaluated the relationship between histopathological changes and leptospiral localization in the muscle tissue of a hamster model. The influence of macrophages in skeletal muscle injury was also investigated, using selective depletion of macrophages by administration of liposomal clodronate. Hamsters infected subcutaneously with Leptospira interrogans serovar Manilae strain UP-MMC-SM showed myositis of the thighs adjacent to the inoculated area beginning at 6 days post-infection. The myositis was non-purulent and showed sporadic degeneration and necrosis of muscle fibers. The degeneration of myofibers was accompanied by aggregations of macrophages. Immunofluorescence staining revealed leptospires surrounding the damaged muscle fibers. Subcutaneous injection of formalin-killed Leptospira or intraperitoneal injection of live Leptospira caused no myositis in hamster thighs. Liposomal clodronate treatment in infected hamsters reduced macrophage infiltration in muscle tissue without impacting bacterial clearance. Muscle necrosis was still observed in the infected hamsters treated with liposomal clodronate, and there was no significant change in serum creatine kinase levels compared to those in animals treated with liposomes alone. Our findings suggest that leptospiral invasion of muscle tissue from an inoculation site leads to the destruction of muscle fibers and causes non-purulent myositis, whereas the infiltrating macrophages contribute less to muscle destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Miyahara
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mori
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Fukuda
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Midori Ogawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Mitsumasa Saito
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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2
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Pharmacological Inhibition of CCR2 Signaling Exacerbates Exercise-Induced Inflammation Independently of Neutrophil Infiltration and Oxidative Stress. IMMUNO 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno2010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although exercise-induced humoral factors known as exerkines benefit systemic health, the role of most exerkines has not been investigated. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a representative chemokine whose circulating concentrations increase after exercise, and it is one of the exerkines. MCP-1 is a ligand for CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), which is expressed on monocytes, macrophages, and muscle cells. However, there is no information on the role of CCR2 signaling in exercise. Therefore, to investigate the research question, we administrated CCR2 antagonist or PBS to mice to inhibit CCR2 signaling before and after exercise. Our results showed that CCR2 signaling inhibition promoted exercise-induced macrophage infiltration and inflammation 24 h after exercise in muscle. CCR2 signaling inhibition also exacerbated exercise-induced inflammation immediately after exercise in muscle. However, neutrophil infiltration and oxidative stress had no contribution to exercise-induced inflammation by CCR2 signaling inhibition. CCR2 signaling inhibition also exacerbated exercise-induced inflammation immediately after exercise in kidney, liver, and adipose tissues. To summarize, pharmacological inhibition of CCR2 signaling exacerbated exercise-induced inflammation independently of neutrophil infiltration and oxidative stress.
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3
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Suzuki K. Recent Progress in Applicability of Exercise Immunology and Inflammation Research to Sports Nutrition. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124299. [PMID: 34959851 PMCID: PMC8709237 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article focuses on how nutrition may help prevent and/or assist with recovery from the harmful effects of strenuous acute exercise and physical training (decreased immunity, organ injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, and fatigue), with a focus on nutritional supplements. First, the effects of ketogenic diets on metabolism and inflammation are considered. Second, the effects of various supplements on immune function are discussed, including antioxidant defense modulators (vitamin C, sulforaphane, taheebo), and inflammation reducers (colostrum and hyperimmunized milk). Third, how 3-hydroxy-3-methyl butyrate monohydrate (HMB) may offset muscle damage is reviewed. Fourth and finally, the relationship between exercise, nutrition and COVID-19 infection is briefly mentioned. While additional verification of the safety and efficacy of these supplements is still necessary, current evidence suggests that these supplements have potential applications for health promotion and disease prevention among athletes and more diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
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4
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Minari ALA, Thomatieli-Santos RV. From skeletal muscle damage and regeneration to the hypertrophy induced by exercise: What is the role of different macrophages subsets? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 322:R41-R54. [PMID: 34786967 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00038.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are one of the top players when considering immune cells involved with tissue homeostasis. Recently, increasing evidence has demonstrated that these macrophages could also present two major subsets during tissue healing; proliferative macrophages (M1-like), which are responsible for increasing myogenic cell proliferation, and restorative macrophages (M2-like), which are accountable for the end of the mature muscle myogenesis. The participation and characterization of these macrophage subsets is critical during myogenesis, not only to understand the inflammatory role of macrophages during muscle recovery but also to create supportive strategies that can improve mass muscle maintenance. Indeed, most of our knowledge about macrophage subsets comes from skeletal muscle damage protocols, and we still do not know how these subsets can contribute to skeletal muscle adaptation. This narrative review aims to collect and discuss studies demonstrating the involvement of different macrophage subsets during the skeletal muscle damage/regeneration process, showcasing an essential role of these macrophage subsets during muscle adaptation induced by acute and chronic exercise programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luis Araujo Minari
- Universidade estadual Paulista, Campus Presidente Prudente, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Psicobiologia, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo V Thomatieli-Santos
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Psicobiologia, Brazil
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5
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Dias KA, da Conceição AR, Oliveira LA, Pereira SMS, Paes SDS, Monte LF, Sarandy MM, Novaes RD, Gonçalves RV, Della Lucia CM. Effects of Curcumin Supplementation on Inflammatory Markers, Muscle Damage, and Sports Performance during Acute Physical Exercise in Sedentary Individuals. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9264639. [PMID: 34659641 PMCID: PMC8516555 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9264639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exhaustive and acute unusual physical exercise leads to muscle damage. Curcumin has been widely studied due to the variety of its biological activities, attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, it has shown positive effects on physical exercise practitioners. However, there is no literature consensus on the beneficial effects of curcumin in acute physical activities performed by sedentary individuals. Therefore, we systematically reviewed evidence from clinical trials on the main effects of curcumin supplementation on inflammatory markers, sports performance, and muscle damage during acute physical exercises in these individuals. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases, and only original studies were analyzed according to the PRISMA guidelines. The included studies were limited to supplementation of curcumin during acute exercise. A total of 5 studies were selected. Methodological quality assessments were examined using the SYRCLE's risk-of-bias tool. Most studies have shown positive effects of curcumin supplementation in sedentary individuals undergoing acute physical exercise. Overall, participants supplemented with curcumin showed less muscle damage, reduced inflammation, and better muscle performance. The studies showed heterogeneous data and exhibited methodological limitations; therefore, further research is necessary to ensure curcumin supplementation benefits during acute and high-intensity physical exercises. Additionally, mechanistic and highly controlled studies are required to improve the quality of the evidence and to elucidate other possible mechanisms. This study is registered with Prospero number CRD42021262718.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Aparecida Dias
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Lívya Alves Oliveira
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Stefany da Silva Paes
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Larissa Farias Monte
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Rômulo Dias Novaes
- Department of Structural Biology, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Ceres Mattos Della Lucia
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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6
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An Overview of Physical Exercise and Antioxidant Supplementation Influences on Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101528. [PMID: 34679663 PMCID: PMC8532825 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the essential injuries caused by moderate to high-intensity and short-duration physical activities is the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), damaging various body tissues such as skeletal muscle (SM). However, ROS is easily controlled by antioxidant defense systems during low to moderate intensity and long-term exercises. In stressful situations, antioxidant supplements are recommended to prevent ROS damage. We examined the response of SM to ROS generation during exercise using an antioxidant supplement treatment strategy in this study. The findings of this review research are paradoxical due to variances in antioxidant supplements dose and duration, intensity, length, frequency, types of exercise activities, and, in general, the lack of a regular exercise and nutrition strategy. As such, further research in this area is still being felt.
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7
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Muhammad S, Hänggi D. Inflammation and Anti-Inflammatory Targets after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147355. [PMID: 34298971 PMCID: PMC8304004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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8
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Houser MC, Mac V, Smith DJ, Chicas RC, Xiuhtecutli N, Flocks JD, Elon L, Tansey MG, Sands JM, McCauley L, Hertzberg VS. Inflammation-Related Factors Identified as Biomarkers of Dehydration and Subsequent Acute Kidney Injury in Agricultural Workers. Biol Res Nurs 2021; 23:676-688. [PMID: 34018403 DOI: 10.1177/10998004211016070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Globally, there is increasing recognition that agricultural workers are at risk for chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu). Recurrent heat exposure, physical exertion, dehydration, muscle damage, and inflammation are hypothesized to contribute to the development of CKDu, but the relative importance of these processes and the interactions among them remain unclear. Moreover, there is a need to identify biomarkers that could distinguish individuals who are at greatest risk for kidney damage to target preventative interventions for CKDu. In this study, we evaluated dehydration and markers of inflammation, muscle damage, and renal function in agricultural workers at a non-workday baseline assessment. Urine specific gravity and kidney function were measured before and after work shifts on three subsequent days, and heat index, core body temperature, and heart rate were monitored during the work shifts. A combination of direct comparisons and machine learning algorithms revealed that reduced levels of uromodulin and sodium in urine and increased levels of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein in serum were indicative of dehydration at baseline, and that dehydration, high body mass index, reduced urine uromodulin, and increased serum interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein at baseline were predictive of acute kidney injury on subsequent workdays. Our findings suggest a method for identifying agricultural workers at greatest risk for kidney injury and reveal potential mechanisms responsible for this process, including pathways overlapping in dehydration and kidney injury. These results will guide future studies confirming these mechanisms and introducing interventions to protect kidney health in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn C Houser
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Valerie Mac
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel J Smith
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Roxana C Chicas
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nezahualcoyotl Xiuhtecutli
- Farmworker Association of Florida, Apopka, FL, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Joan D Flocks
- Social Policy Division, Center for Governmental Responsibility, Levin College of Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lisa Elon
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jeff M Sands
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Linda McCauley
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vicki S Hertzberg
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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9
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Kawanishi N, Machida S. Alterations of macrophage and neutrophil content in skeletal muscle of aged versus young mice. Muscle Nerve 2021; 63:600-607. [PMID: 33386611 PMCID: PMC8048435 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle inflammation and oxidative stress are associated with aging-related loss of muscle mass and may be attributable to alterations in the number and types of leukocytes in skeletal muscle. Here, we tested the hypothesis that aging changes the number and composition of leukocyte subsets in skeletal muscle tissue. METHODS Skeletal muscle was sampled from 4-mo-old (young) and 27-mo-old (old) C57BL/6J mice. Mononuclear cells of the gastrocnemius muscle were isolated, and flow cytometry was used to characterize the number and types of immune cells. RESULTS The number of neutrophils and Ly-6C+ inflammatory macrophages in the skeletal muscle was significantly higher in old mice than in young mice. Inflammation and oxidative stress (measured using the markers phosphorylated JNK and nitrotyrosine) were also higher in the skeletal muscle of old mice than in that of young mice. CONCLUSIONS Increasing age promotes skeletal muscle inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as infiltration of inflammatory macrophages and neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Kawanishi
- Faculty of Advanced EngineeringChiba Institute of TechnologyNarashinoJapan
- Graduate School of Health and Sports ScienceJuntendo UniversityInzaiJapan
- Institute of Health & Sports Science and MedicineJuntendo UniversityInzaiJapan
| | - Shuichi Machida
- Graduate School of Health and Sports ScienceJuntendo UniversityInzaiJapan
- Institute of Health & Sports Science and MedicineJuntendo UniversityInzaiJapan
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10
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Depletion of Embryonic Macrophages Leads to a Reduction in Angiogenesis in the Ex Ovo Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay. Cells 2020; 10:cells10010005. [PMID: 33375076 PMCID: PMC7822194 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play an important but poorly understood role in angiogenesis. To investigate their role in vessel formation, relevant in vivo models are crucial. Although the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model has been frequently used as an angiogenesis assay, limited data are available on the involvement of chicken macrophages in this process. Here, we describe a method to deplete macrophages in the ex ovo chick CAM assay by injection of clodronate liposomes and show that this depletion directly affects vascularisation of collagen onplants. Chicken embryos were injected intravenously with either clodronate or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) liposomes, followed by placement of collagen type I plugs on the CAM to quantify angiogenic ingrowth. Clodronate liposome injection led to a significant 3.4-fold reduction of macrophages compared with control embryos as measured by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Furthermore, analysis of vessel ingrowth into the collagen plugs revealed a significantly lower angiogenic response in macrophage-depleted embryos compared with control embryos, indicating that chicken embryonic macrophages play an essential function in the development of blood vessels. These results demonstrate that the chick CAM assay provides a promising model to investigate the role of macrophages in angiogenesis.
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11
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Rogeri PS, Gasparini SO, Martins GL, Costa LKF, Araujo CC, Lugaresi R, Kopfler M, Lancha AH. Crosstalk Between Skeletal Muscle and Immune System: Which Roles Do IL-6 and Glutamine Play? Front Physiol 2020; 11:582258. [PMID: 33178046 PMCID: PMC7596683 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.582258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle was always seen from biomechanical and biochemical views. It is well-established that an active muscle brings many benefits for different body organs and tissues, including the immune system. Since the 1970s, many studies have shown the importance of regular exercise and physical activity in increasing the body's ability to fight opportunist infections, as well as a strategy to fight established diseases. This interaction was mainly attributed to the glutamine, a non-essential amino acid produced by the active skeletal muscle and primarily consumed by rapidly dividing cells, including lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages, as their main source of energy. Therefore, these cells' function would be significantly improved by the presence of a bigger glutamine pool, facilitating phagocytosis, antigen-presentation, proliferative capacity, cytokine synthesis and release, among other functions. Despite its importance, glutamine is not the only molecule to connect these two tissues. The presence of cytokines is crucial for a proper immune system function. Many of them have well-established pro-inflammatory properties, while others are known for their anti-inflammatory role. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), however, has been in the center of many scientific discussions since it can act as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine depending on the tissue that releases it. Skeletal muscle is an essential source of IL-6 with anti-inflammatory properties, regulating the function of the immune cells after tissue injury and the healing process. Therefore, this review aims to discuss further the role of these four components (glutamine, and interleukin-6, and its interface with monocytes/macrophages, and lymphocytes) on the communication between the skeletal muscle and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonio H. Lancha
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Metabolismo, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da Universidade de São Paulo, EEFE-USP, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Normile TG, Bryan AM, Del Poeta M. Animal Models of Cryptococcus neoformans in Identifying Immune Parameters Associated With Primary Infection and Reactivation of Latent Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581750. [PMID: 33042164 PMCID: PMC7522366 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus species are environmental fungal pathogens and the causative agents of cryptococcosis. Infection occurs upon inhalation of infectious particles, which proliferate in the lung causing a primary infection. From this primary lung infection, fungal cells can eventually disseminate to other organs, particularly the brain, causing lethal meningoencephalitis. However, in most cases, the primary infection resolves with the formation of a lung granuloma. Upon severe immunodeficiency, dormant cryptococcal cells will start proliferating in the lung granuloma and eventually will disseminate to the brain. Many investigators have sought to study the protective host immune response to this pathogen in search of host parameters that keep the proliferation of cryptococcal cells under control. The majority of the work assimilates research carried out using the primary infection animal model, mainly because a reactivation model has been available only very recently. This review will focus on anti-cryptococcal immunity in both the primary and reactivation models. An understanding of the differences in host immunity between the primary and reactivation models will help to define the key host parameters that control the infections and are important for the research and development of new therapeutic and vaccine strategies against cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Normile
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Arielle M Bryan
- Ingenious Targeting Laboratory Incorporated, Ronkonkoma, NY, United States
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, NY, United States
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13
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Li J, Li Y, Atakan MM, Kuang J, Hu Y, Bishop DJ, Yan X. The Molecular Adaptive Responses of Skeletal Muscle to High-Intensity Exercise/Training and Hypoxia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E656. [PMID: 32722013 PMCID: PMC7464156 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity exercise/training, especially interval exercise/training, has gained popularity in recent years. Hypoxic training was introduced to elite athletes half a century ago and has recently been adopted by the general public. In the current review, we have summarised the molecular adaptive responses of skeletal muscle to high-intensity exercise/training, focusing on mitochondrial biogenesis, angiogenesis, and muscle fibre composition. The literature suggests that (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha) PGC-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1-α) might be the main mediators of skeletal muscle adaptations to high-intensity exercises in hypoxia. Exercise is known to be anti-inflammatory, while the effects of hypoxia on inflammatory signalling are more complex. The anti-inflammatory effects of a single session of exercise might result from the release of anti-inflammatory myokines and other cytokines, as well as the downregulation of Toll-like receptor signalling, while training-induced anti-inflammatory effects may be due to reductions in abdominal and visceral fat (which are main sources of pro-inflammatory cytokines). Hypoxia can lead to inflammation, and inflammation can result in tissue hypoxia. However, the hypoxic factor HIF1-α is essential for preventing excessive inflammation. Disease-induced hypoxia is related to an upregulation of inflammatory signalling, but the effects of exercise-induced hypoxia on inflammation are less conclusive. The effects of high-intensity exercise under hypoxia on skeletal muscle molecular adaptations and inflammatory signalling have not been fully explored and are worth investigating in future studies. Understanding these effects will lead to a more comprehensive scientific basis for maximising the benefits of high-intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia; (M.M.A.); (J.K.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Yanchun Li
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100192, China; (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Muhammed M. Atakan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia; (M.M.A.); (J.K.); (D.J.B.)
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolism in Exercise, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jujiao Kuang
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia; (M.M.A.); (J.K.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Yang Hu
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100192, China; (Y.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - David J. Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia; (M.M.A.); (J.K.); (D.J.B.)
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia; (M.M.A.); (J.K.); (D.J.B.)
- Sarcopenia Research Program, Australia Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences (AIMSS), Melbourne 3021, Australia
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14
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Suzuki K, Tominaga T, Ruhee RT, Ma S. Characterization and Modulation of Systemic Inflammatory Response to Exhaustive Exercise in Relation to Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050401. [PMID: 32397304 PMCID: PMC7278761 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhaustive exercise induces systemic inflammatory responses, which are associated with exercise-induced tissue/organ damage, but the sources and triggers are not fully understood. Herein, the basics of inflammatory mediator cytokines and research findings on the effects of exercise on systemic inflammation are introduced. Subsequently, the association between inflammatory responses and tissue damage is examined in exercised and overloaded skeletal muscle and other internal organs. Furthermore, an overview of the interactions between oxidative stress and inflammatory mediator cytokines is provided. Particularly, the transcriptional regulation of redox signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokines is described, as the activation of the master regulatory factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is involved directly or indirectly in controlling pro-inflammatory genes and antioxidant enzymes expression, whilst nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) regulates the pro-inflammatory gene expression. Additionally, preventive countermeasures against the pathogenesis along with the possibility of interventions such as direct and indirect antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents are described. The aim of this review is to give an overview of studies on the systematic inflammatory responses to exercise, including our own group as well as others. Moreover, the challenges and future directions in understanding the role of exercise and functional foods in relation to inflammation and oxidative stress are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (S.M.); Tel.: +81-4-2947-6898 (K.S.); +81-4-2947-6753 (S.M.)
| | - Takaki Tominaga
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan; (T.T.); (R.T.R.)
| | - Ruheea Taskin Ruhee
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan; (T.T.); (R.T.R.)
| | - Sihui Ma
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (S.M.); Tel.: +81-4-2947-6898 (K.S.); +81-4-2947-6753 (S.M.)
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15
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Shukla SK, Markov SD, Attri KS, Vernucci E, King RJ, Dasgupta A, Grandgenett PM, Hollingsworth MA, Singh PK, Yu F, Mehla K. Macrophages potentiate STAT3 signaling in skeletal muscles and regulate pancreatic cancer cachexia. Cancer Lett 2020; 484:29-39. [PMID: 32344015 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Incidence of cachexia is highly prevalent in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC); advanced disease stage directly correlates with decreased muscle and fat mass in PDAC patients. The pancreatic tumor microenvironment is central to the release of systemic factors that govern lipolysis, proteolysis, and muscle and fat degeneration leading to the cachectic phenotype in cancer patients. The current study explores the role of macrophages, a key immunosuppressive player in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, in regulating cancer cachexia. We observed a negative correlation between CD163-positive macrophage infiltration and muscle-fiber cross sectional area in human PDAC patients. To investigate the role of macrophages in myodegeneration, we utilized conditioned media transplant assays and orthotopic models of PDAC-induced cachexia in immune-competent mice with and without macrophage depletion. We observed that macrophage-derived conditioned medium, in combination with tumor cell-conditioned medium, promoted muscle atrophy through STAT3 signaling. Furthermore, macrophage depletion attenuated systemic inflammation and muscle wasting in pancreatic tumor-bearing mice. Targeting macrophage-mediated STAT3 activation or macrophage-derived interleukin-1 alpha or interleukin-6 diminished myofiber atrophy. Taken together, the current study identified the critical association between macrophages and cachexia phenotype in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra K Shukla
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Spas D Markov
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kuldeep S Attri
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Enza Vernucci
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ryan J King
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Aneesha Dasgupta
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Paul M Grandgenett
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michael A Hollingsworth
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kamiya Mehla
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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16
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Won HR, Seo C, Lee HY, Roh J, Kim CH, Jang JY, Shin YS. An Important Role of Macrophages for Wound Margin Regeneration in a Murine Flap Model. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 16:667-674. [PMID: 31824828 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-019-00214-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophages have been known to have diverse roles either after tissue damage or during the wound healing process; however, their roles in flap wound healing are poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to evaluate how macrophages contribute to the flap wound regeneration. Methods A murine model of a pedicled flap was generated, and the time-course of the wound healing process was determined. Especially, the interface between the flap and the residual tissue was histopathologically evaluated. Using clodronate liposome, a macrophage-depleting agent, the functional role of macrophages in flap wound healing was investigated. Coculture of human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT and monocytic cell line THP-1 was performed to unveil relationship between the two cell types. Results Macrophage depletion significantly impaired flap wound healing process showing increased necrotic area after clodronate liposome administration. Interestingly, microscopic evaluation revealed that epithelial remodeling between the flap tissue and residual normal tissue did not occurred under the lack of macrophage infiltration. Coculture and scratch wound healing assays indicated that macrophages significantly affected the migration of keratinocytes. Conclusion Macrophages play a critical role in the flap wound regeneration. Especially, epithelial remodeling at the flap margin is dependent on proper macrophage infiltration. These results implicate to support the cellular mechanisms of impaired flap wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Ryun Won
- 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015 Republic of Korea
| | - Chorong Seo
- 2Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup Street, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Lee
- 2Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup Street, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Roh
- 3Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup Street, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Kim
- 2Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup Street, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
- 4Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 164 Worldcup Street, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeon Yeob Jang
- 2Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup Street, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Seob Shin
- 2Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup Street, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
- 4Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 164 Worldcup Street, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499 Republic of Korea
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17
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Glucose Ingestion Inhibits Endurance Exercise-Induced IL-6 Producing Macrophage Infiltration in Mice Muscle. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071496. [PMID: 31262006 PMCID: PMC6682949 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation during exercise attenuates exercise-induced increases in plasma Interleukin (IL)-6 concentration. However, the effects of CHO supplementation on muscle IL-6 production during endurance exercise is controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of CHO supplementation on muscle IL-6 production during endurance exercise with a special focus on the IL-6 producing cells. Methods: C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups—sedentary with water ingestion group as the control (Con; n = 10), exercise with water ingestion group (Ex; n = 10), and exercise with 6% glucose ingestion group (Ex + glucose; n = 10). The Ex and Ex + glucose groups completed 3 h of treadmill running (24 m/min, 7% incline) and were sacrificed immediately after exercise. Results: The exercise-induced increases of plasma IL-6 concentration and gastrocnemius IL-6 gene expression were attenuated by glucose ingestion. However, the increases of soleus IL-6 gene expression and gastrocnemius and soleus IL-6 protein expression were not attenuated by glucose ingestion. Furthermore, we observed that macrophages that infiltrated muscle produce IL-6 and glucose ingestion attenuated the infiltration of IL-6-producing macrophages. Conclusion: This study revealed that infiltrating macrophages may be one type of IL-6-producing cells during endurance exercise, and the infiltration of these cells in muscle was attenuated by glucose ingestion. However, the effects of glucose ingestion on muscle IL-6 production were limited.
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18
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Chronic Inflammation as an Immunological Abnormality and Effectiveness of Exercise. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9060223. [PMID: 31181700 PMCID: PMC6628010 DOI: 10.3390/biom9060223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced levels of physical activity in people’s daily lives cause the development of metabolic syndromes or age-related disorders. Chronic inflammation is now understood to be an underlying pathological condition in which inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and monocyte/macrophages infiltrate into fat and other tissues and accumulate when people become obese due to overeating and/or physical inactivity. Pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines that are secreted in excess from inflammatory cells will not only lead to the development of arteriosclerosis when they chronically affect blood vessels but also bring tissue degeneration and/or dysfunction to various organs. Chronic inflammation is also involved in sarcopenia that brings hypofunction in the elderly, dementia, osteoporosis, or cancer and negatively affects many chronic diseases and people’s healthy life expectancy. In this paper, outlines of such studies are introduced in terms of homeostatic inflammation, which occurs chronically due to the innate immune system and its abnormalities, while focusing on the efficacy of exercise from aspects of immunology and oxidative stress. The preventative effects of functional food ingredients in combination with exercise are also introduced and described. The challenges and future directions in understanding the role of exercise in the control of chronic inflammation are discussed.
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19
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Marinkovic M, Fuoco C, Sacco F, Cerquone Perpetuini A, Giuliani G, Micarelli E, Pavlidou T, Petrilli LL, Reggio A, Riccio F, Spada F, Vumbaca S, Zuccotti A, Castagnoli L, Mann M, Gargioli C, Cesareni G. Fibro-adipogenic progenitors of dystrophic mice are insensitive to NOTCH regulation of adipogenesis. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:e201900437. [PMID: 31239312 PMCID: PMC6599969 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) promote satellite cell differentiation in adult skeletal muscle regeneration. However, in pathological conditions, FAPs are responsible for fibrosis and fatty infiltrations. Here we show that the NOTCH pathway negatively modulates FAP differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. However, FAPs isolated from young dystrophin-deficient mdx mice are insensitive to this control mechanism. An unbiased mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis of FAPs from muscles of wild-type and mdx mice suggested that the synergistic cooperation between NOTCH and inflammatory signals controls FAP differentiation. Remarkably, we demonstrated that factors released by hematopoietic cells restore the sensitivity to NOTCH adipogenic inhibition in mdx FAPs. These results offer a basis for rationalizing pathological ectopic fat infiltrations in skeletal muscle and may suggest new therapeutic strategies to mitigate the detrimental effects of fat depositions in muscles of dystrophic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Fuoco
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Sacco
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Giulio Giuliani
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Micarelli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessio Reggio
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Riccio
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Filomena Spada
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Vumbaca
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Castagnoli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Cesare Gargioli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Cesareni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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20
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Kawamura T, Suzuki K, Takahashi M, Tomari M, Hara R, Gando Y, Muraoka I. Involvement of Neutrophil Dynamics and Function in Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness: Effect of Hydrogen Bath. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7100127. [PMID: 30257503 PMCID: PMC6210335 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the involvement of neutrophil dynamics and function in exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and the effect of molecular hydrogen (H2) intake on these parameters. Nine healthy and active young men performed H2 and placebo bath trial in a crossover design. They carried out downhill running (−8% slope) for 30 min at a speed corresponding to 75~85% of peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). Subsequently, they repeated bathing for 20 min per day for one week. Degree of muscle soreness (visual analogue scale: VAS), peripheral leukocyte counts, neutrophil dynamics and function, muscle damage, and inflammation markers were measured. Plasma interleukin (IL)-6 concentration was significantly correlated with peripheral neutrophil count, VAS, and serum creatine kinase activity, respectively, after downhill running. Peripheral neutrophil count and serum myoglobin concentration were also significantly correlated. Conversely, there were no effects of H2 bath. These results suggest that IL-6 may be involved in the mobilization of neutrophils into the peripheral blood and subsequent EIMD and DOMS after downhill running; however, it is not likely that H2 bath is effective for the inflammatory process that is centered on neutrophils after downhill running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Kawamura
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan.
| | - Masaki Takahashi
- Waseda Bioscience Research Institute in Singapore, Waseda University, Singapore 138667, Singapore.
| | - Miki Tomari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan.
| | - Reira Hara
- College of Sports Sciences, Nihon University, 3-34-1 Simouma, Setagaya, Tokyo 154-8513, Japan.
| | - Yuko Gando
- Department of Physical Activity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan.
| | - Isao Muraoka
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan.
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21
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Effects of Ingestion of Different Amounts of Carbohydrate after Endurance Exercise on Circulating Cytokines and Markers of Neutrophil Activation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7040051. [PMID: 29614808 PMCID: PMC5946117 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to examine the effects of ingestion of different amounts of carbohydrate (CHO) after endurance exercise on neutrophil count, circulating cytokine levels, and the markers of neutrophil activation and muscle damage. Nine participants completed three separate experimental trials consisting of 1 h of cycling exercise at 70% V·O2 max, followed by ingestion of 1.2 g CHO·kg body mass−1·h−1 (HCHO trial), 0.2 g CHO·kg body mass−1·h−1 (LCHO trial), or placebo (PLA trial) during the 2 h recovery phase in random order. Circulating glucose, insulin, and cytokine levels, blood cell counts, and the markers of neutrophil activation and muscle damage were measured. The concentrations of plasma glucose and serum insulin at 1 h after exercise were higher in the HCHO trial than in the LCHO and PLA trials. Although there were significant main effects of time on several variables, including neutrophil count, cytokine levels, and the markers of neutrophil activation and muscle damage, significant time × trial interactions were not observed for any variables. These results suggest that CHO ingestion after endurance exercise does not enhance exercise-induced increase in circulating neutrophil and cytokine levels and markers of neutrophil activation and muscle damage, regardless of the amount of CHO ingested.
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22
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Abstract
Strenuous exercise induces such inflammatory responses as leukocytosis (neutrophilia) and symptoms as delayed-onset muscle soreness and swelling. However, the association between inflammatory mediator cytokines and oxidative stress is not fully delineated. Herein, in addition to basic background information on cytokines, research findings on exertional effects on cytokine release and the underlying mechanisms and triggers are introduced. Then, the associations among cytokine responses, oxidative stress, and tissue damage are described not only in overloaded skeletal muscle, but also in other internal organs. Furthermore, we introduce preventive countermeasures against the exhaustive exercise-induced pathogenesis together with the possibility of antioxidant interventions.
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23
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Mahdy MAA, Warita K, Hosaka YZ. Effects of transforming growth factor-β1 treatment on muscle regeneration and adipogenesis in glycerol-injured muscle. Anim Sci J 2017; 88:1811-1819. [PMID: 28585769 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 is associated with fibrosis in many organs. Recent studies demonstrated that delivery of TGF-β1 into chemically injured muscle enhances fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the effects of exogenous TGF-β1 on muscle regeneration and adipogenesis in glycerol-injured muscle of normal mice. Tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were injured by glycerol injection. TGF-β1 was either co-injected with glycerol, as an 'early treatment' group, or injected at day 4 after glycerol, as a 'late treatment' group and the TA muscles were collected at day 7 after initial injury. Myotube density was significantly lower in the early treatment group than in the glycerol-injured group (without TGF-β1 treatment). Moreover, the Oil red O-positive area was significantly smaller in the early treatment group than in the late treatment group and glycerol-injured group. Furthermore, TGF-β1 treatment increased endomysial fibrosis and induced immunostaining of α-smooth muscle actin. The greater inhibitory effects of early TGF-β1 treatment than that of late TGF-β1 treatment during regeneration in glycerol-injured muscle suggest a more potent effect of TGF-β1 on the initial stage of muscle regeneration and adipogenesis. Combination of TGF-β1 with glycerol might be an alternative to enhance muscle fibrosis for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A A Mahdy
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Warita
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Z Hosaka
- Laboratory of Basic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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