1
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Bailly C. Limonoids isolated from Chisocheton ceramicus Miq. and the antiadipogenic mechanism of action of ceramicine B. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2400160. [PMID: 38678480 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Different types of limonoids have been isolated from plants of the Chisocheton genus, notably from the species Chisocheton ceramicus Miq. which is largely distributed in the Indonesian archipelago and Malaysia region. A variety of natural products have been found in the bark of the tree and characterized as antimicrobial and/or antiproliferative agents. The isolated limonoids include chisomicines A-E, proceranolide, and a few other compounds. A focus is made on a large series of limonoids designated ceramicines A to Z including derivatives with antiparasitic activities, antioxidant, antimelanogenic, and antiproliferative effects and/or acting as regulators of lipogenesis. The lead compound in the series is ceramicine B functioning as a potent inhibitor of lipid droplet accumulation (LDA). Extracts from Chisocheton ceramicus and ceramicines have shown anti-LDA effects, with little or no cytotoxic effects. Ceramicine B is the most active compound functioning as a regulator of lipid storage in cells and tissues. Ceramicine B is a transcriptional repressor of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and an inhibitor of phosphorylation of the transcription factor FoxO1, acting via an upstream molecular target. Targeting of glycogen synthase kinase-3β is proposed, based on the analogy with structurally related limonoids known to target this enzyme, and supported by a molecular docking analysis. The target and pathway implicated in ceramicine B activity are discussed. The analysis shed light on ceramicine B as a natural product precursor for the design of novel compounds capable of reducing LDA in cells and of potential interest for the treatment of obesity, liver diseases, and other pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bailly
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, OncoLille Institut, University of Lille, Lille, France
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lille, Lille, France
- OncoWitan, Scientific Consulting Office, Lille, France
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2
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Jabir MS, Albuhadily AK, Al-Gareeb AI, Rafeeq MF. The link between metabolic syndrome and Alzheimer disease: A mutual relationship and long rigorous investigation. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 91:102084. [PMID: 37802319 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been illustrated that metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology. Components of MetS including central obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance (IR), and dyslipidemia adversely affect the pathogenesis of AD by different mechanisms including activation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS), inflammatory signaling pathways, neuroinflammation, brain IR, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. MetS exacerbates AD neuropathology, and targeting of molecular pathways in MetS by pharmacological approach could a novel therapeutic strategy in the management of AD in high risk group. However, the underlying mechanisms of these pathways in AD neuropathology are not completely clarified. Therefore, this review aims to elucidate the association between MetS and AD regarding the oxidative and inflammatory mechanistic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydar M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Majid S Jabir
- Department of Applied science, University of technology, Iraq.
| | - Ali K Albuhadily
- Department of Clinical pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
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3
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Zhang L, Wang L, He J, Ma H, Wang L. Preliminary identification and analysis of differential RNA editing between higher and lower backfat thickness pigs using DNA-seq and RNA-seq data. Anim Genet 2022; 53:327-339. [PMID: 35342974 DOI: 10.1111/age.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RNA editing is an essential post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism. However, few studies have investigated the functional RNA edits in the economic traits of livestock on a genome-wide scale. Pigs are one of the most important livestock species and their fat is the principal organ involved in the regulation of adipose deposition. Here, we used three full-sibling pairs, with each pair comprising a pig with higher backfat (BF) thickness and lower backfat thickness, to identify RNA editing events based on whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing data. A total of 60,903 non-redundant RNA editing sites with 59,472 (97.7%) A-to-G edits were detected using a revised bioinformatics pipeline. A specific sequence context with G preference was found one base downstream of the edited site, and the editing level was associated with the distribution of nucleotides across nearly sites. Moreover, the A-to-G editing sites mostly occurred in the pig-special short interspersed nuclear elements, Pre0_SS. Comparing the difference between pigs with higher BF and lower BF, we found 211 differentially edited sites (DESites). Functional enrichment analyses revealed a significant enrichment of genes containing DESites in terms of adipose deposition. The DESites located in the six adipose-related genes (SKP1, GSK3B, COL5A3, MDM4, NT5C2, and DENND2A) were selected as candidate RNA editing sites associated with adipose deposition, and thus require further evaluation. This study mined the potentially functional RNA editing sites in pig adipose tissue and indicated that RNA editing may play an important role in adipose deposition, which provides a new insight into the post-transcriptionally mediated regulation mechanism of fat development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuebo Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Longchao Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ligang Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Haiming Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement of Domestic Animal, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Lixian Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Qiu Y, Yu H, Zeng R, Guo S, Daniyal M, Deng Z, Wang A, Wang W. Recent Development on Anti-Obesity Compounds and their Mechanisms of Action: A Review. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:3577-3597. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190215114359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, associated with a series of complications such as diabetes, hypertension, and
heart disease, is a great threat to human health and leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Despite
the presence of anti-obesity agents on the market, the application of these drugs is limited because
of their typical side effects. More effective and safe weight-loss drugs are being pursued by
many researchers, correspondingly, growing small molecules and natural products with anti-obesity
effects have been identified and the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of the novel and
known compounds have at least partially been revealed. Therefore, the field does witness great progress
year by year. In this review, we intend to provide a comprehensive and updated view on the
known and novel compounds which possess anti-obesity effects and further classify them according
to the molecular mechanisms of their actions in regulating the major anti-obesity pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Qiu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Drug Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Huanghe Yu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Drug Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Drug Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Shiyin Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Muhammad Daniyal
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Drug Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Zeyu Deng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Drug Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Aibing Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Drug Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
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Wei G, Sun H, Liu JL, Dong K, Liu J, Zhang M. Indirubin, a small molecular deriving from connectivity map (CMAP) screening, ameliorates obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction by enhancing brown adipose thermogenesis and white adipose browning. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2020; 17:21. [PMID: 32190098 PMCID: PMC7076951 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-020-00440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity occurs when the body’s energy intake is constantly greater than its energy consumption and the pharmacological enhancing the activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and (or) browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) has been considered promising strategies to treat obesity. Methods In this study, we took a multi-pronged approach to screen UCP1 activators, including in silico predictions, in vitro assays, as well as in vivo experiments. Results Base on Connectivity MAP (CMAP) screening, we obtained multiple drugs that possess a remarkably correlating gene expression pattern to that of enhancing activity in BAT and (or) sWAT signature. Particularly, we focused on a previously unreported drug-indirubin, a compound obtained from the Indigo plant, which is now mainly used for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). In the current study, our results shown that indirubin could enhance the BAT activity, as evidenced by up-regulated Ucp1 expression and enhanced mitochondrial respiratory function in vitro cellular model. Furthermore, indirubin treatment restrained high-fat diet (HFD)-induced body weight gain, improved glucose homeostasis and ameliorated hepatic steatosis which were associated with the increase of energy expenditure in the mice model. Moreover, we revealed that indirubin treatment increased BAT activity by promoting thermogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis in BAT and induced browning of subcutaneous inguinal white adipose tissue (sWAT) of mice under HFD. Besides, our results indicated that indirubin induced UCP1 expression in brown adipocytes, at least in part, via activation of PKA and p38MAPK signaling pathways. Conclusions Our results clearly show that as an effective BAT (as well as beige cells) activator, indirubin may have a protective effect on the prevention and treatment of obesity and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032 People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Li Liu
- 2Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Neurorestoratology for Senile Dementia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100 Henan Province People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Dong
- 3Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003 People's Republic of China
| | - Junli Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- 4Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200030 People's Republic of China
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Yoshida J, Okawa Y, Oyama T, Shimoda N, Uesugi S, Takagi H, Ito Y, Kimura KI. Inhibition of Calcineurin and Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β by Ricinoleic Acid Derived from Castor Oil. Lipids 2019; 55:89-99. [PMID: 31867745 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ricinoleic acid (RA) is the main fatty acid component of castor oil and was found to inhibit Ca2+ -signal transduction pathway-mediated cell cycle regulation in a yeast-based drug screening assay. RA is expected to have antidiabetic, antiallergy, and/or anticancer properties but its target molecule is unknown. To identify a novel pharmacological effect of RA, we investigated its target molecule in the Ca2+ -signal transduction pathway. RA inhibition of calcineurin (CN) was examined in a yeast-based CN inhibitor screening assay using the rsp5A401E mutant and in a phosphatase assay using recombinant human CN. RA showed growth-restoration activity at 5 μg/spot in the CN inhibitor screening assay with the rsp5A401E yeast strain. Furthermore, it directly inhibited CN without immunophilins at Ki = 33.7 μM in a substrate-competitive manner. The effects of RA on CN in mammalian cells were further evaluated by measuring β-hexosaminidase (β-HEX) release in RBL-2H3 cells. RA at 50 μM suppressed the release of β-HEX from RBL-2H3 cells. Moreover, this compound was found to inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), as determined by a kinase assay using recombinant human GSK-3β. RA inhibited GSK-3β at Ki = 1.43 μM in a peptide substrate-competitive manner. The inhibition of GSK-3β by this molecule was further assessed in mammalian cells by measuring the inhibition of glucose production in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells. RA at 25 μM suppressed glucose production in these cells. These findings indicate that RA and/or castor oil could be a useful functional fatty acid to treat allergy or type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yoshida
- Center for Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Takuya Oyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Nozomu Shimoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Shota Uesugi
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan.,Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Kimura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan.,Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
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7
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miR-1185-1 and miR-548q Are Biomarkers of Response to Weight Loss and Regulate the Expression of GSK3B. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121548. [PMID: 31801236 PMCID: PMC6953011 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present investigation was to identify putative miRNAs involved in the response to weight loss. Reverse-transcribed RNA isolated from white blood cells (WBCs) of a subpopulation from the Reduction of the Metabolic Syndrome in Navarra-Spain (RESMENA-S) study (low-responders (LR) and high-responders (HR)) was hybridized in a gene expression microarray. Moreover, miRNAs were sequenced by miRNA-Seq. It was found that miR-548q and miR-1185-1 were overexpressed in HR, both in the microarray and in the miRNA-Seq. A bioinformatic prediction of putative target genes of the selected miRNAs found that GSK3B, a putative target for miR-548q and miR-1185-1, was downregulated in HR. Particular 3′-UTR binding regions of GSK3B were cloned downstream of the firefly luciferase gene. HEK-293T cells were co-transfected with either 0.25 μg of empty pmiR-GLO or pmiR-GLO-548q-3′-UTR/pmiR-GLO-1185-1-3′-UTR, and 7.5 pmol of miR-548q/miR-1185-1 mimics, demonstrating that miR-1185-1 bound to the 3′-UTR region of GSK3B. THP-1 cells were transfected with either 20/40 nM of miR-548q/miR-1185-1 mimics, evidencing that miR-1185-1inhibited the expression of the gene when transfected at doses of 20/40 nM, whereas miR-548q inhibited GSK3B expression at a dose of 40 nM. As a conclusion, miR-548q and miR-1185-1 levels in WBCs are biomarkers of response to weight-loss diets and could be involved in the regulation of the proinflammatory gene GSK3B.
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Guo LX, Chen G, Yin ZY, Zhang YH, Zheng XX. p-Synephrine exhibits anti-adipogenic activity by activating the Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e13033. [PMID: 31486092 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to investigate the effects of p-synephrine on the differentiation of adipocyte and explore the underlying mechanism. We found that p-synephrine suppressed the 3T3-L1 cell adipogenesis by reducing the expression level of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), which subsequently led to a reduction in the fatty acid-binding protein 4 (aP2) expression. p-Synephrine treatment markedly activated the protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) pathway and sequentially inhibited glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) activity. Inhibition of GSK3β activity by LiCl was found to partially ameliorate the above-mentioned effects. All these data suggested that p-synephrine exhibited the anti-adipogenic effects via the regulation of Akt signaling pathway and the suppression of adipogenesis-related proteins. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Citrus aurantium often uses as herbal or dietary supplement in various countries around the world, including in Seville, Spain and South Africa. In traditional Chinese herbs, it is referred to as "Fructus aurantii immaturus," "Zhi shi," or "Zhi ke," and has been used for hundreds of years for various digestive problems. Its primary protoalkaloid, p-synephrine, exhibited lipolytic effects and energy expenditure, which has rapidly replaced ephedrine as an "ephedra-free" alternative dietary supplement. The current study firstly demonstrated the anti-adipogenic effects of p-synephrine in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, which was due to the regulation of Akt signaling pathway and the subsequent suppression of adipogenesis-related proteins. The present study may offer invaluable opinions into the mechanisms of body weight/fat-losing activities of p-synephrine in theory, and scientific experimental evidence on dietary supplement in practice. p-Synephrine could be utilized for the preventive and therapeutic uses against metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Guo
- Chongqing Key Lab of Natural Medicine Research, Engineering Research Centre of Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Chongqing Key Lab of Natural Medicine Research, Engineering Research Centre of Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhong-Yi Yin
- Chongqing Key Lab of Natural Medicine Research, Engineering Research Centre of Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong-Hong Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu-Xu Zheng
- Chongqing Key Lab of Natural Medicine Research, Engineering Research Centre of Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
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9
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Jo H, Hee Seo S, Na Y, Kwon Y. The synthesis and anticancer activities of chiral epoxy-substituted chromone analogs. Bioorg Chem 2018; 84:347-354. [PMID: 30530076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human DNA topoisomerases (topos) have been recognized as a good target molecule for the development of anticancer drugs because they play an important role in solving DNA topological problems caused by DNA strand separation during replication and transcription. In this study, we designed and synthesized 11 novel chromone backbone compounds possessing epoxy and halohydrin substituents with chirality. In the topos inhibition test, compounds 2, 9, 10, and 11 showed comparable topo I inhibitory activity at concentration of 100 μM compared to camptothecin, and all of the synthesized compounds showed moderate topo IIα inhibitory activity. Among them, compounds 9, 10 and 11 were more potent than the others in both topo I and IIα inhibitory activity. Compound 11 showed the most potent cell antiproliferative activity against all tested cancer cell lines with particularly strong inhibition (an IC50 of 0.04 µM) of K562 myelogenous leukemia cancer cell proliferation. In the brief structure-activity relationship analysis, there was no clear correlation between stereochemistry and topos inhibitory and cytotoxic activity. 5(R),7(S)-bisepoxy-substituted compound 11 was the most potent DNA cross-linker and induced G2/M arrest in a cell cycle assay in a dose- and time-dependent manner. After the treatment time period induced apoptosis in K562 cells without increasing G2/M-phase cells. Overall, compound 11 showed good consistent inhibitory biological activity related to cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunji Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hee Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwa Na
- College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon 487-010, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngjoo Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Markussen LK, Winther S, Wicksteed B, Hansen JB. GSK3 is a negative regulator of the thermogenic program in brown adipocytes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3469. [PMID: 29472592 PMCID: PMC5823915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue is a promising therapeutic target in metabolic disorders due to its ability to dissipate energy and improve systemic insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. β-Adrenergic stimulation of brown adipocytes leads to an increase in oxygen consumption and induction of a thermogenic gene program that includes uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21). In kinase inhibitor screens, we have identified glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) as a negative regulator of basal and β-adrenergically stimulated Fgf21 expression in cultured brown adipocytes. In addition, inhibition of GSK3 also caused increased Ucp1 expression and oxygen consumption. β-Adrenergic stimulation triggered an inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK3 in a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent manner. Mechanistically, inhibition of GSK3 activated the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase 3/6-p38 MAPK-activating transcription factor 2 signaling module. In summary, our data describe GSK3 as a novel negative regulator of β-adrenergic signaling in brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse K Markussen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sally Winther
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Barton Wicksteed
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jacob B Hansen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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11
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Hinds TD, Burns KA, Hosick PA, McBeth L, Nestor-Kalinoski A, Drummond HA, AlAmodi AA, Hankins MW, Vanden Heuvel JP, Stec DE. Biliverdin Reductase A Attenuates Hepatic Steatosis by Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase (GSK) 3β Phosphorylation of Serine 73 of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor (PPAR) α. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25179-25191. [PMID: 27738106 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.731703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the most rapidly growing form of liver disease and if left untreated can result in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, ultimately resulting in liver cirrhosis and failure. Biliverdin reductase A (BVRA) is a multifunctioning protein primarily responsible for the reduction of biliverdin to bilirubin. Also, BVRA functions as a kinase and transcription factor, regulating several cellular functions. We report here that liver BVRA protects against hepatic steatosis by inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) by enhancing serine 9 phosphorylation, which inhibits its activity. We show that GSK3β phosphorylates serine 73 (Ser(P)73) of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), which in turn increased ubiquitination and protein turnover, as well as decreased activity. Interestingly, liver-specific BVRA KO mice had increased GSK3β activity and Ser(P)73 of PPARα, which resulted in decreased PPARα protein and activity. Furthermore, the liver-specific BVRA KO mice exhibited increased plasma glucose and insulin levels and decreased glycogen storage, which may be due to the manifestation of hepatic steatosis observed in the mice. These findings reveal a novel BVRA-GSKβ-PPARα axis that regulates hepatic lipid metabolism and may provide unique targets for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry D Hinds
- the Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology,
| | - Katherine A Burns
- the Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, and.,the Department of Environmental Health, Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Peter A Hosick
- From the Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216.,the Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043
| | - Lucien McBeth
- the Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology
| | - Andrea Nestor-Kalinoski
- Advanced Microscopy & Imaging Center, Department of Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo Ohio 43614
| | - Heather A Drummond
- From the Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Abdulhadi A AlAmodi
- From the Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - Michael W Hankins
- From the Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216
| | - John P Vanden Heuvel
- the Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, and
| | - David E Stec
- From the Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216,
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12
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Yu Z, Fan L, Li J, Ge Z, Dang X, Wang K. Lithium prevents rat steroid-related osteonecrosis of the femoral head by β-catenin activation. Endocrine 2016; 52:380-90. [PMID: 26458922 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0747-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the use of lithium to prevent rat steroid-related osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) through the modulation of the β-catenin pathway. ONFH was induced by methylprednisolone combined with lipopolysaccharide, and serum lipids were analyzed. ONFH was detected by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Micro-CT-based angiography and bone scanning were performed to analyze vessels and bone structure, respectively. Immunohistochemical staining for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was analyzed. Protein levels of phospho-glycogen synthase kinase-3β at Tyr-216 (p-Tyr(216) GSK-3β), total glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and β-catenin, as well as mRNA levels of GSK-3β and β-catenin in femoral heads, were assessed. The rate of empty bone lacunae in the femoral heads was lower in the lithium and control groups than in the model group. The lithium group showed preventive effects against steroid-related vessel loss by micro-CT-based angiography and VEGF staining. Lithium treatment improved hyperlipidemia and reduced PPARγ expression. Moreover, lithium improved steroid-related bone loss in micro-CT bone scans and BMP-2 staining analyses. Furthermore, local β-catenin was reduced in steroid-related ONFH, and lithium treatment increased β-catenin expression while reducing p-Tyr(216) GSK-3β levels. The local β-catenin pathway was inhibited during steroid-related ONFH. Lithium may enhance angiogenesis and stabilize osteogenic/adipogenic homeostasis during steroid-related ONFH in rats by activating the β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefeng Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaogang Ge
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqian Dang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunzheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
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13
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Liu J, Yang P, Shi H, Sun X, Lee SH, Yu L(L. A novel Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponin and its adipogenesis inhibitory effect through modulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway and cell cycle in mitotic clonal expansion. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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14
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Visweswaran M, Schiefer L, Arfuso F, Dilley RJ, Newsholme P, Dharmarajan A. Wnt antagonist secreted frizzled-related protein 4 upregulates adipogenic differentiation in human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118005. [PMID: 25714610 PMCID: PMC4340908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
With more than 1.4 billion overweight or obese adults worldwide, obesity and progression of the metabolic syndrome are major health and economic challenges. To address mechanisms of obesity, adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) are being studied to detail the molecular mechanisms involved in adipogenic differentiation. Activation of the Wnt signalling pathway has inhibited adipogenesis from precursor cells. In our study, we examined this anti-adipogenic effect in further detail stimulating Wnt with lithium chloride (LiCl) and 6-bromo indirubin 3'oxime (BIO). We also examined the effect of Wnt inhibition using secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (sFRP4), which we have previously shown to be pro-apoptotic, anti-angiogenic, and anti-tumorigenic. Wnt stimulation in LiCl and BIO-treated ADSCs resulted in a significant reduction (2.7-fold and 12-fold respectively) in lipid accumulation as measured by Oil red O staining while Wnt inhibition with sFRP4 induced a 1.5-fold increase in lipid accumulation. Furthermore, there was significant 1.2-fold increase in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), and 1.3-fold increase in acetyl CoA carboxylase protein levels. In contrast, the expression of adipogenic proteins (PPARγ, C/EBPα, and acetyl CoA carboxylase) were decreased significantly with LiCl (by 1.6, 2.6, and 1.9-fold respectively) and BIO (by 7, 17, and 5.6-fold respectively) treatments. These investigations demonstrate interplay between Wnt antagonism and Wnt activation during adipogenesis and indicate pathways for therapeutic intervention to control this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Visweswaran
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Luca Schiefer
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Frank Arfuso
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rodney J. Dilley
- Ear Sciences Centre, University of Western Australia and Ear Science Institute Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Arun Dharmarajan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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15
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Song WJ, Song EAC, Jung MS, Choi SH, Baik HH, Jin BK, Kim JH, Chung SH. Phosphorylation and inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) by dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (Dyrk1A). J Biol Chem 2015; 290:2321-33. [PMID: 25477508 PMCID: PMC4303684 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.594952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) participates in many cellular processes, and its dysregulation has been implicated in a wide range of diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer disease. Inactivation of GSK3β by phosphorylation at specific residues is a primary mechanism by which this constitutively active kinase is controlled. However, the regulatory mechanism of GSK3β is not fully understood. Dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (Dyrk1A) has multiple biological functions that occur as the result of phosphorylation of diverse proteins that are involved in metabolism, synaptic function, and neurodegeneration. Here we show that GSK3β directly interacts with and is phosphorylated by Dyrk1A. Dyrk1A-mediated phosphorylation at the Thr(356) residue inhibits GSK3β activity. Dyrk1A transgenic (TG) mice are lean and resistant to diet-induced obesity because of reduced fat mass, which shows an inverse correlation with the effect of GSK3β on obesity. This result suggests a potential in vivo association between GSK3β and Dyrk1A regarding the mechanism underlying obesity. The level of Thr(P)(356)-GSK3β was higher in the white adipose tissue of Dyrk1A TG mice compared with control mice. GSK3β activity was differentially regulated by phosphorylation at different sites in adipose tissue depending on the type of diet the mice were fed. Furthermore, overexpression of Dyrk1A suppressed the expression of adipogenic proteins, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, in 3T3-L1 cells and in young Dyrk1A TG mice fed a chow diet. Taken together, these results reveal a novel regulatory mechanism for GSK3β activity and indicate that overexpression of Dyrk1A may contribute to the obesity-resistant phenotype through phosphorylation and inactivation of GSK3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Joo Song
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, School of Medicine, the Institute for Brain Science and Technology, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea
| | - Eun-Ah Christine Song
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, School of Medicine, the Institute for Brain Science and Technology, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea
| | - Min-Su Jung
- the Institute for Brain Science and Technology, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Choi
- the Institute for Brain Science and Technology, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea
| | - Hyung-Hwan Baik
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, School of Medicine
| | - Byung Kwan Jin
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, School of Medicine
| | - Jeong Hee Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea and
| | - Sul-Hee Chung
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, School of Medicine, the Institute for Brain Science and Technology, Inje University, Busan 614-735, Korea
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16
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Xu H, Wang F, Wang J, Xu J, Wang Y, Xue C. The WNT/β-catenin pathway is involved in the anti-adipogenic activity of cerebrosides from the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa. Food Funct 2015; 6:2396-404. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00273g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Both adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia lead to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
| | - Yuming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
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17
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Xu H, Wang J, Zhang X, Li Z, Wang Y, Xue C. Inhibitory effect of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from the sea cucumber Acaudina molpadioides on adipogenesis is dependent on Wnt/β-catenin pathway. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 119:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Xu H, Xu J, Wang Y, Hu S, Wang Y, Wang J, Xue C. Fucoidan isolated from the sea cucumber Acaudina molpadioides improves insulin resistance in adipocytes via activating PKB/GLUT4 pathway. Eur Food Res Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-014-2380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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19
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Chen H, Wang S, Chen L, Chen Y, Wu M, Zhang Y, Yu K, Huang Z, Qin L, Mo D. MicroRNA-344 inhibits 3T3-L1 cell differentiation via targeting GSK3β of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. FEBS Lett 2013; 588:429-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Pearen MA, Goode JM, Fitzsimmons RL, Eriksson NA, Thomas GP, Cowin GJ, Wang SCM, Tuong ZK, Muscat GEO. Transgenic muscle-specific Nor-1 expression regulates multiple pathways that effect adiposity, metabolism, and endurance. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:1897-917. [PMID: 24065705 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mRNA encoding Nor-1/NR4A3 is rapidly and strikingly induced by β2-adrenergic signaling in glycolytic and oxidative skeletal muscle. In skeletal muscle cells, Nor-1 expression is important for the regulation of oxidative metabolism. Transgenic skeletal muscle-specific expression of activated Nor-1 resulted in the acquisition of an endurance phenotype, an increase in type IIA/X oxidative muscle fibers, and increased numbers of mitochondria. In the current study, we used dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging analysis to demonstrate decreased adiposity in transgenic (Tg) Nor-1 mice relative to that in wild-type littermates. Furthermore, the Tg-Nor-1 mice were resistant to diet-induced weight gain and maintained fasting glucose at normoglycemic levels. Expression profiling and RT-quantitative PCR analysis revealed significant increases in genes involved in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation, and glycogen synthesis, in concordance with the lean phenotype. Moreover, expression profiling identified several Z-disc and sarcomeric binding proteins that modulate fiber type phenotype and endurance, eg, α-actinin-3. In addition, we demonstrated that the Tg-Nor-1 mouse line has significantly higher glycogen content in skeletal muscle relative to that in wild-type littermates. Finally, we identified a decreased NAD(+)/NADH ratio with a concordant increase in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α1 protein/mRNA expression. Increased NADH was associated with an induction of the genes involved in the malate-aspartate shuttle and a decrease in the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle, which maximizes aerobic ATP production. In conclusion, skeletal muscle-specific Nor-1 expression regulates genes and pathways that regulate adiposity, muscle fiber type metabolic capacity, and endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Pearen
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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21
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Flepisi TB, Lochner A, Huisamen B. The Consequences of Long-Term Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Inhibition on Normal and Insulin Resistant Rat Hearts. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2013; 27:381-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s10557-013-6467-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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