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Fan W, Fan L, Wang Z, Mei Y, Liu L, Li L, Yang L, Wang Z. Rare ginsenosides: A unique perspective of ginseng research. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00003-1. [PMID: 38195040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare ginsenosides (Rg3, Rh2, C-K, etc.) refer to a group of dammarane triterpenoids that exist in low natural abundance, mostly produced by deglycosylation or side chain modification via physicochemical processing or metabolic transformation in gut, and last but not least, exhibited potent biological activity comparing to the primary ginsenosides, which lead to a high concern in both the research and development of ginseng and ginsenoside-related nutraceutical and natural products. Nevertheless, a comprehensive review on these promising compounds is not available yet. AIM OF REVIEW In this review, recent advances of Rare ginsenosides (RGs) were summarized dealing with the structurally diverse characteristics, traditional usage, drug discovery situation, clinical application, pharmacological effects and the underlying mechanisms, structure-activity relationship, toxicity, the stereochemistry properties, and production strategies. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW A total of 144 RGs with diverse skeletons and bioactivities were isolated from Panax species. RGs acted as natural ligands on some specific receptors, such as bile acid receptors, steroid hormone receptors, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptors. The RGs showed promising bioactivities including immunoregulatory and adaptogen-like effect, anti-aging effect, anti-tumor effect, as well as their effects on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular system, central nervous system, obesity and diabetes, and interaction with gut microbiota. Clinical trials indicated the potential of RGs, while high quality data remains inadequate, and no obvious side effects was found. The stereochemistry properties induced by deglycosylation at C (20) were also addressed including pharmacodynamics behaviors, together with the state-of-art analytical strategies for the identification of saponin stereoisomers. Finally, the batch preparation of targeted RGs by designated strategies including heating or acid/ alkaline-assisted processes, and enzymatic biotransformation and biosynthesis were discussed. Hopefully, the present review can provide more clues for the extensive understanding and future in-depth research and development of RGs, originated from the worldwide well recognized ginseng plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Fan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linhong Fan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ziying Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuqi Mei
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Longchan Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linnan Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Natsaridis E, Perdikaris P, Fokos S, Dermon CR. Neuronal and Astroglial Localization of Glucocorticoid Receptor GRα in Adult Zebrafish Brain ( Danio rerio). Brain Sci 2023; 13:861. [PMID: 37371341 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα), a ligand-regulated transcription factor, mainly activated by cortisol in humans and fish, mediates neural allostatic and homeostatic functions induced by different types of acute and chronic stress, and systemic inflammation. Zebrafish GRα is suggested to have multiple transcriptional effects essential for normal development and survival, similarly to mammals. While sequence alignments of human, monkey, rat, and mouse GRs have shown many GRα isoforms, we questioned the protein expression profile of GRα in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain using an alternative model for stress-related neuropsychiatric research, by means of Western blot, immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence. Our results identified four main GRα-like immunoreactive bands (95 kDa, 60 kDa, 45 kDa and 35 kDa), with the 95 kDa protein showing highest expression in forebrain compared to midbrain and hindbrain. GRα showed a wide distribution throughout the antero-posterior zebrafish brain axis, with the most prominent labeling within the telencephalon, preoptic, hypothalamus, midbrain, brain stem, central grey, locus coeruleus and cerebellum. Double immunofluorescence revealed that GRα is coexpressed in TH+, β2-AR+ and vGLUT+ neurons, suggesting the potential of GRα influences on adrenergic and glutamatergic transmission. Moreover, GRα was co-localized in midline astroglial cells (GFAP+) within the telencephalon, hypothalamus and hindbrain. Interestingly, GRα expression was evident in the brain regions involved in adaptive stress responses, social behavior, and sensory and motor integration, supporting the evolutionarily conserved features of glucocorticoid receptors in the zebrafish brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Natsaridis
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Rion, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Perdikaris
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Rion, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Stefanos Fokos
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Rion, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Catherine R Dermon
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Rion, 26504 Patras, Greece
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Guanxinping Tablets Inhibit ET-1-Induced Proliferation and Migration of MOVAS by Suppressing Activated PI3K/Akt/NF- κB Signaling Cascade. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9485463. [PMID: 35685734 PMCID: PMC9173997 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9485463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background/Aim Abnormal proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells is one of the main causes of atherosclerosis (AS). Therefore, the suppression of abnormal proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells are the important means for the prevention and inhibition of AS. The clinical effects of Guanxinping (GXP) tablets and preliminary clinical research on the topic have proved that GXP can effectively treat coronary heart disease, but its underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to confirm the inhibitory effect of GXP on the abnormal proliferation of mouse aortic vascular smooth muscle (MOVAS) cells and to explore the underlying mechanism. Methods MOVAS cells were divided into two major groups: physiological and pathological groups. In the physiological group, MOVAS cells were directly stimulated with GXP, whereas in the pathological group, the cells were stimulated by endothelin-1 (ET-1) before intervention by GXP. At the same time, atorvastatin calcium, which effectively inhibits the abnormal proliferation of MOVAS cells, was used in the negative control group. CCK8 assay, scratch test, ELISA, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining were performed to observe the proliferation and migration of MOVAS cells and the expression levels of related factors after drug intervention in each group. Results In the physiological group, GXP had no significant effect on the proliferation and migration of MOVAS cells and the related factors. In the pathological group, a high dose of GXP reduced the abnormal proliferation and migration of MOVAS cells. Further, it reduced the expression levels of PI3K; inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt (protein kinase B); upregulated IκB-α levels; prevented nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) from entering the nucleus; downregulated the expression of interleukin 6 (IL6), IL-1β, and iNOS; and upregulated the ratio of apoptosis-related factor Bax/Bcl-2. There was no significant difference between the high-dose GXP group and the atorvastatin calcium group (negative control group). Conclusion Our findings revealed that GXP was able to inhibit the proliferation and migration of MOVAS cells by regulating the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway.
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Essawy AE, Abd Elkader HTAE, Khamiss OA, Eweda SM, Abdou HM. Therapeutic effects of astragaloside IV and Astragalus spinosus saponins against bisphenol A-induced neurotoxicity and DNA damage in rats. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11930. [PMID: 34434659 PMCID: PMC8359804 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor to which humans are often subjected during daily life. This study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of astragaloside IV (ASIV) or saponins extracted from Astragalus spinosus (A. spinosus) against DNA damage and neurotoxic effects induced by BPA in prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampal and striatal brain regions of developing male rats. Materials and Methods Juvenile PND20 (pre-weaning; age of 20 days) male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly and equally divided into four groups: control, BPA, BPA+ASIV and BPA+A. spinosus saponins groups. Bisphenol A (125 mg/kg/day) was administrated orally to male rats from day 20 (BPA group) and along with ASIV (80 mg/kg/day) (BPA+ASIV group) or A. spinosus saponin (100 mg/kg/day) (BPA+ A. spinosus saponins group) from day 50 to adult age day 117. Results Increased level of nitric oxide (NO) and decreased level of glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), glutaminase (GA) and glutamine synthetase (GS) were observed in the brain regions of BPA treated rats compared with the control. On the other hand, co-administration of ASIV or A. spinosus saponin with BPA considerably improved levels of these neurochemicals. The current study also revealed restoration of the level of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NR2A and NR2B) gene expression in BPA+ ASIV and BPA+A. spinosus saponins groups. The co-treatment of BPA group with ASIV or A. spinosus saponin significantly reduced the values of comet parameters as well as the intensity of estrogen receptors (ERs) immunoreactive cells and improved the histological alterations induced by BPA in different brain regions. Conclusion It could be concluded that ASIV or A. spinosus saponins has a promising role in modulating the neurotoxicity and DNA damage elicited by BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina E Essawy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Omaima A Khamiss
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI-USC), University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Saber Mohamed Eweda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Mohamed Abdou
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Hou M, Wang R, Zhao S, Wang Z. Ginsenosides in Panax genus and their biosynthesis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1813-1834. [PMID: 34386322 PMCID: PMC8343117 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are a series of glycosylated triterpenoids which belong to protopanaxadiol (PPD)-, protopanaxatriol (PPT)-, ocotillol (OCT)- and oleanane (OA)-type saponins known as active compounds of Panax genus. They are accumulated in plant roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. The content and composition of ginsenosides are varied in different ginseng species, and in different parts of a certain plant. In this review, we summarized the representative saponins structures, their distributions and the contents in nearly 20 Panax species, and updated the biosynthetic pathways of ginsenosides focusing on enzymes responsible for structural diversified ginsenoside biosynthesis. We also emphasized the transcription factors in ginsenoside biosynthesis and non-coding RNAs in the growth of Panax genus plants, and highlighted the current three major biotechnological applications for ginsenosides production. This review covered advances in the past four decades, providing more clues for chemical discrimination and assessment on certain ginseng plants, new perspectives for rational evaluation and utilization of ginseng resource, and potential strategies for production of specific ginsenosides.
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Key Words
- ABA, abscisic acid
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- AtCPR (ATR), Arabidopsis thaliana cytochrome P450 reductase
- BARS, baruol synthase
- Biosynthetic pathway
- Biotechnological approach
- CAS, cycloartenol synthase
- CDP, cytidine diphosphate
- CPQ, cucurbitadienol synthase
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- DDS, dammarenediol synthase
- DM, dammarenediol-II
- DMAPP, dimethylallyl diphosphate
- FPP, farnesyl pyrophosphate
- FPPS (FPS), farnesyl diphosphate synthase
- GDP, guanosine diphosphate
- Ginsenoside
- HEJA, 2-hydroxyethyl jasmonate
- HMGR, HMG-CoA reductase
- IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate
- ITS, internal transcribed spacer
- JA, jasmonic acid
- JA-Ile, (+)-7-iso-jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine
- JAR, JA-amino acid synthetase
- JAZ, jasmonate ZIM-domain
- KcMS, Kandelia candel multifunctional triterpene synthases
- LAS, lanosterol synthase
- LUP, lupeol synthase
- MEP, methylerythritol phosphate
- MVA, mevalonate
- MVD, mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase
- MeJA, methyl jasmonate
- NDP, nucleotide diphosphate
- Non-coding RNAs
- OA, oleanane or oleanic acid
- OAS, oleanolic acid synthase
- OCT, ocotillol
- OSC, oxidosqualene cyclase
- PPD, protopanaxadiol
- PPDS, PPD synthase
- PPT, protopanaxatriol
- PPTS, PPT synthase
- Panax species
- RNAi, RNA interference
- SA, salicylic acid
- SE (SQE), squalene epoxidase
- SPL, squamosa promoter-binding protein-like
- SS (SQS), squalene synthase
- SUS, sucrose synthase
- TDP, thymine diphosphate
- Transcription factors
- UDP, uridine diphosphate
- UGPase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphosphprylase
- UGT, UDP-dependent glycosyltransferase
- WGD, whole genome duplication
- α-AS, α-amyrin synthase
- β-AS, β-amyrin synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoqi Hou
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rufeng Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Tian M, Li LN, Zheng RR, Yang L, Wang ZT. Advances on hormone-like activity of Panax ginseng and ginsenosides. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 18:526-535. [PMID: 32616193 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)30063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been paid much attentions due to the prevention and treatment of steroid hormone disorders. Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae), is one of the most valuable herbs in complementary and alternative medicines around the world. A series of dammarane triterpenoid saponins, also known as phytosteroids, were reported as the primary ingredients of Ginseng, and indicated broad spectral pharmacological actions, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammation and anti-fatigue. The skeletons of the dammarane triterpenoid aglycone are structurally similar to the steroid hormones. Both in vitro and in vivo studies showed that Ginseng and its active ingredients have beneficial hormone-like role in hormonal disorders. This review thus summarizes the structural similarities between hormones and dammarane ginsenosides and integrates the analogous effect of Ginseng and ginsenosides on prevention and treatment of hormonal disorders published in recent twenty years (1998-2018). The review may provide convenience for anticipate structure-function relationship between saponins structure and hormone-like effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Tian
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and the SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lin-Nan Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and the SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rui-Rong Zheng
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and the SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and the SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zheng-Tao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and the SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Ju Z, He C, Li J, Yang L, Wang Z. A rapid and sensitive ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of notoginsenoside Ft1 in rat plasma with application to pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e5042. [PMID: 33283301 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Notoginsenoside Ft1 (NGFt1), a dammarane triterpene glycoside isolated from Panax notoginseng, showed potent effective in stimulating platelet aggregation in our previous assay, yet its pharmacokinetic behavior is still unclear. This study describes a rapid and sensitive ultra-high-pressure LC-tandem mass spectrometry assay for determining of NGFt1 in rat plasma. Methanol-mediated precipitation was used for sample pre-treatment. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column with gradient elution using water and acetonitrile as mobile phase. Determination was obtained using an electrospray ionization source in negative selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode at the transitions of m/z 915.9 → m/z 783.8 and m/z 799.8 → m/z 637.8 for NGFt1 and internal standard, respectively. The assay was linear over the concentration range 0.25-2500 ng/mL (r > 0.995) with the lower limit of quantification of 0.25 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day precisions (relative standard deviation, %) ranged 1.65%-9.84% and 2.46%-13.49%, respectively, whereas accuracy (relative recovery, %) ranged from 96.21% to 99.45%, respectively. The recovery ranged from 95.09% to 102.22% and the matrix effect from 98.29% to 100.13%. The analyte was stable under tested storage conditions. The method has been successfully applied to a preclinical pharmacokinetic study in rats after a single intravenous (2 mg/kg) and oral (50 mg/kg) administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengcai Ju
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyong He
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
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Karmazyn M, Gan XT. Chemical components of ginseng, their biotransformation products and their potential as treatment of hypertension. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 476:333-347. [PMID: 32940821 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng is an ancient perennial herb belonging to the family Araliaceae and genus Panax which has been used for medical therapeutics for thousands of years, particularly in China and other Asian cultures although increasing interest in ginseng has recently emerged in western societies. Ginseng is a complex substance containing dozens of bioactive and potentially effective therapeutic compounds. Among the most studied are the ginsenosides, which are triterpene saponins possessing a wide array of potential therapeutic effects for many conditions. The quantity and type of ginsenoside vary greatly depending on ginseng species and their relative quantity in a given ginseng species is greatly affected by extraction processes as well as by subjecting ginseng to various procedures such as heating. Adding to the complexity of ginsenosides is their ability to undergo biotransformation to bioactive metabolites such as compound K by enteric bacteria following ingestion. Many ginsenosides exert vasodilatating effects making them potential candidates for the treatment of hypertension. Their vascular effects are likely dependent on eNOS activation resulting in the increased production of NO. One proposed end-mechanism involves the activation of calcium-activated potassium channels in vascular smooth cells resulting in reduced calcium influx and a vasodilatating effect, although other mechanisms have been proposed as discussed in this review.
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Al-Dujaili EAS, Hajleh MNA, Chalmers R. Effects of Ginseng Ingestion on Salivary Testosterone and DHEA Levels in Healthy Females: An Exploratory Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061582. [PMID: 32481563 PMCID: PMC7352699 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is a traditional herbal adaptogen that has been historically used in China and the Far East. Ginsenosides are the active component of ginseng known to exert several actions by targeting "multi-receptor systems", both extracellular and intracellular. In humans, ginseng effects remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether ginseng can influence salivary androgen levels (testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)) in females. The study followed a parallel partially controlled design. Healthy women (n = 24) were recruited and divided into two groups (A = 20-32 and B = 38-50 years). Volunteers were asked to maintain a food diary pre and post ginseng consumption and collected four salivary samples (7 a.m., 9 a.m., 12 p.m., and 5 p.m.) before and after ingesting 75 mg red Korean ginseng extract per day for seven days. Testosterone and DHEA were then assayed by ELISA methods. Group A's mean daily salivary testosterone pre ginseng ingestion increased from 76.3 ± 16.6 to 98.4 ± 21.1 pg/mL post ginseng (p < 0.01) with significant difference at all time points, and mean daily salivary DHEA increased from 1.53 ± 0.63 to 1.98 ± 0.89 ng/mL post ginseng (p = 0.02). Group B's mean daily salivary testosterone pre ginseng ingestion was 61.2 ± 16.9 and post ginseng 68.1 ± 11.5 pg/mL (p = 0.132), and daily salivary DHEA increased from 0.91 ± 0.32 to 1.62 ± 0.49 ng/mL post ginseng (p = 0.014) with significant difference at all time points. In conclusion, it appears that ginseng intake significantly increased salivary testosterone levels in the younger women group, but only slightly in the older group. However, DHEA levels in the older women showed a marked and significant increase. These results suggest a potential role for ginseng in modulating salivary androgen levels and that such effect may be more evident in older women where the levels of androgens (DHEA) start to decline. However, it has to be stressed that our results are preliminary and further properly controlled trials are justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad A. S. Al-Dujaili
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-131-339-1785
| | - Maha N. Abu Hajleh
- Department of Pharmaceutical sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Ruth Chalmers
- Biological Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh EH21 6UU, UK;
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Chang CM, Shih PH, Chen TJ, Ho WC, Yang CP. Integrated therapy decreases the mortality of patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis: A Taiwan-wide population-based retrospective study. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 236:70-81. [PMID: 30818007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The issue of whether integrated treatment with conventional medicine (CM) and herbal medicine (HM) can reduce mortality in patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM) had not been addressed. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we investigated the effect of integrated therapy on mortality in a retrospective PM/DM cohort in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with PM/DM were retrospectively enrolled from the PM/DM Registry of Catastrophic Illnesses cohort in the Taiwan NHIRD between 1997 and 2011. The patients were divided into an integrated medicine (IM) group that received CM and HM and a non-IM group that received CM alone. The Cox proportional hazards regression model and Kaplan-Meier method were used to evaluate the hazard ratio (HR) for mortality. RESULTS Three hundred and eighty-five of 2595 patients with newly diagnosed PM/DM had received IM and 99 had received non-IM. The adjusted HR for mortality was lower in the IM group than in the non-IM group (0.42, 95% confidence interval 0.26-0.68, p < 0.001). The adjusted HR for mortality was also lower in the IM group that had received CM plus HM than in the group that received CM alone (0.48, 95% confidence interval 0.28-0.84, p < 0.05). The core pattern of HM prescriptions integrated with methylprednisolone, methotrexate, azathioprine, or cyclophosphamide to decrease mortality included "San-Qi" (Panax notoginseng), "Bai-Ji" (Bletilla striata), "Chen-Pi" (Citrus reticulata), "Hou-Po" (Magnolia officinalis), and "Dan-Shan" (Salvia miltiorrhiza). CONCLUSION Integrated therapy has reduced mortality in patients with PM/DM in Taiwan. Further investigation of the clinical effects and pharmaceutical mechanism involved is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Mao Chang
- Center for Traditional Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Hsuan Shih
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tzeng-Ji Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Chao Ho
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Pai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition, Huang-Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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11
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Yu L, Chen Y, Shi J, Wang R, Yang Y, Yang L, Zhao S, Wang Z. Biosynthesis of rare 20( R)-protopanaxadiol/protopanaxatriol type ginsenosides through Escherichia coli engineered with uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase genes. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:116-124. [PMID: 30662300 PMCID: PMC6323243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginsenosides are known as the principal pharmacological active constituents in Panax medicinal plants such as Asian ginseng, American ginseng, and Notoginseng. Some ginsenosides, especially the 20(R) isomers, are found in trace amounts in natural sources and are difficult to chemically synthesize. The present study provides an approach to produce such trace ginsenosides applying biotransformation through Escherichia coli modified with relevant genes. METHODS Seven uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase (UGT) genes originating from Panax notoginseng, Medicago sativa, and Bacillus subtilis were synthesized or cloned and constructed into pETM6, an ePathBrick vector, which were then introduced into E. coli BL21star (DE3) separately. 20(R)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD), 20(R)-protopanaxatriol (PPT), and 20(R)-type ginsenosides were used as substrates for biotransformation with recombinant E. coli modified with those UGT genes. RESULTS E. coli engineered with GT95 syn selectively transfers a glucose moiety to the C20 hydroxyl of 20(R)-PPD and 20(R)-PPT to produce 20(R)-CK and 20(R)-F1, respectively. GTK1- and GTC1-modified E. coli glycosylated the C3-OH of 20(R)-PPD to form 20(R)-Rh2. Moreover, E. coli containing p2GT95synK1, a recreated two-step glycosylation pathway via the ePathBrich, implemented the successive glycosylation at C20-OH and C3-OH of 20(R)-PPD and yielded 20(R)-F2 in the biotransformation broth. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that rare 20(R)-ginsenosides can be produced through E. coli engineered with UTG genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rufeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingbo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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12
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Abstract
As plant-derived natural products, saponins have been widely applied for the dietary modification of metabolic syndrome. However, the underlying mechanisms of their preventive and therapeutic effects are still largely unclear. Nuclear receptors have been identified as potential pharmaceutical targets for treating various types of metabolic disorders. With similar structure to endogenous hormones, several saponins may serve as selective ligands for nuclear receptors. Recently, a series of saponins are proved to exert their physiological activities through binding to nuclear receptors. This review summarizes the biological and pharmacological activities of typical saponins mediated by some of the most well described nuclear receptors, including the classical steroid hormone receptors (ER, GR, MR, and AR) and the adopted orphan receptors (PPAR, LXR, FXR, and PXR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuning Zhong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tiezhu Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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13
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Loh YC, Tan CS, Ch'ng YS, Ng CH, Yeap ZQ, Yam MF. Mechanisms of action of Panax notoginseng ethanolic extract for its vasodilatory effects and partial characterization of vasoactive compounds. Hypertens Res 2018; 42:182-194. [PMID: 30464217 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-018-0139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng is the most valuable medicinal plant and has been used clinically for more than two thousand years to treat various diseases, including hypertension. Previous studies claimed that different isolated compounds from P. notoginseng are involved in different pathways for vasodilation. It is strongly believed that these vasodilating compounds might act synergistically in contributing vasodilatory effects via holistic signaling pathways. The present study aims to evaluate the vasodilatory effect and mechanism of action employed by the crude extract of P. notoginseng. The fingerprint of P. notoginseng was developed using tri-step FTIR and HPTLC. The contents of Rg1 and Rb1 in the active extract (PN95) were further quantified via HPTLC. The vasodilatory effect of PN95 was evaluated using an in vitro aortic ring model. The results showed that PN95 contains a high amount of Rg1 and Rb1, 25.9 and 13.6%, respectively. The vasodilatory effect of PN95 was elicited via the NO/sGC/cGMP and β2-adrenergic receptors pathways. Furthermore, PN95 could manage vascular tone by regulating action potentials via potassium and both VOCC and IP3R pathways. The results obtained fulfilled the expected outcome where the PN95 employed more signaling pathways than any of the single active compounds; hence, the holistic therapeutic effect could be achieved and would more easily translate to applications for the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yean Chun Loh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chu Shan Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yung Sing Ch'ng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chiew Hoong Ng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Zhao Qin Yeap
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mun Fei Yam
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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14
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Menezes PMN, Brito MC, de Paiva GO, Dos Santos CO, de Oliveira LM, de Araújo Ribeiro LA, de Lima JT, Lucchese AM, Silva FS. Relaxant effect of Lippia origanoides essential oil in guinea-pig trachea smooth muscle involves potassium channels and soluble guanylyl cyclase. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 220:16-25. [PMID: 29609011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lippia origanoides H.B.K. is an aromatic species used in folk medicine to treat respiratory diseases, including asthma. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this work was to evaluate the relaxing potential and mechanism of action of the L. origanoides (LOO) essential oil in isolated guinea-pig trachea. MATERIALS AND METHODS Leaves from L. origanoides were collected at experimental fields under organic cultivation, at the Forest Garden of Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation, analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS and the volatile constituents were identified. Spasmolytic activity and relaxant mechanism of LOO were assayed in isolated guinea-pig trachea contracted with histamine, carbachol or hyperpolarizing KCl. RESULTS Chemical analysis revealed the presence of carvacrol (53.89%) as major constituent. LOO relaxed isolated guinea-pig trachea pre-contracted with KCl 60 mM [EC50 = 30.02 μg/mL], histamine 1 µM [EC50 = 9.28 μg/mL] or carbachol 1 µM [EC50 = 51.80 μg/mL]. The pre-incubation of glibenclamide, CsCl, propranolol, indomethacin, hexamethonium, aminophylline or L-NAME in histamine-induced contractions did not alter significantly the relaxant effect of LOO. However, the presence of 4-aminopyridine, tetraethylammonium or methylene blue reduced LOO effect, while the presence of dexamethasone or atropine potentialized the LOO relaxant effect. LOO pre-incubation inhibited carbachol-evoked contractions, with this effect potentialized in the presence of sodium nitroprusside and blocked in the presence of ODQ. CONCLUSIONS The relaxant mechanism of LOO on the tracheal smooth muscle possibly involves stimulating of soluble guanylyl cyclase with consequent activation of the voltage-gated and Ca2+-activated K+ channels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Coelho Brito
- Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Brazil.
| | | | | | - Lenaldo Muniz de Oliveira
- Horto Florestal, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Brazil.
| | - Luciano Augusto de Araújo Ribeiro
- Pós-graduação em Recursos Naturais do Semiárido, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Brazil; Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Brazil.
| | - Julianeli Tolentino de Lima
- Pós-graduação em Recursos Naturais do Semiárido, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Brazil; Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Brazil.
| | - Angélica Maria Lucchese
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais e Bioativos, Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Brazil.
| | - Fabrício Souza Silva
- Pós-graduação em Recursos Naturais do Semiárido, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Brazil; Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Brazil.
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15
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Xu Y, Tan HY, Li S, Wang N, Feng Y. Panax notoginseng for Inflammation-Related Chronic Diseases: A Review on the Modulations of Multiple Pathways. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:971-996. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng (P. notoginseng) is a well-known and commonly used Chinese herbal medicine in Asian countries. As one of the major species in the Panax genus, it has a distinct chemical composition and medical application compared with other species. P. notoginseng attracts attention and interest due to its potential therapeutic effects not only on blood diseases, but also other kinds of human chronic disorders. This paper critically reviewed the latest advance of knowledge on the pharmacological effects of P. notoginseng on a variety of chronic diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, ischemia, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer disease and trauma, as well as hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and so on. As inflammation is considered the fundamental factor involved in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases, our review therefore focuses on understanding the involvement of classical inflammatory pathways underlying the mechanism of action of P. notoginseng. Potential clinical application was also discussed. Furthermore, by combining with network pharmacology, we introduced the major bioactive components of P. notoginseng, analyzed their cellular targets and associated signaling pathways. In conclusion, this review identified inflammatory pathway as the key signaling for determining the efficacy of P. notoginseng on chronic diseases. It is speculated that P. notoginseng is a multi-targeted agent with an anti-inflammatory property in the adjuvant and alternative treatment of human chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Hor-Yue Tan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Sha Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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16
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Zhang EY, Gao B, Shi HL, Huang LF, Yang L, Wu XJ, Wang ZT. 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol enhances angiogenesis via HIF-1α-mediated VEGF secretion by activating p70S6 kinase and benefits wound healing in genetically diabetic mice. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e387. [PMID: 29075038 PMCID: PMC5668468 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired angiogenesis is one of the crucial factors that impede the wound healing process in diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). In this study, we found that 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD), an aglycone of ginsenosides in Panax notoginseng, stimulated angiogenesis and benefited wound healing in genetically diabetic mice. In HUVECs, PPD promoted cell proliferation, tube formation and VEGF secretion accompanied by increased nuclear translocalization of HIF-1α, which led to elevated VEGF mRNA expression. PPD activated both PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways in HUVECs, which were abrogated by LY294002 and PD98059. Furthermore, these two pathways had crosstalk through p70S6K, as LY294002, PD98059 and p70S6K siRNA abolished the angiogenic responses of PPD. In the excisional wound splinting model established in db/db diabetic mice, PPD (0.6, 6 and 60 mg ml−1) accelerated wound closure, which was reflected by a significantly reduced wound area and epithelial gaps, as well as elevated VEGF expression and capillary formation. In addition, PPD activated PI3K/Akt/ERK signaling pathways, as well as enhanced p70S6K activity and HIF-1α synthesis in the wounds. Overall, our results revealed that PPD stimulated angiogenesis via HIF-1α-mediated VEGF expression by activating p70S6K through PI3K/Akt/mTOR and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascades, which suggests that the compound has potential use in wound healing therapy in patients suffering from DFUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Yun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Lian Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Fang Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng-Tao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines and The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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17
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Duan L, Xiong X, Hu J, Liu Y, Li J, Wang J. Panax notoginseng Saponins for Treating Coronary Artery Disease: A Functional and Mechanistic Overview. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:702. [PMID: 29089889 PMCID: PMC5651167 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major public health problem and the chief cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Panax notoginseng, a valuable herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with obvious efficacy and favorable safety, shows a great promise as a novel option for CAD and is increasingly recognized clinically. Firstly, this review introduced recent clinical trials on treatment with PNS either alone or in combination with conventional drugs as novel treatment strategies. Then we discussed the mechanisms of P. notoginseng and Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS), which can regulate signaling pathways associated with inflammation, lipid metabolism, the coagulation system, apoptosis, angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, and myocardial ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Duan
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xingjiang Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Junyuan Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, China
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Park J, Bui PTC, Song H, Kim SK, Rhee DK, Kim EY, Rhyu MR, Lee MS, Lee YJ. Ginseng on Nuclear Hormone Receptors. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2017; 45:1147-1156. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The first record of ginseng use dates back over two millennia, and ginseng is now popular in more than 35 countries. Ginsenosides are the pharmacological constituents responsible for the beneficial effects of ginseng. There is increasing evidence that ginseng and its bioactive ingredients are involved in the regulation of nuclear receptors, molecules that act in response to the specific binding of hormones, which link to a diverse array of signaling pathways, such as the ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways. Knowledge of the mechanism of how ginseng mediates these complexes is essential for the development of multi-target phytomedicine as possible therapy for different diseases. Here, we discuss the literature on the effects of ginseng and its constituents on estrogen, glucocorticoid, peroxisome proliferator-activated, and androgen nuclear hormone receptors, as well as how ginseng and its constituents exert their biological function in the treatment of cancer, obesity, and cardiovascular and neurological disorders. The accumulated results definitely show that the nuclear receptors are cellular targets of ginsenosides, but more rigorous data are required to establish and provide a scientific basis to confirm the suggested efficacy of ginseng or products with ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonwoo Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Kwangjingu, Kunjadong, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Phuong T. C. Bui
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Kwangjingu, Kunjadong, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Heewon Song
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Kwangjingu, Kunjadong, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Kwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi-do 13539, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Ra Rhyu
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi-do 13539, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Soo Lee
- Clinical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Kwangjingu, Kunjadong, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
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Song H, Wang P, Liu J, Wang C. Panax notoginsengPreparations for Unstable Angina Pectoris: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Phytother Res 2017. [PMID: 28634988 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Song
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing 100091 China
| | - Peili Wang
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing 100091 China
| | - Jiangang Liu
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing 100091 China
| | - Chenglong Wang
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing 100091 China
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20
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Jing Y, Jian L, Li L, Ning Z, Xuyan N, Xiaojuan H, Miao J, Aiping L, Yan L. Mechanism of herbal pairs with the properties of Qi-tonifying, blood activation, blood-stasis breaking in treating coronary heart disease. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2017; 37:269-78. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(17)30054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Wu T, Sun J, Kagota S, Maruyama K, Wakuda H, Shinozuka K. Panax notoginseng saponins ameliorate impaired arterial vasodilation in SHRSP.Z-Lepr(fa) /lzmDmcr rats with metabolic syndrome. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 43:459-67. [PMID: 26784885 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are major components of Panax notoginseng, a herb with established clinical efficacy against vascular diseases. SHRSP.Z-Lepr(fa) /IzmDmcr (SHRSP.ZF) rats, a new animal model for metabolic syndrome, display an impaired vasorelaxation response in aortas and mesenteric arteries that is mediated by nitric oxide (NO). This study investigated whether PNS and its components can ameliorate this vascular dysfunction in SHRSP.ZF rats. In an in vitro study, in the presence or absence of PNS and its components, vasodilation in response to nitroprusside was determined from myographs under isometric tension conditions in aortas and mesenteric arteries from male SHRSP.ZF rats at 18-20 weeks of age. In an in vivo study, PNS (30 mg/kg per day) was orally administered to SHRSP.ZF rats from 8 to 20 weeks of age. In vitro treatment with PNS and Ginsenoside Rb1 increased nitroprusside-induced relaxation of aortas and mesenteric arteries in SHRSP.ZF rats. The PNS-induced increase was not affected by a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor or endothelium denudation. Relaxation in response to a cell-permeable cGMP analogue was increased by PNS, but cGMP accumulation by nitroprusside was not altered. In vivo treatment with PNS in SHRSP.ZF rats lowered blood pressure and increased relaxation and the expression of soluble guanylyl cyclase protein in arteries, without affecting metabolic abnormalities. These results indicate that PNS causes an increase in vasodilation in response to NO and a decrease in blood pressure, resulting in protection against vascular dysfunction in SHRSP.ZF rats. PNS might be beneficial in alleviating impaired vasodilation in metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jianning Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Satomi Kagota
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Kana Maruyama
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Wakuda
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Shinozuka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
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Chemical transformation and target preparation of saponins in stems and leaves of Panax notoginseng. J Ginseng Res 2016; 42:270-276. [PMID: 29983608 PMCID: PMC6026369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Notoginsenoside Ft1 is a promising potential candidate for cardiovascular and cancer disease therapy owing to its positive pharmacological activities. However, the yield of Ft1 is ultralow utilizing reported methods. Herein, an acid hydrolyzing strategy was implemented in the acquirement of rare notoginsenoside Ft1. Methods Chemical profiles were identified by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple-time-of-flight and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-ESI-MS). The acid hydrolyzing dynamic changes of chemical compositions and the possible transformation pathways of saponins were monitored by ultrahigh-performance LC coupled with tandem MS (UHPLC-MS/MS). Results and conclusion Notoginsenoside Ft1 was epimerized from notoginsenoside ST4, which was generated through cleaving the carbohydrate side chains at C-20 of notoginsenosides Fa and Fc, and vina-ginsenoside R7, and further converted to other compounds via hydroxylation at C-25 or hydrolysis of the carbohydrate side chains at C-3 under the acid conditions. High temperature contributed to the hydroxylation reaction at C-25 and 25% acetic acid concentration was conducive to the preparation of notoginsenoside Ft1. C-20 epimers of notoginsenoside Ft1 and ST4 were successfully separated utilizing solvent method of acetic acid solution. The theoretical preparation yield rate of notoginsenoside Ft1 was about 1.8%, which would be beneficial to further study on its bioactivities and clinical application.
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Effects of ginseng on two main sex steroid hormone receptors: estrogen and androgen receptors. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:215-221. [PMID: 28413327 PMCID: PMC5386121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has been used in China for at least two millennia and is now popular in over 35 countries. It is one of the world's popular herbs for complementary and alternative medicine and has been shown to have helpful effects on cognition and blood circulation, as well as anti-aging, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic effects, among many others. The pharmacological activities of ginseng are dependent mainly on ginsenosides. Ginsenosides have a cholesterol-like four trans-ring steroid skeleton with a variety of sugar moieties. Nuclear receptors are one of the most important molecular targets of ginseng, and reports have shown that members of the nuclear receptor superfamily are regulated by a variety of ginsenosides. Here, we review the published literature on the effects of ginseng and its constituents on two main sex steroid hormone receptors: estrogen and androgen receptors. Furthermore, we discuss applications for sex steroid hormone receptor modulation and their therapeutic efficacy.
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Waltenberger B, Mocan A, Šmejkal K, Heiss EH, Atanasov AG. Natural Products to Counteract the Epidemic of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders. Molecules 2016; 21:807. [PMID: 27338339 PMCID: PMC4928700 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products have always been exploited to promote health and served as a valuable source for the discovery of new drugs. In this review, the great potential of natural compounds and medicinal plants for the treatment or prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, global health problems with rising prevalence, is addressed. Special emphasis is laid on natural products for which efficacy and safety have already been proven and which are in clinical trials, as well as on plants used in traditional medicine. Potential benefits from certain dietary habits and dietary constituents, as well as common molecular targets of natural products, are also briefly discussed. A glimpse at the history of statins and biguanides, two prominent representatives of natural products (or their derivatives) in the fight against metabolic disease, is also included. The present review aims to serve as an "opening" of this special issue of Molecules, presenting key historical developments, recent advances, and future perspectives outlining the potential of natural products for prevention or therapy of cardiovascular and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Waltenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Karel Šmejkal
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Elke H Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland
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Kiyama R, Wada-Kiyama Y. Estrogenic endocrine disruptors: Molecular mechanisms of action. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 83:11-40. [PMID: 26073844 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive summary of more than 450 estrogenic chemicals including estrogenic endocrine disruptors is provided here to understand the complex and profound impact of estrogen action. First, estrogenic chemicals are categorized by structure as well as their applications, usage and effects. Second, estrogenic signaling is examined by the molecular mechanism based on the receptors, signaling pathways, crosstalk/bypassing and autocrine/paracrine/homeostatic networks involved in the signaling. Third, evaluation of estrogen action is discussed by focusing on the technologies and protocols of the assays for assessing estrogenicity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of estrogen action is important to assess the action of endocrine disruptors and will be used for risk management based on pathway-based toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoiti Kiyama
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
| | - Yuko Wada-Kiyama
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
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Wang RF, Zheng MM, Cao YD, Li H, Li CX, Xu JH, Wang ZT. Enzymatic transformation of vina-ginsenoside R₇ to rare notoginsenoside ST-4 using a new recombinant glycoside hydrolase from Herpetosiphon aurantiacus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:3433-42. [PMID: 25676336 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An eco-friendly and convenient preparation method for notoginsenoside ST-4 has been established by completely transforming vina-ginsenoside R7 using a recombinant glycosidase hydrolyzing enzyme (HaGH03) from Herpetosiphon aurantiacus. This enzyme specifically hydrolyzed the glucose at the C-20 position but not the external xylose or two inner glucoses at position C-3. Protein sequence BLAST revealed that HaGH03, composed of 749 amino acids and presumptively listed as a member of the family 3 glycoside hydrolases, has highest identity (48 %) identity with a thermostable β-glucosidase B, which was not known of any functions for ginsenoside transformation. The steady state kinetic parameters for purified HaGH03 measured against p-nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside and vina-ginsenoside R7 were K M = 5.67 ± 0.24 μM and 0.59 ± 0.23 mM, and k cat = 69.2 ± 0.31/s and 2.15 ± 0.46/min, respectively. HaGH03 converted 2.5 mg/mL of vina-ginsenoside R7 to ST-4 with a molar yield of 100 % and a space-time yield of 104 mg/L/h in optimized conditions. These results underscore that HaGH03 has much potential for the effective preparation of target ginsenosides possessing valuable pharmacological activities. This is the first report identifying an enzyme that has the ability to transform vina-ginsenoside R7 and provides an approach to preparing rare notoginsenoside ST-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Feng Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210038, People's Republic of China
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Xu D, Huang P, Yu Z, Xing DH, Ouyang S, Xing G. Efficacy and Safety of Panax notoginseng Saponin Therapy for Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage, Meta-Analysis, and Mini Review of Potential Mechanisms of Action. Front Neurol 2015; 5:274. [PMID: 25620952 PMCID: PMC4288044 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial/intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a leading cause of death and disability in people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke. No proven drug is available for ICH. Panax notoginseng (total saponin extraction, PNS) is one of the most valuable herb medicines for stroke and cerebralvascular disorders in China. We searched for randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) involving PNS injection to treat cerebral hemorrhage for meta-analysis from various databases including the Chinese Stroke Trials Register, the trials register of the Cochrane Complementary Medicine Field, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Chinese BioMedical disk, and China Doctorate/Master Dissertations Databases. The quality of the eligible trials was assessed by Jadad’s scale. Twenty (20) of the 24 identified randomized controlled trials matched the inclusive criteria including 984 ICH patients with PNS injection and 907 ICH patients with current treatment (CT). Compared to the CT groups, PNS-treated patients showed better outcomes in the effectiveness rate (ER), neurological deficit score, intracranial hematoma volume, intracerebral edema volume, Barthel index, the number of patients died, and incidence of adverse events. Conclusion: PNS injection is superior to CT for acute ICH. A review of the literature shows that PNS may exert multiple protective mechanisms against ICH-induced brain damage including hemostasis, anti-coagulation, anti-thromboembolism, cerebral vasodilation, invigorated blood dynamics, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and anti-hyperglycemic effects. Since vitamin C and other brain cell activators (BCA) that are not considered common practice were also used as parts of the CT in several trials, potential PNS and BCA interactions could exist that may have made the effect of PNS therapy less or more impressive than by PNS therapy alone. Future PNS trials with and without the inclusion of such controversial BCAs as part of the CT could clarify the situation. As PNS has a long clinical track record in Asia, it could potentially become a therapy option to treat ICH in the US and Europe. Further clinical trials with better experimental design could determine the long-term effects of PNS treatment for TBI and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Xu
- Faculty of Nursing, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine , Nanning , China
| | - Ping Huang
- Faculty of Nursing, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine , Nanning , China
| | - Zhaosheng Yu
- Department of Oncology, Huanggang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Huanggang , China
| | | | - Shuai Ouyang
- School of Business, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
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