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Sebastiani P, Song Z, Ellis D, Tian Q, Schwaiger-Haber M, Stancliffe E, Lustgarten MS, Funk CC, Baloni P, Yao CH, Joshi S, Marron MM, Gurinovich A, Li M, Leshchyk A, Xiang Q, Andersen SL, Feitosa MF, Ukraintseva S, Soerensen M, Fiehn O, Ordovas JM, Haigis M, Monti S, Barzilai N, Milman S, Ferrucci L, Rappaport N, Patti GJ, Perls TT. A metabolomic signature of the APOE2 allele. GeroScience 2022; 45:415-426. [PMID: 35997888 PMCID: PMC9886693 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
With the goal of identifying metabolites that significantly correlate with the protective e2 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, we established a consortium of five studies of healthy aging and extreme human longevity with 3545 participants. This consortium includes the New England Centenarian Study, the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, the Arivale study, the Longevity Genes Project/LonGenity studies, and the Long Life Family Study. We analyzed the association between APOE genotype groups E2 (e2e2 and e2e3 genotypes, N = 544), E3 (e3e3 genotypes, N = 2299), and E4 (e3e4 and e4e4 genotypes, N = 702) with metabolite profiles in the five studies and used fixed effect meta-analysis to aggregate the results. Our meta-analysis identified a signature of 19 metabolites that are significantly associated with the E2 genotype group at FDR < 10%. The group includes 10 glycerolipids and 4 glycerophospholipids that were all higher in E2 carriers compared to E3, with fold change ranging from 1.08 to 1.25. The organic acid 6-hydroxyindole sulfate, previously linked to changes in gut microbiome that were reflective of healthy aging and longevity, was also higher in E2 carriers compared to E3 carriers. Three sterol lipids and one sphingolipid species were significantly lower in carriers of the E2 genotype group. For some of these metabolites, the effect of the E2 genotype opposed the age effect. No metabolites reached a statistically significant association with the E4 group. This work confirms and expands previous results connecting the APOE gene to lipid regulation and suggests new links between the e2 allele, lipid metabolism, aging, and the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sebastiani
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Zeyuan Song
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dylan Ellis
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Qu Tian
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute On Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michaela Schwaiger-Haber
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolomics and Isotope Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Ethan Stancliffe
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolomics and Isotope Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Michael S Lustgarten
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center On Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cory C Funk
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Cong-Hui Yao
- Department of Cell Biology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shakchhi Joshi
- Department of Cell Biology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan M Marron
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anastasia Gurinovich
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Mengze Li
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Qingyan Xiang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stacy L Andersen
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MI, USA
| | - Svetlana Ukraintseva
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mette Soerensen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jose M Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genomics Team, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center On Aging and Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MB, USA
| | - Marcia Haigis
- Department of Cell Biology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Monti
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sofiya Milman
- Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute On Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Gary J Patti
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolomics and Isotope Tracing, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Thomas T Perls
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Kumar S, Nair AS, Abdelgawad MA, Mathew B. Exploration of the Detailed Structure-Activity Relationships of Isatin and Their Isomers As Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:16244-16259. [PMID: 35601305 PMCID: PMC9118264 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is a protein with a key function in the catabolism of neuroamines in both central and peripheral parts of the body. MAO-A and -B are two isozymes of this enzyme which have emerged to be considered as a drug target for the treatment of neurodenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Isatin is an endogenous small fragment, reversible inhibitor for MAO enzymes and is more selective for MAO-B than -A. Isatin is responsible for increasing the dopamine level in the brain by the inhibition of an MAO enzyme. The very few selective and reversible inhibitors existing for MAO proteins and the intensity of neurological diseases in humanity have opened a new door for researchers. Isatin has a polypharmacological profile in medicinal chemistry, is a reversible inhibitor for both the MAOs, and shows high selectivity potent inhibition for MAO-B. In this review, we discuss isatins and their analogues phthalide and phthalimide with structure-activity relationships (SARs), and this comprehensive information accelerates the ideas for design and development of a new class of MAO inhibitors for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa
Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682 041, India
| | - Aathira Sujathan Nair
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa
Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682 041, India
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa
Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682 041, India
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3
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Production of Indole and Indole-Related Compounds by the Intestinal Microbiota and Consequences for the Host: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050930. [PMID: 35630374 PMCID: PMC9145683 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota metabolic activity towards the available substrates generates myriad bacterial metabolites that may accumulate in the luminal fluid. Among them, indole and indole-related compounds are produced by specific bacterial species from tryptophan. Although indole-related compounds are, first, involved in intestinal microbial community communication, these molecules are also active on the intestinal mucosa, exerting generally beneficial effects in different experimental situations. After absorption, indole is partly metabolized in the liver into the co-metabolite indoxyl sulfate. Although some anti-inflammatory actions of indole on liver cells have been shown, indoxyl sulfate is a well-known uremic toxin that aggravates chronic kidney disease, through deleterious effects on kidney cells. Indoxyl sulfate is also known to provoke endothelial dysfunction. Regarding the central nervous system, emerging research indicates that indole at excessive concentrations displays a negative impact on emotional behavior. The indole-derived co-metabolite isatin appears, in pre-clinical studies, to accumulate in the brain, modulating brain function either positively or negatively, depending on the doses used. Oxindole, a bacterial metabolite that enters the brain, has shown deleterious effects on the central nervous system in experimental studies. Lastly, recent studies performed with indoxyl sulfate report either beneficial or deleterious effects depending once again on the dose used, with missing information on the physiological concentrations that are reaching the central nervous system. Any intervention aiming at modulating indole and indole-related compound concentrations in the biological fluids should crucially take into account the dual effects of these compounds according to the host tissues considered.
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4
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A 5-hydroxyoxindole derivative attenuates LPS-induced inflammatory responses by activating the p38-Nrf2 signaling axis. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:182-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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5
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Lee J, Hwang IH, Kim JH, Kim MA, Hwang JS, Kim YH, Na M. Quinoxaline-, dopamine-, and amino acid-derived metabolites from the edible insect Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:1064-1070. [PMID: 28780757 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0942-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Edible insects have been reported to produce metabolites showing various pharmacological activities, recently emerging as rich sources of health functional food. In particular, the larvae of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe) have been used as traditional Korean medicines for treating diverse diseases, such as breast cancer, inflammatory disease, hepatic cancer, liver cirrhosis, and hepatitis. However, only few chemical investigations were reported on the insect larvae. Therefore, the aim of this study was to discover and identify biologically active chemical components of the larvae of P. brevitarsis seulensis. As a result, a quinoxaline-derived alkaloid (1) was isolated, which was not reported previously from natural sources. In addition, other related compounds (2, 4-10, 15, 16) were also encountered for the first time from the larvae. The structures of all the isolated compounds were established mainly by analysis of HRESIMS, NMR, and electronic circular dichroism data. Compound 5 exhibited inhibition of tyrosinase with IC50 value of 44.8 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- JungIn Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hyun Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk, 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hoon Kim
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, The National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sam Hwang
- Department of Agricultural Biology, The National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - MinKyun Na
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Effects and mechanism of action of isatin, a MAO inhibitor, on in vivo striatal dopamine release. Neurochem Int 2016; 99:147-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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7
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Maschauer S, Haller A, Riss PJ, Kuwert T, Prante O, Cumming P. Specific binding of [(18)F]fluoroethyl-harmol to monoamine oxidase A in rat brain cryostat sections, and compartmental analysis of binding in living brain. J Neurochem 2015; 135:908-17. [PMID: 26386360 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated [(18)F]fluoroethyl-harmol ([(18)F]FEH) as a reversible and selective ligand for positron emission tomography (PET) studies of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A). Binding of [(18)F]FEH in rat brain cryostat sections indicated high affinity (KD = 3 nM), and density (Bmax; 600 pmol/g). The plasma free fraction was 45%, and untransformed parent constituted only 13% of plasma radioactivity at 10 min after injection. Compartmental analysis of PET recordings in pargyline-treated rats showed high permeability to brain (K1; 0.32 mL/g/min) and slow washout (k2; 0.024/min), resulting in a uniformly high equilibrium distribution volume (VD; 20 mL/g). Using this VD to estimate unbound ligand in brain of untreated rats, the binding potential ranged from 4.2 in cerebellum to 7.2 in thalamus. We also calculated maps of rats receiving [(18)F]FEH at a range of specific activities, and then estimated saturation binding parameters in the living brain. In thalamus, striatum and frontal cortex KD was globally close to 300 nM and Bmax was close to 1600 pmol/g; the 100-fold discrepancy in affinity suggests a very low free fraction for [(18)F]FEH in the living brain. Based on a synthesis of findings, we calculate the endogenous dopamine concentration to be 0.4 μM in the striatal compartment containing MAO-A, thus unlikely to exert competition against [(18)F]FEH binding in vivo. In summary, [(18)F]FEH has good properties for the detection of MAO-A in the rat brain by PET, and may present logistic advantages for clinical research at centers lacking a medical cyclotron. We made a compartmental analysis of [(18)F]fluoroethylharmol ([(18)F]FEH) binding to monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) in living rat brain and estimated the saturation binding parameters from the binding potential (BPND). The Bmax was of comparable magnitude to that in vitro, but with apparent affinity (300 nM), it was 100-fold lower in vivo. PET imaging with [(18) F]FEH is well suited for quantitation of MAO-A in living brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Maschauer
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Adelina Haller
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patrick J Riss
- Department of Chemistry, Universitetet i Oslo & Norsk Medisinisk Syklotronsenter AS, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torsten Kuwert
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Prante
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paul Cumming
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neuropsychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, OUS-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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Yasuda D, Takahashi K, Ohe T, Nakamura S, Mashino T. Antioxidant activities of 5-hydroxyoxindole and its 3-hydroxy-3-phenacyl derivatives: The suppression of lipid peroxidation and intracellular oxidative stress. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7709-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Vasantha Kumar V, Goud SL, Laxmikanth Rao J. Ab initio and density functional theory studies on vibrational spectra of 3-hydroxy-3-(2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)indolin-2-one. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 103:304-310. [PMID: 23261627 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Computational studies have been carried out on 3-hydroxy-3-(2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl) indolin-2-one (HMI) using both the DFT-B3LYP/6-311+G and HF/6-311+G methods. The optimized geometry of HMI and its bonding parameters as well as IR spectra have been calculated and analyzed. It can be seen that the calculated bond lengths are in good agreement with the reported bond lengths of indole and isatins. The calculated spectra have been compared with the available experimental FT-IR spectra. From vibrational frequency analysis, it can be seen that the vibrational frequencies obtained from B3LYP method are in good agreement with the experiment, when compared to HF method and there is an excellent correlation with the 0.999 regression coefficient between the experimental and calculated vibrations for HMI. The geometrical parameters, non-linear optical properties and thermodynamic properties are calculated and reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vasantha Kumar
- Department of Physics, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, Andhra Pradesh, India
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10
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Hachuła B, Zerzucha P, Zubko M, Kusz J. 6-Chloro-2-oxindole: X-ray and DFT-calculated study. Acta Crystallogr C 2011; 67:o413-6. [PMID: 21979979 DOI: 10.1107/s0108270111038005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecule of the title compound (systematic name: 6-chloroindolin-2-one), C(8)H(6)ClNO, is almost planar, with a dihedral angle of 1.13 (9)° between the planes of the constituent pyrrolidine and benzene rings. Centrosymmetric dimers are formed in the crystal structure by N-H···O hydrogen bonds, and these dimers are additionally linked by Cl···Cl and C-H···O interactions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of theory were used to optimize the molecular structure and the geometry was best reproduced by optimization of two interacting molecules. The bond orders in the molecule, estimated using the natural bond orbitals (NBO) formalism, are consistent with the observed bond lengths. In particular, the contribution of the lone pair of electrons on the N atom to the N-C bond in the N-C=O group is revealed. The measured IR spectrum of the compound shows a red shift of the N-H stretching frequency compared with the free molecule, due to the formation of the hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hachuła
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 14th Bankowa Street, 40-006 Katowice, Poland.
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11
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Maroñas PA, Sudo RT, Corrêa MB, Pinto ÂC, Garden SJ, Trachez MM, Zapata-Sudo G. VASODILATORY ACTIVITY OF NOVEL CARBAMATE DERIVATIVES OF ISATIN. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35:1091-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.04959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Crumeyrolle-Arias M, Tournaire MC, Rabot S, Malpaux B, Thiéry JC. 5-hydroxyoxindole, an indole metabolite, is present at high concentrations in brain. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:202-7. [PMID: 17722070 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
5-Hydroxyoxindole has been identified as a urinary metabolite of indole, which is produced from tryptophane via the tryptophanase activity of gut bacteria. We have demonstrated recently that 5-hydroxyoxindole is an endogenous compound in blood and tissues of mammals, including humans. To date, 5-hydroxyoxindole's role is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare 5-hydroxyoxindole levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during day-night and seasonal changes, as a common approach to pilot physiological characterization of any compound. Simultaneous blood and CSF sampling was performed in the ewe, because its size allows collection in quantities suitable for 5-hydroxyoxindole assay (HPLC-ED) in awake animals, without obvious physiological or behavioral disturbance. 5-Hydroxyoxindole concentration was quite stable in plasma (2-6 nM range), whereas, in CSF, it displayed marked day-night and photoperiodic variations (4-116 nM range). 5-Hydroxyoxindole levels in CSF were twofold higher at night than during the day and at least one order of magnitude higher during the long compared with the short photoperiod. These day/night and photoperiodic variations persisted after pinealectomy, indicating that 5-hydroxyoxindole rhythms in CSF are independent of melatonin formation. In conclusion, high levels of 5-hydroxyoxindole in the CSF during long photoperiod and its daily modulation suggest physiological involvement of 5-hydroxyoxindole in rhythmic adjustments in the brain, independently of the pineal gland.
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Zapata-Sudo G, Pontes LB, Gabriel D, Mendes TCF, Ribeiro NM, Pinto AC, Trachez MM, Sudo RT. Sedative–hypnotic profile of novel isatin ketals. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 86:678-85. [PMID: 17382995 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Isatin (1H-indol-2,3-dione) is an endogenous compound found in many tissues and fluids. Isatin and its derivatives exert pharmacological effects on the central nervous system, including anxiogenic, sedative and anticonvulsant activities. Two new groups of isatin derivatives were synthesized (nine dioxolane ketals and nine dioxane ketals) and studied for their sedative, hypnotic and anesthetic effects using pentobarbital-induced sleeping time, locomotor activity evaluation and intravenous infusion. The dioxolane ketals were more potent than dioxane ketals for inducing sedative-hypnotic states, causing up to a three-fold increase in pentobarbital hypnosis. The dioxolane ketals produced sedation, demonstrated by decreased spontaneous locomotor activity in an open field. Hypnosis and anesthesia were observed during intravenous infusion of 5'-chlorospiro-[1,3-dioxolane-2,3'-indolin]-2'-one (T3) in conscious Wistar rats. Complete recovery from hypnosis and anesthesia required 39.1+/-7.3 and 6.8+/-2.4 min, respectively. Changes in hemodynamic parameters after infusion of 5.0 mg/kg/min were minimal. These findings suggest that these new isatin derivatives represent potential candidates for the development of new drugs that act on the central nervous system and may lead to a new centrally acting anesthetic with no toxic effects on the cardiovascular or respiratory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Zapata-Sudo
- Departamento de Farmacologia Básica e Clínica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciên cias da Saúde, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Bloco J, Sala 14, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Brazil.
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14
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Obata T. Immobilization stress increases endogenous monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor in rat liver. Bioelectrochemistry 2006; 70:308-10. [PMID: 16797252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2006.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the physiological role of endogenous monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor still remains unclear, the present study examined whether or not immobilization stress (IMMO) induce MAO inhibitor. An endogenous inhibitor of MAO was separated by gel filtration from 105,000 g supernate in rat liver cytosol following IMMO. The molecular weight of this inhibitor was estimated to be 500-600 by gel filtration. This inhibitor was proved to be heat-stable resistant to protease treatment. IMMO for 2 h significantly decreased MAO. These results suggest that this inhibitor is induced by IMMO. MAO activity in rat liver might be regulated by the level of this inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Obata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ohu University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan.
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