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Wang X, Gao J, Fan C, Gao Y, Yang X, Chen L. New Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging Platform with Large Stokes Shift for Carboxylesterase 2 Detection in Thyroid Cancer and Inflammatory Diseases Diagnosis. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3772-3779. [PMID: 38372636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Development of new near-infrared fluorophores is one of the eternal themes in the field of biosensing and biological imaging. In this work, we constructed a novel fluorophore platform MOR by replacing methylindole of hemicyanine fluorophore (CyR) with benzoxazole to acquire better fluorescence characteristics. Based on the platform, a near infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe MOR-CES2 was synthesized for the specific "off-on" response to carboxylesterase 2 (CES2). The probe exhibited excellent properties including near-infrared emission (735 nm), large Stokes shift (105 nm), high sensitivity (LOD, 0.3 ng/mL), and rapid response (15 min). The successful application of MOR-CES2 in biological imaging of CES2 in mice with thyroid cancer and inflammatory bowel disease demonstrated that the probe could identify cancer cells and tissues and sensitively respond to inflammation. The results proved the potency of MOR-CES2 as an efficient imaging tool to assist in the surgical resection of CES2-related tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization for Natural Products Active Molecules, School of Chemistry and Life Science, Anshan Normal University, Anshan 114007, China
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Detection Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Detection Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Chuanfeng Fan
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Detection Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yingkai Gao
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Detection Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xintong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Qingdao Nucleic Acid Rapid Detection Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
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Jiang R, Xia Y, Liu Q, Zhang H, Yang X, He L, Cheng D. Carboxylesterase-activated near-infrared fluorescence probe for highly sensitive imaging of liver tumors. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:1530-1537. [PMID: 38251432 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02759g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases (CESs) are critical for metabolizing ester-containing biomolecules and are specifically important in liver metabolic disorders. The modulation of CESs is also an important issue in pharmacology and clinical applications. Herein, we present a near-infrared (NIR) CES fluorescent probe (NCES) based on the protection-deprotection of the hydroxyl group for monitoring CES levels in living systems. The NCES probe has good selectivity and sensitivity for CESs with a limit of detection (LOD) of 5.24 mU mL-1, which allows for tracing the fluctuation of cellular CES after treatment with anticancer drugs and under inflammation and apoptosis states. Furthermore, NCES can be successfully applied for guiding liver cancer surgery with high-contrast in vivo imaging and detecting clinical serum samples from liver cancer patients. This work showed that the NCES probe has great potential in drug development, imaging applications for medical diagnosis, and early-stage detection for clinical liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfeng Jiang
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China.
| | - Yuqing Xia
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, Clinical Research Institute, the Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China.
| | - Qian Liu
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, Clinical Research Institute, the Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China.
| | - Hongshuai Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan Province, China.
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, Clinical Research Institute, the Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China.
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan Province, China.
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, Clinical Research Institute, the Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China.
| | - Longwei He
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China.
| | - Dan Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan Province, China.
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, Clinical Research Institute, the Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China.
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Chen Y, Zhao T, Miao Z, Huang T, Chen M, Zhao Y, Hai A, Qi Q, Feng P, Li M, Ke B. Identification of the first selective bioluminescent probe for real-time monitoring of carboxylesterase 2 in vitro and in vivo. Analyst 2024; 149:418-425. [PMID: 38078792 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01745a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylesterase (CES), a main hydrolysis enzyme family in the human body, plays a crucial role in drug metabolism. Among them, CES1 and CES2 are the primary subtypes, and each exhibits distinct distribution and functions. However, convenient and non-invasive methods for distinguishing them and the real-time monitoring of CES2 are relatively rare, hindering the further understanding of physiological functions and underlying mechanisms. In this study, we have designed, synthesized, and evaluated the first selective bioluminescent probe (CBP 1) for CES2 with high sensitivity, high specificity and rapid reactivity. This probe offers a promising approach for the real-time detection of CES2 and its dynamic fluctuations both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Zhuang Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Tianguang Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Meiyuan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Ao Hai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Qingrong Qi
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ping Feng
- Institute of Clinical Trials, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Minyong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Bowen Ke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Eades W, Liu W, Shen Y, Shi Z, Yan B. Covalent CES2 Inhibitors Protect against Reduced Formation of Intestinal Organoids by the Anticancer Drug Irinotecan. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:CDM-EPUB-128210. [PMID: 36515038 PMCID: PMC10258227 DOI: 10.2174/1389200224666221212143904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irinotecan is widely used to treat various types of solid and metastatic cancer. It is an ester prodrug and its hydrolytic metabolite (SN-38) exerts potent anticancer activity. Irinotecan is hydrolyzed primarily by carboxylesterase-2 (CES2), a hydrolase abundantly present in the intestine such as the duodenum. We have identified several potent and covalent CES2 inhibi¬tors such as remdesivir and sofosbuvir. Remdesivir is the first small molecule drug approved for COVID-19, whereas sofosbuvir is a paradigm-shift medicine for hepatitis C viral infection. Irinotecan is generally well-tolerated but associated with severe/life-threatening diarrhea due to intestinal accu¬¬mula¬tion of SN-38. OBJECTIVE This study was to test the hypothesis that remdesivir and sofosbuvir protect against irinotecan-induced epithelial injury associated with gastrointestinal toxicity. METHODS To test this hypothesis, formation of organoids derived from mouse duodenal crypts, a robust cellular model for intestinal regeneration, was induced in the presence or absence of irinotecan +/- pretreatment with a CES2 drug inhibitor. RESULTS Irinotecan profoundly inhibited the formation of intestinal organoids and the magnitude of the inhibition was greater with female crypts than their male counterparts. Consistently, crypts from female mice had significantly higher hydrolytic activity toward irinotecan. Critically, remdesivir and sofosbuvir both reduced irinotecan hydrolysis and reversed irinotecan-reduced formation of organoids. Human duodenal samples robustly hydrolyzed irinotecan, stable CES2 transfection induced cytotoxicity and the cytotoxicity was reduced by CES2 drug inhibitor. CONCLUSION These findings establish a therapeutic rationale to reduce irinotecan-gastrointestinal injury and serve as a cellular foundation to develop oral formulations of irinotecan with high safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Eades
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - William Liu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Yue Shen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Zhanquan Shi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Bingfang Yan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Shu Y, Huang C, Liu H, Hu F, Wen H, Liu J, Wang X, Shan C, Li W. A hemicyanine-based fluorescent probe for simultaneous imaging of Carboxylesterases and Histone deacetylases in hepatocellular carcinoma. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 281:121529. [PMID: 35797949 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases (CESs) and Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are regarded as important signaling enzymes highly associated with the development and progression of multiple cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this work, a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe named Lys-HXPI was designed and synthesized, which linked a hemicyanine dye and 6-acetamidohexanoic acid via an ester bond. Lys-HXPI displayed a remarkable increase with a NIR emission at 720 nm, a low detection limit (<10 nM) for HDAC1, HDAC 6, CES1 and CES2, as well as a high selectivity for the target enzymes over other relevant analytes. Furthermore, Lys-HXPI was used to image endogenous target enzymes in living cells, tumor-bearing nude mice and tissue slices. The ability of Lys-HXPI to simultaneous image CESs and HDACs was demonstrated with RT-qPCR and the confocal imaging in Hep G2 and MDA-MB-231. Taking advantage of NIR emission, the probe was also successfully applied to imaging Hep G2 tumor mice and tissue slices. Lys-HXPI is expected to be useful for the effective detecting of CESs and HDACs in complex biosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chaoqun Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongjing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Feiyang Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongmei Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xinzhi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chenxiao Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Shen Y, Eades W, Liu W, Yan B. The COVID-19 Oral Drug Molnupiravir Is a CES2 Substrate: Potential Drug-Drug Interactions and Impact of CES2 Genetic Polymorphism In Vitro. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1151-1160. [PMID: 35790245 PMCID: PMC9450960 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Molnupiravir is one of the two coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) oral drugs that were recently granted the emergency use authorization by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Molnupiravir is an ester and requires hydrolysis to exert antiviral activity. Carboxylesterases constitute a class of hydrolases with high catalytic efficiency. Humans express two major carboxylesterases (CES1 and CES2) that differ in substrate specificity. Based on the structural characteristics of molnupiravir, this study was performed to test the hypothesis that molnupiravir is preferably hydrolyzed by CES2. Several complementary approaches were used to test this hypothesis. As many as 24 individual human liver samples were tested and the hydrolysis of molnupiravir was significantly correlated with the level of CES2 but not CES1. Microsomes from the intestine, kidney, and liver, but not lung, all rapidly hydrolyzed molnupiravir and the magnitude of hydrolysis was related closely to the level of CES2 expression among these organs. Importantly, recombinant CES2 but not CES1 hydrolyzed molnupiravir, collectively establishing that molnupiravir is a CES2-selective substrate. In addition, several CES2 polymorphic variants (e.g., R180H) differed from the wild-type CES2 in the hydrolysis of molnupiravir. Molecular docking revealed that wild-type CES2 and its variant R180H used different sets of amino acids to interact with molnupiravir. Furthermore, molnupiravir hydrolysis was significantly inhibited by remdesivir, the first COVID-19 drug granted the full approval by the FDA. The results presented raise the possibility that CES2 expression and genetic variation may impact therapeutic efficacy in clinical situations and warrants further investigation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: COVID-19 remains a global health crisis, and molnupiravir is one of the two recently approved oral COVID-19 therapeutics. In this study, we have shown that molnupiravir is hydrolytically activated by CES2, a major hydrolase whose activity is impacted by genetic polymorphic variants, disease mediators, and many potentially coadministered medicines. These results presented raise the possibility that CES2 expression and genetic variation may impact therapeutic efficacy in clinical situations and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - William Eades
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - William Liu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Bingfang Yan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Liu SY, Zou X, Guo Y, Gao X. A highly sensitive and selective enzyme activated fluorescent probe for in vivo profiling of carboxylesterase 2. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1221:340126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Xiang C, Xiang J, Yang X, Zhu B, Mo Q, Zhou L, Gong P. An easily available endoplasmic reticulum targeting near-infrared fluorescent probe for esterase imaging in vitro and in vivo. Analyst 2022; 147:789-793. [PMID: 35107444 DOI: 10.1039/d1an02260a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report an easily available endoplasmic reticulum-targeting near-infrared fluorescent probe (ER-CE), which can detect esterase in the endoplasmic reticulum and monitor the changes in the esterase amount in tumors in mice in real time. These results indicate that ER-CE is expected to become a powerful analysis tool for the research of endoplasmic reticulum esterase-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbai Xiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Bioactive Materials Engineering Lab for Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingjing Xiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Bioactive Materials Engineering Lab for Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xing Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Bioactive Materials Engineering Lab for Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baode Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Quanyi Mo
- School of Applied Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Technology, No. 1 Jiangjunmao, Shenzhen 518116, P. R. China.
| | - Lihua Zhou
- School of Applied Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Technology, No. 1 Jiangjunmao, Shenzhen 518116, P. R. China.
| | - Ping Gong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Bioactive Materials Engineering Lab for Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Yin Y, Kong X, Li M, Wang J, Dai X, Zhang Y, Lin W. Development of an esterase fluorescent probe based on naphthalimide-benzothiazole conjugation and its applications for qualitative detection of esterase in orlistat-treated biosamples. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1190:339248. [PMID: 34857133 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Esterase is a large hydrolysis family, and widely distributed in many kinds of cells. It is responsible for multiple physiological and pathological functions including metabolism, gene expression. While abnormality of esterase is associated with many pathological activities in obesity, Wolman's disease, and cancer. Thereby, it is essential to design an effective tool for esterase in situ detection in biological systems. Herein, a novel fluorescent probe Y-1 for monitoring esterase in living cells was rationally designed. Probe Y-1 was synthesized by the conjugation between an acetylation of 4-hydroxy naphthalimide and benzothiazole group. Benzothiazole moiety is a typical Excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) controller. Acetate group was selected as the responsive site and ESIPT initiator. As the acetate group could block the ESIPT effect, the probe emits no fluorescence under the excitation of 455 nm. When binding with esterase, Y-1 shows distinct fluorescence with the peak at 560 nm with short time when ESIPT is on. Y-1 displays high sensitivity (LOD is 0.216 × 10-3 U/mL), fast response (within 5 min), high selectivity and photostability towards esterase. Furthermore, the %RSD (relative standard deviation) of within-day and day-to-day precision was no more than 13.0% and the accuracy ranged from -6.5 to -12.3%. Kinetics performance of Y-1 indicates that esterase has high affinity and hydrolysis to Y-1. For biological applications, our probe is a time-dependent visualizing esterase in living HepG2 and CoLo205 cells within 15 min. After the treatment of orlistat (1 and 5 μM) for inhibiting the activity of esterase, the bright fluorescence has also been detected using our probe. Furthermore, it has been successful in monitoring the esterase in zebrafish, the data were consistent with cellular phenomena. Therefore, all these findings indicate that the robust probe Y-1 is a useful qualitative tool for detecting esterase in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaguang Yin
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, PR China
| | - Xiuqi Kong
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, PR China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, PR China
| | - Jingchao Wang
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Dai
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, PR China
| | - Yunyan Zhang
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, PR China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, PR China.
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Sakai Y, Fukami T, Nagaoka M, Hirosawa K, Ichida H, Sato R, Suzuki K, Nakano M, Nakajima M. Arylacetamide deacetylase as a determinant of the hydrolysis and activation of abiraterone acetate in mice and humans. Life Sci 2021; 284:119896. [PMID: 34450168 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Abiraterone acetate for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is an acetylated prodrug to be hydrolyzed to abiraterone. Abiraterone acetate is known to be hydrolyzed by pancreatic cholesterol esterase secreted into the intestinal lumen. This study aimed to investigate the possibility that arylacetamide deacetylase (AADAC) expressed in enterocytes contributes to the hydrolysis of abiraterone acetate based on its substrate preference. MATERIALS AND METHODS Abiraterone acetate hydrolase activity was measured using human intestinal (HIM) and liver microsomes (HLM) as well as recombinant AADAC. Correlation analysis between activity and AADAC expression was performed in 14 individual HIMs. The in vivo pharmacokinetics of abiraterone acetate was examined using wild-type and Aadac knockout mice administered abiraterone acetate with or without orlistat, a pancreatic cholesterol esterase inhibitor. KEY FINDINGS Recombinant AADAC showed abiraterone acetate hydrolase activity with similar Km value to HIM and HLM. The positive correlation between activity and AADAC levels in individual HIMs supported the responsibility of AADAC for abiraterone acetate hydrolysis. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of abiraterone after oral administration of abiraterone acetate in Aadac knockout mice was 38% lower than that in wild-type mice. The involvement of pancreatic cholesterol esterase in abiraterone formation was revealed by the decreased AUC of abiraterone by coadministration of orlistat. Orlistat potently inhibited AADAC, implying its potential as a perpetrator of drug-drug interactions. SIGNIFICANCE AADAC is responsible for the hydrolysis of abiraterone acetate in the intestine and liver, suggesting that concomitant use of abiraterone acetate and drugs potently inhibiting AADAC should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Sakai
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Mai Nagaoka
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Keiya Hirosawa
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ichida
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Rei Sato
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kohei Suzuki
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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11
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High-Throughput, Fluorescence-Based Esterase Activity Assay for Assessing Polysorbate Degradation Risk during Biopharmaceutical Development. Pharm Res 2021; 38:397-413. [PMID: 33655394 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hydrolytic degradation of polysorbate during 2-8°C storage of monoclonal antibody drug products has been attributed to residual enzymes (e.g., esterases) from bioprocessing steps. Robust detection of esterase activity using sensitive, non-polysorbate surrogate substrates can provide an alternate method to assess polysorbate degradation risk, if the correlation between the esterase activity and polysorbate degradation is established. METHODS A general esterase activity assay was developed as a monitoring and characterization tool during bioprocess development of monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS We report a fluorescence plate-based assay for quantifying esterase activity, utilizing 4-methylumbelliferyl caprylate (MU-C8) as the esterase substrate. The assay was first assessed for substrate, inhibitor and pH specificity using both model enzymes and purified protein samples. The assay was then extensively tested to understand sample matrix effects on activity rates. CONCLUSIONS The use of this high-throughput method will allow for rapid characterization of protein samples in under three hours. The esterase activity correlated directly with polysorbate degradation and can provide valuable information on polysorbate degradation risk throughout drug development.
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12
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Shen Y, Eades W, Yan B. Remdesivir potently inhibits carboxylesterase-2 through covalent modifications: signifying strong drug-drug interactions. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 35:432-434. [PMID: 33369768 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Remdesivir was recently approved to treat COVID-19. While this antiviral agent delivers clinical benefits, several safety concerns in many cases have been raised. This study reports that remdesivir at nanomolar concentrations inhibits carboxylesterase-2 (CES2) through covalent modifications. CES2 is a major drug-metabolizing enzyme. The combination of high potency with irreversible inhibition concludes that cautions must be exercised when remdesivir is used along with drugs hydrolyzed by CES2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - William Eades
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bingfang Yan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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13
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Zhang JF, Zhong WC, Li YC, Song YQ, Xia GY, Tian GH, Ge GB, Lin S. Bioactivity-Guided Discovery of Human Carboxylesterase Inhibitors from the Roots of Paeonia lactiflora. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:2940-2949. [PMID: 32951423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In a continuing search for potential inhibitors against human carboxylesterases 1A1 and 2A1 (hCES1A1 and hCES2A1), an EtOAc extract of the roots of Paeonia lactiflora showed strong hCES inhibition activity. Bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of 26 terpenoids including 12 new ones (1-5, 7-12, and 26). Among these, sesquiterpenoids 1 and 6, monoterpenoids 10, 11, and 13-15, and triterpenoids 18-20, 22, and 24-26 contributed to the hCES2A1 inhibition, in the IC50 range of 1.9-14.5 μM, while the pentacyclic triterpenoids 18-26 were responsible for the potent inhibitory activity against hCES1A1, with IC50 values less than 5.0 μM. The structures of all the compounds were elucidated using MS and 1D and 2D NMR data, and the absolute configurations of the new compounds were resolved via specific rotation, experimental and calculated ECD spectra, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The structure-activity relationship analysis highlighted that the free HO-3 group in the pentacyclic triterpenoids is crucial for their potent inhibitory activity against hCES1A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Chao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Qing Song
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gui-Yang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Hua Tian
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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14
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Shen Y, Shi Z, Fan JT, Yan B. Dechlorination and demethylation of ochratoxin A enhance blocking activity of PXR activation, suppress PXR expression and reduce cytotoxicity. Toxicol Lett 2020; 332:171-180. [PMID: 32659470 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) has been established to induce chemoresistance and metabolic diseases. Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin, decreases the expression of PXR protein in human primary hepatocytes. OTA is chlorinated and has a methylated lactone ring. Both structures are associated with OTA toxicity. The study was to test the hypothesis that structural modifications differentially impact PXR blocking activity over cytotoxicity. To test this hypothesis, OTA-M and OTA-Cl/M were synthesized. OTA-M lacked the methyl group of the lactone-ring, whereas OTA-Cl/M had neither the methyl group nor the chlorine atom. The blocking activity of PXR activation was determined in a stable cell line, harboring both PXR (coding sequence) and its luciferase element reporter. OTA-Cl/M showed the highest blocking activity, followed by OTA-M and OTA. OTA-Cl/M was 60 times as potent as the common PXR blocker ketoconazole based on calculated IC50 values. OTA-Cl/M decreased by 90 % the expression of PXR protein and was the least cytotoxic among the tested compounds. Molecular docking identified that OTA and its derivatives interacted with different sets of residues in PXR, providing a molecular basis for selectivity. Excessive activation of PXR has been implicated in chemoresistance and metabolic diseases. Downregulation of PXR protein expression likely delivers an effective mechanism against structurally diverse PXR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Shen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Zhanquan Shi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jun Ting Fan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Bingfang Yan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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15
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Wagner C, Hois V, Pajed L, Pusch LM, Wolinski H, Trauner M, Zimmermann R, Taschler U, Lass A. Lysosomal acid lipase is the major acid retinyl ester hydrolase in cultured human hepatic stellate cells but not essential for retinyl ester degradation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158730. [PMID: 32361002 PMCID: PMC7279957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A is stored as retinyl esters (REs) in lipid droplets of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). To date, two different pathways are known to facilitate the breakdown of REs: (i) Hydrolysis of REs by neutral lipases, and (ii) whole lipid droplet degradation in autolysosomes by acid hydrolysis. In this study, we evaluated the contribution of neutral and acid RE hydrolases to the breakdown of REs in human HSCs. (R)-Bromoenol lactone (R-BEL), inhibitor of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3), the hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) inhibitor 76-0079, as well as the serine-hydrolase inhibitor Orlistat reduced neutral RE hydrolase activity of LX-2 cell-lysates between 20 and 50%. Interestingly, in pulse-chase experiments, R-BEL, 76-0079, as well as Orlistat exerted little to no effect on cellular RE breakdown of LX-2 cells as well as primary human HSCs. In contrast, Lalistat2, a specific lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) inhibitor, virtually blunted acid in vitro RE hydrolase activity of LX-2 cells. Accordingly, HSCs isolated from LAL-deficient mice showed RE accumulation and were virtually devoid of acidic RE hydrolase activity. In pulse-chase experiments however, LAL-deficient HSCs, similar to LX-2 cells and primary human HSCs, were not defective in degrading REs. In summary, results demonstrate that ATGL, PNPLA3, and HSL contribute to neutral RE hydrolysis of human HSCs. LAL is the major acid RE hydrolase in HSCs. Yet, LAL is not limiting for RE degradation under serum-starvation. Together, results suggest that RE breakdown of HSCs is facilitated by (a) so far unknown, non-Orlistat inhibitable RE-hydrolase(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Wagner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Victoria Hois
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Laura Pajed
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lisa-Maria Pusch
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Heimo Wolinski
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Hans Popper Laboratory of Molecular Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 31/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
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16
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Shen Y, Shi Z, Yan B. Carboxylesterases: Pharmacological Inhibition Regulated Expression and Transcriptional Involvement of Nuclear Receptors and other Transcription Factors. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.32527/2019/101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Shen
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Zhanquan Shi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Bingfang Yan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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17
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Li M, Zhai C, Wang S, Huang W, Liu Y, Li Z. Detection of carboxylesterase by a novel hydrosoluble near-infrared fluorescence probe. RSC Adv 2019; 9:40689-40693. [PMID: 35542681 PMCID: PMC9076276 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08150j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel hydrosoluble near-infrared fluorescence off–on probe has been developed for detecting carboxylesterase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Li
- Nutrition & Health Research Institute
- COFCO Corporation
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition & Health and Food Safety
- Beijing 102209
- China
| | - Chen Zhai
- Nutrition & Health Research Institute
- COFCO Corporation
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition & Health and Food Safety
- Beijing 102209
- China
| | - Shuya Wang
- Nutrition & Health Research Institute
- COFCO Corporation
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition & Health and Food Safety
- Beijing 102209
- China
| | - Weixia Huang
- Nutrition & Health Research Institute
- COFCO Corporation
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nutrition & Health and Food Safety
- Beijing 102209
- China
| | - Yunguo Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830002
- China
| | - Zhao Li
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710062
- China
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18
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Wang J, Chen Q, Tian N, Zhu W, Zou H, Wang X, Li X, Fan X, Jiang G, Tang BZ. A fast responsive, highly selective and light-up fluorescent probe for the two-photon imaging of carboxylesterase in living cells. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:1595-1599. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00147b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A fast responsive and two photon fluorescent probe (HCyNAc) for carboxylesterase (CaE) has been designed and used for the two-photon imaging of the endogenous CaE level in living HeLa cells under 800 nm NIR excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Gannan Normal University
- Ganzhou 341000
- P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Gannan Normal University
- Ganzhou 341000
- P. R. China
| | - Na Tian
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Wenping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Gannan Normal University
- Ganzhou 341000
- P. R. China
| | - Hang Zou
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience
- The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology
- Kowloon
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Gannan Normal University
- Ganzhou 341000
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Gannan Normal University
- Ganzhou 341000
- P. R. China
| | - Guoyu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Gannan Normal University
- Ganzhou 341000
- P. R. China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience
- The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology
- Kowloon
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19
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Abstract
DDAB (6,8-dichloro-9,9-dimethyl-7-oxo-7,9-dihydroacridin-2-yl benzoate) is a newly developed near-infrared fluorescent probe for human carboxylesterase 2 (hCE2), exhibiting high specificity and good reactivity for real-time monitoring the enzymatic activities of hCE2 in complex biological systems. In order to explore the applicability of DDAB in commonly used animal species, the interspecies difference in DDAB hydrolysis was carefully investigated by using liver microsomes from human and five experimental animals including mouse, rat, dog, minipig and monkey. Metabolite profiling demonstrated that DDAB hydrolysis could be catalyzed by all tested liver microsomes from different animals but displayed significant difference in the reaction rate. Chemical inhibition assays demonstrated that carboxylesterases (CEs) were the major enzymes involved in DDAB hydrolysis in all tested liver microsomes, indicating that DDAB was a selective substrate of CEs in a variety of mammals. However, the differential effects of loperamide (LPA, a specific inhibitor against hCE2) on DDAB hydrolysis among various species were observed. The apparent kinetic parameters and the maximum intrinsic clearances (CLmax) for DDAB hydrolysis in liver microsomes from different animals were determined, and the order of CLmax values for the formation of DDAO was CyLM>MLM≈PLM>RLM>HLM≈DLM. These findings were helpful for the rational use of DDAB as an imaging tool for CE2 in different mammals, as well as for translational researches on the function of mammalian CEs and CE2-associated drug-drug interactions.
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20
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Shen Y, Yan B. Covalent inhibition of carboxylesterase-2 by sofosbuvir and its effect on the hydrolytic activation of tenofovir disoproxil. J Hepatol 2017; 66:660-661. [PMID: 27965153 PMCID: PMC8297416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bingfang Yan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Integrated Drug Development, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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21
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Lei W, Wang DD, Dou TY, Hou J, Feng L, Yin H, Luo Q, Sun J, Ge GB, Yang L. Assessment of the inhibitory effects of pyrethroids against human carboxylesterases. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 321:48-56. [PMID: 28242322 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are broad-spectrum insecticides that widely used in many countries, while humans may be exposed to these toxins by drinking or eating pesticide-contaminated foods. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of six commonly used pyrethroids against two major human carboxylesterases (CES) including CES1 and CES2. Three optical probe substrates for CES1 (DME, BMBT and DMCB) and a fluorescent probe substrate for CES2 (DDAB) were used to characterize the inhibitory effects of these pyrethroids. The results demonstrated that most of the tested pyrethroids showed moderate to weak inhibitory effects against both CES1 and CES2, but deltamethrin displayed strong inhibition towards CES1. The IC50 values of deltamethrin against CES1-mediated BMBT, DME, and DMCB hydrolysis were determined as 1.58μM, 2.39μM, and 3.3μM, respectively. Moreover, deltamethrin was cell membrane permeable and capable of inhibition endogenous CES1 in living cells. Further investigation revealed that deltamethrin inhibited CES1-mediated BMBT hydrolysis via competitive manner but noncompetitively inhibited DME or DMCB hydrolysis. The inhibition behaviors of deltamethrin against CES1 were also studied by molecular docking simulation. The results demonstrated that CES1 had at least two different ligand-binding sites, one was the DME site and another was the BMBT site which was identical to the binding site of deltamethrin. In summary, deltamethrin was a strong reversible inhibitor against CES1 and it could tightly bind on CES1 at the same ligand-binding site as BMBT. These findings are helpful for the deep understanding of the interactions between xenobiotics and CES1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lei
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 110623, China; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Tong-Yi Dou
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jie Hou
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Liang Feng
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Jie Sun
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 110623, China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Ling Yang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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22
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Tseng YW, Lin CY, Tsai CL, Chou TY, Hung CH, Kuo CH, Lai SC, Tzeng YJ. Carboxylesterase 2 Is a Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester Synthase. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Tseng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics; Tzu Chi University; No.701, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd. Hualien City 97004 Taiwan
| | - Chueh-Yu Lin
- Institute of Medical Sciences; Tzu Chi University; No.701, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd. Hualien City 97004 Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lin Tsai
- Suntec Medical, Inc.; 28 F., No. 27-2, Sec. 2, Zhongzheng E. Rd. Tamsui Dist. New Taipei City 251 Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Yung Chou
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology; Tzu-Chi University; No.701, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd. Hualien City 97004 Taiwan
| | - Chih-Huang Hung
- Institute of Medical Sciences; Tzu Chi University; No.701, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd. Hualien City 97004 Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Kuo
- School of Pharmacy; National Taiwan University; No.33, Linsen S. Rd. Taipei City 10617 Taiwan
| | - Shang-Chi Lai
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine; Tzu Chi University; No.701, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd. Hualien City 97004 Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine; Buddhist Hualien Tzu Chi General Hospital; No.707, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd. Hualien City 97002 Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy; Buddhist Hualien Tzu Chi General Hospital; No.707, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd. Hualien City 97002 Taiwan
| | - Yin-Jeh Tzeng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics; Tzu Chi University; No.701, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd. Hualien City 97004 Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences; Tzu Chi University; No.701, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd. Hualien City 97004 Taiwan
- Department of Life Science; Tzu Chi University; No.701, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd. Hualien City 97004 Taiwan
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23
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Park SJ, Lee HW, Kim HR, Kang C, Kim HM. A carboxylesterase-selective ratiometric fluorescent two-photon probe and its application to hepatocytes and liver tissues. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3703-3709. [PMID: 30008999 PMCID: PMC6008934 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc05001d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxylesterases (CEs) are widely distributed enzymes in the human body that catalyze hydrolysis of various endogenous and exogenous substrates. They are directly linked to hepatic drug metabolisms and steatosis, and their regulations are important issues in pharmacological and clinical applications. In this work, we have developed an emission ratiometric two-photon probe (SE1) for quantitatively detecting CE in situ. This probe is based on a translation of intramolecular charge transfer character upon reaction with CE. It shows a sensitive blue-to-yellow emission change in response to human CE activity, easy loading into cells, insensitivity to pH and other metabolites including ROS and RNS, high photostability, and low cytotoxicity. Using live hepatocytes and liver tissues, we found that ratiometric two-photon microscopic imaging with SE1 is an effective tool for monitoring CE activities at the subcellular level in live tissues. This probe will find useful applications in biomedical research, including studies of hepatic steatosis and drug developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Energy Systems Research , Ajou University , Suwon 443-749 , Korea .
| | - Hyo Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Energy Systems Research , Ajou University , Suwon 443-749 , Korea .
| | - Hye-Ri Kim
- School of East-West Medical Science , Kyung Hee University , Yongin 446-701 , Korea .
| | - Chulhun Kang
- School of East-West Medical Science , Kyung Hee University , Yongin 446-701 , Korea .
| | - Hwan Myung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Energy Systems Research , Ajou University , Suwon 443-749 , Korea .
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Cerny MA. Prevalence of Non-Cytochrome P450-Mediated Metabolism in Food and Drug Administration-Approved Oral and Intravenous Drugs: 2006-2015. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1246-52. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Riethorst D, Mols R, Duchateau G, Tack J, Brouwers J, Augustijns P. Characterization of Human Duodenal Fluids in Fasted and Fed State Conditions. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:673-681. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ning R, Wang XP, Zhan YR, Qi Q, Huang XF, Hu G, Guo QL, Liu W, Yang J. Gambogic acid potentiates clopidogrel-induced apoptosis and attenuates irinotecan-induced apoptosis through down-regulating human carboxylesterase 1 and -2. Xenobiotica 2016; 46:816-24. [PMID: 26750665 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1125560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
1. In this study, we report that gambogic acid (GA), a promising anticancer agent, potentiates clopidogrel-induced apoptosis and attenuates CPT-11-induced apoptosis by down-regulating human carboxylesterase (CES) 1 and -2 via ERK and p38 MAPK pathway activation, which provides a molecular explanation linking the effect of drug combination directly to the decreased capacity of hydrolytic biotransformation. 2. The expression levels of CES1 and CES2 decreased significantly in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in response to GA in Huh7 and HepG2 cells; hydrolytic activity was also reduced. 3. The results showed that pretreatment with GA potentiated clopidogrel-induced apoptosis by down-regulating CES1. Moreover, the GA-mediated repression of CES2 attenuated CPT-11-induced apoptosis. 4. Furthermore, the ERK and p38 MAPK pathways were involved in the GA-mediated down-regulation of CES1 and CES2. 5. Taken together, our data suggest that GA is a potent repressor of CES1 and CES2 and that combination with GA will affect the metabolism of drugs containing ester bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ning
- a Department of Pharmacology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- b Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Yun-Ran Zhan
- a Department of Pharmacology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Qi Qi
- c Department of Pharmacology , Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , GA , USA , and
| | - Xue-Feng Huang
- d Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Gang Hu
- a Department of Pharmacology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Qing-Long Guo
- b Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- a Department of Pharmacology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- a Department of Pharmacology , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
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Xiao D, Yang D, Guo L, Lu W, Charpentier M, Yan B. Regulation of carboxylesterase-2 expression by p53 family proteins and enhanced anti-cancer activities among 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan and doxazolidine prodrug. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 168:1989-99. [PMID: 23373735 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE For four decades, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has been a major anti-cancer medicine. This drug is increasingly used with other anti-cancer agents such as irinotecan. Irinotecan and many others such as PPD (pentyl carbamate of p-aminobenzyl carbamate of doxazolidine) require activation by carboxylesterase-2 (CES2). 5-FU, on the other hand, reportedly induces CES2 in colorectal tumour lines. The aims of this study were to determine the molecular basis for the induction and to ascertain interactive cell-killing activity between 5-FU and ester prodrugs. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Colorectal and non-colorectal lines and xenografts were treated with 5-FU and the expression of CES2 was determined. Cell-killing activity of irinotecan and PPD were determined in the presence or absence of CES2 inhibitor. Several molecular experiments were used to determine the molecular basis for the induction. KEY RESULTS Without exceptions, robust induction was detected in cell lines expressing functional p53. High-level induction was also detected in xenografts. 5-FU pretreatment significantly increased cell-killing activity of irinotecan and PPD. Molecular experiments established that the induction was achieved by both transactivation and increased mRNA stability through p53. Either p63 or p73, functionally related to p53, did not support the transactivation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The results in this study suggest that FOLFIRI, a common regimen combining irinotecan and 5-FU, should switch the dosing sequence, namely from 5-FU to irinotecan, to enhance hydrolytic activation of irinotecan. This modified order likely reduces the dose of anti-cancer agents, thus minimizing overall toxicity. The results also conclude that p53 family members act differently in regulating gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Xiao
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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Abstract
Orlistat, an inhibitor of intestinal lipase, has been available for the treatment of obesity for nearly two decades. In conjunction with a hypocaloric diet, orlistat treatment results in a placebo-subtracted reduction in body weight of around 3 kg at 1 year, and increases the likelihood of achieving clinically significant (≥5%) weight loss by around 20%. Orlistat-induced weight loss also confers modest improvements in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, glycemic parameters, and progression to diabetes in people with impaired glucose tolerance. Overall, it has a good safety profile, and serious adverse events (including reports of severe kidney and liver injury) are rare. However, a high rate of gastrointestinal side effects limits adherence to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Sumithran
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, Heidelberg, VIC, 3081, Australia,
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Mohammadpour AH, Akhlaghi F. Future of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors: a pharmacological perspective. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014; 52:615-26. [PMID: 23658137 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-013-0071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In almost 30 years since the introduction of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), no other class of lipid modulators has entered the market. Elevation of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) via inhibiting cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is an attractive strategy for reducing the risk of cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. Transfer of triglyceride and cholesteryl ester (CE) between lipoproteins is mediated by CETP; thus inhibition of this pathway can increase the concentration of HDL-C. Torcetrapib was the first CETP inhibitor evaluated in phase III clinical trials. Because of off-target effects, torcetrapib raised blood pressure and increased the concentration of serum aldosterone, leading to higher cardiovascular events and mortality. Torcetrapib showed positive effects on cardiovascular risk especially in patients with a greater increase in HDL-C and apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA-1) levels. The phase III clinical trial of dalcetrapib, the second CETP inhibitor that has entered clinical development, was terminated because of ineffectiveness. Dalcetrapib is a CETP modulator that elevated HDL-C levels but did not reduce the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Both heterotypic and homotypic CE transfer between lipoproteins are mediated by some CETP inhibitors, including torcetrapib, anacetrapib, and evacetrapib, while dalcetrapib only affects the heterotypic CE transfer. Dalcetrapib has a chemical structure that is distinct from other CETP inhibitors, with a smaller molecular weight and a lack of trifluoride moieties. Moreover, dalcetrapib is a pro-drug that must be hydrolyzed to a pharmacologically active thiol form. Two other CETP inhibitors, anacetrapib and evacetrapib, are currently undergoing evaluation in phase III clinical trials. Both molecules have shown beneficial effects by increasing HDL-C and decreasing LDL-C concentration. The success of anacetrapib and evacetrapib remains to be confirmed upon the completion of phase III clinical trials in 2017 and 2015, respectively. Generally, the concentration of HDL-C has been considered a biomarker for the activity of CETP inhibitors. However, it is not clear whether a fundamental relationship exists between HDL-C levels and the risk of coronary artery diseases. The most crucial role for HDL is cholesterol efflux capacity in which HDL can reverse transport cholesterol from foam cells in atherosclerotic plaques. In view of the heterogeneity in HDL particle size, charge, and composition, the mere concentration of HDL-C may not be a good surrogate marker for HDL functionality. Recent clinical studies have reported that increased HDL functionality inversely correlates with the development of atherosclerotic plaque. Future development of CETP inhibitors may therefore benefit from the use of biomarkers of HDL functionality.
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Hahn J, Seeber F, Kolodziej H, Ignatius R, Laue M, Aebischer T, Klotz C. High sensitivity of Giardia duodenalis to tetrahydrolipstatin (orlistat) in vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71597. [PMID: 23977083 PMCID: PMC3747212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis, a gastrointestinal disease caused by Giardia duodenalis, is currently treated mainly with nitroimidazoles, primarily metronidazole (MTZ). Treatment failure rates of up to 20 percent reflect the compelling need for alternative treatment options. Here, we investigated whether orlistat, a drug approved to treat obesity, represents a potential therapeutic agent against giardiasis. We compared the growth inhibitory effects of orlistat and MTZ on a long-term in vitro culture adapted G. duodenalis strain, WB-C6, and on a new isolate, 14-03/F7, from a patient refractory to MTZ treatment using a resazurin assay. The giardiacidal concentration of the drugs and their combined in vitro efficacy was determined by median-effect analysis. Morphological changes after treatment were analysed by light and electron microscopy. Orlistat inhibited the in vitro growth of G. duodenalis at low micromolar concentrations, with isolate 14-03/F7 (IC5024h = 2.8 µM) being more sensitive than WB-C6 (IC5024h = 6.2 µM). The effect was significantly more potent compared to MTZ (IC5024h = 4.3 µM and 11.0 µM, respectively) and led to specific undulated morphological alterations on the parasite surface. The giardiacidal concentration of orlistat was >14 µM for 14-03/F7 and >43 µM for WB-C6, respectively. Importantly, the combination of both drugs revealed no interaction on their inhibitory effects. We demonstrate that orlistat is a potent inhibitor of G. duodenalis growth in vitro and kills parasites at concentrations achievable in the gut by approved treatment regimens for obesity. We therefore propose to investigate orlistat in controlled clinical studies as a new drug in giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Hahn
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Seeber
- Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Herbert Kolodziej
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Ignatius
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Laue
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Toni Aebischer
- Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Klotz
- Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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