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Das S, Das A, Das N, Nath T, Langthasa M, Pandey P, Kumar V, Choure K, Kumar S, Pandey P. Harnessing the potential of microbial keratinases for bioconversion of keratin waste. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34233-6. [PMID: 38985428 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The increasing global consumption of poultry meat has led to the generation of a vast quantity of feather keratin waste daily, posing significant environmental challenges due to improper disposal methods. A growing focus is on utilizing keratinous polymeric waste, amounting to millions of tons annually. Keratins are biochemically rigid, fibrous, recalcitrant, physiologically insoluble, and resistant to most common proteolytic enzymes. Microbial biodegradation of feather keratin provides a viable solution for augmenting feather waste's nutritional value while mitigating environmental contamination. This approach offers an alternative to traditional physical and chemical treatments. This review focuses on the recent findings and work trends in the field of keratin degradation by microorganisms (bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi) via keratinolytic and proteolytic enzymes, as well as the limitations and challenges encountered due to the low thermal stability of keratinase, and degradation in the complex environmental conditions. Therefore, recent biotechnological interventions such as designing novel keratinase with high keratinolytic activity, thermostability, and binding affinity have been elaborated here. Enhancing protein structural rigidity through critical engineering approaches, such as rational design, has shown promise in improving the thermal stability of proteins. Concurrently, metagenomic annotation offers insights into the genetic foundations of keratin breakdown, primarily predicting metabolic potential and identifying probable keratinases. This may extend the understanding of microbial keratinolytic mechanisms in a complex community, recognizing the significance of synergistic interactions, which could be further utilized in optimizing industrial keratin degradation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Das
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Ankita Das
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Nandita Das
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Tamanna Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | | | - Prisha Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Global University, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India, 248016
| | - Kamlesh Choure
- Department of Biotechnology, AKS University, Satna, 485001, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Piyush Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India.
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Neog PR, Saini S, Konwar BK. Purification, and characterization of detergent-compatible serine protease from Bacillussafensis strain PRN1: A sustainable alternative to hazardous chemicals in detergent industry. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 219:106479. [PMID: 38574878 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Owing to vast therapeutic, commercial, and industrial applications of microbial proteases microorganisms from different sources are being explored. In this regard, the gut microbiota of Monopteruscuchia were isolated and examined for the production of protease. All the isolates were primarily and secondarily screened on skim milk and gelatin agar plates. The protease-positive isolates were characterized morphologically, biochemically, and molecularly. Out of the 20 isolated strains,6 belonging to five different genera viz.Bacillus,Priestia,Aeromonas,Staphylococcus, and Serratia demonstrated proteolytic activity. Bacillussafensis strain PRN1 demonstrated the highest protease production and, thus, the largest hydrolytic clear zones in both skim milk agar (15 ± 1 mm) and gelatin (16 ± 1 mm) plates. The optimized parameters (time, pH, temperature, carbon, nitrogen) for highest protease activity and microbial growth of B.safensis strain PRN1 includes 72 h (OD600 = 0.56,1303 U/mL), pH 8 (OD600 = 0.83, 403.29 U/mL), 40 °C (OD600 = 1.75, 1849.11 U/mL), fructose (OD600 = 1.22, 1502 U/mL), and gelatin (OD600 = 1.88, 1015.33 U/mL). The enzyme was purified to homogeneity using salt-precipitation and gel filtration chromatography. The sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) demonstrated that the purified enzyme was a monomer of a molecular weight of ∼33 kDa. The protease demonstrated optimal activity at pH 8 and 60 °C. It was strongly inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), demonstrating that it belongs to the serine-proteases family. The compatibility of the enzyme with surfactants and commercial detergents demonstrates its potential use in the detergent industry. Furthermore, the purified enzyme showed antibacterial and blood-stain removal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panchi Rani Neog
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Shubhangi Saini
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Bolin Kumar Konwar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India.
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Elaine Mankge M, Penistacia Maela M, Mark Abrahams A, Hope Serepa-Dlamini M. Screening of Bacillus spp. bacterial endophytes for protease production, and application in feather degradation and bio-detergent additive. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30736. [PMID: 38765083 PMCID: PMC11098850 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Research on proteases and secondary metabolites from endophytes is an area that requires attention from researchers. In this study, proteases from Bacillus sp. strain MHSD16 and Bacillus sp. strain MHSD17 endophytes were characterised, and their potential biotechnological applications were investigated. Optimum protease production was achieved when isolates were grown in media containing (g/L): glucose 10g, casein 5g, yeast extract 5g, KH2PO4 2g, Na2CO3 10g at pH 9. The crude protease extracts were active in alkaline environments, thus referred to as alkaline proteases with optimal pH of 10. Additionally, Bacillus sp. strain MHSD 16 and Bacillus sp. strain MHSD17 proteases were active at high temperatures, with optimum enzyme activity at 50 °C. Thermostability profiles of these proteases showed that the enzymes were highly stable between (40-60 °C), maintaining over 85 % stability after 120 min incubation at 60 °C. Furthermore, the enzymes were stable and compatible with various household and laundry detergents. In the presence of commercial laundry detergent, OMO® 68 % and 72 % activity was retained for Bacillus sp. strain MHSD16 and Bacillus sp. strain MHSD17, respectively, while 67 % and 68 % activity were retained in the presence of Sunlight®. The potential application for use in detergents was investigated through the removal of blood stains with the crude alkaline extracts displaying efficient stain removal abilities. Feather degradation was also investigated and Bacillus sp. MHSD17 exhibited feather keratin degrading properties more effectively than Bacillus sp. MHSD16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malese Elaine Mankge
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - Mehabo Penistacia Maela
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - Adrian Mark Abrahams
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - Mahloro Hope Serepa-Dlamini
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
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Ribeiro NS, da Rosa DF, Xavier MA, Dos Reis SV, Beys-da-Silva WO, Santi L, Bizarro CV, Dalberto PF, Basso LA, Macedo AJ. Unveiling antibiofilm potential: proteins from Priestia sp. targeting Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2024; 117:78. [PMID: 38740670 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-024-01977-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the etiologic agent of many nosocomial infections, and its biofilm is frequently isolated from medical devices. Moreover, the dissemination of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains from this pathogen, such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, is a worldwide public health issue. The inhibition of biofilm formation can be used as a strategy to weaken bacterial resistance. Taking that into account, we analysed the ability of marine sponge-associated bacteria to produce antibiofilm molecules, and we found that marine Priestia sp., isolated from marine sponge Scopalina sp. collected on the Brazilian coast, secretes proteins that impair biofilm development from S. aureus. Partially purified proteins (PPP) secreted after 24 hours of bacterial growth promoted a 92% biofilm mass reduction and 4.0 µg/dL was the minimum concentration to significantly inhibit biofilm formation. This reduction was visually confirmed by light microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, biochemical assays showed that the antibiofilm activity of PPP was reduced by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 1,10 phenanthroline (PHEN), while it was stimulated by zinc ions, suggesting an active metallopeptidase in PPP. This result agrees with mass spectrometry (MS) identification, which indicated the presence of a metallopeptidase from the M28 family. Additionally, whole-genome sequencing analysis of Priestia sp. shows that gene ywad, a metallopeptidase-encoding gene, was present. Therefore, the results presented herein indicate that PPP secreted by the marine Priestia sp. can be explored as a potential antibiofilm agent and help to treat chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Sartori Ribeiro
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Deisiane Fernanda da Rosa
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marina Amaral Xavier
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sharon Vieira Dos Reis
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Walter O Beys-da-Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Santi
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Valim Bizarro
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF), and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), 92A TECNOPUC, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Partenon, Porto Alegre, 90616-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ferrari Dalberto
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF), and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), 92A TECNOPUC, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Partenon, Porto Alegre, 90616-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Augusto Basso
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Tuberculose (INCT-TB), Centro de Pesquisas em Biologia Molecular e Funcional (CPBMF), and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), 92A TECNOPUC, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Partenon, Porto Alegre, 90616-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre José Macedo
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Khadka DB, Pahadi T, Aryal S, Karki DB. Partial purification and characterization of protease extracted from kinema. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27173. [PMID: 38463843 PMCID: PMC10923713 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteases are large group of highly demanded enzymes having huge application in food and pharmaceutical industries. Numerous sources, including plants, microorganisms, and animals, can be used to obtain protease. Due to its affordability and safety consideration, fermented foods have recently attracted more attention as a source of microbial protease. The present study aimed to extract protease from kinema, partially purify the extracted protease following dialysis after precipitation with ammonium sulfate, and determine general characteristics of protease. The kinema having highest proteolysis activity after three days of control fermentation (Temperature 30±2 °C, RH 66 ± 2%) was taken for the study. About 2.45 fold of purification with overall recovery of 63.21% was achieved after precipitation with ammonium sulfate at 30-70% saturation level followed by dialysis of crude extracted protease. The dialysed kinema protease had specific activity of 7.90 U/mg. The enzyme remained actively functional across a wider pH (5-9) and temperature (40-60 °C) range. SDS-PAGE and Zymogram confirmed the presence of three major active bands respectively of 29.04 kDa, 36.09 kDa and 46.35 kDa in the kinema protease extract. The enzyme kinetics data on casein, fitted to Mechaelis Mentens' plots showed the protease had Vmax of 1.001 U/ml with corresponding Km value of 0.825 mg/ml. Metal ions such as iron, mercury and aluminium showed the inhibition effect whereas presence of sodium, zinc, and calcium shows the activation effect on protease performance. The enzyme was active over various natural substrates; showing maximal activity on casein, and subsequent to bovine serum albumin, gelatin, hemoglobin and whey protein respectively. Furthermore, molecular weight distribution of the protease extract and activity inhibition with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, suggesting the protease from kinema could be a metal dependent serine protease or mixture of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dambar Bahadur Khadka
- Central Department of Food Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal
- Central Campus of Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Tikaram Pahadi
- Central Campus of Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Sunil Aryal
- Central Department of Food Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Dhan Bahadur Karki
- Central Department of Food Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal
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6
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Wang K, Huai S, Tan Z, Ngea GLN, Godana EA, Shi J, Yang Q, Zhang X, Zhao L, Zhang H. A First Expression, Purification and Characterization of Endo-β-1,3-Glucanase from Penicillium expansum. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:961. [PMID: 37888217 PMCID: PMC10608044 DOI: 10.3390/jof9100961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
β-1,3-glucanase plays an important role in the biodegradation, reconstruction, and development of β-1,3-glucan. An endo-β-1,3-glucanase which was encoded by PeBgl1 was expressed, purified and characterized from Penicillium expansum for the first time. The PeBgl1 gene was amplified and transformed into the competent cells of E. coli Rosetta strain with the help of the pET-30a cloning vector. The recombinant protein PeBgl1 was expressed successfully at the induction conditions of 0.8 mmol/L IPTG at 16 °C for 16 h and then was purified by nickel ion affinity chromatography. The optimum reaction temperature of PeBgl1 was 55 °C and it had maximal activity at pH 6.0 according to the enzymatic analysis. Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4 buffer (pH 6.0) and NaCl have inhibitory and enhancing effects on the enzyme activities, respectively. SDS, TritonX-100 and some metal ions (Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+) have an inhibitory effect on the enzyme activity. The results showed that PeBgl1 protein has good enzyme activity at 50-60 °C and at pH 5.0-9.0, and it is not a metal dependent enzyme, which makes it robust for storage and transportation, ultimately holding great promise in green biotechnology and biorefining.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (K.W.); (S.H.); (Z.T.); (G.L.N.N.); (E.A.G.); (J.S.); (Q.Y.); (X.Z.); (L.Z.)
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7
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Abd El-Aziz NM, Khalil BE, Ibrahim HF. Enhancement of feather degrading keratinase of Streptomyces swerraensis KN23, applying mutagenesis and statistical optimization to improve keratinase activity. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:158. [PMID: 37248454 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02867-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, 25 actinomyces isolates were obtained from 10 different poultry farms and tested for their keratinase activity. The isolate with the highest keratinase activity was identified through molecular identification by PCR and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to be Streptomyces spp. and was named Streptomyces werraensis KN23 with an accession number of OK086273 in the NCBI database. Sequential mutagenesis was then applied to this strain using UV, H2O2, and SA, resulting in several mutants. The best keratinolytic efficiency mutant was designated as SA-27 and exhibited a keratinase activity of 106.92 U/ml. To optimize the keratinase expression of mutant SA-27, the Response Surface Methodology was applied using different parameters such as incubation time, pH, carbon, and nitrogen sources. The optimized culture conditions resulted in a maximum keratinase specific activity of 129.60 U/ml. The genetic diversity of Streptomyces werraensis KN23 wild type compared with five mutants was studied using Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR). The highest total and polymorphic unique bands were revealed in the S. werraensis KN23 and SA-18 mutant, with 51 and 41 bands, respectively. The dendrogram based on combined molecular data grouped the Streptomyces werraensis and mutants into two clusters. Cluster I included SA-31 only, while cluster II contained two sub-clusters. Sub-cluster one included SA-27, and sub-cluster two included SA-26. The sub-cluster two divided into two sub-sub clusters. Sub-sub cluster one included SA-18, while sub-sub cluster two included one group (SA-14 and S. werraensis KN23).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa M Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Microbial Genetics, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Bigad E Khalil
- Department of Microbial Genetics, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hayam Fouad Ibrahim
- Genetics and Cytology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St, Cairo, 12622, Dokki, Egypt
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Tarek H, Nam KB, Kim YK, Suchi SA, Yoo JC. Biochemical Characterization and Application of a Detergent Stable, Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Potential Protease from Bacillus siamensis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065774. [PMID: 36982846 PMCID: PMC10056560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases are important enzymes that are engaged in a variety of essential physiological functions and have a significant possible use in industrial applications. In this work, we reported the purification and biochemical characterization of a detergent stable, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm potential protease (SH21) produced by Bacillus siamensis CSB55 isolated from Korean fermented vegetable kimchi. SH21 was purified to obtain homogeneity via ammonium sulfate precipitation (40-80%), Sepharose CL-6B, and Sephadex G-75 column. By analyzing the SDS-PAGE and zymogram, it was determined that the molecular weight was around 25 kDa. The enzyme activity was almost completely inhibited in the presence of PMSF and DFP, which indicated that it was a member of the serine protease family. SH21 showed excellent activity with a broad range of pH and temperature, with its maximum pH of 9.0 and temperature of 55 °C. The enzyme had estimated Km and Vmax values of 0.197 mg/mL and 1.22 × 103 U/mg, respectively. In addition, it preserved good activity in the presence of different organic solvents, surfactants, and other reagents. This enzyme showed good antimicrobial activity that was evaluated by MIC against several pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, it exhibited strong antibiofilm activity as determined by MBIC and MBEC assay and degraded the biofilms, which were analyzed by confocal microscopic study. These properties established that SH21 is a potent alkaline protease that can be used in industrial and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Tarek
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Bin Nam
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Suzia Aktar Suchi
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Cheol Yoo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
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Two-Step Purification and Partial Characterization of Keratinolytic Proteases from Feather Meal Bioconversion by Bacillus sp. P45. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11030803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to purify and partially characterize a keratinolytic protease produced by Bacillus sp. P45 through bioconversion of feather meal. Crude protease extract was purified using a sequence of an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) in large volume systems (10, 50, and 500 g) to increase obtaining purified enzyme, followed by a diafiltration (DF) step. Purified protease was characterized in terms of protein profile analysis by SDS-PAGE, optimum temperature and pH, thermal deactivation kinetics at different temperatures and pH, and performance in the presence of several salts (NaCl, CaCl2, MnCl2, CaO, C8H5KO4, MgSO4, CuSO4, ZnSO4, and FeCl3) and organic solvents (acetone, ethanol, methanol, acetic acid, diethyl ether, and formaldehyde). ATPS with high capacities resulted in purer protease extract without compromising purity and yields, reaching a purification factor up to 2.6-fold and 6.7-fold in first and second ATPS, respectively, and 4.0-fold in the DF process. Recoveries were up to 79% in both ATPS and reached 84.3% after the DF step. The electrophoretic analysis demonstrated a 25–28 kDa band related to keratinolytic protease. The purified protease’s optimum temperature and pH were 55 °C and 7.5, respectively. The deactivation energy (Ed) value was 118.0 kJ/mol, while D (decimal reduction time) and z (temperature interval required to reduce the D value in one log cycle) values ranged from 6.7 to 237.3 min and from 13.6 to 18.8 °C, respectively. Salts such as CaCl2, CaO, C8H5KO4, and MgSO4 increased the protease activity, while all organic solvents caused its decrease. The results are useful for future studies about ATPS scale-up for enzyme purification and protease application in different industrial processes.
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10
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Giteru SG, Ramsey DH, Hou Y, Cong L, Mohan A, Bekhit AEDA. Wool keratin as a novel alternative protein: A comprehensive review of extraction, purification, nutrition, safety, and food applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:643-687. [PMID: 36527315 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The growing global population and lifestyle changes have increased the demand for specialized diets that require protein and other essential nutrients for humans. Recent technological advances have enabled the use of food bioresources treated as waste as additional sources of alternative proteins. Sheep wool is an inexpensive and readily available bioresource containing 95%-98% protein, making it an outstanding potential source of protein for food and biotechnological applications. The strong structure of wool and its indigestibility are the main hurdles to achieving its potential as an edible protein. Although various methods have been investigated for the hydrolysis of wool into keratin, only a few of these, such as sulfitolysis, oxidation, and enzymatic processes, have the potential to generate edible keratin. In vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity studies reported no cytotoxicity effects of extracted keratin, suggesting its potential for use as a high-value protein ingredient that supports normal body functions. Keratin has a high cysteine content that can support healthy epithelia, glutathione synthesis, antioxidant functions, and skeletal muscle functions. With the recent spike in new keratin extraction methods, extensive long-term investigations that examine prolonged exposure of keratin generated from these techniques in animal and human subjects are required to ascertain its safety. Food applications of wool could improve the ecological footprint of sheep farming and unlock the potential of a sustainable protein source that meets demands for ethical production of animal protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yakun Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lei Cong
- Department of Agribusiness and Markets, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Anand Mohan
- Alliance Group Limited, Invercargill, New Zealand
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11
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Zhang RX, Wu ZW, Cui HY, Chai YN, Hua CW, Wang P, Li L, Yang TY. Production of surfactant-stable keratinase from Bacillus cereus YQ15 and its application as detergent additive. BMC Biotechnol 2022; 22:26. [PMID: 36076195 PMCID: PMC9454225 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-022-00757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the growing concern for the environment, there are trends that bio-utilization of keratinous waste by keratinases could ease the heavy burden of keratinous waste from the poultry processing and leather industry. Especially surfactant-stable keratinases are beneficial for the detergent industry. Therefore, the production of keratinase by Bacillus cereus YQ15 was improved; the characterization and use of keratinase in detergent were also studied. Results A novel alkaline keratinase-producing bacterium YQ15 was isolated from feather keratin-rich soil and was identified as Bacillus cereus. Based on the improvement of medium components and culture conditions, the maximum keratinase activity (925 U/mL) was obtained after 36 h of cultivation under conditions of 35 °C and 160 rpm. Moreover, it was observed that the optimal reacting temperature and pH of the keratinase are 60 °C and 10.0, respectively; the activity was severely inhibited by PMSF and EDTA. On the contrary, the keratinase showed remarkable stability in the existence of the various surfactants, including SDS, Tween 20, Tween 60, Tween 80, and Triton X-100. Especially, 5% of Tween 20 and Tween 60 increased the activity by 100% and 60%, respectively. Furtherly, the keratinase revealed high efficiency in removing blood stains. Conclusion The excellent compatibility with commercial detergents and the high washing efficiency of removing blood stains suggested its suitability for potential application as a bio-detergent additive. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12896-022-00757-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Xian Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhong-Wei Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yang Cui
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Nan Chai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Wei Hua
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Blood Transfusion Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-You Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
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12
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Shen N, Yang M, Xie C, Pan J, Pang K, Zhang H, Wang Y, Jiang M. Isolation and identification of a feather degrading Bacillus tropicus strain Gxun-17 from marine environment and its enzyme characteristics. BMC Biotechnol 2022; 22:11. [PMID: 35307009 PMCID: PMC8935741 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-022-00742-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Feathers are the most abundant agricultural waste produced by poultry farms. The accumulation of a large number of feathers not only seriously pollutes the environment but also causes the waste of protein resources. The degradation of feather waste by keratinase-producing strains is currently a promising method. Therefore, screening high-producing keratinase strains from marine environment and studying the fermentation conditions, enzymatic properties and feather degradation mechanism are crucial for efficient degradation of feathers. Results A novel efficient feather-degrading bacteria, Gxun-17, isolated from the soil sample of a marine duck farm of Beibu Gulf in Guangxi, China, was identified as Bacillus tropicus. The optimum fermentation conditions were obtained by single factor and orthogonal tests as follows: feather concentration of 15 g/L, maltose concentration of 10.0 g/L, MgSO4 concentration of 0.1 g/L, initial pH of 7.0 and temperature of 32.5 °C. The strain completely degraded the feathers within 48 h, and the highest keratinase activity was 112.57 U/mL, which was 3.18-fold that obtained with the basic medium (35.37 U/mL). Detecting the keratinase activity and the content of sulphur-containing compounds in the fermentation products showed that the degradation of feathers by the strain might be a synergistic effect of the enzyme and sulphite. The keratinase showed optimal enzyme activity at pH 7.0 and temperature of 60 °C. The keratinase had the best performance on the casein substrate. When casein was used as the substrate, the Km and Vmax values were 15.24 mg/mL and 0.01 mg/(mL·min), respectively. Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, Co2+, Al3+, phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride and isopropanol inhibited keratinase activity, which indicated that it was a serine keratinase. Conversely, the keratinase activity strongly increased with the addition of Mn2+ and β-mercaptoethanol. Conclusions A novel feather-degrading B. tropicus Gxun-17 was obtained from marine environment. The strain adapted the extreme conditions such as low temperature, high salt and high pressure. Thus, the keratinase had high activity, wide range of temperature and pH, salt tolerance and other characteristics, which had potential application value. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12896-022-00742-w.
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Sypka M, Jodłowska I, Białkowska AM. Keratinases as Versatile Enzymatic Tools for Sustainable Development. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1900. [PMID: 34944542 PMCID: PMC8699090 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To reduce anthropological pressure on the environment, the implementation of novel technologies in present and future economies is needed for sustainable development. The food industry, with dairy and meat production in particular, has a significant environmental impact. Global poultry production is one of the fastest-growing meat producing sectors and is connected with the generation of burdensome streams of manure, offal and feather waste. In 2020, the EU alone produced around 3.2 million tonnes of poultry feather waste composed primarily of keratin, a protein biopolymer resistant to conventional proteolytic enzymes. If not managed properly, keratin waste can significantly affect ecosystems, contributing to environmental pollution, and pose a serious hazard to human and livestock health. In this article, the application of keratinolytic enzymes and microorganisms for promising novel keratin waste management methods with generation of new value-added products, such as bioactive peptides, vitamins, prion decontamination agents and biomaterials were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aneta M. Białkowska
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (M.S.); (I.J.)
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Machado GS, Correa APF, Pires PGDS, Marconatto L, Brandelli A, Kessler ADM, Trevizan L. Determination of the Nutritional Value of Diet Containing Bacillus subtilis Hydrolyzed Feather Meal in Adult Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123553. [PMID: 34944328 PMCID: PMC8697962 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The production of meat for human consumption produces extra ingredients used in animal nutrition. Feathers, for example, account for about 7% of the chicken’s body weight. When discarded, it presents a potential risk of environmental contamination. Feathers are minimally digested in mammals and are a very rich source of protein. Improved digestibility can be done by thermal processing or by microorganisms. Bacillus subtilis was shown to have great feather-degrading activity In vitro and we produced an amount of microbial hydrolysate to test in dogs. We did some evaluations on the ingredient to measure the effects of the microorganism on feathers. In dogs, a test of total tract digestibility, microbial resistance to the gastrointestinal tract, and fecal characteristics were performed. Bacillus subtilis was less efficient to digest feathers when a higher concentration of feathers was added to the culture. The amino acid profile in feathers has probably changed due to fermentation. Dogs ate the diets quickly, with no refusals. Nutrient and energy total tract digestibility were lower when compared to thermally processed feathers, but Bacillus subtilis was found viable in the feces of dogs that ingested fermented feathers, signaling that Bacillus subtilis is resistant to digestion and may bring some probiotic effect. Abstract Feathers are naturally made up of non-digestible proteins. Under thermal processing, total tract digestibility can be partially improved. Furthermore, Bacillus subtilis (Bs) has shown a hydrolytic effect In vitro. Then, a Bs FTC01 was selected to hydrolyze enough feathers to produce a meal, and then test the quality and inclusion in the dog’s diet to measure the apparent total tract digestibility coefficient (ATTDC) in vivo and the microorganism’s ability to survive in the gastrointestinal tract. A basal diet was added with 9.09% hydrolyzed Bs feather meal (HFMBs) or 9.09% thermally hydrolyzed feather meal (HFMT). Nine adult dogs were randomized into two 10-day blocks and fed different diets. Microbial counts were performed on feather meal, diets and feces. The Bs was less effective in digesting the feathers, which reduced the ATTDC of dry matter, crude protein, energy and increased the production of fecal DM, but the fecal score was maintained (p > 0.05). The digestible energy of HFMT and HFMBs was 18,590 J/kg and 9196 J/kg, respectively. Bacillus subtilis showed limitation to digest feather in large scale, but the resistance of Bs to digestion was observed since it grown on feces culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geruza Silveira Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil; (G.S.M.); (P.G.d.S.P.); (A.d.M.K.)
| | - Ana Paula Folmer Correa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Boa Vista 69304-000, RR, Brazil;
| | - Paula Gabriela da Silva Pires
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil; (G.S.M.); (P.G.d.S.P.); (A.d.M.K.)
| | - Letícia Marconatto
- Instituto do Petróleo e dos Recursos Naturais, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90160-091, RS, Brazil;
| | - Adriano Brandelli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91509-900, RS, Brazil;
| | - Alexandre de Mello Kessler
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil; (G.S.M.); (P.G.d.S.P.); (A.d.M.K.)
| | - Luciano Trevizan
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil; (G.S.M.); (P.G.d.S.P.); (A.d.M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-51-3308-6590
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da Rosa CE, Pinilla CMB, Stincone P, Pereira JQ, Varela APM, Mayer FQ, Brandelli A. Genomic characterization and production of antimicrobial lipopeptides by Bacillus velezensis P45 growing on feather by-products. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:2067-2079. [PMID: 34811844 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the potential of novel Bacillus velezensis P45 as an eco-friendly alternative for bioprocessing poultry by-products into valuable antimicrobial products. METHODS AND RESULTS The complete genome of B. velezensis P45 was sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform, showing 4455 protein and 98 RNA coding sequences according to the annotation on the RAST server. Moreover, the genome contains eight gene clusters for the production of antimicrobial secondary metabolites and 25 putative protease-related genes, which can be related to feather-degrading activity. Then, in vitro tests were performed to determine the production of antimicrobial compounds using feather, feather meal and brain-heart infusion (BHI) cultures. Antimicrobial activity was observed in feather meal and BHI media, reaching 800 and 3200 AU ml-1 against Listeria monocytogenes respectively. Mass spectrometry analysis indicates the production of antimicrobial lipopeptides surfactin, fengycin and iturin. CONCLUSIONS The biotechnological potential of B. velezensis P45 was deciphered through genome analysis and in vitro studies. This strain produced antimicrobial lipopeptides growing on feather meal, a low-cost substrate. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY The production of antimicrobial peptides by this keratinolytic strain may represent a sustainable alternative for recycling by-products from poultry industry. Furthermore, whole B. velezensis P45 genome sequence was obtained and deposited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolini Esmeriz da Rosa
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Paolo Stincone
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jamile Queiroz Pereira
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Farroupilha, Frederico Westphalen, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Muterle Varela
- Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Eldorado do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Quoos Mayer
- Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Eldorado do Sul, Brazil
| | - Adriano Brandelli
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Cavello I, Bezus B, Cavalitto S. The keratinolytic bacteria Bacillus cytotoxicus as a source of novel proteases and feather protein hydrolysates with antioxidant activities. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:107. [PMID: 34292436 PMCID: PMC8298642 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Argentina's geothermal areas are niches of a rich microbial diversity. In 2020, species of Bacillus cytotoxicus were isolated for the first time from these types of pristine natural areas. Bacillus cytotoxicus strains demonstrated the capability to grow and degrade chicken feathers with the concomitant production of proteases with keratinolytic activity, enzymes that have multitude of industrial applications. The aim of this research was to study the production of the proteolytic enzymes and its characterization. Also, feather protein hydrolysates produced during fermentation were characterized. RESULTS Among the thermotolerant strains isolated from the Domuyo geothermal area (Neuquén province, Argentina), Bacillus cytotoxicus LT-1 and Oll-15 were selected and put through submerged cultures using feather wastes as sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy source in order to obtain proteolytic enzymes and protein hydrolysates. Complete degradation of feathers was achieved after 48 h. Zymograms demonstrated the presence of several proteolytic enzymes with an estimated molecular weight between 50 and > 120 kDa. Optimum pH and temperatures of Bacillus cytotoxicus LT-1 crude extract were 7.0 and 40 °C, meanwhile for Oll-15 were 7.0 and 50 °C. Crude extracts were inhibited by EDTA and 1,10 phenanthroline indicating the presence of metalloproteases. Feather protein hydrolysates showed an interesting antioxidant potential measured through radical-scavenging and Fe3+-reducing activities. CONCLUSION This work represents an initial approach on the study of the biotechnological potential of proteases produced by Bacillus cytotoxicus. The results demonstrated the importance of continuous search for new biocatalysts with new characteristics and enzymes to be able to cope with the demands in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Cavello
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de la Plata (CINDEFI, CCT La Plata-CONICET, UNLP), Calle 47 y 115, (B1900ASH), La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Brenda Bezus
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de la Plata (CINDEFI, CCT La Plata-CONICET, UNLP), Calle 47 y 115, (B1900ASH), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Cavalitto
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de la Plata (CINDEFI, CCT La Plata-CONICET, UNLP), Calle 47 y 115, (B1900ASH), La Plata, Argentina
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17
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Nnolim NE, Udenigwe CC, Okoh AI, Nwodo UU. Microbial Keratinase: Next Generation Green Catalyst and Prospective Applications. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:580164. [PMID: 33391200 PMCID: PMC7775373 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.580164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for novel renewable products over synthetics hallmarked this decade and those of the recent past. Most economies that are prospecting on biodiversity for improved bio-economy favor renewable resources over synthetics for the potential opportunity they hold. However, this field is still nascent as the bulk of the available resources are non-renewable based. Microbial metabolites, emphasis on secondary metabolites, are viable alternatives; nonetheless, vast microbial resources remain under-exploited; thus, the need for a continuum in the search for new products or bio-modifying existing products for novel functions through an efficient approach. Environmental distress syndrome has been identified as a factor that influences the emergence of genetic diversity in prokaryotes. Still, the process of how the change comes about is poorly understood. The emergence of new traits may present a high prospect for the industrially viable organism. Microbial enzymes have prominence in the bio-economic space, and proteases account for about sixty percent of all enzyme market. Microbial keratinases are versatile proteases which are continuously gaining momentum in biotechnology owing to their effective bio-conversion of recalcitrant keratin-rich wastes and sustainable implementation of cleaner production. Keratinase-assisted biodegradation of keratinous materials has revitalized the prospects for the utilization of cost-effective agro-industrial wastes, as readily available substrates, for the production of high-value products including amino acids and bioactive peptides. This review presented an overview of keratin structural complexity, the potential mechanism of keratin biodegradation, and the environmental impact of keratinous wastes. Equally, it discussed microbial keratinase; vis-à-vis sources, production, and functional properties with considerable emphasis on the ecological implication of microbial producers and catalytic tendency improvement strategies. Keratinase applications and prospective high-end use, including animal hide processing, detergent formulation, cosmetics, livestock feed, and organic fertilizer production, were also articulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonso E. Nnolim
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Chibuike C. Udenigwe
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony I. Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Uchechukwu U. Nwodo
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
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18
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Akram F, Haq IU, Jabbar Z. Production and characterization of a novel thermo- and detergent stable keratinase from Bacillus sp. NKSP-7 with perceptible applications in leather processing and laundry industries. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:371-383. [PMID: 32682971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Keratinase has the ability to degrade the recalcitrant keratinous wastes that cannot be degraded by conventional proteases. The present study describes a novel hyperstable keratinolytic enzyme from Bacillus sp. NKSP-7, which has excellent efficiency of keratin-feather biodegradation, washing and dehairing. The production of extracellular keratinase was improved by 3.02-fold through optimization of various parameters. Purified keratinase (25 kDa) showed optimal activity at 65 °C and pH 7.5, and displayed stability over a range of pH (5.5-9.5) and temperature (20-60 °C) for 8 h. No conspicuous effect was perceived with various chemicals and organic solvents, however, the catalytic efficiency was enhanced in the presence of Ca2+, Cd2+, Na+, Mn2+, sodium sulfite, and β-mercaptoethanol. The enzyme was completely inhibited by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), suggesting that this keratinase belongs to serine protease family. It displayed prodigious stability and compatibility to salinity and commercial detergents. Enzyme exhibited great substrate specificity but high affinity was observed with keratin-rich substrates. Crude and purified keratinase revealed perceptible potential for destaining of blood-stained fabric (10 min), and dehairing of hide (8 h) without any damage. All these auspicious features make this enzyme a promising candidate for various industrial applications, especially in keratin-waste management, detergent formulations and leather processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Ikram Ul Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Zuriat Jabbar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, GC University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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19
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Gonzalo M, Espersen R, Al‐Soud WA, Cristiano Falco F, Hägglund P, Sørensen SJ, Svensson B, Jacquiod S. Azo dying of α-keratin material improves microbial keratinase screening and standardization. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:984-996. [PMID: 32110845 PMCID: PMC7264887 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial conversion through enzymatic reactions has received a lot of attention as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way to recover amino acids and short peptides from keratin materials. However, accurate assessment of microbial keratinase activity is not straightforward, and current available methods lack sensitivity and standardization. Here, we suggest an optimized Azokeratin assay, with substrate generated directly from azo-dyed raw keratin material. We introduced supernatant filtration in the protocol for optimal stopping of keratinase reactions instead of the widely used trichloroacetic acid (TCA), as it generated biases and impacted the sensitivity. We furthermore suggest a method for standardization of keratinase activity signals using proteinase K, a well-known keratinase, as a reference enabling reproducibility between studies. Lastly, we evaluated our developed method with several bacterial isolates through benchmarking against a commercial assay (Keratin Azure). Under different setups, the Azokeratin method was more sensitive than commonly used Keratin Azure-based assays (3-fold). We argue that this method could be applied with any type of keratin substrate, enabling more robust and sensitive results which can be used for further comparison with other studies, thus representing an important progress within the field of microbial keratin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Gonzalo
- Section of MicrobiologyUniversity of CopenhagenDK‐2100CopenhagenDenmark
- Present address:
Interactions Arbres/Micro‐organismesINRA/Univ. de LorraineChampenouxFrance
| | - Roall Espersen
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkDK‐2800LyngbyDenmark
| | - Waleed A. Al‐Soud
- Section of MicrobiologyUniversity of CopenhagenDK‐2100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Francesco Cristiano Falco
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical EngineeringTechnical University of DenmarkDK‐2800LyngbyDenmark
| | - Per Hägglund
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkDK‐2800LyngbyDenmark
- Present address:
Department of Biomedical SciencesPanum Institute 12.6University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Søren J. Sørensen
- Section of MicrobiologyUniversity of CopenhagenDK‐2100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkDK‐2800LyngbyDenmark
| | - Samuel Jacquiod
- Section of MicrobiologyUniversity of CopenhagenDK‐2100CopenhagenDenmark
- Present address:
AgroécologieAgroSup DijonINRAEUniv. BourgogneUniv. Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéF‐21000DijonFrance
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Biochemical Properties of a Partially Purified Protease from Bacillus sp. CL18 and Its Use to Obtain Bioactive Soy Protein Hydrolysates. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 192:643-664. [PMID: 32504245 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microbial proteases are relevant biocatalysts with diverse applications. Production of protein hydrolysates is recently focused, since they might display biological activities. Therefore, the extracellular protease from Bacillus sp. CL18 was partially purified through ammonium sulfate precipitation (25-50% saturation) and gel filtration chromatography, with a 60.7-fold purification (40,593 U/mg protein) and 21.3% recovery. The partially purified protease (PPP) was characterized as a serine protease, with optimal activity at 51-59 °C and pH 7.4-8.8 and low thermal stability. Thermal inactivation followed first-order kinetics. PPP depended on Ca2+ for higher thermal stability, depicted by increases in half-lives (t1/2), activation energy (Ea), and free energy (ΔG#) for kinetic inactivation. PPP preferentially hydrolyzed casein > soy protein isolate (SPI) >>> keratinous materials. SPI hydrolysis by PPP was further investigated, and the obtained hydrolysates exhibited increased in vitro bioactivities. Hydrolysates displayed antioxidant capacities through the scavenging of synthetic organic radicals and Fe3+-reducing ability. In addition, hydrolysates inhibited the activities of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), suggesting antidiabetic and antihypertensive potentials, respectively. From its biochemical properties, PPP might be used to produce protein hydrolysates with multifunctional bioactivities. Both PPP and SPI hydrolysates can find applications in food biotechnology.
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Prolo T, Izidoro SC, de Lima VA, Maia GAR, Knob A. Adding value to a recalcitrant and problematic waste: the use of dog hair for fungal keratinolytic protease production. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2020.1746770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thaiane Prolo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midwest State University, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Vanderlei Aparecido de Lima
- Department of Chemical, Federal Technological University of Paraná. Via do Conhecimento, Pato Branco, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Knob
- Department of Biological Sciences, Midwest State University, Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil
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Selective biodegradation of recalcitrant black chicken feathers by a newly isolated thermotolerant bacterium Pseudochrobactrum sp. IY-BUK1 for enhanced production of keratinase and protein-rich hydrolysates. Int Microbiol 2019; 23:189-200. [PMID: 31297626 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-019-00090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Black chicken feathers generated in large amount from poultry and slaughter houses are highly recalcitrant to microbial degradation due to their tough structural nature. A novel keratinolytic bacterium that possessed high affinity for black feather was isolated from chicken manure and identified as Pseudochrobactrum sp. IY-BUK1. Keratinase and feather soluble protein were effectively produced by the free living cells of the bacterium in media containing only black feathers and a mixture of equal amount of black-, brown- and white-coloured feathers. Complete degradation of 5 g/L of black feathers was completed in 3 days following optimisation of physico-chemical conditions. However, the bacterium selectively completed the degradation of black feather in a medium containing mixture of feathers in 144 h leaving behind approximately 33% and 45% of brown and white feathers in the medium respectively. Gellan gum-immobilised cells of strain IY-BUK1 enhanced the keratinase production by about 150% and were used repeatedly for ten cycles to degrade 5 g/L of black feather in a semi continuous fermentation of 18 h per cycle with enhanced and stable production of soluble protein. The study demonstrated the potential use of Pseudochrobactrum sp. IY-BUK1 not only in biodegradation of highly recalcitrant black feathers, but also in producing keratinase enzymes and valuable soluble proteins for possible industrial usage.
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Vineis C, Varesano A, Varchi G, Aluigi A. Extraction and Characterization of Keratin from Different Biomasses. KERATIN AS A PROTEIN BIOPOLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02901-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Adelere IA, Lateef A. Degradation of Keratin Biomass by Different Microorganisms. KERATIN AS A PROTEIN BIOPOLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02901-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Microbial production and industrial applications of keratinases: an overview. Int Microbiol 2018; 21:163-174. [DOI: 10.1007/s10123-018-0022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ao XL, Yu X, Wu DT, Li C, Zhang T, Liu SL, Chen SJ, He L, Zhou K, Zou LK. Purification and characterization of neutral protease from Aspergillus oryzae Y1 isolated from naturally fermented broad beans. AMB Express 2018; 8:96. [PMID: 29896640 PMCID: PMC5997607 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The strain Y1, with a notably high production of neutral protease, was isolated from naturally fermented broad beans and subsequently identified as Aspergillus oryzae, through the analysis of its morphology characteristics and 18S rDNA sequence. Naturally fermented broad beans are the main raw material in Sichuan broad-bean sauce. The neutral protease from Aspergillus oryzae Y1 was purified using ammonium sulphate precipitation and DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow chromatography, which resulted in a 10.0-fold increase in the specific activity (2264.3 U/mg) and a recovery rate of 21%. The estimated molecular mass of the purified protease was approximately 45 kDa. The optimal pH and temperature of the purified protease were 7.0 and 55 °C, respectively. The heat resistance of the purified protease was significantly higher than the commercial protease. The effect of metal ions on the activity of the purified protease approximated that of commercial neutral protease. Furthermore, the maximum hydrolysis rate (Vmax) and apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) values of the purified protease were 256.4103 μg/mL min and 20.0769 mg/mL, respectively. The purified protease had a higher affinity for the substrate than the commercial neutral protease. All the results suggest that this neutral protease exhibits the potential for application in industry due to its good resistance to high temperatures and wide range of acids and bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-lin Ao
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Xi Yu
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Ding-tao Wu
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Chao Li
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Shu-liang Liu
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Shu-juan Chen
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Li He
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Kang Zhou
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Li-kou Zou
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road 46, Yaan, 625014 Sichuan China
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Purification and characterization of a novel high molecular weight alkaline protease produced by an endophytic Bacillus halotolerans strain CT2. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 111:342-351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Călin M, Constantinescu-Aruxandei D, Alexandrescu E, Răut I, Doni MB, Arsene ML, Oancea F, Jecu L, Lazăr V. Degradation of keratin substrates by keratinolytic fungi. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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de Oliveira CT, Rieger TJ, Daroit DJ. Catalytic properties and thermal stability of a crude protease from the keratinolytic Bacillus sp. CL33A. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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