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Xanthohumol Induces ROS through NADPH Oxidase, Causes Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9877170. [PMID: 34804373 PMCID: PMC8598356 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9877170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are either toxic in excess or essential for redox signalling at the physiological level, which is closely related to the site of generation. Xanthohumol (XN) is an important natural product of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) and was reported to induce ROS in mitochondria. While in the present study, our data indicate that NADPH oxidase (NOX) is another site. In human acute myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells, we first identified that cell proliferation was inhibited by XN without affecting viability, and this could be alleviated by the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC); cell cycles were blocked at G1 phase, apoptosis was induced in a dose-dependent manner, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was upregulated. XN-induced ROS generation was detected by flow cytometry, which can be inhibited by diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI, a NOX inhibitor), while not by NG-methyl-L-arginine acetate (L-NMMA, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor). The involvement of NOX in XN-induced ROS generation was further evaluated: immunofluorescence assay indicated subunits assembled in the membrane, and gp91phox knockdown with siRNA decreased XN-induced ROS. Human red blood cells (with NOX, without mitochondria) were further selected as a cell model, and the XN-induced ROS and DPI inhibiting effects were found again. In conclusion, our results indicate that XN exhibits antiproliferation effects through ROS-related mechanisms, and NOX is a source of XN-induced ROS. As NOX-sourced ROS are critical for phagocytosis, our findings may contribute to the anti-infection and anti-inflammatory effect of XN.
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2
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Negri S, Faris P, Moccia F. Reactive Oxygen Species and Endothelial Ca 2+ Signaling: Brothers in Arms or Partners in Crime? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189821. [PMID: 34575985 PMCID: PMC8465413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) controls virtually all endothelial cell functions and is, therefore, crucial to maintain cardiovascular homeostasis. An aberrant elevation in endothelial can indeed lead to severe cardiovascular disorders. Likewise, moderate amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce intracellular Ca2+ signals to regulate vascular functions, while excessive ROS production may exploit dysregulated Ca2+ dynamics to induce endothelial injury. Herein, we survey how ROS induce endothelial Ca2+ signals to regulate vascular functions and, vice versa, how aberrant ROS generation may exploit the Ca2+ handling machinery to promote endothelial dysfunction. ROS elicit endothelial Ca2+ signals by regulating inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors, sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2B, two-pore channels, store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), and multiple isoforms of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. ROS-induced endothelial Ca2+ signals regulate endothelial permeability, angiogenesis, and generation of vasorelaxing mediators and can be exploited to induce therapeutic angiogenesis, rescue neurovascular coupling, and induce cancer regression. However, an increase in endothelial [Ca2+]i induced by aberrant ROS formation may result in endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders, and pulmonary artery hypertension. This information could pave the way to design alternative treatments to interfere with the life-threatening interconnection between endothelial ROS and Ca2+ signaling under multiple pathological conditions.
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3
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Neutrophils in Tumorigenesis: Missing Targets for Successful Next Generation Cancer Therapies? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136744. [PMID: 34201758 PMCID: PMC8268516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils—once considered as simple killers of pathogens and unexciting for cancer research—are now acknowledged for their role in the process of tumorigenesis. Neutrophils are recruited to the tumor microenvironment where they turn into tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), and are able to initiate and promote tumor progression and metastasis. Conversely, anti-tumorigenic properties of neutrophils have been documented, highlighting the versatile nature and high pleiotropic plasticity of these polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN-L). Here, we dissect the ambivalent roles of TANs in cancer and focus on selected functional aspects that could be therapeutic targets. Indeed, the critical point of targeting TAN functions lies in the fact that an immunosuppressive state could be induced, resulting in unwanted side effects. A deeper knowledge of the mechanisms linked to diverse TAN functions in different cancer types is necessary to define appropriate therapeutic strategies that are able to induce and maintain an anti-tumor microenvironment.
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4
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ORAI1 and ORAI2 modulate murine neutrophil calcium signaling, cellular activation, and host defense. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24403-24414. [PMID: 32929002 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008032117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium signals are initiated in immune cells by the process of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), where receptor activation triggers transient calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum, followed by opening of plasma-membrane calcium-release activated calcium (CRAC) channels. ORAI1, ORAI2, and ORAI3 are known to comprise the CRAC channel; however, the contributions of individual isoforms to neutrophil function are not well understood. Here, we show that loss of ORAI1 partially decreases calcium influx, while loss of both ORAI1 and ORAI2 completely abolishes SOCE. In other immune-cell types, loss of ORAI2 enhances SOCE. In contrast, we find that ORAI2-deficient neutrophils display decreased calcium influx, which is correlated with measurable differences in the regulation of neutrophil membrane potential via KCa3.1. Decreased SOCE in ORAI1-, ORAI2-, and ORAI1/2-deficient neutrophils impairs multiple neutrophil functions, including phagocytosis, degranulation, leukotriene, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, rendering ORAI1/2-deficient mice highly susceptible to staphylococcal infection. This study demonstrates that ORAI1 and ORAI2 are the primary components of the neutrophil CRAC channel and identifies subpopulations of neutrophils where cell-membrane potential functions as a rheostat to modulate the SOCE response. These findings have implications for mechanisms that modulate neutrophil function during infection, acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, and cancer.
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5
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Park YJ, Yoo SA, Kim M, Kim WU. The Role of Calcium-Calcineurin-NFAT Signaling Pathway in Health and Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:195. [PMID: 32210952 PMCID: PMC7075805 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is an essential signaling molecule that controls a wide range of biological functions. In the immune system, calcium signals play a central role in a variety of cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and numerous gene transcriptions. During an immune response, the engagement of T-cell and B-cell antigen receptors induces a decrease in the intracellular Ca2+ store and then activates store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) to raise the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, which is mediated by the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels. Recently, identification of the two critical regulators of the CRAC channel, stromal interaction molecule (STIM) and Orai1, has broadened our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of Ca2+ signaling in lymphocytes. Repetitive or prolonged increase in intracellular Ca2+ is required for the calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation of the nuclear factor of an activated T cell (NFAT). Recent data indicate that Ca2+-calcineurin-NFAT1 to 4 pathways are dysregulated in autoimmune diseases. Therefore, calcineurin inhibitors, cyclosporine and tacrolimus, have been used for the treatment of such autoimmune diseases as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Here, we review the role of the Ca2+-calcineurin–NFAT signaling pathway in health and diseases, focusing on the STIM and Orai1, and discuss the deregulated calcium-mediated calcineurin-NFAT pathway in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yune-Jung Park
- POSTEC-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Ah Yoo
- POSTEC-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedicine & Health Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mingyo Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeonsang National University Hospital, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Wan-Uk Kim
- POSTEC-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedicine & Health Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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6
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Hann J, Bueb JL, Tolle F, Bréchard S. Calcium signaling and regulation of neutrophil functions: Still a long way to go. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 107:285-297. [PMID: 31841231 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ru0719-241r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in blood and disruption in their functions often results in an increased risk of serious infections and inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Following recent discoveries in their influence over disease progression, a resurgence of interest for neutrophil biology has taken place. The multitude of signaling pathways activated by the engagement of numerous types of receptors, with which neutrophils are endowed, reflects the functional complexity of these cells. It is therefore not surprising that there remains a huge lack in the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlining neutrophil functions. Moreover, studies on neutrophils are undoubtedly limited by the difficulty to efficiently edit the cell's genome. Over the past 30 years, compelling evidence has clearly highlighted that Ca2+ -signaling is governing the key processes associated with neutrophil functions. The confirmation of the role of an elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration has come from studies on NADPH oxidase activation and phagocytosis. In this review, we give an overview and update of our current knowledge on the role of Ca2+ mobilization in the regulation of pro-inflammatory functions of neutrophils. In particular, we stress the importance of Ca2+ in the formation of NETs and cytokine secretion in the light of newest findings. This will allow us to embrace how much further we have to go to understand the complex dynamics of Ca2+ -dependent mechanisms in order to gain more insights into the role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. The potential for therapeutics to regulate the neutrophil functions, such as Ca2+ influx inhibitors to prevent autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, has been discussed in the last part of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hann
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Immune Cells and Inflammatory Diseases Group, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - J-L Bueb
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Immune Cells and Inflammatory Diseases Group, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - F Tolle
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Immune Cells and Inflammatory Diseases Group, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - S Bréchard
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Immune Cells and Inflammatory Diseases Group, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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7
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Store-operated calcium entry in thrombosis and thrombo-inflammation. Cell Calcium 2018; 77:39-48. [PMID: 30530092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic free calcium (Ca2+) is a second messenger regulating a wide variety of functions in blood cells, including adhesion, activation, proliferation and migration. Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), triggered by depletion of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum, provides a main mechanism of regulated Ca2+ influx in blood cells. SOCE is mediated and regulated by isoforms of the ion channel proteins ORAI and TRP, and the transmembrane Ca2+ sensors stromal interaction molecules (STIMs), respectively. This report provides an overview of the (patho)physiological importance of SOCE in blood cells implicated in thrombosis and thrombo-inflammation, i.e. platelets and immune cells. We also discuss the physiological consequences of dysregulated SOCE in platelets and immune cells and the potential of SOCE inhibition as a therapeutic option to prevent or treat arterial thrombosis as well as thrombo-inflammatory disease states such as ischemic stroke.
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8
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CRAC channels as targets for drug discovery and development. Cell Calcium 2018; 74:147-159. [PMID: 30075400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels have been the target of drug discovery for many years. The identification of STIM and Orai proteins as key components of CRAC channels greatly facilitated this process because their co-expression in cell lines produced electrophysiological currents (ICRAC) much larger than those in native cells, making it easier to confirm and characterize the effects of modulatory compounds. A driving force in the quest for CRAC channel drugs has been the immunocompromised phenotype displayed by humans and mice with null or loss-of-function mutations in STIM1 or Orai1, suggesting that CRAC channel inhibitors could be useful therapeutics for autoimmune or inflammatory conditions. Emerging data also suggests that other therapeutic conditions may benefit from CRAC channel inhibition. However, only recently have CRAC channel inhibitors reached clinical trials. This review discusses the challenges associated with drug discovery and development on CRAC channels and the approaches employed to date, as well as the results, starting from initial high-throughput screens for CRAC channel modulators and progressing through target selection and justification, descriptions of pharmacological, safety and toxicological profiles of compounds, and finally the entry of CRAC channel inhibitors into clinical trials.
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9
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Interplay between ER Ca 2+ Binding Proteins, STIM1 and STIM2, Is Required for Store-Operated Ca 2+ Entry. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051522. [PMID: 29783744 PMCID: PMC5983841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), a fundamentally important homeostatic and Ca2+ signaling pathway in many types of cells, is activated by the direct interaction of stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+-binding protein, with Ca2+-selective Orai1 channels localized in the plasma membrane. While much is known about the regulation of SOCE by STIM1, the role of stromal interaction molecule 2 (STIM2) in SOCE remains incompletely understood. Here, using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats -CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) genomic editing and molecular imaging, we investigated the function of STIM2 in NIH 3T3 fibroblast and αT3 cell SOCE. We found that deletion of Stim2 expression reduced SOCE by more than 90% in NIH 3T3 cells. STIM1 expression levels were unaffected in the Stim2 null cells. However, quantitative confocal fluorescence imaging demonstrated that in the absence of Stim2 expression, STIM1 did not translocate or form punctae in plasma membrane-associated ER membrane (PAM) junctions following ER Ca2+ store depletion. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging of intact, living cells revealed that the formation of STIM1 and Orai1 complexes in PAM nanodomains was significantly reduced in the Stim2 knockout cells. Our findings indicate that STIM2 plays an essential role in regulating SOCE in NIH 3T3 and αT3 cells and suggests that dynamic interplay between STIM1 and STIM2 induced by ER Ca2+ store discharge is necessary for STIM1 translocation, its interaction with Orai1, and activation of SOCE.
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10
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Demaurex N, Saul S. The role of STIM proteins in neutrophil functions. J Physiol 2018; 596:2699-2708. [PMID: 29441588 PMCID: PMC6046061 DOI: 10.1113/jp275639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal interaction molecule (STIM) proteins regulate store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) in innate and adaptive immune cells and participate in the Ca2+ signals that control the functions of neutrophils, the first line of host defence against bacterial and fungal infections. Loss-of-function experiments in animal and cellular models indicate that both STIM1 and STIM2 regulate neutrophil functions, but the complexity of the SOCE machinery and the versatility of neutrophils complicate the evaluation of the results. This review aims to summarize the latest progress in the field, with special attention to the details of the experimental designs. Future study design should aim to improve the standardization of experimental procedures and to provide a more holistic understanding of the role of STIM proteins in neutrophils function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Demaurex
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Saul
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
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11
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Nelson HA, Roe MW. Molecular physiology and pathophysiology of stromal interaction molecules. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 243:451-472. [PMID: 29363328 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218754524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum is an important component of Ca2+ signal transduction that controls numerous physiological processes in eukaryotic cells. Release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum is coupled to the activation of store-operated Ca2+ entry into cells. Store-operated Ca2+ entry provides Ca2+ for replenishing depleted endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores and a Ca2+ signal that regulates Ca2+-dependent intracellular biochemical events. Central to connecting discharge of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores following G protein-coupled receptor activation with the induction of store-operated Ca2+ entry are stromal interaction molecules (STIM1 and STIM2). These highly homologous endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane proteins function as sensors of the Ca2+ concentration within the endoplasmic reticulum lumen and activators of Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channels. Emerging evidence indicates that in addition to their role in Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channel gating and store-operated Ca2+ entry, STIM1 and STIM2 regulate other cellular signaling events. Recent studies have shown that disruption of STIM expression and function is associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases including autoimmune disorders, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and myopathies. Here, we provide an overview of the latest developments in the molecular physiology and pathophysiology of STIM1 and STIM2. Impact statement Intracellular Ca2+ signaling is a fundamentally important regulator of cell physiology. Recent studies have revealed that Ca2+-binding stromal interaction molecules (Stim1 and Stim2) expressed in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are essential components of eukaryote Ca2+ signal transduction that control the activity of ion channels and other signaling effectors present in the plasma membrane. This review summarizes the most recent information on the molecular physiology and pathophysiology of stromal interaction molecules. We anticipate that the work presented in our review will provide new insights into molecular interactions that participate in interorganelle signaling crosstalk, cell function, and the pathogenesis of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Nelson
- 1 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 12302 SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Michael W Roe
- 1 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 12302 SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.,2 Department of Medicine, 12302 SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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12
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Wei D, Mei Y, Xia J, Hu H. Orai1 and Orai3 Mediate Store-Operated Calcium Entry Contributing to Neuronal Excitability in Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:400. [PMID: 29311831 PMCID: PMC5742109 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Store-operated calcium channels (SOCs) are highly calcium-selective channels that mediate calcium entry in various cell types. We have previously reported that intraplantar injection of YM-58483 (a SOC inhibitor) attenuates chronic pain. A previous study has reported that the function of SOCs in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) is enhanced after nerve injury, suggesting that SOCs may play a peripheral role in chronic pain. However, the expression, functional distribution and significance of the SOC family in DRG neurons remain elusive and the key components that mediate SOC entry (SOCE) are still controversial. Here, we demonstrated that the SOC family (STIM1, STIM2, Orai1, Orai2, and Orai3) was expressed in DRGs and STIM1 was mainly present in small- and medium-sized DRG neurons. Using confocal live cell imaging, Ca2+ imaging and electrophysiology techniques, we demonstrated that depletion of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores induced STIM1 and STIM2 translocation, and that inhibition of STIM1 or blockage of Orai channels with pharmacological tools attenuated SOCE and SOC currents. Using the small inhibitory RNA knockdown approach, we identified STIM1, STIM2, Orai1, and Orai3 as the key components of SOCs mediating SOCE in DRG neurons. Importantly, activation of SOCs by thapsigargin induced plasma membrane depolarization and increased neuronal excitability, which were completely abolished by inhibition of SOCs or double knockdown of Orai1 and Orai3. Our findings suggest that SOCs exert an excitatory action in DRG neurons and provide a potential peripheral mechanism for modulation of pain hypersensitivity by SOC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Huijuan Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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13
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STIM1 and STIM2 cooperatively regulate mouse neutrophil store-operated calcium entry and cytokine production. Blood 2017; 130:1565-1577. [PMID: 28724541 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-11-751230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are key effector cells of the innate immune system. Calcium-dependent signaling pathways initiated by store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) are known to regulate neutrophil activation; however, the precise mechanism of this process remains unclear. STIM1 and STIM2 are calcium-sensing molecules that link calcium depletion of the endoplasmic reticulum with opening of plasma membrane calcium channels. Although a role for STIM1 in neutrophil SOCE and activation has been established, the function of STIM2 is unknown. Here we use mice with conditional ablation of Stim1 and/or Stim2 to investigate the role of STIM2 in neutrophil activation. We demonstrate that loss of STIM2 results in decreased SOCE, particularly at lower doses of agonists. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, degranulation, and phagocytosis are normal in the absence of STIM2, suggesting STIM1 is the dominant calcium sensor required for classical short-term neutrophil responses. However, neutrophil cytokine production required STIM2, but not STIM1, at least in part as a result of redox regulation of cytokine gene expression. In vivo loss of STIM2 results in lower cytokine levels and protection from mortality in a mouse model of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. These data, combined with previous studies focusing on STIM1, define distinct but cooperative functions for STIM1 and STIM2 in modulating neutrophil bactericidal and cytokine responses.
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14
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Kazumura K, Yoshida LS, Hara A, Tsuchiya H, Morishita N, Kawagishi H, Kakegawa T, Yuda Y, Takano-Ohmuro H. Inhibition of neutrophil superoxide generation by shikonin is associated with suppression of cellular Ca(2+) fluxes. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2016; 59:1-9. [PMID: 27499572 PMCID: PMC4933695 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.16-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Shikonin, an anti-inflammatory compound of “Shikon”, inhibits the neutrophil superoxide (O2•−) generation by NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2); however, the mechanisms of how shikonin affects Nox2 activity remained unclear. We aimed to elucidate the relationship between the inhibition of Nox2 activity and influences on intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) by shikonin. For this purpose, we used a simultaneous monitoring system for detecting changes in [Ca2+]i (by fluorescence) and O2•− generation (by chemiluminescence) and evaluated the effects of shikonin on neutrophil-like HL-60 cells stimulated with N-formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine (fMLP). Since fMLP activates Nox2 by elevation in [Ca2+]i via fluxes such as inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced Ca2+ release (IICR) and store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), we also evaluated the effects of shikonin on IICR and SOCE. Shikonin dose-dependently inhibited the fMLP-induced elevation in [Ca2+]i and O2•− generation (IC50 values of 1.45 and 1.12 µM, respectively) in a synchronized manner. Analyses of specific Ca2+ fluxes showed that shikonin inhibits IICR and IICR-linked O2•− generation (IC50 values: 0.28 and 0.31 µM for [Ca2+]i and O2•−, respectively), as well as SOCE and SOCE-linked O2•− generation (IC50 values: 0.39 and 0.25 µM for [Ca2+]i and O2•−, respectively). These results suggested that shikonin inhibits the O2•− generation by Nox2 in fMLP-stimulated neutrophils by targeting Ca2+ fluxes such as IICR and SOCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Kazumura
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu 434-8601, Japan
| | - Lucia Satiko Yoshida
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Akiko Hara
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu 434-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsuchiya
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu 434-8601, Japan
| | - Naokazu Morishita
- Electron Tube Division, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 314-5 Shimokanzo, Iwata 438-0193, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kawagishi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Tomohito Kakegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai International University, 1 Gumyo, Togane 283-8555, Japan
| | - Yasukatsu Yuda
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Hiromi Takano-Ohmuro
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo 202-8585, Japan
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15
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Gao X, Xia J, Munoz FM, Manners MT, Pan R, Meucci O, Dai Y, Hu H. STIMs and Orai1 regulate cytokine production in spinal astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:126. [PMID: 27245842 PMCID: PMC4886427 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our previous study demonstrated that a store-operated calcium channel (SOCC) inhibitor (YM-58483) has central analgesic effects. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of such effects remain to be determined. It is well-known that glial cells play important roles in central sensitization. SOC entry (SOCE) has been implicated in many cell types including cortical astrocytes. However, the role of the SOCC family in the function of astrocytes has not been determined. Here, we thoroughly investigated the expression and the functional significance of SOCCs in spinal astrocytes. Methods Primary cultured astrocytes were prepared from neonatal (P2–P3) CD1 mice. Expressions of mRNAs and proteins were respectively assessed by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. SOCE was measured using a calcium imaging system. Live-cell STIM1 translocation was detected using a confocal microscope. Cytokine levels were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results We found that the SOCC family is expressed in spinal astrocytes and that depletion of calcium stores from the endoplasmic reticulum by cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) resulted in a large sustained calcium entry, which was blocked by SOCC inhibitors. Using the siRNA knockdown approach, we identified STIM1 and Orai1 as primary components of SOCCs in spinal astrocytes. We also observed thapsigargin (TG)- or CPA-induced puncta formation of STIM1 and Orai1. In addition, activation of SOCCs remarkably promoted TNF-α and IL-6 production in spinal astrocytes, which were greatly attenuated by knockdown of STIM1 or Orai1. Importantly, knockdown of STIM2 and Orai1 dramatically decreased lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α and IL-6 production without changing cell viability. Conclusions This study presents the first evidence that STIM1, STIM2, and Orai1 mediate SOCE and are involved in cytokine production in spinal astrocytes. Our findings provide the basis for future assessment of SOCCs in pain and other central nervous system disorders associated with abnormal astrocyte activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.,Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingsheng Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Frances M Munoz
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Melissa T Manners
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Rong Pan
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Olimpia Meucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Yue Dai
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijuan Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
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16
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Saul S, Gibhardt CS, Schmidt B, Lis A, Pasieka B, Conrad D, Jung P, Gaupp R, Wonnenberg B, Diler E, Stanisz H, Vogt T, Schwarz EC, Bischoff M, Herrmann M, Tschernig T, Kappl R, Rieger H, Niemeyer BA, Bogeski I. A calcium-redox feedback loop controls human monocyte immune responses: The role of ORAI Ca2+ channels. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra26. [PMID: 26956485 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In phagocytes, pathogen recognition is followed by Ca(2+) mobilization and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2)-mediated "oxidative burst," which involves the rapid production of large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We showed that ORAI Ca(2+) channels control store-operated Ca(2+) entry, ROS production, and bacterial killing in primary human monocytes. ROS inactivate ORAI channels that lack an ORAI3 subunit. Staphylococcal infection of mice reduced the expression of the gene encoding the redox-sensitive Orai1 and increased the expression of the gene encoding the redox-insensitive Orai3 in the lungs or in bronchoalveolar lavages. A similar switch from ORAI1 to ORAI3 occurred in primary human monocytes exposed to bacterial peptides in culture. These alterations in ORAI1 and ORAI3 abundance shifted the channel assembly toward a more redox-insensitive configuration. Accordingly, silencing ORAI3 increased the redox sensitivity of the channel and enhanced oxidation-induced inhibition of NOX2. We generated a mathematical model that predicted additional features of the Ca(2+)-redox interplay. Our results identified the ORAI-NOX2 feedback loop as a determinant of monocyte immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Saul
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPPM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Christine S Gibhardt
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPPM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Barbara Schmidt
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPPM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany. Department of Theoretical Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany. Molecular Biophysics, CIPMM, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Annette Lis
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPPM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Bastian Pasieka
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPPM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - David Conrad
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPPM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Philipp Jung
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Rosmarie Gaupp
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Bodo Wonnenberg
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Ebru Diler
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Hedwig Stanisz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital of Saarland, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Thomas Vogt
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital of Saarland, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Eva C Schwarz
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPPM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Mathias Herrmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Thomas Tschernig
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Reinhard Kappl
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPPM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Heiko Rieger
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Barbara A Niemeyer
- Molecular Biophysics, CIPMM, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Ivan Bogeski
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPPM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany.
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17
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Demaurex N, Nunes P. The role of STIM and ORAI proteins in phagocytic immune cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 310:C496-508. [PMID: 26764049 PMCID: PMC4824159 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00360.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytic cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, migrate to sites of infection or damage and are integral to innate immunity through two main mechanisms. The first is to directly neutralize foreign agents and damaged or infected cells by secreting toxic substances or ingesting them through phagocytosis. The second is to alert the adaptive immune system through the secretion of cytokines and the presentation of the ingested materials as antigens, inducing T cell maturation into helper, cytotoxic, or regulatory phenotypes. While calcium signaling has been implicated in numerous phagocyte functions, including differentiation, maturation, migration, secretion, and phagocytosis, the molecular components that mediate these Ca(2+) signals have been elusive. The discovery of the STIM and ORAI proteins has allowed researchers to begin clarifying the mechanisms and physiological impact of store-operated Ca(2+) entry, the major pathway for generating calcium signals in innate immune cells. Here, we review evidence from cell lines and mouse models linking STIM and ORAI proteins to the control of specific innate immune functions of neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Demaurex
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paula Nunes
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Elling R, Keller B, Weidinger C, Häffner M, Deshmukh SD, Zee I, Speckmann C, Ehl S, Schwarz K, Feske S, Henneke P. Preserved effector functions of human ORAI1- and STIM1-deficient neutrophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:1587-1591.e7. [PMID: 26670474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Elling
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Mass.
| | - Baerbel Keller
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carl Weidinger
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Monika Häffner
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sachin D Deshmukh
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Zee
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Carsten Speckmann
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Schwarz
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Wuerttemberg-Hessen and Institute for Transfusion Medicine University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Feske
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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19
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Steinckwich N, Myers P, Janardhan KS, Flagler ND, King D, Petranka JG, Putney JW. Role of the store-operated calcium entry protein, STIM1, in neutrophil chemotaxis and infiltration into a murine model of psoriasis-inflamed skin. FASEB J 2015; 29:3003-13. [PMID: 25837581 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-265215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is a Ca(2+) sensor protein that initiates store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). STIM1 is known to be involved in the chemoattractant signaling pathway for FPR1 in cell lines, but its role in in vivo functioning of neutrophils is unclear. Plaque-type psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder associated with chemoattractants driving neutrophils into the epidermis. We investigated the involvement of STIM1 in neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro, as well as during chronic psoriatic inflammation. To this end, we used conditional knockout (KO) mice lacking STIM1 in cells of myeloid lineage (STIM1(fl/fl) LysM-cre). We demonstrate that STIM1 is required for chemotaxis because of multiple chemoattractants in mouse neutrophils in vitro. Using an imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin model, we show that KO mice had less neutrophil infiltration in the epidermis than controls, whereas neither chemoattractant production in the epidermis nor macrophage migration was decreased. KO mice displayed a more rapid reversal of the outward signs of psoriasis (plaques). Thus, KO of STIM1 impairs neutrophil contribution to psoriatic inflammation. Our data provide new insights to our understanding of how STIM1 orchestrates the cellular behavior underlying chemotaxis and illustrate the important role of SOCE in a disease-related pathologic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Steinckwich
- *Signal Transduction Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Branch, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Incorporated, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch,National Toxicology Program, and Special Techniques Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Page Myers
- *Signal Transduction Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Branch, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Incorporated, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch,National Toxicology Program, and Special Techniques Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kyathanahalli S Janardhan
- *Signal Transduction Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Branch, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Incorporated, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch,National Toxicology Program, and Special Techniques Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Norris D Flagler
- *Signal Transduction Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Branch, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Incorporated, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch,National Toxicology Program, and Special Techniques Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Debra King
- *Signal Transduction Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Branch, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Incorporated, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch,National Toxicology Program, and Special Techniques Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - John G Petranka
- *Signal Transduction Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Branch, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Incorporated, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch,National Toxicology Program, and Special Techniques Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - James W Putney
- *Signal Transduction Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Branch, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Incorporated, Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch,National Toxicology Program, and Special Techniques Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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20
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Clemens RA, Lowell CA. Store-operated calcium signaling in neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:497-502. [PMID: 25714804 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2mr1114-573r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium signals in neutrophils are initiated by a variety of cell-surface receptors, including formyl peptide and other GPCRs, FcRs, and integrins. The predominant pathway by which calcium enters immune cells is termed SOCE, whereby plasma membrane CRAC channels allow influx of extracellular calcium into the cytoplasm when intracellular ER stores are depleted. The identification of 2 key families of SOCE regulators, STIM calcium "sensors" and ORAI calcium channels, has allowed for genetic manipulation of SOCE pathways and provided valuable insight into the molecular mechanism of calcium signaling in immune cells, including neutrophils. This review focuses on our current knowledge of the molecules involved in neutrophil SOCE and how study of these molecules has further informed our understanding of the role of calcium signaling in neutrophil activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina A Clemens
- Departments of *Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine and the Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Clifford A Lowell
- Departments of *Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine and the Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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21
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Redondo PC, Rosado JA. Store-operated calcium entry: unveiling the calcium handling signalplex. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 316:183-226. [PMID: 25805125 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) is an important mechanism for Ca(2+) influx in non-excitable cells, also present in excitable cells. The activation of store-operated channels (SOCs) is finely regulated by the filling state of the intracellular agonist-sensitive Ca(2+) compartments, and both, the mechanism of sensing the Ca(2+) stores and the nature and functional properties of the SOCs, have been a matter of intense investigation and debate. The identification of STIM1 as the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) sensor and both Orai1, as the pore-forming subunit of the channels mediating the Ca(2+)-selective store-operated current, and the members of the TRPC subfamily of proteins, as the channels mediating the cation-permeable SOCs, has shed new light on the underlying events. This review summarizes the initial hypothesis and the current advances on the mechanism of activation of SOCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro C Redondo
- Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Juan A Rosado
- Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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22
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Abstract
Ion channels and transporters mediate the transport of charged ions across hydrophobic lipid membranes. In immune cells, divalent cations such as calcium, magnesium, and zinc have important roles as second messengers to regulate intracellular signaling pathways. By contrast, monovalent cations such as sodium and potassium mainly regulate the membrane potential, which indirectly controls the influx of calcium and immune cell signaling. Studies investigating human patients with mutations in ion channels and transporters, analysis of gene-targeted mice, or pharmacological experiments with ion channel inhibitors have revealed important roles of ionic signals in lymphocyte development and in innate and adaptive immune responses. We here review the mechanisms underlying the function of ion channels and transporters in lymphocytes and innate immune cells and discuss their roles in lymphocyte development, adaptive and innate immune responses, and autoimmunity, as well as recent efforts to develop pharmacological inhibitors of ion channels for immunomodulatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Feske
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Edward Y. Skolnik
- Division of Nephrology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- The Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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23
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STIM1 for stimulation of phagocyte NADPH oxidase. Blood 2014; 123:2129-30. [PMID: 24700712 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-02-555789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue of Blood, Zhang et al show that mice lacking the stromal-interacting molecule 1 (STIM1) gene in bone marrow cells are more susceptible to bacterial infection but are resistant to ischemia/reperfusion injury because of defective activation of phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase.
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24
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Chaigne-Delalande B, Lenardo MJ. Divalent cation signaling in immune cells. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:332-44. [PMID: 24932518 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Divalent cations of two alkaline earth metals Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) and the transition metal Zn(2+) play vital roles in the immune system, and several immune disorders are associated with disturbances of their function. Until recently only Ca(2+) was considered to serve as a second messenger. However, signaling roles for Mg(2+) and Zn(2+) have been recently described, leading to a reevaluation of their role as potential second messengers. We review here the roles of these cations as second messengers in light of recent advances in Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and Zn(2+) signaling in the immune system. Developing a better understanding of these signaling cations may lead to new therapeutic strategies for immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Chaigne-Delalande
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Lymphocyte Molecular Genetics Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael J Lenardo
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Lymphocyte Molecular Genetics Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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25
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STIM1 calcium sensor is required for activation of the phagocyte oxidase during inflammation and host defense. Blood 2014; 123:2238-49. [PMID: 24493668 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-08-450403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The stromal-interacting molecule 1 (STIM1) is a potent sensor of intracellular calcium, which in turn regulates entry of external calcium through plasma membrane channels to affect immune cell activation. Although the contribution of STIM1 to calcium signaling in lymphocytes has been well studied, the role of this protein in neutrophil-mediated inflammation and host defense is unknown. We report that STIM1-deficient murine neutrophils show loss of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) in response to both soluble ligands that activate G-proteins as well as Fcγ-receptor or integrin ligation that activates tyrosine kinase signaling. This results in modest defects in phagocytosis and degranulation responses but a profound block in superoxide production by the phagocyte oxidase. We trace the primary intracellular target of calcium to be protein kinase C isoforms α and β (PKCα and PKCβ), which in turn phosphorylate subunits of the oxidase leading to superoxide production. In vivo the loss of SOCE in stim1(-/-) chimeric mice results in marked susceptibility to bacterial infections but also protection from tissue injury in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. These results demonstrate the critical role of STIM1-mediated SOCE and define major protein targets of calcium signaling in neutrophil activation during inflammatory disease.
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26
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Abstract
Immunodeficiencies with nonfunctional T cells comprise a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by altered function of T lymphocytes in spite of largely preserved T cell development. Some of these forms are due to hypomorphic mutations in genes causing severe combined immunodeficiency. More recently, advances in human genome sequencing have facilitated the identification of novel genetic defects that do not affect T cell development, but alter T cell function and homeostasis. Along with increased susceptibility to infections, these conditions are characterized by autoimmunity and higher risk of malignancies. The study of these diseases, and of corresponding animal models, has provided fundamental insights on the mechanisms that govern immune homeostasis.
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27
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Bergmeier W, Weidinger C, Zee I, Feske S. Emerging roles of store-operated Ca²⁺ entry through STIM and ORAI proteins in immunity, hemostasis and cancer. Channels (Austin) 2013; 7:379-91. [PMID: 23511024 DOI: 10.4161/chan.24302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) is an important Ca(2+) influx pathway, which is defined by the fact that depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores, mainly the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), triggers the opening of Ca(2+) channels in the plasma membrane. The best characterized SOC channel is the Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channel, which was first described in cells of the immune system but has since been reported in many different cell types. CRAC channels are multimers of ORAI family proteins, of which ORAI1 is the best characterized. They are activated by stromal interaction molecules (STIM) 1 and 2, which respond to the depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores with oligomerization and binding to ORAI proteins. The resulting SOCE is critical for the physiological function of many cell types including immune cells and platelets. Recent studies using cell lines, animal models and primary cells from human patients with defects in SOCE have highlighted the importance of this Ca(2+) entry mechanism in a variety of pathophysiological processes. This review focuses on the role of SOCE in immunity to infection, allergy, hemostasis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Bergmeier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics; McAllister Heart Institute; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Carl Weidinger
- Department of Pathology; New York University Langone Medical Center; New York, NY USA
| | - Isabelle Zee
- Department of Pathology; New York University Langone Medical Center; New York, NY USA
| | - Stefan Feske
- Department of Pathology; New York University Langone Medical Center; New York, NY USA
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28
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Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) comprises a group of disorders that are fatal owing to genetic defects that abrogate T cell development. Numerous related defects have recently been identified that allow T cell development but that compromise T cell function by affecting proximal or distal steps in intracellular signaling. These functional T cell immunodeficiencies are characterized by immune dysregulation and increased risk of malignancies, in addition to infections. The study of patients with these rare conditions, and of corresponding animal models, illustrates the importance of intracellular signaling to maintain T cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi D Notarangelo
- Division of Immunology and The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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29
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Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in bacterial endotoxin-induced endothelial cell injury and SOC-mediated calcium regulation. Cell Biol Int 2012; 36:475-81. [PMID: 22288713 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20110535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial endotoxins may lead to vascular endothelial cell injury. Our study explored the role of TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) and STIM1 (stromal interaction molecule 1) in bacterial endotoxin-induced calcium overload and inflammatory reactions in HUVECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells). It showed that under LPS (lipopolysaccharide) stimulation, LBP (LPS-binding protein) mRNA levels peaked at 24 h, TLR4 levels at 12 h and NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) levels at 6 h (all P<0.01). LBP levels increased gradually and peaked at 24 h of LPS treatment. TLR4 protein levels increased significantly at 1 h and peaked at 12 h. NF-κB protein levels markedly increased at 1 h and peaked at 6 h. Knockdown of STIM1 alone, TLR4 alone or both STIM1 and TLR4 together, markedly abolished LPS-induced increase in calcium influx into cells (P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.01 respectively). LBP-TLR4 and STIM-NF-κB interactions were detected without LPS treatment, enhanced by LPS stimulation, and markedly reduced by knocking down TLR4 and STIM respectively. Both the NF-κB inhibitor, PDTC (pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate) and TLR4 knockdown could block LPS induction of NF-κB, STIM, TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α) and IL-6 (interleukin 6). The data indicate LPS-LBP may activate TLR4 signalling and downstream transcription factor NF-κB, which further can activate STIM1 and eventually lead to calcium influx and injury of HUVECs. Inhibition of TLR4 effectively reverses LPS induction of inflammatory mediator generation and extracellular calcium influx mediated by STIM1.
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Berna-Erro A, Galan C, Dionisio N, Gomez LJ, Salido GM, Rosado JA. Capacitative and non-capacitative signaling complexes in human platelets. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:1242-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rao JN, Rathor N, Zhuang R, Zou T, Liu L, Xiao L, Turner DJ, Wang JY. Polyamines regulate intestinal epithelial restitution through TRPC1-mediated Ca²+ signaling by differentially modulating STIM1 and STIM2. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 303:C308-17. [PMID: 22592407 PMCID: PMC3423028 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00120.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Early epithelial restitution occurs as a consequence of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) migration after wounding, and its defective regulation is implicated in various critical pathological conditions. Polyamines stimulate intestinal epithelial restitution, but their exact mechanism remains unclear. Canonical transient receptor potential-1 (TRPC1)-mediated Ca(2+) signaling is crucial for stimulation of IEC migration after wounding, and induced translocation of stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) to the plasma membrane activates TRPC1-mediated Ca(2+) influx and thus enhanced restitution. Here, we show that polyamines regulate intestinal epithelial restitution through TRPC1-mediated Ca(2+) signaling by altering the ratio of STIM1 to STIM2. Increasing cellular polyamines by ectopic overexpression of the ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene stimulated STIM1 but inhibited STIM2 expression, whereas depletion of cellular polyamines by inhibiting ODC activity decreased STIM1 but increased STIM2 levels. Induced STIM1/TRPC1 association by increasing polyamines enhanced Ca(2+) influx and stimulated epithelial restitution, while decreased formation of the STIM1/TRPC1 complex by polyamine depletion decreased Ca(2+) influx and repressed cell migration. Induced STIM1/STIM2 heteromers by polyamine depletion or STIM2 overexpression suppressed STIM1 membrane translocation and inhibited Ca(2+) influx and epithelial restitution. These results indicate that polyamines differentially modulate cellular STIM1 and STIM2 levels in IECs, in turn controlling TRPC1-mediated Ca(2+) signaling and influencing cell migration after wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaladanki N Rao
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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López E, Salido GM, Rosado JA, Berna-Erro A. Unraveling STIM2 function. J Physiol Biochem 2012; 68:619-33. [PMID: 22477146 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-012-0163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of molecular players in capacitative calcium (Ca(2+)) entry, also referred to as store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE), supposed a great advance in the knowledge of cellular mechanisms of Ca(2+) entry, which are essential for a broad range of cellular functions. The identification of STIM1 and STIM2 proteins as the sensors of Ca(2+) stored in the endoplasmic reticulum unraveled the mechanism by which depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores is communicated to store-operated Ca(2+) channels located in the plasma membrane, triggering the activation of SOCE and intracellular Ca(2+)-dependent signaling cascades. Initial studies suggested a dominant function of STIM1 in SOCE and SOCE-dependent cellular functions compared to STIM2, especially those that participate in immune responses. Consequently, most of the subsequent studies focused on STIM1. However, during the last years, STIM2 has been demonstrated to play a more relevant and complex function than initially reported, being even important to sustain normal life in mice. These studies have led to reconsider the role of STIM2 in SOCE and its relevance in cellular physiology. This review is intended to summarize and provide an overview of the current data available about this exciting isoform, STIM2, and its actual position together with STIM1 in the mechanism of SOCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther López
- Department of Physiology (Cellular Physiology Research Group), University of Extremadura, Av. Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
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Huang Z, Rose AH, Hoffmann PR. The role of selenium in inflammation and immunity: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:705-43. [PMID: 21955027 PMCID: PMC3277928 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary selenium (]Se), mainly through its incorporation into selenoproteins, plays an important role in inflammation and immunity. Adequate levels of Se are important for initiating immunity, but they are also involved in regulating excessive immune responses and chronic inflammation. Evidence has emerged regarding roles for individual selenoproteins in regulating inflammation and immunity, and this has provided important insight into mechanisms by which Se influences these processes. Se deficiency has long been recognized to negatively impact immune cells during activation, differentiation, and proliferation. This is related to increased oxidative stress, but additional functions such as protein folding and calcium flux may also be impaired in immune cells under Se deficient conditions. Supplementing diets with above-adequate levels of Se can also impinge on immune cell function, with some types of inflammation and immunity particularly affected and sexually dimorphic effects of Se levels in some cases. In this comprehensive article, the roles of Se and individual selenoproteins in regulating immune cell signaling and function are discussed. Particular emphasis is given to how Se and selenoproteins are linked to redox signaling, oxidative burst, calcium flux, and the subsequent effector functions of immune cells. Data obtained from cell culture and animal models are reviewed and compared with those involving human physiology and pathophysiology, including the effects of Se levels on inflammatory or immune-related diseases including anti-viral immunity, autoimmunity, sepsis, allergic asthma, and chronic inflammatory disorders. Finally, the benefits and potential adverse effects of intervention with Se supplementation for various inflammatory or immune disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Huang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Newton K, Dixit VM. Signaling in innate immunity and inflammation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 76:442-6. [PMID: 22296764 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is triggered when innate immune cells detect infection or tissue injury. Surveillance mechanisms involve pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm. Most PRRs respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or host-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by triggering activation of NF-κB, AP1, CREB, c/EBP, and IRF transcription factors. Induction of genes encoding enzymes, chemokines, cytokines, adhesion molecules, and regulators of the extracellular matrix promotes the recruitment and activation of leukocytes, which are critical for eliminating foreign particles and host debris. A subset of PRRs activates the protease caspase-1, which causes maturation of the cytokines IL1β and IL18. Cell adhesion molecules and chemokines facilitate leukocyte extravasation from the circulation to the affected site, the chemokines stimulating G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Binding initiates signals that regulate leukocyte motility and effector functions. Other triggers of inflammation include allergens, which form antibody complexes that stimulate Fc receptors on mast cells. Although the role of inflammation is to resolve infection and injury, increasing evidence indicates that chronic inflammation is a risk factor for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Newton
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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Abstract
Inflammation is triggered when innate immune cells detect infection or tissue injury. Surveillance mechanisms involve pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm. Most PRRs respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or host-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by triggering activation of NF-κB, AP1, CREB, c/EBP, and IRF transcription factors. Induction of genes encoding enzymes, chemokines, cytokines, adhesion molecules, and regulators of the extracellular matrix promotes the recruitment and activation of leukocytes, which are critical for eliminating foreign particles and host debris. A subset of PRRs activates the protease caspase-1, which causes maturation of the cytokines IL1β and IL18. Cell adhesion molecules and chemokines facilitate leukocyte extravasation from the circulation to the affected site, the chemokines stimulating G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Binding initiates signals that regulate leukocyte motility and effector functions. Other triggers of inflammation include allergens, which form antibody complexes that stimulate Fc receptors on mast cells. Although the role of inflammation is to resolve infection and injury, increasing evidence indicates that chronic inflammation is a risk factor for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Newton
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) reduces respiratory burst, MMP-9 release and CD11b expression, and increases l-selectin shedding in bovine neutrophils. Res Vet Sci 2012; 92:103-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding the calcium-release activated calcium (CRAC) channel abolish calcium influx in cells of the immune system and cause severe congenital immunodeficiency. Patients with autosomal recessive mutations in the CRAC channel gene ORAI1, its activator stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), and mice with targeted deletion of Orai1, Stim1, and Stim2 genes reveal important roles for CRAC channels in adaptive and innate immune responses to infection and in autoimmunity. Because CRAC channels have important functions outside the immune system, deficiency of either ORAI1 or STIM1 is associated with a unique clinical phenotype. This review will give an overview of CRAC channel function in the immune system, examine the consequences of CRAC channel deficiency for immunity in human patients and mice, and discuss genetic defects in immunoreceptor-associated signaling molecules that compromise calcium influx and cause immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Feske
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, USA.
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Putney JW, Tomita T. Phospholipase C signaling and calcium influx. Adv Biol Regul 2012; 52:152-64. [PMID: 21933679 PMCID: PMC3560308 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James W Putney
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences - NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Shaw PJ, Feske S. Physiological and pathophysiological functions of SOCE in the immune system. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2012. [PMID: 22202035 DOI: 10.2741/540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Calcium signals play a critical role in many cell-type specific effector functions during innate and adaptive immune responses. The predominant mechanism to raise intracellular (Ca²⁺) used by most immune cells is store-operated Ca²⁺ entry (SOCE), whereby the depletion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca²⁺ stores triggers the influx of extracellular Ca²⁺. SOCE in immune cells is mediated by the highly Ca²⁺ selective Ca²⁺-release-activated Ca²⁺ (CRAC) channel, encoded by ORAI1, ORAI2 and ORAI3 genes. ORAI proteins are activated by stromal interaction molecules (STIM) 1 and 2, which act as sensors of ER Ca²⁺ store depletion. The importance of SOCE mediated by STIM and ORAI proteins for immune function is evident from the immunodeficiency and autoimmunity in patients with mutations in STIM1 and ORAI1 genes. These patients and studies in gene-targeted mice have revealed an essential role for ORAI/STIM proteins in the function of several immune cells. This review focuses on recent advances made towards understanding the role of SOCE in immune cells with an emphasis on the immune dysregulation that results from defects in SOCE in human patients and transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Shaw
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Decuypere JP, Monaco G, Kiviluoto S, Oh-hora M, Luyten T, De Smedt H, Parys JB, Missiaen L, Bultynck G. STIM1, but not STIM2, is required for proper agonist-induced Ca2+ signaling. Cell Calcium 2011; 48:161-7. [PMID: 20801505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The stromal interaction molecules STIM1 and STIM2 sense a decreasing Ca(2+) concentration in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and activate Ca(2+) channels in the plasma membrane. In addition, at least 2 reports suggested that STIM1 may also interact with the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) receptor. Using embryonic fibroblasts from Stim1(-/-), Stim2(-/-) and wild-type mice, we now tested the hypothesis that STIM1 and STIM2 would also regulate the IP(3) receptor. We investigated whether STIM1 or STIM2 would be the luminal Ca(2+) sensor that controls the loading dependence of the IP(3)-induced Ca(2+) release. Partial emptying of the stores in plasma-membrane permeabilized cells resulted in an increased EC(50) and a decreased Hill coefficient for IP(3)-induced Ca(2+) release. This effect occurred both in the presence and absence of STIM proteins, indicating that these proteins were not the luminal Ca(2+) sensor for the IP(3) receptor. Although Stim1(-/-) cells displayed a normal IP(3)-receptor function, agonist-induced Ca(2+) release was reduced. This finding suggests that the presence of STIM1 is required for proper agonist-induced Ca(2+) signaling. Our data do not provide experimental evidence for the suggestion that STIM proteins would directly control the function of the IP(3) receptor.
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Actions of calcium influx blockers in human neutrophils support a role for receptor-operated calcium entry. Cell Immunol 2010; 262:6-10. [PMID: 20172509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The action of two potent store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) inhibitors, ML-9 and GdCl3 on Ca2+ fluxes induced by the pro-inflammatory agonists FMLP, PAF, LTB(4) as well as the receptor-independent stimulus thapsigargin has not been documented in human neutrophils. In this study, ML-9 enhanced both release and subsequent Ca2+ influx in response to agonists whereas it enhanced Ca2+ release by thapsigargin, but inhibited Ca2+ influx. In contrast, 1muM GdCl3 completely inhibited Ca2+ influx in response to thapsigargin, but only partially blocked Ca2+ influx after agonist stimulation. These results strongly suggest a major role for receptor-operated Ca2+ influx in human neutrophils.
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