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Lauwers S, Van Herreweghe M, Foubert K, Theunis M, Breynaert A, Tuenter E, Hermans N. Validation and optimisation of reduced glutathione quantification in erythrocytes by means of a coulometric high-performance liquid chromatography analytical method. Biomed Chromatogr 2024:e6021. [PMID: 39353732 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.6021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide that consists of cysteine, glutamate and glycine, is present in all mammalian tissues in the millimolar range. Besides having numerous cellular functions, GSH is an important antioxidant and is considered a valuable biomarker in evaluating oxidative stress. This paper provides a sensitive analytical method using HPLC-ECD to quantify GSH in erythrocytes, validated using the ICH guidelines for Bioanalytical Method Validation. The sample preparation was optimised using centrifugal filtration and a hypotonic phosphate buffer for extracting GSH from erythrocytes. HPLC-ECD parameters were adjusted to allow a fast, reversed phase, isocratic separation in 10 min. The detector response was linear between 0.3 and 9.5 μg/mL with a satisfactory regression coefficient and a LOQ of 0.11 μg/mL. Intra- and inter-day repeatability ranged between 1.10% and 8.57% with recoveries ranging from 94.3% to 106.0%. Dilution integrity, benchtop, freeze-thaw and long-term stability were investigated. Samples were stable for up to 6 months at -80°C. This method has a good linear response and is repeatable, precise and accurate. It minimises GSH auto-oxidation using a centrifugal filter during sample preparation, instead of acidification. Therefore, this analytical method is suitable for quantifying GSH in erythrocytes as a marker of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stef Lauwers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis - Pharmaceutical Technology (NatuRAPT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maxim Van Herreweghe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis - Pharmaceutical Technology (NatuRAPT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kenn Foubert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis - Pharmaceutical Technology (NatuRAPT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mart Theunis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis - Pharmaceutical Technology (NatuRAPT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annelies Breynaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis - Pharmaceutical Technology (NatuRAPT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emmy Tuenter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis - Pharmaceutical Technology (NatuRAPT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nina Hermans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis - Pharmaceutical Technology (NatuRAPT), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Liu J, Bai Y, Feng Y, Liu X, Pang B, Zhang S, Jiang M, Chen A, Huang H, Chen Y, Ling J, Mei L. ABCC1 deficiency potentiated noise-induced hearing loss in mice by impairing cochlear antioxidant capacity. Redox Biol 2024; 74:103218. [PMID: 38870779 PMCID: PMC11225891 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The ABCC1 gene belongs to the ATP-binding cassette membrane transporter superfamily, which plays a crucial role in the efflux of various endogenous and exogenous substances. Mutations in ABCC1 can result in autosomal dominant hearing loss. However, the specific roles of ABCC1 in auditory function are not fully understood. Through immunofluorescence, we found that ABCC1 was expressed in microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) of the stria vascularis (StV) in the murine cochlea. Then, an Abcc1 knockout mouse model was established by using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to elucidate the role of ABCC1 in the inner ear. The ABR threshold did not significantly differ between WT and Abcc1-/- mice at any age studied. After noise exposure, the ABR thresholds of the WT and Abcc1-/- mice were significantly elevated. Interestingly, after 14 days of noise exposure, ABR thresholds largely returned to pre-exposure levels in WT mice but not in Abcc1-/- mice. Our subsequent experiments showed that microvascular integrity in the StV was compromised and that the number of outer hair cells and the number of ribbons were significantly decreased in the cochleae of Abcc1-/- mice post-exposure. Besides, the production of ROS and the accumulation of 4-HNE significantly increased. Furthermore, StV microvascular ECs were cultured to elucidate the role of ABCC1 in these cells under glucose oxidase challenge. Notably, 30 U/L glucose oxidase (GO) induced severe oxidative stress damage in Abcc1-/- cells. Compared with WT cells, the ROS and 4-HNE levels and the apoptotic rate were significantly elevated in Abcc1-/- cells. In addition, the reduced GSH/GSSG ratio was significantly decreased in Abcc1-/- cells after GO treatment. Taken together, Abcc1-/- mice are more susceptible to noise-induced hearing loss, possibly because ABCC1 knockdown compromises the GSH antioxidant system of StV ECs. The exogenous antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) may protect against oxidative damage in Abcc1-/- murine cochleae and ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yijiang Bai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xianlin Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Pang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mengzhu Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Anhai Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huping Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongjia Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Ling
- Medical Functional Experiment Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Lingyun Mei
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Otolaryngology Major Disease Research Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Orzołek A, Rafalska KT, Domosławska-Wyderska A, Rafalska AM, Dziekońska A, Jastrzębska E, Dobbek D. The effect of solarium light therapy on selected biological and biochemical parameters of peripheral blood in young and old horses. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304290. [PMID: 38787841 PMCID: PMC11125486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the impact of solarium light therapy on selected biological and biochemical parameters of peripheral blood in recreational horses. The study involved 10 horses divided into two groups of young (aged 5 to 7 years) and old (aged 14 to 19 years) individuals. All animals participated in light therapy sessions every other day. Blood was sampled three times during the study: before the treatment, after five light sessions, and after ten light sessions. Morphological parameters, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, TAS values, and the levels of glutathione (GSH), vitamin D3, vitamin C, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in the whole blood. Light therapy contributed to an increase in MCV, HDW, MCVr, CHr and MPV indices, and simultaneously a decrease in the basophil counts, MCHC, RDW and CHCMr indices in both groups of horses (p ≤ 0.05). At the same time reticulocytes fell in older whereas white blood cells and monocytes counts expanded in younger individuals. The treatment also increased the activity of glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in young but decreased the activity of mentioned enzymes in blood plasma of old horses. The total antioxidant status (TAS) of the blood plasma rose progressively, whereas GSH levels declined in all individuals. Moreover, vitamin D3 levels did not change, whereas vitamin C levels gradually decreased during the experiment. The therapy also helped to reduce levels of MDA in the blood plasma, especially of older horses (p ≤ 0.05). In turn, GPx and GR activities as well as MDA levels significantly declined, whereas GSH levels notably elevated in erythrocytes (p ≤ 0.05). Solarium light therapy appears to have a beneficial impact on the morphological parameters and antioxidant status of blood in recreational horses in the winter season. However, the observed results could in part be attributed to the natural physiological adaptation of each individual organism to the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Orzołek
- Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Teresa Rafalska
- Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Domosławska-Wyderska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agata Monika Rafalska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Dziekońska
- Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ewa Jastrzębska
- Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, Department of Horse Breeding and Riding, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dominika Dobbek
- Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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Eigenschink M, Savran D, Zitterer CP, Granitzer S, Fritz M, Baron DM, Müllner EW, Salzer U. Redox Properties of Human Erythrocytes Are Adapted for Vitamin C Recycling. Front Physiol 2021; 12:767439. [PMID: 34938201 PMCID: PMC8685503 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.767439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA; or vitamin C) is an important physiological antioxidant and radical scavenger. Some mammalian species, including homo sapiens, have lost the ability to synthetize AA and depend on its nutritional uptake. Erythrocytes from AA-auxotroph mammals express high amounts of the glucose transporter GLUT1. This isoform enables rapid uptake of glucose as well as dehydroascorbate (DHA), the fully oxidized form of AA. Here, we explored the effects of DHA uptake on the redox metabolism of human erythrocytes. DHA uptake enhanced plasma membrane electron transport (PMET) activity. This process is mediated by DCytb, a membrane bound cytochrome catalyzing extracellular reduction of Fe3+ and ascorbate free radical (AFR), the first oxidized form of AA. DHA uptake also decreased cellular radical oxygen species (ROS) levels. Both effects were massively enhanced in the presence of physiological glucose concentrations. Reduction of DHA to AA largely depleted intracellular glutathione (GSH) and induced the efflux of its oxidized form, GSSG. GSSG efflux could be inhibited by MK-571 (IC50 = 5 μM), indicating involvement of multidrug resistance associated protein (MRP1/4). DHA-dependent GSH depletion and GSSG efflux were completely rescued in the presence of 5 mM glucose and, partially, by 2-deoxy-glucose (2-DG), respectively. These findings indicate that human erythrocytes are physiologically adapted to recycle AA both intracellularly via GLUT1-mediated DHA uptake and reduction and extracellularly via DCytb-mediated AFR reduction. We discuss the possibility that this improved erythrocyte-mediated AA recycling was a prerequisite for the emergence of AA auxotrophy which independently occurred at least twice during mammalian evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eigenschink
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Danylo Savran
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph P Zitterer
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Granitzer
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Fritz
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David M Baron
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernst W Müllner
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Salzer
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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The Impact of Dehydration and Hyperthermia on Circulatory Glutathione Metabolism after Exercise in the Heat with Insights into the Role of Erythrocytes. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111144. [PMID: 34833020 PMCID: PMC8625141 DOI: 10.3390/life11111144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Reduced glutathione (GSH) is one of the main thiols involved in antioxidant defense. Changes in circulatory levels of GSH during exercise are associated with hyperthermia and dehydration. The mechanisms by which these alterations occur are not entirely known. We hypothesize that erythrocytes could be an important source of circulatory GSH during heat stress conditions. We performed two separate experiments to address this hypothesis. Methods: In the first experiment, we sought to investigate the impact of exercise in the heat and dehydration on erythrocyte levels of GSH. A total of 10 men performed 60 min of cycling at 60% VO2peak in the heat (38.0 ± 0.9 °C) or in a control temperate environment (23.0 ± 1.0 °C), both with and without dehydration. Relative humidity ranged from 50 to 70%. Blood samples were taken before and after exercise to measure GSH and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione. In the second experiment, erythrocytes were isolated from blood samples taken at rest and heated in vitro to determine the impact of heat on erythrocyte glutathione content. Tubes with erythrocytes were exposed to water baths at different temperatures; one tube was exposed to a water bath at 35 °C and the other tube to a water bath at 41 °C for a period of 30 min. After exposure to heat, plasma and erythrocytes were extracted for GSH and GSSG analyses. Results: Dehydration decreased circulatory GSH, regardless of ambient temperature (temperate and heat decreased 15.35% and 30.31%, respectively), resulting in an altered redox balance. Heat increased GSH levels in vitro. Conclusion: Our data suggest that dehydration decreases circulatory GSH levels regardless of environmental temperature. In addition, in vitro data suggests that erythrocytes may contribute to the release of GSH during exposure to heat stress.
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Granitzer S, Ellinger I, Khan R, Gelles K, Widhalm R, Hengstschläger M, Zeisler H, Desoye G, Tupova L, Ceckova M, Salzer H, Gundacker C. In vitro function and in situ localization of Multidrug Resistance-associated Protein (MRP)1 (ABCC1) suggest a protective role against methyl mercury-induced oxidative stress in the human placenta. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3799-3817. [PMID: 32915249 PMCID: PMC7603445 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02900-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Methyl mercury (MeHg) is an organic highly toxic compound that is transported efficiently via the human placenta. Our previous data suggest that MeHg is taken up into placental cells by amino acid transporters while mercury export from placental cells mainly involves ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters. We hypothesized that the ABC transporter multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP)1 (ABCC1) plays an essential role in mercury export from the human placenta. Transwell transport studies with MRP1-overexpressing Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK)II cells confirmed the function of MRP1 in polarized mercury efflux. Consistent with this, siRNA-mediated MRP1 gene knockdown in the human placental cell line HTR-8/SVneo resulted in intracellular mercury accumulation, which was associated with reduced cell viability, accompanied by increased cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and oxidative stress as determined via the glutathione (GSH) status. In addition, the many sources claiming different localization of MRP1 in the placenta required a re-evaluation of its localization in placental tissue sections by immunofluorescence microscopy using an MRP1-specific antibody that was validated in-house. Taken together, our results show that (1) MRP1 preferentially mediates apical-to-basolateral mercury transport in epithelial cells, (2) MRP1 regulates the GSH status of placental cells, (3) MRP1 function has a decisive influence on the viability of placental cells exposed to low MeHg concentrations, and (4) the in situ localization of MRP1 corresponds to mercury transport from maternal circulation to the placenta and fetus. We conclude that MRP1 protects placental cells from MeHg-induced oxidative stress by exporting the toxic metal and by maintaining the placental cells' GSH status in equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Granitzer
- Karl-Landsteiner Private University for Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabella Ellinger
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rumsha Khan
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Gelles
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raimund Widhalm
- Karl-Landsteiner Private University for Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Harald Zeisler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gernot Desoye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lenka Tupova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Ceckova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Hans Salzer
- Clinic for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Tulln, Tulln, Austria
| | - Claudia Gundacker
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Gong ZH, Tian GL, Huang QW, Wang YM, Xu HP. Reduced glutathione and glutathione disulfide in the blood of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient newborns. BMC Pediatr 2017; 17:172. [PMID: 28728551 PMCID: PMC5520230 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-017-0920-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is commonly detected during mass screening for neonatal disease. We developed a method to measure reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for detecting G6PD deficiency. METHODS The concentration of GSH and the GSH/GSSG ratio in newborn dry-blood-spot (DBS) screening and in blood plus sodium citrate for test confirmation were examined by MS/MS using labeled glycine as an internal standard. RESULTS G6PD-deficient newborns had a lower GSH content (242.9 ± 15.9 μmol/L)and GSH/GSSG ratio (14.9 ± 7.2) than neonatal controls (370.0 ± 53.2 μmol/L and 46.7 ± 19.6, respectively). Although the results showed a significance of P < 0.001 for DBS samples plus sodium citrate that were examined the first day after preparation, there were no significant differences in the mean GSH concentration and GSH/GSSG ratio between the G6PD deficiency-positive and negative groups when examined three days after sample preparation. CONCLUSION The concentration of GSH and the ratio of GSH/GSSG in blood measured using MS/MS on the first day of sample preparation are consistent with G6PD activity and are helpful for diagnosing G6PD deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hua Gong
- Department of general surgery, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, road, West Lane 1400, number 24. Shanghai, Beijing, 200040, China.
| | - Guo-Li Tian
- Neonatal screening center, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Wei Huang
- Department of neonatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Min Wang
- Neonatal screening center, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Ping Xu
- Neonatal screening center, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Carroll D, Howard D, Zhu H, Paumi CM, Vore M, Bondada S, Liang Y, Wang C, St Clair DK. Simultaneous quantitation of oxidized and reduced glutathione via LC-MS/MS: An insight into the redox state of hematopoietic stem cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:85-94. [PMID: 27212018 PMCID: PMC4996720 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular redox balance plays a significant role in the regulation of hematopoietic stem-progenitor cell (HSC/MPP) self-renewal and differentiation. Unregulated changes in cellular redox homeostasis are associated with the onset of most hematological disorders. However, accurate measurement of the redox state in stem cells is difficult because of the scarcity of HSC/MPPs. Glutathione (GSH) constitutes the most abundant pool of cellular antioxidants. Thus, GSH metabolism may play a critical role in hematological disease onset and progression. A major limitation to studying GSH metabolism in HSC/MPPs has been the inability to measure quantitatively GSH concentrations in small numbers of HSC/MPPs. Current methods used to measure GSH levels not only rely on large numbers of cells, but also rely on the chemical/structural modification or enzymatic recycling of GSH and therefore are likely to measure only total glutathione content accurately. Here, we describe the validation of a sensitive method used for the direct and simultaneous quantitation of both oxidized and reduced GSH via liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in HSC/MPPs isolated from bone marrow. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was determined to be 5.0ng/mL for GSH and 1.0ng/mL for GSSG with lower limits of detection at 0.5ng/mL for both glutathione species. Standard addition analysis utilizing mouse bone marrow shows that this method is both sensitive and accurate with reproducible analyte recovery. This method combines a simple extraction with a platform for the high-throughput analysis, allows for efficient determination of GSH/GSSG concentrations within the HSC/MPP populations in mouse, chemotherapeutic treatment conditions within cell culture, and human normal/leukemia patient samples. The data implicate the importance of the modulation of GSH/GSSG redox couple in stem cells related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Carroll
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Diana Howard
- Hematology and Oncology Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Haining Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Christian M Paumi
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY, United States
| | - Mary Vore
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Subbarao Bondada
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ying Liang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Chi Wang
- Division of Cancer Biostatistics, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Daret K St Clair
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
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9
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Zhang G, Zhu J, Zhou Y, Wei Y, Xi L, Qin H, Rao Z, Han M, Ma Y, Wu X. Hesperidin Alleviates Oxidative Stress and Upregulates the Multidrug Resistance Protein 2 in Isoniazid and Rifampicin-Induced Liver Injury in Rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2016; 30:342-9. [PMID: 27017938 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy; The First Hospital of Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Junfang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy; The First Hospital of Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
- Department of Core laboratory; The First Hospital of Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy; The First Hospital of Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Wei
- Department of Pharmacy; The First Hospital of Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Xi
- Department of Pharmacy; The First Hospital of Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Qin
- Department of Pharmacy; The First Hospital of Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Rao
- Department of Pharmacy; The First Hospital of Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Han
- Department of Pharmacy; The First Hospital of Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
- College of Pharmaceutical Science; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanrong Ma
- Department of Pharmacy; The First Hospital of Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin'an Wu
- Department of Pharmacy; The First Hospital of Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
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10
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Serum ferritin levels may have a pro-atherosclerotic role in coronary artery disease patients with sleep disordered breathing. J Appl Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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11
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Sadowska-Bartosz I, Bartosz G. Ascorbic acid and protein glycation in vitro. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 240:154-62. [PMID: 26163454 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the effects of ascorbic acid (AA) in vitro in the absence and in the presence of cell-dependent recycling. In a cell-free system, AA enhanced glycoxidation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) by glucose and induced BSA glycation in the absence of sugars. On the other hand, AA did not affect erythrocyte hemolysis, glycation of hemoglobin and erythrocyte membranes, and inactivation of catalase, protected against inactivation of acetylcholinesterase of erythrocytes incubated with high glucose concentrations and enhanced the loss of glutathione. These results can be explained by assumption that AA acts as a proglycating agent in the absence of recycling while is an antiglycating agent when metabolic recycling occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza St. 4, PL 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza St. 4, PL 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland; Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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12
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Trevisan R, Mello DF, Uliano-Silva M, Delapedra G, Arl M, Dafre AL. The biological importance of glutathione peroxidase and peroxiredoxin backup systems in bivalves during peroxide exposure. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 101:81-90. [PMID: 25265592 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic peroxide elimination in eukaryotes essentially depends on glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and peroxiredoxin (Prx) enzymes, which are supported by their respective electron donors, glutathione (GSH) and thioredoxin (Trx). This system depends on the ancillary enzymes glutathione reductase (GR) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) to maintain GSH and Trx in their reduced state. This study discusses the biological importance of GR and TrxR in supporting GPx and Prx during cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) exposure in brown mussel Perna perna. ZnCl2 or 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenze (CDNB) was used to decrease GR and TrxR activities in gills, as already reported with mammals and bivalves. ZnCl2 exposure lowered GR activity (28%), impaired the in vivo CHP decomposition and decreased the survival rates under CHP exposure. CDNB decreased GR (54%) and TrxR (73%) activities and induced glutathione depletion (99%), promoting diminished peroxide elimination and survival rates at a greater extent than ZnCl2. CDNB also increased the susceptibility of hemocytes to CHP toxicity. Despite being toxic and causing mortality at longer exposures, short (2 h) exposure to CHP promoted an up regulation of GSH (50 and 100 μM CHP) and protein-thiol (100 μM CHP) levels, which was blocked by ZnCl2 or CDNB pre-exposure. Results highlight the biological importance of GSH, GR and TrxR in supporting GPx and Prx activities, contributing to organic peroxides elimination and mussel survival under oxidative challenges. To our knowledge, this is the first work that demonstrates, albeit indirectly, the biological importance of GPx/GR/GSH and Prx/TrxR/Trx systems on in vivo organic peroxide elimination in bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Trevisan
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Danielle Ferraz Mello
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Marcela Uliano-Silva
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Delapedra
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Miriam Arl
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Alcir Luiz Dafre
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
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13
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Hall JA, Bobe G, Nixon BK, Vorachek WR, Hugejiletu, Nichols T, Mosher WD, Pirelli GJ. Effect of transport on blood selenium and glutathione status in feeder lambs. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:4115-22. [PMID: 25035242 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress from transport may be linked to increased generation of reactive oxygen species, the removal of which requires reduced glutathione and selenium. The aim of this experiment was to examine the effect of transport on glutathione and Se status of feeder lambs. Recently weaned lambs (n = 40) were blocked by gender and BW on d 0 of the experiment and randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups: group 1, no transport and full access to feed and water (control), and group 2, 8-h road transport followed by another 16 h of feed deprivation (transport). After 24 h, both treatment groups were treated the same. All lambs were weighed, and blood samples were collected at 0, 8, 24, and 72 h and analyzed for whole-blood (WB) and serum Se concentrations, serum NEFA concentrations, and erythrocyte concentrations of glutathione. Transport of feeder lambs for 8 h followed by another 16 h of feed deprivation transiently (significant at 24 h but no longer different at 72 h) decreased BW and erythrocyte glutathione concentrations and increased serum NEFA and blood Se concentrations compared with control lambs. Our results suggest that 8 h of transport followed by another 16 h of feed deprivation results in fatty acid and Se mobilization from tissue stores with a coincident decrease in erythrocyte glutathione concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
| | - G Bobe
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331 Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
| | - B K Nixon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
| | - W R Vorachek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
| | - Hugejiletu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
| | - T Nichols
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
| | - W D Mosher
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
| | - G J Pirelli
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331
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14
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Xie J, Potter A, Xie W, Lynch C, Seefeldt T. Evaluation of a dithiocarbamate derivative as a model of thiol oxidative stress in H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 70:214-22. [PMID: 24607690 PMCID: PMC4011664 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thiol redox state (TRS) refers to the balance between reduced thiols and their corresponding disulfides and is mainly reflected by the ratio of reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG). A decrease in GSH/GSSG, which reflects a state of thiol oxidative stress, as well as thiol modifications such as S-glutathionylation, has been shown to have important implications in a variety of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, research models for inducing thiol oxidative stress are important tools for studying the pathophysiology of these disease states as well as examining the impact of pharmacological interventions on thiol pathways. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of a dithiocarbamate derivative, 2-acetylamino-3-[4-(2-acetylamino-2-carboxyethylsulfanylthiocarbonylamino)phenylthiocarbamoylsulfanyl]propionic acid (2-AAPA), as a pharmacological model of thiol oxidative stress by examining the extent of thiol modifications induced in H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes and its impact on cellular functions. The extent of thiol oxidative stress produced by 2-AAPA was also compared to other models of oxidative stress including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), diamide, buthionine sulfoximine, and N,N׳-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitroso-urea. Results indicated that 2-AAPA effectively inhibited glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase activities and decreased the GSH/GSSG ratio by causing a significant accumulation of GSSG. 2-AAPA also increased the formation of protein disulfides as well as S-glutathionylation. The alteration in TRS led to a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c, and increase in reactive oxygen species production. Compared to other models, 2-AAPA is more potent at creating a state of thiol oxidative stress with lower cytotoxicity, higher specificity, and more pharmacological relevance, and could be utilized as a research tool to study TRS-related normal and abnormal biochemical processes in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashu Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Ashley Potter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Christophina Lynch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Teresa Seefeldt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
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15
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Zhang R, Huang G, Zeng W, Wu W. Conformations of Oxidized Glutathione in Aqueous Urea Solution by All-Atom Molecular Dynamic Simulations and 2D-NOESY Spectrum. J SOLUTION CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-013-0097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Pinto MAS, Lopes MSMS, Bastos STO, Reigada CLL, Dantas RF, Neto JCB, Luna AS, Madi K, Nunes T, Zaltman C. Does active Crohn's disease have decreased intestinal antioxidant capacity? J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7:e358-66. [PMID: 23523266 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Oxidative stress is presumed to play an important role in Crohn's disease (CD) pathogenesis. Nevertheless, the evaluation of the intestinal antioxidant capacity through the analysis of glutathione peroxidase activity in CD remains to be determined. METHODS 20 CD outpatients and 16 volunteers going through colonic cancer screening were enrolled. Colonoscopy with biopsies was performed in all individuals. Samples from inflamed and non-inflamed mucosa were taken when there was CD endoscopic activity. Spectrophotometric assays were performed to measure tissue glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and total (GSHT) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione in all samples. Demographics and clinical characteristics were collected from clinical charts. RESULTS Inflamed CD mucosa presented reduced GPx activity compared to non-inflamed CD mucosa (42.94mU/mg protein vs 79.62mU/mg protein, P<0.05) and control mucosa (42.94mU/mg protein vs 95.08mU/mg protein, P<0.001). GSHT concentration was reduced in inflamed mucosa when compared to non-inflamed CD mucosa (0.78μmol/g vs 1.98μmol/g, P<0.01) and the control group (0.78μmol/g vs 2.11μmol/g, P<0.001). A significant correlation was detected between GPx activity and GSSG (r=-0.599), disease duration (r=0.546), and thiopurine treatment (r=-0.480) in non-inflamed CD mucosa. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that reduced GPx activity is present in inflamed CD mucosa. In addition, endoscopic activity, disease duration and thiopurine therapy could be associated with mucosal decreased antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonio S Pinto
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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17
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Meder F, Hintz H, Koehler Y, Schmidt MM, Treccani L, Dringen R, Rezwan K. Adsorption and Orientation of the Physiological Extracellular Peptide Glutathione Disulfide on Surface Functionalized Colloidal Alumina Particles. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:6307-16. [DOI: 10.1021/ja401590c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Meder
- Faculty
of Production Engineering, Advanced Ceramics, ‡Center for Biomolecular Interactions
Bremen, and §Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Henrik Hintz
- Faculty
of Production Engineering, Advanced Ceramics, ‡Center for Biomolecular Interactions
Bremen, and §Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Koehler
- Faculty
of Production Engineering, Advanced Ceramics, ‡Center for Biomolecular Interactions
Bremen, and §Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Maike M. Schmidt
- Faculty
of Production Engineering, Advanced Ceramics, ‡Center for Biomolecular Interactions
Bremen, and §Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Laura Treccani
- Faculty
of Production Engineering, Advanced Ceramics, ‡Center for Biomolecular Interactions
Bremen, and §Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Faculty
of Production Engineering, Advanced Ceramics, ‡Center for Biomolecular Interactions
Bremen, and §Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Kurosch Rezwan
- Faculty
of Production Engineering, Advanced Ceramics, ‡Center for Biomolecular Interactions
Bremen, and §Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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18
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Glutathione export from human erythrocytes and Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites. Biochem J 2013; 448:389-400. [PMID: 22950671 DOI: 10.1042/bj20121050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione export from uninfected human erythrocytes was compared with that from cells infected with the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum using two separate methods that distinguish between oxidized (GSSG) and reduced (GSH) glutathione. One involved enzymatic recycling with or without thiol-masking; the other involved rapid derivatization followed by HPLC. Glutathione efflux from uninfected erythrocytes under physiological conditions occurred predominantly as GSH. On exposure of the cells to oxidative challenge, efflux of GSSG exceeded that of GSH. Efflux of both species was blocked by MK571, an inhibitor of mammalian multidrug-resistance proteins. Glutathione efflux from parasitized erythrocytes was substantially greater than that from uninfected erythrocytes. Under physiological conditions, the exported species was GSH, whereas under energy-depleted conditions, GSSG efflux occurred. Glutathione export from parasitized cells was inhibited partially by MK571 and more so by furosemide, an inhibitor of the 'new permeability pathways' induced by the parasite in the host erythrocyte membrane. Efflux from isolated parasites occurred as GSH. On exposure to oxidative challenge, this GSH efflux decreased, but no GSSG export was detected. These results are consistent with the view that the parasite supplies its host erythrocyte with GSH, much of which is exported from the infected cell via parasite-induced pathways.
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Glutathione (GSH) depletion is a central signaling event that regulates the activation of cell death pathways. GSH depletion is often taken as a marker of oxidative stress and thus, as a consequence of its antioxidant properties scavenging reactive species of both oxygen and nitrogen (ROS/RNS). RECENT ADVANCES There is increasing evidence demonstrating that GSH loss is an active phenomenon regulating the redox signaling events modulating cell death activation and progression. CRITICAL ISSUES In this work, we review the role of GSH depletion by its efflux, as an important event regulating alterations in the cellular redox balance during cell death independent from oxidative stress and ROS/RNS formation. We discuss the mechanisms involved in GSH efflux during cell death progression and the redox signaling events by which GSH depletion regulates the activation of the cell death machinery. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The evidence summarized here clearly places GSH transport as a central mechanism mediating redox signaling during cell death progression. Future studies should be directed toward identifying the molecular identity of GSH transporters mediating GSH extrusion during cell death, and addressing the lack of sensitive approaches to quantify GSH efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Franco
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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20
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Li J, Ward KM, Zhang D, Dayanandam E, Denittis AS, Prendergast GC, Ayene IS. A bioactive probe of the oxidative pentose phosphate cycle: novel strategy to reverse radioresistance in glucose deprived human colon cancer cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 27:367-77. [PMID: 22926048 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The specific effects of glucose deprivation on oxidative pentose phosphate cycle (OPPC) function, thiol homeostasis, protein function and cell survival remain unclear due to lack of a glucose-sensitive chemical probe. Using p53 wild type and mutant human colon cells, we determined the effects of hydroxyethyl disulfide (HEDS) on NADPH, GSH, GSSG, total glutathione, total non-protein and protein thiol levels, the function of the DNA repair protein Ku, and the susceptibility to radiation-induced free radicals under normal glucose or glucose-deprived conditions. HEDS is rapidly detoxified in normal glucose but triggered a p53-independent metabolic stress in glucose depleted state that caused loss of NADPH, protein and non-protein thiol homeostasis and Ku function, and enhanced sensitivity of both p53 wild type and mutant cells to radiation induced oxidative stress. Additionally, high concentration of HEDS alone induced cell death in p53 wild type cells without significant effect on p53 mutant cells. HEDS offers a useful tool to gain insights into how glucose metabolism affects OPPC dependent stress-induced cellular functions and injury, including in tumor cells, where our findings imply a novel therapeutic approach to target glucose deprived tumor. Our work introduces a novel probe to address cancer metabolism and ischemic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
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