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Mandal SK, Puri S, Kumar BK, Muzaffar-Ur-Rehman M, Sharma PK, Sankaranarayanan M, Deepa PR. Targeting lipid-sensing nuclear receptors PPAR (α, γ, β/δ): HTVS and molecular docking/dynamics analysis of pharmacological ligands as potential pan-PPAR agonists. Mol Divers 2024; 28:1423-1438. [PMID: 37280404 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10666-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The global prevalence of obesity-related systemic disorders, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cancers are rapidly rising. Several of these disorders involve peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) as one of the key cell signaling pathways. PPARs are nuclear receptors that play a central role in lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis. They can activate or suppress the genes responsible for inflammation, adipogenesis, and energy balance, making them promising therapeutic targets for treating metabolic disorders. In this study, an attempt has been made to screen novel PPAR pan-agonists from the ZINC database targeting the three PPAR family of receptors (α, γ, β/δ), using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The top scoring five ligands with strong binding affinity against all the three PPAR isoforms were eprosartan, canagliflozin, pralatrexate, sacubitril, olaparib. The ADMET analysis was performed to assess the pharmacokinetic profile of the top 5 molecules. On the basis of ADMET analysis, the top ligand was subjected to MD simulations, and compared with lanifibranor (reference PPAR pan-agonist). Comparatively, the top-scoring ligand showed better protein-ligand complex (PLC) stability with all the PPARs (α, γ, β/δ). When experimentally tested in in vitro cell culture model of NAFLD, eprosartan showed dose dependent decrease in lipid accumulation and oxidative damage. These outcomes suggest potential PPAR pan-agonist molecules for further experimental validation and pharmacological development, towards treatment of PPAR-mediated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar Mandal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333 031, India
| | - Sonakshi Puri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333 031, India
| | - Banoth Karan Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333 031, India
| | - Mohammed Muzaffar-Ur-Rehman
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333 031, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333 031, India
| | - Murugesan Sankaranarayanan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333 031, India
| | - P R Deepa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333 031, India.
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Feineis D, Bringmann G. Structural variety and pharmacological potential of naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2024; 91:1-410. [PMID: 38811064 DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids are a fascinating class of natural biaryl compounds. They show characteristic mono- and dimeric scaffolds, with chiral axes and stereogenic centers. Since the appearance of the last comprehensive overview on these secondary plant metabolites in this series in 1995, the number of discovered representatives has tremendously increased to more than 280 examples known today. Many novel-type compounds have meanwhile been discovered, among them naphthylisoquinoline-related follow-up products like e.g., the first seco-type (i.e., ring-opened) and ring-contracted analogues. As highlighted in this review, the knowledge on the broad structural chemodiversity of naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids has been decisively driven forward by extensive phytochemical studies on the metabolite pattern of Ancistrocladus abbreviatus from Coastal West Africa, which is a particularly "creative" plant. These investigations furnished a considerable number of more than 80-mostly new-natural products from this single species, with promising antiplasmodial activities and with pronounced cytotoxic effects against human leukemia, pancreatic, cervical, and breast cancer cells. Another unique feature of naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids is their unprecedented biosynthetic origin from polyketidic precursors and not, as usual for isoquinoline alkaloids, from aromatic amino acids-a striking example of biosynthetic convergence in nature. Furthermore, remarkable botanical results are presented on the natural producers of naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids, the paleotropical Dioncophyllaceae and Ancistrocladaceae lianas, including first investigations on the chemoecological role of these plant metabolites and their storage and accumulation in particular plant organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Feineis
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Liao M, Yao D, Wu L, Luo C, Wang Z, Zhang J, Liu B. Targeting the Warburg effect: A revisited perspective from molecular mechanisms to traditional and innovative therapeutic strategies in cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:953-1008. [PMID: 38487001 PMCID: PMC10935242 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer reprogramming is an important facilitator of cancer development and survival, with tumor cells exhibiting a preference for aerobic glycolysis beyond oxidative phosphorylation, even under sufficient oxygen supply condition. This metabolic alteration, known as the Warburg effect, serves as a significant indicator of malignant tumor transformation. The Warburg effect primarily impacts cancer occurrence by influencing the aerobic glycolysis pathway in cancer cells. Key enzymes involved in this process include glucose transporters (GLUTs), HKs, PFKs, LDHs, and PKM2. Moreover, the expression of transcriptional regulatory factors and proteins, such as FOXM1, p53, NF-κB, HIF1α, and c-Myc, can also influence cancer progression. Furthermore, lncRNAs, miRNAs, and circular RNAs play a vital role in directly regulating the Warburg effect. Additionally, gene mutations, tumor microenvironment remodeling, and immune system interactions are closely associated with the Warburg effect. Notably, the development of drugs targeting the Warburg effect has exhibited promising potential in tumor treatment. This comprehensive review presents novel directions and approaches for the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients by conducting in-depth research and summarizing the bright prospects of targeting the Warburg effect in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minru Liao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dahong Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Lifeng Wu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chaodan Luo
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Shuvalov O, Kirdeeva Y, Daks A, Fedorova O, Parfenyev S, Simon HU, Barlev NA. Phytochemicals Target Multiple Metabolic Pathways in Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2012. [PMID: 38001865 PMCID: PMC10669507 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12112012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer metabolic reprogramming is a complex process that provides malignant cells with selective advantages to grow and propagate in the hostile environment created by the immune surveillance of the human organism. This process underpins cancer proliferation, invasion, antioxidant defense, and resistance to anticancer immunity and therapeutics. Perhaps not surprisingly, metabolic rewiring is considered to be one of the "Hallmarks of cancer". Notably, this process often comprises various complementary and overlapping pathways. Today, it is well known that highly selective inhibition of only one of the pathways in a tumor cell often leads to a limited response and, subsequently, to the emergence of resistance. Therefore, to increase the overall effectiveness of antitumor drugs, it is advisable to use multitarget agents that can simultaneously suppress several key processes in the tumor cell. This review is focused on a group of plant-derived natural compounds that simultaneously target different pathways of cancer-associated metabolism, including aerobic glycolysis, respiration, glutaminolysis, one-carbon metabolism, de novo lipogenesis, and β-oxidation of fatty acids. We discuss only those compounds that display inhibitory activity against several metabolic pathways as well as a number of important signaling pathways in cancer. Information about their pharmacokinetics in animals and humans is also presented. Taken together, a number of known plant-derived compounds may target multiple metabolic and signaling pathways in various malignancies, something that bears great potential for the further improvement of antineoplastic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Shuvalov
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia; (Y.K.); (A.D.); (O.F.)
| | - Yulia Kirdeeva
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia; (Y.K.); (A.D.); (O.F.)
| | - Alexandra Daks
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia; (Y.K.); (A.D.); (O.F.)
| | - Olga Fedorova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia; (Y.K.); (A.D.); (O.F.)
| | - Sergey Parfenyev
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia; (Y.K.); (A.D.); (O.F.)
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Nickolai A. Barlev
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia; (Y.K.); (A.D.); (O.F.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana 20000, Kazakhstan
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Zhang W, Che Q, Tan H, Qi X, Li D, Zhu T, Liu M. A novel antimycin analogue antimycin A2c, derived from marine Streptomyces sp., suppresses HeLa cells via disrupting mitochondrial function and depleting HPV oncoproteins E6/E7. Life Sci 2023; 330:121998. [PMID: 37536615 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Novel antimycin alkaloid antimycin A2c (AE) was isolated from the culture of a marine derived Streptomyces sp. THS-55. We elucidated its chemical structure by extensive spectra and clarified the specific mechanism in HPV infected-cervical cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Colony formation assay, cell cycle analysis, hoechst 33342 staining assay, et.al were used to detect the inhibitory effect of AE on cervical cancer cells. Meanwhile, flow cytometry, western blotting, immunoprecipitation, RNA interference and molecular docking were used to analyze the mechanism of AE. KEY FINDINGS AE exhibited potent cytotoxicity in vitro against HPV-transformed cervical cancer HeLa cell line. AE inhibited the proliferation, arrested cell cycle distribution, and triggered caspase dependent apoptosis in HeLa cells. Further studies revealed AE-induced apoptosis is mediated by the degradation of E6/E7 oncoproteins. Molecular mechanic investigation showed that AE degraded the levels of E6/E7 oncoproteins through reactive oxygen (ROS)-mediated ubiquitin-dependent proteasome system activation, and the increased ROS generation was due to the disruption of the mitochondrial function. SIGNIFICANCE This present work revealed that this novel marine derived antimycin alkaloid could target the mitochondria and subsequently degrade HPV E6/E7 oncoproteins, and have potential application in the design and development of lead compound for cervical cancer cells, as well as the development for tool compounds to dissect E6/E7 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Active Components of Xinjiang Natural Medicine and Drug Release Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Qian Che
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hongsheng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Dehai Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Tianjiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China.
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China.
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Jin X, Liu S, Chen S, Wang L, Cui Y, He J, Fang S, Li J, Chang Y. A systematic review on botany, ethnopharmacology, quality control, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of Arctium lappa L. fruit. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 308:116223. [PMID: 36781057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Arctium lappa L., is a biennial plant that grows around the Eurasia. Many parts of Arctium lappa L. (roots, leaves and fruits, etc.) are medically used in different countries. Arctium lappa L. fruit, also called Arctii Fructus, is traditionally applied to dispel wind-heat, ventilate lung to promote eruption, remove toxicity substance and relieve sore throat. THE AIM OF THE REVIEW The review aims to integrate the botany, ethnopharmacology, quality control, phytochemistry, pharmacology, derivatives and toxicity information of Arctii Fructus, so as to facilitate future research and explore the potential of Arctii Fructus as an agent for treating diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Related knowledge about Arctii Fructus were acquired from Science Direct, GeenMedical, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Web of Science, Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China, Doctoral and Master's thesis, ancient books, etc. RESULTS: Arctii Fructus as an herb used for medicine and food was pervasively distributed and applicated around the world. It was traditionally used to treat anemopyretic cold, dyspnea and cough, sore throat, etc. To date, more than 200 compounds have been isolated and identified from Arctii Fructus. It contained lignans, phenolic acids and fatty acids, terpenoids, volatile oils and others. Lignans, especially arctigenin and arctiin, had the extensive pharmacological effects such as anti-cancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory activities. The ester derivatives of arctigenin had the anti-cancer, anti-Alzheimer's disease and immunity enhancing effects. Although Arctii Fructus extract had no toxicity, arctigenin was toxic at a certain dose. The alleviating effects of Arctii Fructus on chronic inflammation and ageing have been demonstrated by clinical studies. CONCLUSION Arctii Fructus is regarded as a worthy herb with many chemical components and various pharmacological effects. Several traditional applications have been supported by modern pharmacological research. However, their action mechanisms need to be further studied. Although many chemical components were isolated from Arctii Fructus, the current research mainly focused on lignans, especially arctiin and arctigenin. Therefore, it is very important to deeply clarify the pharmacological activities and action mechanism of the compounds and make full medicinal use of the resources of Arctii Fructus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Suyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Shujing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Lirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Shiming Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Yanxu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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Prakash R, Vyawahare A, Sakla R, Kumari N, Kumar A, Ansari MM, Jori C, Waseem A, Siddiqui AJ, Khan MA, Robertson AAB, Khan R, Raza SS. NLRP3 Inflammasome-Targeting Nanomicelles for Preventing Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Inflammatory Injury. ACS NANO 2023; 17:8680-8693. [PMID: 37102996 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a disease process that affects several vital organs. There is widespread agreement that the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway plays a crucial role in the development of I/R injury. We have developed transferrin-conjugated, pH-responsive nanomicelles for the entrapment of MCC950 drug. These nanomicelles specifically bind to the transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1) expressed on the cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and thus help the cargo to cross the BBB. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of nanomicelles was assessed using in vitro, in ovo, and in vivo models of I/R injury. Nanomicelles were injected into the common carotid artery (CCA) of a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model to achieve maximum accretion of nanomicelles into the brain as blood flows toward the brain in the CCA. The current study reveals that the treatment with nanomicelles significantly alleviates the levels of NLRP3 inflammasome biomarkers which were found to be increased in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated SH-SY5Y cells, the I/R-damaged right vitelline artery (RVA) of chick embryos, and the MCAO rat model. The supplementation with nanomicelles significantly enhanced the overall survival of MCAO rats. Overall, nanomicelles exerted therapeutic effects against I/R injury, which might be due to the suppression of the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Prakash
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow 226003, India
| | - Akshay Vyawahare
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Rahul Sakla
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Neha Kumari
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow 226003, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Md Meraj Ansari
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Sector 67, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Chandrashekhar Jori
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Arshi Waseem
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow 226003, India
| | - Abu Junaid Siddiqui
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow 226003, India
| | | | - Avril A B Robertson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Rehan Khan
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Syed Shadab Raza
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow 226003, India
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Era's Lucknow Medical College Hospital, Era University, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow 226003, India
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Wang G, Ge L, Liu T, Zheng Z, Chen L. The therapeutic potential of arctigenin against multiple human diseases: A mechanistic review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 110:154647. [PMID: 36628833 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arctigenin (ATG), a dibenzyl butyrolactone lignan compound, is one of the major bioactive components from the medicinal plant Arctium lappa. ATG possesses remarkable therapeutic potential against a wide range of human diseases, such as cancers, immune disorders and chronical diseases. The molecular mechanisms behind the biological effects of ATG have been intensively studied. PURPOSE This review aims to systematically summarize the updated knowledge of the proteins and signaling pathways behind the curative property of ATG, and further analyze the potential connections between them. METHOD SciFinder, Pubmed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases were queried for publications reporting the therapeutic properties of ATG. "Arctigenin", "disease", "cancer", "inflammation", "organ damage", "infection", "toxicity" and "pharmacokinetics" were used as the searching titles. RESULT 625 publications were identified and 95 met the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. 42 studies described the molecular mechanisms implicated in ATG treatments. Several proteins including phosphodiesterase subtype 4D (PDE4D), estrogen receptor (ER) β, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and transmembrane protein 16A (TMEM16A) are targeted by ATG in different settings. The frequently described signaling pathways are TLR4/NF-κB, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) signalings. CONCLUSION Inhibition of PI3K/AKT pathway and activation of AMPK signaling play the pivotal roles in the therapeutic effects of ATG. PI3K/AKT and AMPK signaling widely link to other signaling pathways, modulating various biological processes such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative stress, anti-fibrosis, anti-ER stress, anti-steatosis and pro-apoptosis, which constitute the curative mechanisms of ATG against multiple human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanming Wang
- School of Nursing, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Li Ge
- School of Nursing, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Tongyu Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350014, China
| | - Zhihui Zheng
- School of Nursing, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350014, China.
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Krasnytska DO, Viletska YM, Minchenko DO, Khita OO, Tsymbal DO, Cherednychenko AA, Kozynkevych HE, Oksiom NS, Minchenko OH. ERN1 dependent impact of glucose and glutamine deprivations on PBX3, PBXIP1, PAX6, MEIS1, and MEIS2 genes expression in U87 glioma cells. Endocr Regul 2023; 57:37-47. [PMID: 36753664 DOI: 10.2478/enr-2023-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. Homeobox genes play a fundamental role in the embryogenesis, but some of them have been linked to oncogenesis. The present study is aimed to investigate the impact of glucose and glutamine deprivations on the expression of homeobox genes such as PAX6 (paired box 6), PBX3 (PBX homeobox 3), PBXIP1 (PBX homeobox interacting protein 1), MEIS1 (MEIS homeobox 1), and MEIS2 in ERN1 knockdown U87 glioma cells with the intent to reveal the role of ERN1 (endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1) signaling pathway on the endoplasmic reticulum stress dependent regulation of homeobox genes. Methods. The control (transfected by empty vector) and ERN1 knockdown (transfected by dominant-negative ERN1) U87 glioma cells were exposed to glucose and glutamine deprivations for 24 h. The cells RNA was extracted and reverse transcribed. The expression level of PAX6, PBX3, PBXIP1, MEIS1, and MEIS2 genes was evaluated by a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and normalized to ACTB. Results. It was found that glucose deprivation down-regulated the expression level of PAX6, MEIS1, and MEIS2 genes in control glioma cells, but did not significantly alter PBX3 and PBXIP1 genes expression. At the same time, ERN1 knockdown significantly modified the sensitivity of all studied genes to glucose deprivation. Other changes in gene expression were detected in control glioma cells under the glutamine deprivation. The expression of PBX3 and MEIS2 genes was down- while PAX6 and PBXIP1 genes up-regulated. Furthermore, ERN1 knockdown significantly modified the effect of glutamine deprivation on the majority of studied genes expression in U87 glioma cells. Conclusion. The results of the present study demonstrate that the exposure of U87 glioma cells under glucose and glutamine deprivations affected the expression of the majority of the studied homeobox genes and that the sensitivity of PAX6, PBX3, PBXIP1, MEIS1, and MEIS2 genes expression under these experimental conditions is mediated by ERN1, the major pathway of the endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariia O Krasnytska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yuliia M Viletska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro O Minchenko
- Department of Molecular Biology, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Surgery, National Bohomolets Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olena O Khita
- Department of Molecular Biology, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dariia O Tsymbal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Anastasiia A Cherednychenko
- Department of Molecular Biology, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Halyna E Kozynkevych
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Surgery, National Bohomolets Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nataliia S Oksiom
- Department of Molecular Biology, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr H Minchenko
- Department of Molecular Biology, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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10
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Wu D, Jin L, Huang X, Deng H, Shen QK, Quan ZS, Zhang C, Guo HY. Arctigenin: pharmacology, total synthesis, and progress in structure modification. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:2452-2477. [PMID: 36093586 PMCID: PMC9481144 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2115035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arctium lappa L. is a prevalent medicinal herb and a health supplement that is commonly used in Asia. Over the last few decades, the bioactive component arctigenin has attracted the attention of researchers because of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, multiple sclerosis fighting, antitumor, and anti-leukemia properties. After summarising the research and literature on arctigenin, this study outlines the current status of research on pharmacological activity, total synthesis, and structural modification of arctigenin. The purpose of this study is to assist academics in obtaining a more comprehensive understanding of the research progress on arctigenin and to provide constructive suggestions for further investigation of this useful molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Lili Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Xing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Qing-kun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe-shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Changhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Hong-Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
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11
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Kunimasa K, Ikeda-Ishikawa C, Tani Y, Tsukahara S, Sakurai J, Okamoto Y, Koido M, Dan S, Tomida A. Spautin-1 inhibits mitochondrial complex I and leads to suppression of the unfolded protein response and cell survival during glucose starvation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11533. [PMID: 35798783 PMCID: PMC9262966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15673-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive stress response pathway that is essential for cancer cell survival under endoplasmic reticulum stress such as during glucose starvation. In this study, we identified spautin-1, an autophagy inhibitor that suppresses ubiquitin-specific peptidase 10 (USP10) and USP13, as a novel UPR inhibitor under glucose starvation conditions. Spautin-1 prevented the induction of UPR-associated proteins, including glucose-regulated protein 78, activating transcription factor 4, and a splicing variant of x-box-binding protein-1, and showed preferential cytotoxicity in glucose-starved cancer cells. However, USP10 and USP13 silencing and treatment with other autophagy inhibitors failed to result in UPR inhibition and preferential cytotoxicity during glucose starvation. Using transcriptome and chemosensitivity-based COMPARE analyses, we identified a similarity between spautin-1 and mitochondrial complex I inhibitors and found that spautin-1 suppressed the activity of complex I extracted from isolated mitochondria. Our results indicated that spautin-1 may represent an attractive mitochondria-targeted seed compound that inhibits the UPR and cancer cell survival during glucose starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kunimasa
- Division of Genome Research, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Chika Ikeda-Ishikawa
- Division of Genome Research, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Yuri Tani
- Division of Genome Research, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Satomi Tsukahara
- Division of Genome Research, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Junko Sakurai
- Division of Genome Research, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Yuka Okamoto
- Division of Genome Research, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Masaru Koido
- Division of Genome Research, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan.,Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shingo Dan
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tomida
- Division of Genome Research, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan.
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12
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Osmakov DI, Kalinovskii AP, Belozerova OA, Andreev YA, Kozlov SA. Lignans as Pharmacological Agents in Disorders Related to Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: Chemical Synthesis Approaches and Biological Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116031. [PMID: 35682715 PMCID: PMC9181380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant lignans exhibit a wide range of biological activities, which makes them the research objects of potential use as therapeutic agents. They provide diverse naturally-occurring pharmacophores and are available for production by chemical synthesis. A large amount of accumulated data indicates that lignans of different structural groups are apt to demonstrate both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, in many cases, simultaneously. In this review, we summarize the comprehensive knowledge about lignan use as a bioactive agent in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, pharmacological effects in vitro and in vivo, molecular mechanisms underlying these effects, and chemical synthesis approaches. This article provides an up-to-date overview of the current data in this area, available in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, screened from 2000 to 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry I. Osmakov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (D.I.O.); (A.P.K.); (O.A.B.); (Y.A.A.)
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandr P. Kalinovskii
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (D.I.O.); (A.P.K.); (O.A.B.); (Y.A.A.)
| | - Olga A. Belozerova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (D.I.O.); (A.P.K.); (O.A.B.); (Y.A.A.)
| | - Yaroslav A. Andreev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (D.I.O.); (A.P.K.); (O.A.B.); (Y.A.A.)
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Kozlov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (D.I.O.); (A.P.K.); (O.A.B.); (Y.A.A.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Combinatorial Effects of the Natural Products Arctigenin, Chlorogenic Acid, and Cinnamaldehyde Commit Oxidation Assassination on Breast Cancer Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030591. [PMID: 35326241 PMCID: PMC8945099 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Major obstacles in current breast cancer treatment efficacy include the ability of breast cancer cells to develop resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and the off-target cytotoxicity of these drugs on normal cells, leading to debilitating side effects. One major difference between cancer and normal cells is their metabolism, as cancer cells acquire glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism alterations throughout tumorigenesis. In this study, we sought to exploit this metabolic difference by investigating alternative breast cancer treatment options based on the application of phytochemicals. Herein, we investigated three phytochemicals, namely cinnamaldehyde (CA), chlorogenic acid (CGA), and arctigenin (Arc), regarding their anti-breast-cancer properties. These phytochemicals were administered alone or in combination to MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and HCC1419 breast cancer or normal MCF-10A and MCF-12F breast cells. Overall, our results indicated that the combination treatments showed stronger inhibitory effects on breast cancer cells versus single treatments. However, only treatments with CA (35 μM), CGA (250 μg/mL), and the combination of CA + CGA (35 μM + 250 μg/mL) showed no significant cytotoxic effects on normal mammary epithelial cells, suggesting that Arc was the driver of normal cell cytotoxicity in all other treatments. CA + CGA and, to a lesser extent, CGA alone effectively induced breast cancer cell death accompanied by decreases in mitochondrial membrane potential, increased mitochondrial superoxide, reduced mitochondrial and glycolytic ATP production, and led to significant changes in cellular and mitochondrial morphology. Altogether, the combination of CA + CGA was determined as the best anti-breast-cancer treatment strategy due to its strong anti-breast-cancer effects without strong adverse effects on normal mammary epithelial cells. This study provides evidence that targeting the mitochondria may be an effective anticancer treatment, and that using phytochemicals or combinations thereof offers new approaches in treating breast cancer that significantly reduce off-target effects on normal cells.
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14
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Multi-efficient thermostable endoxylanase from Bacillus velezensis AG20 and its production of xylooligosaccharides as efficient prebiotics with anticancer activity. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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15
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ERN1 knockdown modifies the effect of glucose deprivation on homeobox gene expressions in U87 glioma cells. Endocr Regul 2021; 54:196-206. [PMID: 32857719 DOI: 10.2478/enr-2020-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present investigation was to study the expression of genes encoding homeobox proteins ZEB2 (zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2), TGIF1 (TGFB induced factor homeobox 1), SPAG4 (sperm associated antigen 4), LHX1 (LIM homeobox 1), LHX2, LHX6, NKX3-1 (NK3 homeobox 1), and PRRX1 (paired related homeobox 1) in U87 glioma cells in response to glucose deprivation in control glioma cells and cells with knockdown of ERN1 (endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1), the major pathway of the endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling, for evaluation of it possible significance in the control of glioma growth through ERN1 signaling and chemoresistance. METHODS The expression level of homeobox family genes was studied in control (transfected by vector) and ERN1 knockdown U87 glioma cells under glucose deprivation condition by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS It was shown that the expression level of ZEB2, TGIF1, PRRX1, and LHX6 genes was up-regulated in control glioma cells treated by glucose deprivation. At the same time, the expression level of three other genes (NKX3-1, LHX1, and LHX2) was down-regulated. Furthermore, ERN1 knockdown of glioma cells significantly modified the effect glucose deprivation condition on the expression almost all studied genes. Thus, treatment of glioma cells without ERN1 enzymatic activity by glucose deprivation condition lead to down-regulation of the expression level of ZEB2 and SPAG4 as well as to more significant up-regulation of PRRX1 and TGIF1 genes. Moreover, the expression of LHX6 and NKX3-1 genes lost their sensitivity to glucose deprivation but LHX1 and LHX2 genes did not change it significantly. CONCLUSIONS The results of this investigation demonstrate that ERN1 knockdown significantly modifies the sensitivity of most studied homeobox gene expressions to glucose deprivation condition and that these changes are a result of complex interaction of variable endoplasmic reticulum stress related and unrelated regulatory factors and contributed to glioma cell growth and possibly to their chemoresistance.
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16
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Mitra D, Verma D, Mahakur B, Kamboj A, Srivastava R, Gupta S, Pandey A, Arora B, Pant K, Panneerselvam P, Ghosh A, Barik DP, Mohapatra PKD. Molecular docking and simulation studies of natural compounds of Vitex negundo L. against papain-like protease (PL pro) of SARS CoV-2 (coronavirus) to conquer the pandemic situation in the world. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:5665-5686. [PMID: 33459176 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1873185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) is β-coronavirus that is responsible for the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) all over the world. The rapid spread of the novel SARS CoV-2 worldwide is raising a significant global public health issue with nearly 61.86 million people infected and 1.4 million deaths. To date, no specific drugs are available for the treatment of COVID-19. The inhibition of proteases essential for the proteolytic treatment of viral polyproteins is a conventional therapeutic strategy for conquering viral infections. In the study, molecular docking approach was used to screen potential drug compounds among the phytochemicals of Vitex negundo L. against COVID-19 infection. Molecular docking analysis showed that oleanolic acid forms a stable complex and other phyto-compounds ursolic acid, 3β-acetoxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid and isovitexin of V. negundo natural compounds form a less-stable complex. When compared with the control the synergistic interaction of these compounds shows inhibitory activity against papain-like protease (PLpro) of SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19). The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation (50 ns) were performed on the complexes of PLpro and the phyto-compounds viz. oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, 3β-acetoxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid and isovitexin followed by the binding free energy calculations using MM-GBSA and these molecules have stable interactions with PLpro protein binding site. The MD simulation study provides more insight into the functional properties of the protein-ligand complex and suggests that these molecules can be considered as a potential drug molecule against COVID-19. In this pandemic situation, these herbal compounds provide a rich resource to produce new antivirals against COVID-19.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasis Mitra
- Department of Microbiology, Raiganj University, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Devvret Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bhaswatimayee Mahakur
- Department of Botany and Biotechnology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Anshul Kamboj
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rakesh Srivastava
- Department of Applied Sciences, NGF College of Engineering and Technology, Palwal, Haryana, India
| | - Sugam Gupta
- Department of Environmental Science, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ajita Pandey
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Kumud Pant
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - P Panneerselvam
- Microbiology, Crop Production Division, ICAR - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Arabinda Ghosh
- Microbiology Division, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Durga P Barik
- Department of Botany and Biotechnology, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha, India
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17
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Fayez S, Cacciatore A, Sun S, Kim M, Aké Assi L, Feineis D, Awale S, Bringmann G. Ancistrobrevidines A-C and related naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids with cytotoxic activities against HeLa and pancreatic cancer cells, from the liana Ancistrocladus abbreviatus. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 30:115950. [PMID: 33383442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
From the leaves of Ancistrocladus abbreviatus (Ancistrocladaceae), six 5,1'-coupled naphthyldihydroisoquinoline alkaloids were isolated, ancistrobrevidines A-C (5-7), 5-epi-dioncophyllidine C2 (10), 6-O-methylhamatinine (8), and 6-O-methylancistectorine A3 (9); the two latter compounds were already known from related plants. Most strikingly, this series comprises alkaloids belonging to three different subclasses of naphthylisoquinolines. Ancistrobrevidine C (7) and the alkaloids 8 and 9, displaying the S-configuration at C-3 and an oxygen function at C-6, are three further representatives of the large subgroup of 5,1'-coupled Ancistrocladaceae-type compounds found in nature. 5-epi-Dioncophyllidine C2 (10), lacking an oxygen function at C-6 and having the R-configuration at C-3, is only the third representative of a 5,1'-linked Dioncophyllaceae-type naphthylisoquinoline. Likewise rare are 5,1'-coupled hybrid-type alkaloids, which are 6-oxygenated and 3R-configured. The ancistrobrevidines A (5) and B (6) are the only second and third examples of such 5,1'-linked naphthylisoquinolines in Ancistrocladus species showing the landmarks of both, Ancistrocladaceae- and Dioncophyllaceae-type naphthylisoquinolines. In the roots of A. abbreviatus, two further unprecedented 5,1'-coupled alkaloids were discovered, ancistrobreviquinones A (11) and B (12), consisting of a 3,4-naphthoquinone portion coupled to a tetrahydroisoquinoline subunit. They are the very first quinoid naphthylisoquinolines possessing an ortho-diketone entity. Ancistrobrevidine C (7) exerted pronounced antiproliferative activities against HeLa cervical cancer cells and preferential cytotoxicity towards PANC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells under nutrient-deprived conditions following the antiausterity approach. Moreover, 7 suppressed the migration of PANC-1 cells and significantly inhibited colony formation under nutrient-rich conditions in a concentration-dependent manner, and induced dramatic alteration in cell morphology, leading to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa Fayez
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street 1, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alessia Cacciatore
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sijia Sun
- Division of Natural Drug Discovery, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Minjo Kim
- Division of Natural Drug Discovery, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Laurent Aké Assi
- Centre National de Floristique, Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques, Université d' Abidjan, Abidjan 08, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Doris Feineis
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Suresh Awale
- Division of Natural Drug Discovery, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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18
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Glucose deprivation affects the expression of genes encoding cAMP-activated protein kinase and related proteins in U87 glioma cells in ERN1 dependent manner. Endocr Regul 2020; 54:244-254. [PMID: 33885249 DOI: 10.2478/enr-2020-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. The aim of this investigation was to study the expression of genes encoding cAMP-activated protein kinase catalytic and regulatory A subunits (PRKACA and PRKAR1A) and related proteins such as cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors A and G (PKIA and PKIG), catalytic subunit A of protein phosphatase 3 (PPP3CA), A-kinase anchoring protein 12 (AKAP12), and praja ring finger ubiquitin ligase 2 (PJA2) in U87 glioma cells in response to glucose deprivation in both control U87 glioma cells and cells with ERN1 (endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1) knockdown, the major pathway of the endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling, for evaluation of possible significance of glucose deprivation in ERN1 dependent regulation of glioma growth.Methods. The expression level of PRKA related genes was studied in control (transfected by vector) and ERN1 knockdown U87 glioma cells under glucose deprivation by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Results. It was shown that the expression level of PRKACA and PKIA genes was down-regulated in control glioma cells treated by glucose deprivation, but PJA2 gene was up-regulated. At the same time, the expression of four other genes (PRKAR1A, PKIG, AKAP12, and PPP3CA) was resistant to this experimental condition. Furthermore, ERN1 knockdown of glioma cells significantly modified the effect glucose deprivation on the expression almost all studied genes. Thus, treatment of glioma cells with inhibited ERN1 enzymatic activity by glucose deprivation lead to a more significant down-regulation of the expression level of PKIA and to suppression PRKAR1A gene expressions. Moreover, the ERN1 knockdown introduced up-regulation of PKIG and AKAP12 gene expressions in glioma cells treated by glucose deprivation and eliminated the sensitivity of PJA2 gene to this experimental condition.Conclusions. Results of this investigation demonstrated that ERN1 knockdown significantly modified the sensitivity of most studied PRKA related gene expressions to glucose deprivation and that these changes are a result of complex interactions of variable endoplasmic reticulum stress related and unrelated regulatory factors and contributed to the suppression of glioma cell proliferation and their possibly chemoresistance.
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19
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Li X, Gao Q, Yang L, Han M, Zhou C, Mu H. Matairesinol ameliorates experimental autoimmune uveitis by suppression of IRBP-specific Th17 cells. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 345:577286. [PMID: 32559555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of matairesinol (MAT) in the experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), a classical animal model of uveitis. We found that treatment with MAT could alleviate intraocular inflammation of EAU. Notably, Th17 cells in eyes of EAU mice could be predominantly restrained by MAT. Furthermore, MAT could inhibit Th17 differentiation in vitro. In addition, MAT inhibited the signaling of MAPK and ROR-γt, a pivotal transcription factor for Th17 cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these results suggested that MAT had immune-suppressive effects on autoimmune inflammation through Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin First Centre Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin First Centre Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin First Centre Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin First Centre Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunlei Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin First Centre Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Mu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin First Centre Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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20
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Lee YJ, Nam HS, Cho MK, Lee SH. Arctigenin induces necroptosis through mitochondrial dysfunction with CCN1 upregulation in prostate cancer cells under lactic acidosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 467:45-56. [PMID: 32065351 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arctigenin, a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, has been identified as a potential anti-tumor agent, but the involved mechanism still remains elusive. Herein, we studied the underlying mechanism(s) of action of arctigenin on acidity-tolerant prostate cancer PC-3AcT cells in the lactic acid-containing medium. At concentration showing no toxicity on normal prostate epithelial RWPE-1 and HPrEC cells, arctigenin alone or in combination with docetaxel induced significant cytotoxicity in PC-3AcT cells compared to parental PC-3 cells. With arctigenin treatment, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, annexin V-PE positive fractions, sub-G0/G1 peak in cell cycle analysis, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and cell communication network factor 1 (CCN1) levels were increased, while cellular ATP content and phospho (p)-Akt level were decreased. Pretreatment with ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine effectively reversed the series of phenomena caused by arctigenin, suggesting that ROS served as upstream molecules of arctigenin-driven cytotoxicity. Meanwhile, arctigenin increased the levels of p-receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (p-RIP3) and p-mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (p-MLKL) as necroptosis mediators, and pretreatment with necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1 restored their levels and cell viability. Treatment of spheroids with arctigenin resulted in necroptotic cell death, which was prevented by N-acetylcysteine. The siRNA-based knockdown of CCN1 suppressed the levels of MLKL, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation (Mcl-1) with increased cleavage of Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) and caspase-3. Collectively, these results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying arctigenin-induced cytotoxicity, and support arctigenin as a potential therapeutic agent for targeting non-Warburg phenotype through induction of necroptosis via ROS-mediated mitochondrial damage and CCN1 upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Jin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 31, Soonchunhyang 6-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea.,Division of Molecular Cancer Research, Soonchunhyang Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Seon Nam
- Division of Molecular Cancer Research, Soonchunhyang Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Kyun Cho
- Division of Molecular Cancer Research, Soonchunhyang Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Han Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 31, Soonchunhyang 6-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Molecular Cancer Research, Soonchunhyang Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea.
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Apoptosis and necroptosis-inducing effects of arctigenin on nasal septum carcinoma RPMI-2650 cells in 2D and 3D culture. Mol Cell Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-019-00052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Lu Z, Zhou H, Zhang S, Dai W, Zhang Y, Hong L, Chen F, Cao J. Activation of reactive oxygen species-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinases pathway regulates both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis induced by arctigenin in Hep G2. J Pharm Pharmacol 2019; 72:29-43. [PMID: 31617221 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Arctigenin (ARG) has been proved to inhibit the viability of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) via inducing apoptosis. However, the precise mechanism remains unknown. The present study was aimed to further investigate the mechanism of ARG against HCC in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Arctigenin was applied in vitro and in vivo. Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, etc., were used to investigate the mechanisms. KEY FINDINGS The time-dependent enhancement of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, cytochrome c release, Fas and FasL levels, caspase cascade activation and the loss in the mitochondrial out membrane potential indicated that both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways were triggered by ARG. Moreover, Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 phosphorylated time-dependently. And inhibition of the phosphorylation of either p38 or JNK led to a significant reduction in HepG2 apoptosis, owing to the crucial roles of p38 and JNK played in regulating the apoptosis pathways. In addition, ARG increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HepG2 cells, while the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine almost reversed ARG-induced JNK and p38 activation, and dramatically decreased cell apoptosis. In vivo, ARG increased the cell apoptosis in tumour tissues, and p-p38, p-JNK and Bax were significantly upregulated. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated that ARG induced apoptosis in HCC via ROS-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinases apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shishuo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fanjie Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiyue Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Liu G, Kuang S, Cao R, Wang J, Peng Q, Sun C. Sorafenib kills liver cancer cells by disrupting SCD1-mediated synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids via the ATP-AMPK-mTOR-SREBP1 signaling pathway. FASEB J 2019; 33:10089-10103. [PMID: 31199678 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802619rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor that is effective in treating advanced liver cancer. Although its mechanism of action through several established cancer-related protein kinase targets is well-characterized, sorafenib induces variable responses among human tumors, and the cause for this variation is yet unknown. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we applied mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis to Huh7.5 human liver cancer cells and found that sorafenib significantly affected the expression of the key lipogenic enzymes, especially stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1), in these cells. Given that SCD1 catalyzes the most crucial and rate-limiting step in the synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids (FAs), we performed a lipidomic analysis, which showed a dramatically altered lipid profile in sorafenib-treated cells. Detection and analysis of free FAs showed that the levels of monounsaturated FAs, including oleate, were significantly decreased in those cells treated by sorafenib. Addition of oleate protected liver cancer cells from sorafenib-induced death and alleviated the abnormalities of mitochondrial morphology and function caused by the drug. Treatment with sorafenib suppressed ATP production, resulting in AMPK activation via phosphorylation. Further secondary effects included reduction of the levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) and the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in liver cancer cells. These effects were partly abolished in the presence of compound C (an AMPK inhibitor) and ATP and adenosine, and SREBP1c overexpression also could be resistant to the effects of sorafenib, suggesting that the sorafenib-induced reduction in cell viability was mediated by the ATP-AMPK-mTOR-SREBP1 signaling pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that sorafenib's anticancer activity in liver cancer cells is based on the inhibition of ATP production, SCD1 expression, and monounsaturated FA synthesis. In addition, the decreased monounsaturated FA synthesis further triggered the more serious reduction of ATP production in sorafenib-treated cells. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that sorafenib disrupts lipogenesis and triggers liver cancer cell death by targeting SCD1 through the ATP-AMPK-mTOR-SREBP1 pathway.-Liu, G., Kuang, S., Cao, R., Wang, J., Peng, Q., Sun, C. Sorafenib kills liver cancer cells by disrupting SCD1-mediated synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids via the ATP-AMPK-mTOR- SREBP1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Shan Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruobing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ju Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Quancai Peng
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Chaomin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Zhang J, Cao P, Gui J, Wang X, Han J, Wang Y, Wang G. Arctigenin ameliorates renal impairment and inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress in diabetic db/db mice. Life Sci 2019; 223:194-201. [PMID: 30898648 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays an important role in the development and progression of DN. Arctigenin (ATG), a lignan extract from Fructus Arctii, exhibits anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, anti-oxidative stress and immunomodulatory properties. The present research aimed to investigate whether ATG could protect against diabetes-related renal injury and inhibit ER stress in db/db mice. MAIN METHODS Male db/db mice were randomly divided into two groups: DN group and ATG treatment group (DN + ATG). db/m mice were defined as the normal control group (NC). ATG was dissolved in 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt solution and administered orally at a dose of 80 mg/kg to mice in the DN + ATG group once daily for 8 consecutive weeks. HK2 cells were used to determine the effects of ATG on ER stress and cell apoptosis in vitro. KEY FINDINGS ATG administration significantly reduced blood glucose, urine albumin excretion, and urine albumin to creatinine ratio, and attenuated renal pathological injury when compared with untreated db/db mice. These changes were accompanied by decreased expression of both ER stress-related markers and caspase 12 level in the kidneys of db/db mice. In vitro, high glucose activated ER stress signal transduction pathway and induced cell apoptosis in HK2 cells, which were blocked by ATG. SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that ATG exerts renoprotective effects on diabetes-related renal injury in db/db mice and cytoprotective effects on high glucose induced cell apoptosis and inhibits ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Jingjing Gui
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Jun Han
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-molecules, Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China.
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, China.
| | - Guodong Wang
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macro-molecules, Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China.
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Huh J, Song JH, Kim SR, Cho HM, Ko HJ, Yang H, Sung SH. Lignan Dimers from Forsythia viridissima Roots and Their Antiviral Effects. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:232-238. [PMID: 30676026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Six new dimeric lignans (1-6) and one new lignan glycoside (16) were isolated from Forsythia viridissima roots along with nine known lignans (7-15). Spectroscopic analyses and chemical methods were used to determine these new structures and their absolute configurations. Among these compounds, dimatairesinol (1) and viridissimaols A-E (2-6) were assigned as dimers of dibenzylbutyrolactone analogues. Furthermore, the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antiviral activities against coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and human rhinovirus 1B (HRV1B). In these tests, compounds 12 and 15 showed antiviral effects against CVB3 infection with IC50 values of 15.4 and 36.4 μM, respectively, while 2, 3, 8, and 9 showed activities against HRV1B with IC50 values of 45.7, 47.5, 13.0, and 43.2 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmoo Huh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Seoul National University , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Hyo Moon Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Seoul National University , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Sang Hyun Sung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Seoul National University , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
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Lee YJ, Oh JE, Lee SH. Arctigenin shows preferential cytotoxicity to acidity-tolerant prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells through ROS-mediated mitochondrial damage and the inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:1244-1250. [PMID: 30333093 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular acidity in the tumor microenvironment contributes to chemoresistance of malignant tumors. The objective of this study was to determine anticancer effects of arctigenin, a novel anti-inflammatory lignan extracted from seeds of Arctium lappa, on acidity-tolerant prostate cancer PC-3AcT cells. The PC-3AcT cells manifested increased tolerance to low-pH media with enhanced percent cell viability and increased resistance to docetaxel compared to their parental PC-3 cells. Arctigenin alone or in combination with docetaxel induced potent cytotoxicity. Preferential sensitization of PC-3AcT cells to arctigenin was accompanied by increased cell fractions with sub-G0/G1 peak and annexin V-PE(+), increased ROS levels, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular ATP content, and inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. A series of changes caused by arctigenin were efficiently reversed through reducing ROS levels by radical scavenger N-acetylcysteine, thus placing ROS upstream of arctigenin-driven cytotoxicity. Collectively, these results demonstrate that arctigenin can increase oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial damage of acidity-tolerant PC-3AcT cells, suggesting that arctigenin might be a potential therapeutic candidate to overcome acidic-microenvironment-associated chemotherapeutic resistance in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Jin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Han Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea.
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Lu XW, Zhang HW, Yin BD, Wu JW. Apoptotic Effect of Arctigenin on Human Renal Cancer Cells by Arresting Cell Cycle and Down regulating P13k/Akt Pathway. INT J PHARMACOL 2018. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2018.929.935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Experimental and Simulation Identification of Xanthohumol as an Inhibitor and Substrate of ABCB1. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8050681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Park SH, Cho JY, Oh SW, Kang M, Lee SE, Yoo JA, Jung K, Lee J, Lee SY, Lee J. Arctigenin protects against ultraviolet-A-induced damage to stemness through inhibition of the NF-κB/MAPK pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 282:63-68. [PMID: 29317250 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The stemness of stem cells is negatively affected by ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation. This study was performed to examine the effects of arctigenin on UVA-irradiation-induced damage to the stemness of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) derived from adipose tissue. The mechanisms of action of arctigenin were also investigated. A BrdU-incorporation assay demonstrated that arctigenin attenuated the UVA-induced reduction of the cellular proliferative potential. Arctigenin also increased the UVA-induced reduction in stemness of hMSCs by upregulating stemness-related genes such as SOX2, OCT4, and NANOG. In addition, the UVA-induced reduction in the mRNA expression level of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α was significantly recovered by arctigenin. The antagonizing effect of arctigenin on UVA irradiation was mediated by reduced PGE2 production through the inhibition of MAPKs (p42/44 MAPK, p38 MAPK, and JNK) and NF-κB. Overall, these findings suggest that arctigenin can ameliorate the reduced stemness of hMSCs induced by UVA irradiation. The effects of arctigenin are mediated by PGE2-cAMP signaling-dependent upregulation of HIF-1α. Therefore, arctigenin could be used as an antagonist to attenuate the effects of UVA irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- See-Hyoung Park
- Department of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, 300-16 Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, 164-19 Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Woong Oh
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, 164-19 Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyeong Kang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, 164-19 Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, 164-19 Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Ah Yoo
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, 164-19 Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangseon Jung
- Skincure Life Science Institute, Seongnam City, 132-16 Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jienny Lee
- Viral Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, 39660 Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, San 65, Bokjeong-Dong, Sujeong-Gu, Seongnam-Si, 131-20 Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon City, 164-19 Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea.
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Maxwell T, Chun SY, Lee KS, Kim S, Nam KS. The anti-metastatic effects of the phytoestrogen arctigenin on human breast cancer cell lines regardless of the status of ER expression. Int J Oncol 2016; 50:727-735. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Huang X, Chen M, Ding Y, Wang Q. Arctigenin protects against neuronal hearing loss by promoting neural stem cell survival and differentiation. Genesis 2016; 55. [PMID: 28026149 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal hearing loss has become a prevalent health problem. This study focused on the function of arctigenin (ARC) in promoting survival and neuronal differentiation of mouse cochlear neural stem cells (NSCs), and its protection against gentamicin (GMC) induced neuronal hearing loss. Mouse cochlea was used to isolate NSCs, which were subsequently cultured in vitro. The effects of ARC on NSC survival, neurosphere formation, differentiation of NSCs, neurite outgrowth, and neural excitability in neuronal network in vitro were examined. Mechanotransduction ability demonstrated by intact cochlea, auditory brainstem response (ABR), and distortion product optoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) amplitude in mice were measured to evaluate effects of ARC on GMC-induced neuronal hearing loss. ARC increased survival, neurosphere formation, neuron differentiation of NSCs in mouse cochlear in vitro. ARC also promoted the outgrowth of neurites, as well as neural excitability of the NSC-differentiated neuron culture. Additionally, ARC rescued mechanotransduction capacity, restored the threshold shifts of ABR and DPOAE in our GMC ototoxicity murine model. This study supports the potential therapeutic role of ARC in promoting both NSCs proliferation and differentiation in vitro to functional neurons, thus supporting its protective function in the therapeutic treatment of neuropathic hearing loss in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Huang
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
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Zhang X, De Milito A, Demiroglu-Zergeroglu A, Gullbo J, D'Arcy P, Linder S. Eradicating Quiescent Tumor Cells by Targeting Mitochondrial Bioenergetics. Trends Cancer 2016; 2:657-663. [PMID: 28741504 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of quiescent cell populations in solid tumors represents a major challenge for disease eradication. Such cells are generally present in poorly vascularized tumor areas, show limited sensitivity to traditional chemotherapeutical drugs, and tend to resume proliferation, resulting in tumor reseeding and growth. There is growing recognition of the importance of developing therapies that target these quiescent cell populations to achieve long-lasting remission. Recent studies have shown that the combination of hypoxia and reduced nutrient availability in poorly vascularized areas results in limited tumor metabolic plasticity coupled with an increased sensitivity to perturbations in mitochondrial flux. Targeting of mitochondrial bioenergetics in these quiescent cell tumor populations may enable tumor eradication and improve the prognosis of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhang
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelo De Milito
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Joachim Gullbo
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Oncology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Padraig D'Arcy
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Stig Linder
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden; Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Arctigenin Inhibits Lung Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer by Regulating Cell Viability and Metastatic Phenotypes. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091135. [PMID: 27618887 PMCID: PMC6272973 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arctigenin (ARC) has been shown to have an anti-cancer effect in various cell types and tissues. However, there have been no studies concerning metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, we investigated the anti-metastatic properties of ARC on colorectal metastasis and present a potential candidate drug. ARC induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in CT26 cells through the intrinsic apoptotic pathway via MAPKs signaling. In several metastatic phenotypes, ARC controlled epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through increasing the expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin and decreasing the expressions of mesenchymal markers; N-cadherin, vimentin, β-catenin, and Snail. Moreover, ARC inhibited migration and invasion through reducing of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 expressions. In an experimental metastasis model, ARC significantly inhibited lung metastasis of CT26 cells. Taken together, our study demonstrates the inhibitory effects of ARC on colorectal metastasis.
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Zhang S, Li J, Song S, Li J, Tong R, Zang Z, Jiang Q, Cai L. Integrated in silico and experimental methods revealed that Arctigenin inhibited angiogenesis and HCT116 cell migration and invasion through regulating the H1F4A and Wnt/β-catenin pathway. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:2878-84. [PMID: 26267229 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00439j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Arctigenin (ARG) has been previously reported to exert diverse biological activities including anti-proliferation, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral, etc. In the current study, the anti-metastasis and anti-angiogenesis activities of ARG were investigated. To further understand how ARG played these bioactivities, proteomic approaches were used to profile the proteome changes in response to ARG treatment using 2DE-MS/MS. Using these approaches, a total of 50 differentially expressed proteins were identified and clustered. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that multiple signalling pathways were involved. Moreover, ARG induced anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenesis activities were mainly accompanied by a deactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in HCT116 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouyue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, P. R. China.
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Arctigenin Confers Neuroprotection Against Mechanical Trauma Injury in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells by Regulating miRNA-16 and miRNA-199a Expression to Alleviate Inflammation. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:115-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0784-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Electrochemical behavior of arctigenin at a novel voltammetric sensor based on Iodide/SWCNTs composite film modified electrode and its sensitive determination. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Xu X, Li C, Lei M, Zhu Z, Yan J, Shen X, Hu L. Synthesis and decreasing A β content evaluation of arctigenin-4-yl carbamate derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2988-2991. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Song J, Li N, Xia Y, Gao Z, Zou SF, Kong L, Yao YJ, Jiao YN, Yan YH, Li SH, Tao ZY, Lian G, Yang JX, Kang TG. Arctigenin Treatment Protects against Brain Damage through an Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Apoptotic Mechanism after Needle Insertion. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:182. [PMID: 27445818 PMCID: PMC4916177 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Convection enhanced delivery (CED) infuses drugs directly into brain tissue. Needle insertion is required and results in a stab wound injury (SWI). Subsequent secondary injury involves the release of inflammatory and apoptotic cytokines, which have dramatic consequences on the integrity of damaged tissue, leading to the evolution of a pericontusional-damaged area minutes to days after in the initial injury. The present study investigated the capacity for arctigenin (ARC) to prevent secondary brain injury and the determination of the underlying mechanism of action in a mouse model of SWI that mimics the process of CED. After CED, mice received a gavage of ARC from 30 min to 14 days. Neurological severity scores (NSS) and wound closure degree were assessed after the injury. Histological analysis and immunocytochemistry were used to evaluated the extent of brain damage and neuroinflammation. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) was used to detect universal apoptosis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) was used to test the inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) content. Gene levels of inflammation (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10) and apoptosis (Caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2) were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Using these, we analyzed ARC’s efficacy and mechanism of action. Results: ARC treatment improved neurological function by reducing brain water content and hematoma and accelerating wound closure relative to untreated mice. ARC treatment reduced the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and the number of allograft inflammatory factor (IBA)- and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-positive cells and increased the levels of IL-10. ARC-treated mice had fewer TUNEL+ apoptotic neurons and activated caspase-3-positive neurons surrounding the lesion than controls, indicating increased neuronal survival. Conclusions: ARC treatment confers neuroprotection of brain tissue through anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in a mouse model of SWI. These results suggest a new strategy for promoting neuronal survival and function after CED to improve long-term patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dalian, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dalian, China
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Engineering, St. Cross College, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
| | - Zhong Gao
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Dalian, China
| | - Sa-Feng Zou
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Dalian, China
| | - Liang Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dalian, China
| | - Ying-Jia Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dalian, China
| | - Ya-Nan Jiao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dalian, China
| | - Yu-Hui Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dalian, China
| | - Shao-Heng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dalian, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dalian, China
| | - Guan Lian
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dalian, China
| | - Jing-Xian Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dalian, China
| | - Ting-Guo Kang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Dalian, China
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Targeting Mitochondrial Function to Treat Quiescent Tumor Cells in Solid Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:27313-26. [PMID: 26580606 PMCID: PMC4661878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The disorganized nature of tumor vasculature results in the generation of microenvironments characterized by nutrient starvation, hypoxia and accumulation of acidic metabolites. Tumor cell populations in such areas are often slowly proliferating and thus refractory to chemotherapeutical drugs that are dependent on an active cell cycle. There is an urgent need for alternative therapeutic interventions that circumvent growth dependency. The screening of drug libraries using multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) or glucose-starved tumor cells has led to the identification of several compounds with promising therapeutic potential and that display activity on quiescent tumor cells. Interestingly, a common theme of these drug screens is the recurrent identification of agents that affect mitochondrial function. Such data suggest that, contrary to the classical Warburg view, tumor cells in nutritionally-compromised microenvironments are dependent on mitochondrial function for energy metabolism and survival. These findings suggest that mitochondria may represent an “Achilles heel” for the survival of slowly-proliferating tumor cells and suggest strategies for the development of therapy to target these cell populations.
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Arctigenin Suppress Th17 Cells and Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Through AMPK and PPAR-γ/ROR-γt Signaling. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5356-66. [PMID: 26440666 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Arctigenin is a herb compound extract from Arctium lappa and is reported to exhibit pharmacological properties, including neuronal protection and antidiabetic, antitumor, and antioxidant properties. However, the effects of arctigenin on autoimmune inflammatory diseases of the CNS, multiple sclerosis (MS), and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are still unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that arctigenin-treated mice are resistant to EAE; the clinical scores of arctigenin-treated mice are significantly reduced. Histochemical assays of spinal cord sections also showed that arctigenin reduces inflammation and demyelination in mice with EAE. Furthermore, the Th1 and Th17 cells in peripheral immune organs are inhibited by arctigenin in vivo. In addition, the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ and transcription factor T-bet, as well as the Th17 cytokines IL-17A, IL-17F, and transcription factor ROR-γt are significantly suppressed upon arctigenin treatment in vitro and in vivo. Interestedly, Th17 cells are obviously inhibited in CNS of mice with EAE, while Th1 cells do not significantly change. Besides, arctigenin significantly restrains the differentiation of Th17 cells. We further demonstrate that arctigenin activates AMPK and inhibits phosphorylated p38, in addition, upregulates PPAR-γ, and finally suppresses ROR-γt. These findings suggest that arctigenin may have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties via inhibiting Th17 cells, indicating that it could be a potential therapeutic drug for multiple sclerosis or other autoimmune inflammatory diseases.
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41
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Su S, Wink M. Natural lignans from Arctium lappa as antiaging agents in Caenorhabditis elegans. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 117:340-350. [PMID: 26141518 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Arctium lappa is a well-known traditional medicinal plant in China (TCM) and Europe that has been used for thousands of years to treat arthritis, baldness or cancer. The plant produces lignans as secondary metabolites, which have a wide range of bioactivities. Yet, their antiaging potential has not been explored. In this study, we isolated six lignans from A. lappa seeds, namely arctigenin, matairesinol, arctiin, (iso)lappaol A, lappaol C, and lappaol F. The antioxidant and antiaging properties of the isolated lignans were studied using Caenorhabditis elegans as a relevant animal model. All lignans at concentrations of 10 and 100 μM significantly extended the mean life span of C. elegans. The strongest effect was observed with matairesinol, which at a concentration of 100 μM extended the life span of worms by 25%. Additionally, we observed that five lignans are strong free radical-scavengers in vitro and in vivo and all lignans can improve survival of C. elegans under oxidative stress. Furthermore, the lignans can induce the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor DAF-16 and up-regulate its expression, suggesting that a possible underlying mechanism of the observed longevity-promoting activity of lignans depends on DAF-16 mediated signaling pathway. All lignans up-regulated the expression of jnk-1, indicating that lignans may promote the C. elegans longevity and stress resistance through a JNK-1-DAF-16 cascade. Our study reports new antiaging activities of lignans, which might be candidates for developing antiaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Su
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Lu Z, Cao S, Zhou H, Hua L, Zhang S, Cao J. Mechanism of Arctigenin-Induced Specific Cytotoxicity against Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines: Hep G2 and SMMC7721. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125727. [PMID: 25933104 PMCID: PMC4416797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arctigenin (ARG) has been previously reported to exert high biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antiviral and anticancer. In this study, the anti-tumor mechanism of ARG towards human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was firstly investigated. We demonstrated that ARG could induce apoptosis in Hep G2 and SMMC7721 cells but not in normal hepatic cells, and its apoptotic effect on Hep G2 was stronger than that on SMMC7721. Furthermore, the following study showed that ARG treatment led to a loss in the mitochondrial out membrane potential, up-regulation of Bax, down-regulation of Bcl-2, a release of cytochrome c, caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation and a cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in both Hep G2 and SMMC7721 cells, suggesting ARG-induced apoptosis was associated with the mitochondria mediated pathway. Moreover, the activation of caspase-8 and the increased expression levels of Fas/FasL and TNF-α revealed that the Fas/FasL-related pathway was also involved in this process. Additionally, ARG induced apoptosis was accompanied by a deactivation of PI3K/p-Akt pathway, an accumulation of p53 protein and an inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation especially in Hep G2 cells, which might be the reason that Hep G2 was more sensitive than SMMC7721 cells to ARG treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengbo Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Hua
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shishuo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiyue Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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43
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Lei M, Gan X, Zhao K, Chen A, Hu L. Synthesis of 3,4-disubstituted-furan-2(5H)-one derivatives by Suzuki–Miyaura reaction. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.03.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Jiang X, Zeng L, Huang J, Zhou H, Liu Y. Arctigenin, a Natural Lignan Compound, Induces Apoptotic Death of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via Suppression of PI3-K/Akt Signaling. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2015; 29:458-464. [PMID: 25920004 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital; University of South China; Hengyang 421001 People's Republic of China
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Biology Postdoctoral Workstation; Basic School of Medicine Central South University; Changsha 410013 People's Republic of China
| | - Leping Zeng
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Biology Postdoctoral Workstation; Basic School of Medicine Central South University; Changsha 410013 People's Republic of China
| | - Jufang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Biology Postdoctoral Workstation; Basic School of Medicine Central South University; Changsha 410013 People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Tumor Hospital Xiangya School of Medicine of Central South University; Changsha 410013 People's Republic of China
| | - Yubin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong General Hospital; Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences; Guangzhou 510080 People's Republic of China
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Synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation of 4-amino-4-dehydroxylarctigenin derivatives in glucose-starved A549 tumor cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:435-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of hydroethanolic extract from Jacaranda decurrens leaves. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112748. [PMID: 25402205 PMCID: PMC4234508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Leaves of Jacaranda decurrens are used in traditional Brazilian medicine to treat metabolic diseases related to increased reactive oxygen species. The present study evaluated the antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of hydroethanolic extract from the leaves of Jacaranda decurrens subsp. symmetrifoliolata. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Phenolic compounds, flavonoids and saponins were evaluated in an ethanol:water (80:20, v/v) extract from the leaves of Jacaranda decurrens subsp. symmetrifoliolata (E-Jds). The antioxidant activity of E-Jds was investigated by assessing the following: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity; protection against 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced hemolysis of erythrocytes; in vitro and in vivo malondialdehyde dosage; and the ability to activate antioxidant enzymes. K562 leukemia cells were used for the cytotoxic evaluation of E-Jds and for the assessment of the cell death profile through flow cytometry. KEY RESULTS Phenolic and flavonoid compounds were quantified as 14.38% and 2.15%, respectively, of E-Jds. These phenolic and flavonoid compounds proved to be able to scavenge DPPH free radicals with an IC50 of 9.3 ± 3.3 µg/mL, to protect up to 50% of erythrocytes against AAPH-induced hemolysis and to reduce in vitro and in vivo malondialdehyde levels up to 84% and 22%, respectively. E-Jds also increased glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity, with a concomitant decrease in superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, and exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxic activity on K562 erythroleukemia cells with cell death occurring via both late apoptosis and necrosis. CONCLUSIONS E-Jds exhibits in vitro and in vivo antioxidant potential, which may be the mechanism mediating the metabolic activities reported in folk medicine. Furthermore, the cytotoxic activity identified in this study contributes with the knowledge of antiproliferative activities that have been described in the literature for the genus Jacaranda.
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Hou Y, Cheng B, Zhou M, Fang R, Jiang M, Hou W, Bai G. Searching for synergistic bronchodilators and novel therapeutic regimens for chronic lung diseases from a traditional Chinese medicine, Qingfei Xiaoyan Wan. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113104. [PMID: 25397687 PMCID: PMC4232530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical Chinese pharmacopeias describe numerous excellent herbal formulations, and each prescription is an outstanding pool of effective compounds for drug discovery. Clarifying the bioactivity of the combined mechanisms of the ingredients in complex traditional Chinese medicine formulas is challenging. A classical formula known as Qingfei Xiaoyan Wan, used clinically as a treatment for prevalent chronic lung disease, was investigated in this work. A mutually enhanced bioactivity-guided ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS) characterization system was proposed, coupled with a dual-luciferase reporter assay for β2AR-agonist cofactor screening. Arctiin, arctigenin, descurainoside and descurainolide B, four lignin compounds that showed synergistic bronchodilation effects with ephedrine, were revealed. The synergistic mechanism of arctigenin with the β2ARagonist involved with the reduction of free Ca2+ was clarified by a dual-luciferase reporter assay for intracellular calcium and the Ca2+ indicator fluo-4/AM to monitor changes in the fluorescence. The relaxant and contractile responses of airway smooth muscle are regulated by crosstalk between the intracellular cAMP and calcium signaling pathways. Our data indicated the non-selective βAR agonist ephedrine as the principal bronchodilator of the formula, whereas the lignin ingredients served as adjuvant ingredients. A greater understanding of the mechanisms governing the control of these pathways, based on conventional wisdom, could lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets or new agents for the treatment of asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Binfeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengge Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Runping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenbin Hou
- Tianjin Engineering Laboratory of Quality Control Techniques for TCM, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Gang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail:
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Ogungbe IV, Crouch RA, Demeritte T. (-) Arctigenin and (+) pinoresinol are antagonists of the human thyroid hormone receptor β. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:3051-5. [PMID: 25383984 PMCID: PMC4245177 DOI: 10.1021/ci500537e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
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Lignans are important biologically
active dietary polyphenolic compounds. Consumption of foods that are
rich in lignans is associated with positive health effects. Using
modeling tools to probe the ligand-binding pockets of molecular receptors,
we found that lignans have high docking affinity for the human thyroid
hormone receptor β. Follow-up experimental results show that
lignans (−) arctigenin and (+) pinoresinol are antagonists
of the human thyroid hormone receptor β. The modeled complexes
show key plausible interactions between the two ligands and important
amino acid residues of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifedayo Victor Ogungbe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University , Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
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Zhang D, Li J, Wang F, Hu J, Wang S, Sun Y. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose targeting of glucose metabolism in cancer cells as a potential therapy. Cancer Lett 2014; 355:176-83. [PMID: 25218591 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells are characterized by altered glucose metabolism known as the Warburg effect in which aerobic glycolysis is increased. Glucose is converted to lactate even under sufficient oxygen tension. Interfering with this process may be a potential effective strategy to cause cancer cell death because these cells rely heavily on glucose metabolism for survival and proliferation. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), a glucose analog, targets glucose metabolism to deplete cancer cells of energy. In addition, 2DG increases oxidative stress, inhibits N-linked glycosylation, and induces autophagy. It can efficiently slow cell growth and potently facilitate apoptosis in specific cancer cells. Although 2DG itself has limited therapeutic effect in many types of cancers, it may be combined with other therapeutic agents or radiotherapy to exhibit a synergistic anticancer effect. In this review, we describe the Warburg effect and discuss 2DG and its underlying mechanisms and potential application for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengzhen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuwei Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yueming Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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Hsieh CJ, Kuo PL, Hsu YC, Huang YF, Tsai EM, Hsu YL. Arctigenin, a dietary phytoestrogen, induces apoptosis of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells through the ROS/p38 MAPK pathway and epigenetic regulation. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 67:159-70. [PMID: 24140706 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the anticancer effect of arctigenin (ATG), a natural lignan product of Arctium lappa L., in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Results indicate that ATG inhibits MDA-MB-231 cell growth by inducing apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. ATG triggers the mitochondrial caspase-independent pathways, as indicated by changes in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, resulting in AIF and EndoG nuclear translocation. ATG increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by increasing p22(phox)/NADPH oxidase 1 interaction and decreasing glutathione level. ATG clearly increases the activation of p38 MAPK, but not JNK and ERK1/2. Antioxidant EUK-8, a synthetic catalytic superoxide and hydrogen peroxide scavenger, significantly decreases ATG-mediated p38 activation and apoptosis. Blocking p38 with a specific inhibitor suppresses ATG-mediated Bcl-2 downregulation and apoptosis. Moreover, ATG activates ATF-2, a transcription factor activated by p38, and then upregulates histone H3K9 trimethylation in the Bcl-2 gene promoter region, resulting in Bcl-2 downregulation. Taken together, the results demonstrate that ATG induces apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells via the ROS/p38 MAPK pathway and epigenetic regulation of Bcl-2 by upregulation of histone H3K9 trimethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Kuo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chan Hsu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fang Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Eing-Mei Tsai
- Center for Resources, Research, and Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Ling Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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