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Xiang L, Wang X, Shao Y, Jiao Q, Cheng J, Zheng X, Zhou S, Chen Y. Folate Decoration Supports the Targeting of Camptothecin Micelles against Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells and the Suppression of Fibrogenesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:2030-2042. [PMID: 36571106 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As the central cellular player in fibrogenesis, activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs) are the major target of antifibrotic nanomedicines. Based on our finding that activated HSCs increase the expression of folate receptor alpha (FRα), we tried to apply folic acid (FA) decoration to generate an active drug-targeting at aHSCs and suppress hepato-fibrogenesis. FA-conjugated poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) copolymers (PEG-PCL) were synthesized and self-assembled into the spherical micelles that owned a uniform size distribution averaging at 60 nm, excellent hemo- and cyto-compatibility, and pH-sensitive stability. These FA-modified micelles were preferentially ingested by aHSCs as expected and accumulated more in acutely CCl4 injured mouse livers compared to nondecorated counterparts. Such an aHSC targetability facilitated the loaded medicinal camptothecin (CPT) to achieve a greater therapeutic efficacy and inhibition of MF phenotypic genes in aHSCs. Encouragingly, though free CPT and nontargeting CPT micelles produced negligible curative outcomes, FA-decorated CPT micelles yielded effectively remedial effects in chronically CCl4-induced fibrotic mice, as represented by a significant shrinkage of aHSC population, suppression of fibrogenesis, and recovery of liver structure and function, clearly indicating the success of the folate decoration-supported aHSC-targeted strategy for antifibrotic nanomedicines in fibrosis resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiang
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Yaru Shao
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmaceutic Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Qiangqiang Jiao
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmaceutic Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Jiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Xiaotong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Shaobing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Yuping Chen
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmaceutic Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
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Liu Q, Lv C, Jiang Y, Luo K, Gao Y, Liu J, Zhang X, Mohammad Omar J, Jin S. From hair to liver: emerging application of hair follicle mesenchymal stem cell transplantation reverses liver cirrhosis by blocking the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway to inhibit pathological HSC activation. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12872. [PMID: 35186473 PMCID: PMC8855721 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis (LC) involves multiple systems throughout the body, and patients with LC often die of multiple organ failure. However, few drugs are useful to treat LC. Hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells (HF-MSCs) are derived from the dermal papilla and the bulge area of hair follicles and are pluripotent stem cells in the mesoderm with broad prospects in regenerative medicine. As an emerging seed cell type widely used in skin wound healing and plastic surgery, HF-MSCs show considerable prospects in the treatment of LC due to their proliferation and multidirectional differentiation capabilities. We established an LC model in C57BL/6J mice by administering carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and injected HF-MSCs through the tail vein to explore the therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of HF-MSCs on LC. Here, we found that HF-MSCs improved liver function and ameliorated the liver pathology of LC. Notably, PKH67-labeled HF-MSCs were detected in the injured liver and expressed the hepatocyte-specific markers cytokeratin 18 (CK18) and albumin (ALB). In addition, in contrast to that in the LC group, the α-SMA expression showed a decreasing trend in the treatment group in vitro and in vivo, indicating that the pathological activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) was inhibited by HF-MSC treatment. Moreover, the levels of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β1) and p-Smad3, a signaling molecule downstream of TGF-β1, were increased in mice with LC, while HF-MSC treatment reversed these changes in vivo and in vitro. Based on these findings, HF-MSCs may reverse LC by blocking the TGF-β/Smad pathway and inhibiting the pathological activation of HSCs, which may provide evidence for the application of HF-MSCs to treat LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chengqian Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Kunpeng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingyang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jan Mohammad Omar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shizhu Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Sun C, Zhang H, Liu X. Emerging role of CCN family proteins in fibrosis. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:4195-4206. [PMID: 33222181 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common pathological change characterized by the excessive accumulation of fibrous connective tissue. Once uncontrolled, this pathological progress can lead to irreversible damage to the structure and function of organs, which is a serious threat to human health and life. Actually, the disability and death of patients caused by many chronic diseases have a closed relationship with fibrosis. The CCN protein family, including six members, is a small group of matrix proteins exhibiting structurally similar features. In the past 20 years, different biological functions of CCN proteins have been identified in various diseases. Of note, it has been recently shown that they are implicated in the key pathological process of fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the current status of knowledge regarding the role of CCN proteins involved in the pathogenesis of fibrosis diseases in detail. Furthermore, we highlight some of the underlying interaction mechanisms of CCN protein acting in fibrosis that helps to develop new drugs and determine appropriate clinical strategies for fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinhui Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Wu S, Liu L, Yang S, Kuang G, Yin X, Wang Y, Xu F, Xiong L, Zhang M, Wan J, Gong X. Paeonol alleviates CCl 4-induced liver fibrosis through suppression of hepatic stellate cells activation via inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad3 signaling. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:438-445. [PMID: 31119954 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1613427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Paeonol is a natural phenolic component isolated from the root bark of peony with multiple pharmacological activities. We investigated the anti-fibrotic effect and underlying mechanism of paeonol. Methods: Twenty-four male C57BL/6J mice were divided into 4 groups (n = 6 in each group), injected with CCl4 to induce liver fibrosis and administrated with paeonol according to the regimen. The serum activity of ALT and AST, and H&E staining were to assess liver injury. Sirius and Masson staining, and hydroxyproline content were to evaluate the degree of liver fibrosis. TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β, MDA, GSH-PX, SOD, and CAT were detected to reflect inflammation and oxidative stress. RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis to assess the activation of HSCs and TGF-β/Smad3 signaling. Results: Paeonol ameliorated liver injury and liver fibrosis, reflected by the decrease of ALT, AST, less lesion in H&E staining, mitigated fibrosis in Sirius and Masson staining, lessened content of hydroxyproline. Paeonol attenuated the level of IL-6 and TNF-α, and elevated the activity of GSH-PX, SOD, and CAT with reducing the level of MDA. The expression of col 1a, α-SMA, vimentin, and desmin were down-regulated and TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway was inhibited. Conclusion: These data demonstrated that paeonol could alleviate CCl4-induced liver fibrosis through suppression of hepatic stellate cells activation via inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwang Wu
- a Department of Anatomy , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Laicheng Liu
- b Department of Medical Laboratory , Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Sen Yang
- c Department of Pharmacology , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Kuang
- c Department of Pharmacology , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xinru Yin
- d Department of Gastroenterology , Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- c Department of Pharmacology , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Fangzhi Xu
- c Department of Pharmacology , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyi Xiong
- c Department of Pharmacology , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Meixia Zhang
- c Department of Pharmacology , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyuan Wan
- c Department of Pharmacology , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Gong
- a Department of Anatomy , Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , People's Republic of China
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Yang H, Chen B, Zhao Z, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Chen J, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhao L. Heme oxygenase-1 exerts pro-apoptotic effects on hepatic stellate cells in vitro through regulation of nuclear factor-κB. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:291-299. [PMID: 29896252 PMCID: PMC5995052 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an antioxidant and cytoprotective protein, which has been proven to alleviate the proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and the development of liver fibrosis. However, the role of HO-1 in HSC apoptosis remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of HO-1 on HSC apoptosis and its possible underlying mechanisms. HSCs-T6 were incubated with different concentrations of hemin (HO-1 chemical inducer) and Znpp-IX (HO-1 chemical inhibitor) for 12, 24 and 48 h. Cell viability was determined using an MTT assay. HSCs were classified into 4 groups as follows: Control, hemin, Znpp-IX and hemin+Znpp-IX co-treatment groups. Apoptosis was quantitatively measured by Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining and a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay. The mRNA and protein expression of HO-1, α-smooth muscle actin, B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2, caspase-3 and nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 were measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The levels of tumor growth factor (TGF)-β and interleukin (IL)-6 in HSC supernatants were examined by ELISA. The results demonstrated that HO-1 exerted antiproliferative effects on HSCs in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Increasing HO-1 expression induced HSC apoptosis in vitro as demonstrated by a significant decrease in Bcl-2 and an increase in caspase-3 expression. Additionally, the expression of NF-κB p65 and its downstream inflammatory factors TGF-β and IL-6 in the HO-1 overexpression group was significantly decreased compared with the control group. Therefore, the present study provided evidence that HO-1 serves an anti-fibrosis role in the liver by enhancing HSC apoptosis, which was partially associated with the regulation of NF-κB and its downstream effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Bangtao Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Zhongfu Zhao
- Institute of Hepatopathy, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046011, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Institute of Hepatopathy, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046011, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Longfeng Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
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Transcription analysis of the response of chicken bursa of Fabricius to avian leukosis virus subgroup J strain JS09GY3. Virus Res 2014; 188:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Borkham-Kamphorst E, Huss S, Van de Leur E, Haas U, Weiskirchen R. Adenoviral CCN3/NOV gene transfer fails to mitigate liver fibrosis in an experimental bile duct ligation model because of hepatocyte apoptosis. Liver Int 2012; 32:1342-53. [PMID: 22698069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2012.02837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS CCN3/NOV, a matricellular protein of the CYR61-CTGF-NOV (CCN) family, comprises six secreted proteins that associate specifically with the extracellular matrix. CCN proteins lack specific high-affinity receptors; instead, they regulate crucial biological processes, such as fibrosis, by signalling via integrins and proteoglycans. Recent studies have linked overexpression of CCN3/NOV to mitigate kidney fibrosis. This study aims to investigate CCN3/NOV overexpression in liver fibrogenesis in vivo. METHODS The biological efficacy of adenoviral expressed CCN3/NOV directed under transcriptional control of the constitutively active Cytomegalovirus promoter (Ad-NOV) was analysed in a bile duct ligation model and in cultured primary hepatocytes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Even though Ad-NOV gene transfer in a 3-week bile duct ligation mouse model showed the expected high levels of CCN3/NOV in both mRNA and protein, it failed to reduce liver fibrogenesis, but instead enhanced hepatocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, overexpressed CCN3/NOV in cultured primary hepatocytes resulted in decreased levels of CCN2/CTGF, the profibrotic marker protein in liver fibrosis. Both Ad-NOV and Ad-CTGF induced reactive oxygen species production, enhanced p38 and JNK activation. Therefore, we conclude that CCN3/NOV overexpression in vivo is insufficient to mitigate liver fibrogenesis because of the induction of hepatocyte injury and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erawan Borkham-Kamphorst
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, RWTH-University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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Borkham-Kamphorst E, van Roeyen CR, Van de Leur E, Floege J, Weiskirchen R. CCN3/NOV small interfering RNA enhances fibrogenic gene expression in primary hepatic stellate cells and cirrhotic fat storing cell line CFSC. J Cell Commun Signal 2011; 6:11-25. [PMID: 21748432 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-011-0141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephroblastoma overexpressed gene encodes a matricellular protein (CCN3/NOV) of the CCN family, comprising CCN1 (CYR61), CCN2 (CTGF), CCN4 (WISP-1), CCN5 (WISP-2), and CCN6 (WISP-3). CCN proteins are involved in the regulation of mitosis, adhesion, apoptosis, extracellular matrix production, growth arrest and migration in multiple cell types. Compared to CCN2/CTGF, known as a profibrotic protein, the biological role of CCN3/NOV in liver fibrosis remains obscure. In this study we showed ccn3/nov mRNA to increase dramatically following hepatic stellate cell activation, reaching peak levels in fully transdifferentiated myofibroblasts. In models of experimental hepatic fibrosis, CCN3/NOV increased significantly at the mRNA and protein levels. CCN3/NOV was found mainly in non-parenchymal cells along the areas of tissue damage and repair. In the bile-duct ligation model, CCN3/NOV was localized mainly along portal tracts, while the repeated application of carbon tetrachloride resulted in CCN3/NOV expression mainly in the centrilobular areas. In contrast to CCN2/CTGF, the profibrotic cytokines platelet-derived growth factor-B and -D as well as transforming growth factor-β suppressed CCN3/NOV expression. In vitro, CCN3/NOV siRNA attenuated migration in the cirrhotic fat storing cell line CFSC well in line with in vivo findings that various types of cells expressing CCN3/NOV migrate into the area of tissue damage and regeneration. The suppression of CCN3/NOV enhanced expression of profibrotic marker proteins, such as α-smooth muscle actin, collagen type I, fibronectin, CCN2/CTGF and TIMP-1 in primary rat hepatic stellate cells and in CFSC. We further found that adenoviral overexpression of CCN2/CTGF suppressed CCN3/NOV expression, while the overexpression of CCN3/NOV as well as the suppression of CCN3/NOV by targeting siRNAs both resulted in enhanced CCN2/CTGF expression. These results indicate the complexity of CCN actions that are far beyond the classic Yin/Yang interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erawan Borkham-Kamphorst
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, RWTH-University Hospital, 52074, Aachen, Germany,
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Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF=CCN2), one of six members of cysteine-rich, secreted, heparin-binding proteins with a modular structure, is recognized as an important player in fibrogenic pathways as deduced from findings in non-hepatic tissues and emerging results from liver fibrosis. Collectively, the data show strongly increased expression in fibrosing tissues and transforming growth factor (TGF-beta)-stimulated expression in hepatocytes, biliary epithelial cells and stellate cells. Functional activity as a mediator of fibre-fibre, fibre-matrix and matrix-matrix interactions, as an enhancer of profibrogenic TGF-beta and several secondary effects owing to TGF-beta enhancement, and as a down-modulator of the bioactivity of bone morphogenetic protein-7 has been proposed. By changing the activity ratio of TGF-beta to its antagonist bone-morphogenetic protein-7, CTGF is proposed as a fibrogenic master switch for epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Consequently, knockdown of CTGF considerably attenuates experimental liver fibrosis. The spill-over of CTGF from the liver into the blood stream proposes this protein as a non-invasive reporter of TGF-beta bioactivity in this organ. Indeed, CTGF-levels in sera correlate significantly with fibrogenic activity. The data suggest CTGF as a multifaceted regulatory protein in fibrosis, which offers important translational aspects for diagnosis and follow-up of hepatic fibrogenesis and as a target for therapeutic interventions. In addition, CTGF-promoter polymorphism might be of importance as a prognostic genetic marker to predict the progression of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav A Gressner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, RWTH-University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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Lee SH, Seo GS, Jin XY, Ko G, Sohn DH. Butein blocks tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced interleukin 8 and matrix metalloproteinase 7 production by inhibiting p38 kinase and osteopontin mediated signaling events in HT-29 cells. Life Sci 2007; 81:1535-43. [PMID: 17977560 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated whether butein can inhibit the effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), an inflammatory mediator, in intestinal epithelial HT-29 cells. Butein significantly inhibited TNF-alpha-induced interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion and mRNA expression. Moreover, butein suppressed the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP-7) mRNA and extracellular pro-MMP-7 secretion. The signal transduction study revealed that butein significantly attenuates p38 phosphorylation and inhibits osteopontin (OPN) mediated inhibitory factor kappaBalpha (I-kappaBalpha) phosphorylation in TNF-alpha-stimulated HT-29 cells. Using specific kinase inhibitors, we also found that blocking the p38 pathway is critical for, and blocking of OPN-mediated I-kappaBalpha phosphorylation pathway is at least for, the inhibitory effect by butein on TNF-alpha-induced IL-8 and MMP-7 expression. Furthermore, using an MMP inhibitor, we showed that IL-8 lies upstream of MMP-7 in the TNF-alpha-induced signaling process in HT-29 cells. Collectively, these results suggest that butein may be an effective agent for the treatment of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
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Yeung LWY, Guruge KS, Yamanaka N, Miyazaki S, Lam PKS. Differential expression of chicken hepatic genes responsive to PFOA and PFOS. Toxicology 2007; 237:111-125. [PMID: 17560707 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of PFOS and PFOA on the gene expression patterns of chickens that were exposed to either PFOS or PFOA at low doses were investigated with the use of microarray techniques. Twelve Genechip Chicken Genome Arrays were used to study hepatic gene expression in 6-week-old chickens (Gallus gallus) that were exposed to either PFOA (0.1, 0.5, or 5mg/mL), PFOS (0.02 or 0.1mg/mL), or a saline vehicle control (0.9% NaCl in Milli-Q water) via subcutaneous implantation of a 2mL osmotic pump for 4 weeks or for 4 weeks with a further 4 weeks of depuration. Over 240 and 480 genes were significantly affected by PFOS after 4 weeks of exposure and after 4 weeks of exposure with a further 4 weeks of depuration, respectively and over 290 and 320 genes were significantly affected by PFOA, correspondingly. For PFOS, the genes that were affected after 4 weeks of exposure were mainly related to the transport of electrons and oxygen, and the metabolism of lipids and fatty acids; while the genes that were affected after 4 weeks of exposure with a further 4 weeks of depuration were mainly related to the transport of electrons and ions, and protein amino acid phosphorylation and proteolysis. For PFOA, the genes that were affected after 4 weeks of exposure were related to the transport of ions, lipids, and electrons and cytochromes; while the genes that were affected after 4 weeks of exposure with a further 4 weeks of depuration were related to protein amino acid phosphorylation and proteolysis, the transport of ions, and the metabolism of fatty acids and lipids. The results also showed that the gene expression patterns between chickens that were treated with PFOS and those that were treated with PFOA were different, which points to the importance of the separate evaluation of the toxicities of PFOS and PFOA. Specifically, the gene expressions of CYP8B and NOV were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo W Y Yeung
- Safety Research Team, National Institute of Animal Health, Kannondai 3-1-5, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Keerthi S Guruge
- Safety Research Team, National Institute of Animal Health, Kannondai 3-1-5, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Noriko Yamanaka
- Safety Research Team, National Institute of Animal Health, Kannondai 3-1-5, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Shigeru Miyazaki
- Safety Research Team, National Institute of Animal Health, Kannondai 3-1-5, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Paul K S Lam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Xu D, Lin JS, Ren JH, Chen Q, Yao JJ, He XX. Effect of nephroblastoma overexpressed gene on biological behaviors of rat hepatic stellate cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2007; 15:1602-1608. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v15.i14.1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To construct recombinant plasmids that can express small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting nephroblastoma overexpressed gene (NOV) and investigate its effect on the biological behaviors of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs).
METHODS: Hairpin siRNA templates targeting NOV gene were synthesized and cloned into plasmid vector psiRNA-H1neo. Three vector-derived siRNAs (denoted psiRNA1, 2 and 3) and one mocking pconsiRNA (as control) were constructed. The recombinant NOV siRNA plasmids were constructed and identified using restrictive enzyme analysis and DNA sequencing, and then transfected into HSCs by lipofectamine. HSCs were divided into group psiRNA1, psiRNA2, psiRNA3 and pconsiRNA, transfected with the corresponding recombinant plasmids. Blank group consisted of HSCs contaning no plasmids. The expression of NOV and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were detected by semi-quantitative reverser transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot. The mRNA expression of type Ⅰ collagen and type Ⅲ collagen were detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Cell proliferation was assayed by MTT method and cell apoptosis by flow cytometry.
RESULTS: Restrictive enzyme analysis and DNA sequencing revealed the successful construction of siRNA expression plasmids. Compared with negative control group, extrogenous recombinant plasmid psiRNA2 reduced the mRNA levels of NOV (decreased rate: 73.0% vs 23.2%, P < 0.05), type Ⅰ collagen (decreased rate: 59.8% vs 17.0%, P < 0.05), type Ⅲ collagen (decreased rate: 37.1% vs 6.6%, P < 0.05), and inhibit the expression of α-SMA at mRNA level (decreased rate: 51.4% vs 15.1%, P < 0.05) and protein level. Compared with non-transfection group, extrogenous recombinant plasmid psiRNA2 significantly decreased the proliferating activity of HSC (24 h: 0.172 ± 0.005 vs 0.318 ± 0.018, P < 0.05; 48 h: 0.296 ± 0.004 vs 0.472 ± 0.029, P < 0.05; 72 h: 0.432 ± 0.024 vs 0.672 ± 0.050, P < 0.05). No obvious changes were found in psiRNA1 group and psiRNA3 group (all P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: NOV can increase the secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM) and promote the proliferation and activation of HSCs. NOV may be a novel target for gene therapy of liver fibrosis.
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Hwa AJ, Fry RC, Sivaraman A, So PT, Samson LD, Stolz DB, Griffith LG. Rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells survive without exogenous VEGF in 3D perfused co-cultures with hepatocytes. FASEB J 2007; 21:2564-79. [PMID: 17426068 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-7473com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) are generally refractory to extended in vitro culture. In an attempt to recreate some features of the complex set of cues arising from the liver parenchyma, we cocultured adult rat liver SECs, identified by the expression of the marker SE-1, with primary adult rat hepatocytes in a 3D culture system that provides controlled microscale perfusion through the tissue mass. The culture was established in a medium containing serum and VEGF, and these factors were then removed to assess whether cells with the SE-1 phenotype could be supported by the local microenvironment in vitro. Rats expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in all liver cells were used for isolation of the SE-1-positive cells added to cocultures. By the 13th day of culture, EGFP-expressing cells had largely disappeared from 2D control cultures but exhibited moderate proliferation in 3D perfused cultures. SE-1-positive cells were present in 3D cocultures after 13 days, and these cultures also contained Kupffer cells, stellate cells, and CD31-expressing endothelial cells. Global transcriptional profiling did not reveal profound changes between 2D and 3D cultures in expression of most canonical angiogenic factors but suggested changes in several pathways related to endothelial cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Hwa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Lee SH, Seo GS, Kim HS, Woo SW, Ko G, Sohn DH. 2′,4′,6′-Tris(methoxymethoxy) chalcone attenuates hepatic stellate cell proliferation by a heme oxygenase-dependent pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:1322-33. [PMID: 16982036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is central for the development of fibrosis during liver injury. We have shown previously that butein (3,4,2',4'-tetrahydroxychalcone) suppresses myofibroblastic differentiation of rat HSCs. Our aim in this study was to determine whether a new synthetic chalcone derivative, 2',4',6'-tris(methoxymethoxy) chalcone (TMMC) inhibits HSC proliferation induced by serum- or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). TMMC significantly inhibited growth factor-induced HSC proliferation. The inhibition of PDGF-induced proliferation by TMMC was associated with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt-p70(S6K) pathways. TMMC induced the expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in HSCs. Using the chemical inhibitor tin protoporphyrin, we also found that the inhibitory action of TMMC on PDGF-induced proliferation is mediated by HO-1. Glutathione (GSH) depletion produced by TMMC activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which led to c-Fos expression and transactivation of activator protein 1 (AP-1) and HO-1 gene expression in the HSCs. These results demonstrate that TMMC preferentially activates ERK and that this activation leads to the transcriptional activation of AP-1 and consequently to HO-1 expression. HO-1 expression might be responsible for the antiproliferative effect of TMMC on HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Medicinal Resources Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
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Sun K, Wang Q, Huang XH. PPAR gamma inhibits growth of rat hepatic stellate cells and TGF beta-induced connective tissue growth factor expression. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:715-23. [PMID: 16723090 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma ) activation on the growth of rat hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)-induced connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression. METHODS After being treated with various amounts of the PPAR gamma natural ligand 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J(2) (15-d-PGJ(2)) or synthetic ligand GW7845, the status of HSC proliferation and apoptosis were detected by MTT assay and flow cytometry. Furthermore, HSC were treated with PPAR gamma -specific antagonist GW9662 prior to the addition of 15-d-PG J(2) or GW7845 and were subsequently stimulated with TGF- beta1. The mRNA and protein levels of CTGF expression were detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis. Morphological changes in the HSC were observed by electron microscopy. RESULTS 15-d-PGJ(2) and GW7845 markedly inhibited HSC proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, PPAR gamma ligands significantly suppressed TGF-beta1-induced CTGF expression (at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels) in HSC, and the inhibitory effect was dramatically, if not completely, abolished by pretreatment with GW9662, suggesting that the inhibition was indeed mediated by PPAR gamma. Moreover, morphological observation revealed that PPAR gamma activation caused obvious changes of HSC from activated to quiescent phenotype. CONCLUSION The PPAR gamma ligand has a potent inhibitory effect on the growth of HSC and TGF-beta1-induced CTGF expression, which makes it a potential antifibrotic candidate for the treatment and prevention of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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16
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Lee SH, Seo GS, Park YN, Yoo TM, Sohn DH. Effects and regulation of osteopontin in rat hepatic stellate cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 68:2367-78. [PMID: 15548383 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Accepted: 08/17/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Using a cDNA microarray, we identified osteopontin (OPN) as one of the genes upregulated in cultured activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Northern and western blot analyses showed that OPN was increasingly expressed during the progressive activation of cultured rat HSCs, and a significant increase in OPN was observed in carbon tetrachloride-induced rat liver fibrosis. In biliary atresia, OPN protein was predominantly expressed in Kupffer cells and HSCs in the necrotic areas. Incubation of HSCs with recombinant OPN-induced significant proliferative and migratory effects, and induced matrix metalloproteinase 2 production and activation. Moreover, OPN increased type I collagen production and type II transforming growth factor-beta receptor mRNA and protein. In conclusion, this study shows that OPN is expressed in activated HSCs and suggests that the upregulation of OPN might be a central pathway of HSC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Lee
- Medicinal Resources Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
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