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Losada DM, Ribeiro ALDC, Cintra FF, de Mendonça GRA, Etchebehere M, Amstalden EMI. Expression of Amphiregulin in Enchondromas and Central Chondrosarcomas. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2021; 76:e2914. [PMID: 34468540 PMCID: PMC8366900 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2021/e2914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of amphiregulin protein, an epidermal growth factor receptor ligand, in cartilaginous tumors. METHODS Amphiregulin expression was examined in 31 enchondromas and 67 chondrosarcomas using immunohistochemistry analysis. RESULTS Overall, 15 enchondromas (48.40%) and 24 chondrosarcomas (35.82%) were positive for amphiregulin. According to the receiver operating characteristic curve test, no difference in amphiregulin expression was observed between enchondromas and low-grade chondrosarcomas (p=0.0880). Additionally, 39 lesions (16 in short bones, 13 in long bones, and 10 in flat bones) were positive for amphiregulin, exhibiting a higher percentage of positive cells (p=0.0030) and intensity of immunohistochemical expression (p=0.0055) in short bone lesions than in others. Among 25 enchondromas localized in short bones, 15 expressed amphiregulin; however, all 6 cases localized in long bones were negative for this marker (p=0.0177). CONCLUSIONS Amphiregulin did not help in distinguishing enchondromas from low-grade chondrosarcomas. The present study is the first to document the expression of this immunohistochemical marker in enchondromas. Furthermore, amphiregulin expression in enchondromas was localized in short bones, indicating a phenotypic distinction from that in long bones. This distinction may contribute to an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Moraes Losada
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, BR
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Maurício Etchebehere
- Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, BR
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Hsieh MJ, Chen YH, Lee IN, Huang C, Ku YJ, Chen JC. Secreted amphiregulin promotes vincristine resistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:949-959. [PMID: 31485602 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of oral cancer. Despite advances in surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the overall 5‑year survival rate of patients with OSCC has not significantly improved. In addition, the prognosis of patients with advanced‑stage OSCC remains poor. Therefore, it is necessary to develop novel therapeutic modalities. Vincristine (VCR), a naturally occurring vinca alkaloid, is a classical microtubule‑destabilizing agent and is widely used in the treatment of a number of cancers. Despite the proven antitumor benefits of VCR treatment, one of the major reasons for the failure of treatment is drug resistance. Changes in the tumor microenvironment are responsible for cross‑talk between cells, which may facilitate drug resistance in cancers; secreted proteins may promote communication between cancer cells to induce the development of resistance. To identify the secreted proteins involved in VCR resistance, conditioned media was obtained, and an antibody array was conducted to screen a comprehensive secretion profile between VCR‑resistant (SAS‑VCR) and parental (SAS) OSCC cell lines. The results showed that amphiregulin (AREG) was highly expressed and secreted in SAS‑VCR cells. Pretreatment with exogenous recombinant AREG markedly increased drug resistance against VCR in OSCC cells, as assessed by an MTT assay. Colony formation, MTT and western blot assays were performed to investigate the effects of AREG knockdown on VCR sensitivity. The results indicated that AREG expression can regulate VCR resistance in OSCC cells; overexpression of AREG increased VCR resistance in parental cells, whereas AREG knockdown decreased the VCR resistance of resistant cells. In addition, it was also demonstrated that the glycogen synthase kinase‑3β pathway may be involved in AREG‑induced VCR resistance. These findings may provide rationale to combine VCR with blockade of AREG‑related pathways for the effective treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ju Hsieh
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yin-Hong Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - I-Neng Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang‑Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Ju Ku
- The Center for General Education of China Medical University, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jui-Chieh Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Chen JC, Lee IN, Huang C, Wu YP, Chung CY, Lee MH, Lin MHC, Yang JT. Valproic acid-induced amphiregulin secretion confers resistance to temozolomide treatment in human glioma cells. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:756. [PMID: 31370819 PMCID: PMC6670223 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most severe type of primary brain tumor with a high mortality rate. Although extensive treatments for GBM, including resection, irradiation, chemotherapy and immunotherapy, have been tried, the prognosis is still poor. Temozolomide (TMZ), an alkylating agent, is a front-line chemotherapeutic drug for the clinical treatment of GBM; however, its effects are very limited because of the chemoresistance. Valproic acid (VPA), an antiepileptic agent with histone deacetylase inhibitor activity, has been shown to have synergistic effects with TMZ against GBM. The mechanism of action of VPA on TMZ combination therapy is still unclear. Accumulating evidence has shown that secreted proteins are responsible for the cross talking among cells in the tumor microenvironment, which may play a critical role in the regulation of drug responses. METHODS To understand the effect of VPA on secreted proteins in GBM cells, we first used the antibody array to analyze the cell culture supernatant from VPA-treated and untreated GBM cells. The results were further confirmed by lentivirus-mediated knockdown and exogenous recombinant administration. RESULTS Our results showed that amphiregulin (AR) was highly secreted in VPA-treated cells. Knockdown of AR can sensitize GBM cells to TMZ. Furthermore, pretreatment of exogenous recombinant AR significantly increased EGFR activation and conferred resistance to TMZ. To further verify the effect of AR on TMZ resistance, cells pre-treated with AR neutralizing antibody markedly increased sensitivity to TMZ. In addition, we also observed that the expression of AR was positively correlated with the resistance of TMZ in different GBM cell lines. CONCLUSIONS The present study aimed to identify the secreted proteins that contribute to the modulation of drug response. Understanding the full set of secreted proteins present in glial cells might help reveal potential therapeutic opportunities. The results indicated that AR may potentially serve as biomarker and therapeutic approach for chemotherapy regimens in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Chieh Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, 60004 Taiwan
| | - I-Neng Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 61363 Taiwan
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Earth and Life Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Wu
- Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 61363 Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Yen Chung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 61363 Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsueh Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 61363 Taiwan
| | - Martin Hsiu-Chu Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 61363 Taiwan
| | - Jen-Tsung Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, 61363 Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, 33302 Taiwan
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Dibutyl phthalate impairs steroidogenesis and a subset of LH-dependent genes in cultured human mural granulosa cell in vitro. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 69:13-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Amphiregulin enhances alpha6beta1 integrin expression and cell motility in human chondrosarcoma cells through Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK/AP-1 pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 6:11434-46. [PMID: 25825984 PMCID: PMC4484467 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor that produces cartilage matrix. The most lethal aspect is its metastatic property. We demonstrated that amphiregulin (AR) is significantly upregulated in highly aggressive cells. AR silencing markedly suppressed cell migration. Exogenous AR markedly increased cell migration by transactivation of α6β1 integrin expression. A neutralizing α6β1 integrin antibody can abolish AR-induced cell motility. Knockdown of AR inhibits metastasis of cells to the lung in vivo. Furthermore, elevated AR expression is positively correlated with α6β1 integrin levels and higher grades in patients. These findings can potentially serve as biomarker and therapeutic approach for controlling chondrosarcoma metastasis.
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Kado Y, Mizohata E, Nagatoishi S, Iijima M, Shinoda K, Miyafusa T, Nakayama T, Yoshizumi T, Sugiyama A, Kawamura T, Lee YH, Matsumura H, Doi H, Fujitani H, Kodama T, Shibasaki Y, Tsumoto K, Inoue T. Epiregulin Recognition Mechanisms by Anti-epiregulin Antibody 9E5: STRUCTURAL, FUNCTIONAL, AND MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATION ANALYSES. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2319-30. [PMID: 26627827 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.656009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epiregulin (EPR) is a ligand of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family that upon binding to its epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) stimulates proliferative signaling, especially in colon cancer cells. Here, we describe the three-dimensional structure of the EPR antibody (the 9E5(Fab) fragment) in the presence and absence of EPR. Among the six complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), CDR1-3 in the light chain and CDR2 in the heavy chain predominantly recognize EPR. In particular, CDR3 in the heavy chain dramatically moves with cis-trans isomerization of Pro(103). A molecular dynamics simulation and mutational analyses revealed that Arg(40) in EPR is a key residue for the specific binding of 9E5 IgG. From isothermal titration calorimetry analysis, the dissociation constant was determined to be 6.5 nm. Surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed that the dissociation rate of 9E5 IgG is extremely slow. The superimposed structure of 9E5(Fab)·EPR on the known complex structure of EGF·EGFR showed that the 9E5(Fab) paratope overlaps with Domains I and III on the EGFR, which reveals that the 9E5(Fab)·EPR complex could not bind to the EGFR. The 9E5 antibody will also be useful in medicine as a neutralizing antibody specific for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kado
- From the Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Interdisciplinary Program for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiichi Mizohata
- From the Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, and
| | - Mariko Iijima
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Number 34 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Keiko Shinoda
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Number 34 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Miyafusa
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, and
| | - Taisuke Nakayama
- From the Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takuma Yoshizumi
- From the Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Sugiyama
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Number 34 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawamura
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Number 34 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Young-Hun Lee
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Number 34 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Matsumura
- From the Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Doi
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Number 34 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Hideaki Fujitani
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Number 34 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kodama
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Number 34 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Shibasaki
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Number 34 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, and
| | - Tsuyoshi Inoue
- From the Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan,
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Yu T, Chen C, Sun Y, Sun H, Li TH, Meng J, Shi X. ABT-737 sensitizes curcumin-induced anti-melanoma cell activity through facilitating mPTP death pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:286-91. [PMID: 26116776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we studied the potential role of ABT-737, a novel Bcl-2 inhibitor, on curcumin-induced anti-melanoma cell activity in vitro. The associated mechanisms were also investigated. We demonstrated that ABT-737 significantly sensitized curcumin-induced activity against melanoma cells (WM-115 and B16 lines), resulting in substantial cell death and apoptosis with co-administration. At the molecular level, curcumin and ABT-737 synergistically induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening in melanoma cells, the latter was evidenced by mitochondrial membrane potential (MPP) reduction and mitochondrial complexation between cyclophilin-D (CyPD) and adenine nucleotide translocator 1 (ANT-1). Significantly, mPTP blockers, including cyclosporin A and sanglifehrin A, remarkably inhibited curcumin and ABT-737 co-administration-induced cytotoxicity against melanoma cells. Meanwhile, siRNA-mediated knockdown of CyPD or ANT-1, the two key components of mPTP, alleviated WM-116 cell death by the co-treatment. Collectively, we show that ABT-737 sensitizes curcumin-induced anti-melanoma cell activity probably through facilitating mPTP death pathway. ABT-737 could be further investigated as a potential curcumin adjuvant in melanoma and other cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong Ji-ning No.1 People's Hospital, Ji-ning City, Shandong Province, 272011, PR China.
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Ji-ning No.1 People's Hospital, Ji-ning City, Shandong Province, 272011, PR China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Ji-ning No.1 People's Hospital, Ji-ning City, Shandong Province, 272011, PR China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shandong Ji-ning No.1 People's Hospital, Ji-ning City, Shandong Province, 272011, PR China
| | - Tian-Hang Li
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong Ji-ning No.1 People's Hospital, Ji-ning City, Shandong Province, 272011, PR China
| | - Jin Meng
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong Ji-ning No.1 People's Hospital, Ji-ning City, Shandong Province, 272011, PR China
| | - Xianhua Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong Ji-ning No.1 People's Hospital, Ji-ning City, Shandong Province, 272011, PR China
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Wrobel D, Kolanowska K, Gajek A, Gomez-Ramirez R, de la Mata J, Pedziwiatr-Werbicka E, Klajnert B, Waczulikova I, Bryszewska M. Interaction of cationic carbosilane dendrimers and their complexes with siRNA with erythrocytes and red blood cell ghosts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1838:882-9. [PMID: 24316171 PMCID: PMC7094680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the interactions between cationic NN16 and BDBR0011 carbosilane dendrimers with red blood cells or their cell membranes. The carbosilane dendrimers used possess 16 cationic functional groups. Both the dendrimers are made of water-stable carbon-silicon bonds, but NN16 possesses some oxygen-silicon bonds that are unstable in water. The nucleic acid used in the experiments was targeted against GAG-1 gene from the human immunodeficiency virus, HIV-1. By binding to the outer leaflet of the membrane, carbosilane dendrimers decreased the fluidity of the hydrophilic part of the membrane but increased the fluidity of the hydrophobic interior. They induced hemolysis, but did not change the morphology of the cells. Increasing concentrations of dendrimers induced erythrocyte aggregation. Binding of short interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) to a dendrimer molecule decreased the availability of cationic groups and diminished their cytotoxicity. siRNA-dendrimer complexes changed neither the fluidity of biological membranes nor caused cell hemolysis. Addition of dendriplexes to red blood cell suspension induced echinocyte formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Wrobel
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Kolanowska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Gajek
- Department of Thermobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Javier de la Mata
- Departamento Quimica Inorganica, Universidad de Alcala de Henares, Spain
| | - Elżbieta Pedziwiatr-Werbicka
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Barbara Klajnert
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Iveta Waczulikova
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maria Bryszewska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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9
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Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of gynecologic cancer deaths and accounts for 4% of women's cancer diagnoses and 5% of all cancer mortalities. Despite the ability of current chemotherapy and cytoreductive surgery to put patients in remission, most patients with advanced cancer will eventually relapse. Many advances in the treatment of ovarian cancer have been reported in the past several years and a historical background is provided. Attention will then turn to analogs of current chemotherapeutic agents, new cytotoxic drugs, targeted molecular therapy, intraperitoneal therapy and immunotherapy. This review will give a perspective on current drugs, potential agents and upcoming clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Muggia
- New York University Clinical Cancer Center, NY 10016-9196, USA.
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10
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Lee YH, Iijima M, Kado Y, Mizohata E, Inoue T, Sugiyama A, Doi H, Shibasaki Y, Kodama T. Construction and characterization of functional anti-epiregulin humanized monoclonal antibodies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 441:1011-7. [PMID: 24239549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors are implicated in several processes essential for cancer progression. Specifically, epidermal growth factor (EGF) family members, including epiregulin (EREG), are important prognostic factors in many epithelial cancers, and treatments targeting these molecules have recently become available. Here, we constructed and expressed humanized anti-EREG antibodies by variable domain resurfacing based on the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the Fv fragment. However, the initial humanized antibody (HM0) had significantly decreased antigen-binding affinity. Molecular modeling results suggested that framework region (FR) residues latently important to antigen binding included residue 49 of the light chain variable region (VL). Back mutation of the VL49 residue (tyrosine to histidine) generated the humanized version HM1, which completely restored the binding affinity of its murine counterpart. Importantly, only one mutation in the framework may be necessary to recover the binding capability of a humanized antibody. Our data support that HM1 exerts potent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Hence, this antibody may have potential for further development as a candidate therapeutic agent and research tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hun Lee
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan; Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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11
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Lafky JM, Wilken JA, Baron AT, Maihle NJ. Clinical implications of the ErbB/epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family and its ligands in ovarian cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2008; 1785:232-65. [PMID: 18291115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The ERBB or EGF receptor (EGFR) proto-oncogene family, which consists of four structurally-related transmembrane receptors (i.e., EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3, and ErbB4), plays an etiological role in the molecular pathogenesis of cancer and is a key therapeutic target in many types of cancer, including ovarian cancer. These ErbB/EGF receptor tyrosine kinases play important physiologic roles in cell proliferation, survival, adhesion, motility, invasion, and angiogenesis. It is, therefore, not surprising that gene amplification, genetic mutation, and altered transcription/translation result in aberrant ErbB/EGF receptor expression and/or signal transduction, contributing to the development of malignant transformation. Clinically, the diagnostic, prognostic, and theragnostic significance of any single ErbB receptor and/or ErbB ligand is controversial, but generally, ErbB receptor overexpression has been correlated with poor prognosis and decreased therapeutic responsiveness in ovarian cancer patients. Thus, anticancer agents targeting ErbB/EGF receptors hold great promise for personalized cancer treatment. Yet, challenges remain in designing prospective clinical trials to assess the clinical utility of ErbB receptors and their ligands to diagnose cancer; to predict progression-free and overall survival, therapeutic responsiveness, and disease recurrence; and to monitor treatment responsiveness. Here, we review the tissue expression and serum biomarker studies that have evaluated the diagnostic, prognostic, and theragnostic utility of ErbB/EGF receptors, their circulating soluble isoforms (sEGFR/sErbBs), and their cognate ligands in ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Lafky
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Schlezinger JJ, Liu D, Farago M, Seldin DC, Belguise K, Sonenshein GE, Sherr DH. A role for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in mammary gland tumorigenesis. Biol Chem 2008; 387:1175-87. [PMID: 16972784 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2006.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor bound and activated by ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Historically, the AhR has been studied for its transcriptional regulation of genes encoding cytochrome P450 enzymes, which metabolize many of these chemicals into mutagenic and toxic intermediates. However, recent studies demonstrate that the AhR plays an important role in the biology of several cell types in the absence of environmental chemicals. Here, this paradigm shift is discussed in the context of a putative role for the AhR in mammary gland tumorigenesis. Data demonstrating high levels of constitutively active AhR in mammary tumors are summarized. Particular focus is placed on the likelihood that the AhR contributes to ongoing mammary tumor cell growth and on the possibility that the AhR inhibits apoptosis while promoting transition to an invasive, metastatic phenotype. A working model is proposed that may help explain the sometimes contradictory outcomes observed after AhR manipulation and that serves as a blueprint for the design of therapeutics which target the AhR in breast cancer. The theme that malignant cells reveal the functions for which the AhR has been evolutionarily conserved is presented throughout this discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Schlezinger
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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13
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Jin Y, Zhang C, Zeng W, Taya K, Tan TQ. Interactive actions of prostaglandin and epidermal growth factor to enhance proliferation of granulosa cells from chicken prehierarchical follicles. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2007; 83:285-94. [PMID: 17499748 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The interactive actions of prostaglandin (PG) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on proliferation of granulosa cells was investigated in prehierarchical small yellow follicles (SYF) of laying hens. The granulosa layers were dispersed into single cells by 12.5 microg/ml collagenase. After 16 h pre-incubation in 0.5% fetal calf serum-supplemented medium, the medium was replaced with serum-free medium. Immunocytochemical staining showed that granulosa cells expressed EGF and its receptor, and their expression was increased by PGE(1) (1-100 ng/ml) or forskolin (10(-7) to 10(-5)M) treatments. EGF receptor was also induced by its ligand EGF. The specific prostaglandin synthase inhibitors SC560 (for COX-1) and NS398 (for COX-2) suppressed EGF-stimulated increase of the granulosa cell number. Furthermore, the effect of EGF was confirmed by the immunocytochemical staining of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen in granulosa cells. Though EGF promoted the expression of both COX-1 and COX-2, the rescue experiment indicated that combined treatment of PGE(1) showed better rescuing effect on NS398 inhibition than SC560 at 10(-6)M, which implies COX-2 plays the predominant role in mediating EGF action. The above results indicate that reciprocal stimulation of intracellular PG and EGF production may enhance proliferation of granulosa cells, hence to facilitate development of chicken prehierarchical follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Jin
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 268 Kaixuan Road, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
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Leung RK, Whittaker PA. RNA interference: from gene silencing to gene-specific therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 107:222-39. [PMID: 15908010 PMCID: PMC7112686 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the past 4 years, RNA interference (RNAi) has become widely used as an experimental tool to analyse the function of mammalian genes, both in vitro and in vivo. By harnessing an evolutionary conserved endogenous biological pathway, first identified in plants and lower organisms, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) reagents are used to bind to and promote the degradation of target RNAs, resulting in knockdown of the expression of specific genes. RNAi can be induced in mammalian cells by the introduction of synthetic double-stranded small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) 21–23 base pairs (bp) in length or by plasmid and viral vector systems that express double-stranded short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) that are subsequently processed to siRNAs by the cellular machinery. RNAi has been widely used in mammalian cells to define the functional roles of individual genes, particularly in disease. In addition, siRNA and shRNA libraries have been developed to allow the systematic analysis of genes required for disease processes such as cancer using high throughput RNAi screens. RNAi has been used for the knockdown of gene expression in experimental animals, with the development of shRNA systems that allow tissue-specific and inducible knockdown of genes promising to provide a quicker and cheaper way to generate transgenic animals than conventional approaches. Finally, because of the ability of RNAi to silence disease-associated genes in tissue culture and animal models, the development of RNAi-based reagents for clinical applications is gathering pace, as technological enhancements that improve siRNA stability and delivery in vivo, while minimising off-target and nonspecific effects, are developed.
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15
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Patel RD, Kim DJ, Peters JM, Perdew GH. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor directly regulates expression of the potent mitogen epiregulin. Toxicol Sci 2005; 89:75-82. [PMID: 16192470 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is known to cause a large number of adverse effects, mediated largely by its binding to the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and subsequent modulation of gene expression. It is thought that AhR mediates these effects through the untimely and disproportionate expression of specific genes. However, the exact mechanism, or the genes involved, through which TCDD leads to these effects is still unknown. This study reports the discovery of a novel target gene, epiregulin, which is regulated by TCDD-activated AhR. Epiregulin is a growth regulator which belongs to the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family. Using real time quantitative PCR (qPCR), it was established that TCDD upregulates epiregulin gene expression. The promoter region of epiregulin has a dioxin responsive element (DRE) 56 nucleotides upstream of the transcription start site, along with three potential Sp1 binding sites. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays with an anti-AhR antibody showed promoter occupancy upon TCDD treatment. Luciferase reporter assays using a vector harboring the first 125 base pairs of the epiregulin rat promoter revealed an increase in signal on TCDD treatment, which was lost upon mutation of the DRE. Epiregulin and TCDD treatment mediated a dose-dependent increase in primary mouse keratinocyte growth. These results demonstrate that AhR directly increases epiregulin expression, which could play an important role in TCDD mediated tumor promotion observed in rodent models.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation/methods
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Epidermal Growth Factor/genetics
- Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism
- Epiregulin
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Keratinocytes/drug effects
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mitogens/genetics
- Mitogens/metabolism
- NIH 3T3 Cells/drug effects
- NIH 3T3 Cells/metabolism
- Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/immunology
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushang D Patel
- Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Department of Veterinary Science and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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16
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Freimann S, Ben-Ami I, Dantes A, Armon L, Ben Ya'cov-Klein A, Ron-El R, Amsterdam A. Differential expression of genes coding for EGF-like factors and ADAMTS1 following gonadotropin stimulation in normal and transformed human granulosa cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 333:935-43. [PMID: 15967414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.04.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated previously that the synthesis of epiregulin and amphiregulin, of the EGF-like growth factor family, is stimulated by luteinizing hormone in human follicular (granulosa) cells obtained from in vitro fertilization program. In the present work, we demonstrate that H89, a PKA inhibitor, attenuated the expression of these growth factors both in the mRNA and the protein levels, suggesting PKA involvement in this signaling pathway. SV40-transformed human granulosa cells showed higher basal levels of epiregulin and amphiregulin than normal cells, which were still elevated following cAMP stimulation by Forskolin. Cleavage by a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) is essential for activation of these growth factors, allowing their interaction with EGF receptor. Expression of ADAMTS1 and ADAM12 was downregulated by cAMP in normal, but not in SV40-transformed cells, suggesting that in normal cells epiregulin and amphiregulin activity is downregulated by a feedback mechanism that may be lost in SV40-transformed cells and their loss of downregulation may be involved in the development of ovarian tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Freimann
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Freimann S, Ben-Ami I, Dantes A, Ron-El R, Amsterdam A. EGF-like factor epiregulin and amphiregulin expression is regulated by gonadotropins/cAMP in human ovarian follicular cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 324:829-34. [PMID: 15474502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epiregulin and amphiregulin are growth factors involved in cancer development, but their potential role in signaling in the gonads is still obscure. We report here that basal expression of these growth factors is evident in human granulosa cells obtained from women treated for in vitro fertilization, when examined by RT-PCR using RNA isolated from primary cultures of ovarian granulosa cells. Expression of these factors was elevated concomitantly with elevation of progesterone production in these cells upon stimulation with luteinizing hormone (LH), and to a lesser extent with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), both essential stimulants for ovulation and luteinization. Epiregulin and amphiregulin gene expression was dose- and time-dependent when measured subsequent to LH stimulation. Moreover, forskolin, which activates adenylate cyclase, was as efficient as LH in stimulating expression of these growth factors. It is suggested that upregulation of the epiregulin and amphiregulin expression is part of the signal transduction pathway which leads to ovulation and luteinization in the human ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Freimann
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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