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Li M, Chen X, Song C, Fan L, Qiu L, Li D, Xu H, Meng S, Mu X, Xia B, Ling J. Sub-chronically exposing zebrafish to environmental levels of methomyl induces dysbiosis and dysfunction of the gut microbiota. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 261:119674. [PMID: 39053762 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The widespread use of carbamate pesticides has led to numerous environmental and health concerns, including water contamination and perturbation of endocrine homeostasis among organisms. However, there remains a paucity of research elucidating the specific effects of methomyl on gut microbial composition and physiological functions. This study aimed to investigate the intricate relationship between changes in zebrafish bacterial communities and intestinal function after 56 days of sub-chronic methomyl exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/L). Our findings reveal significant methomyl-induced morphological changes in zebrafish intestines, characterized by villi shortening and breakage. Notably, methomyl exposure down-regulated nutrient and energy metabolism, and drug metabolism at 0.05-0.10 mg/L, while up-regulating cortisol, inflammation-related genes, and apoptotic markers at 0.20 mg/L. These manifestations indicate physiological stress imposition and disruption of gut microbiota equilibrium, impacting metabolic processes and instigating low-grade inflammatory responses and apoptotic cascades. Importantly, changes in intestinal function significantly correlated with shifts in specific bacterial taxa abundance, including Shewanella, Rubrobacter, Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Luteolibacter, Nocardia, Defluviimonas, and Bacteroides genus. In summary, our study underscores the potential adverse effects of environmental methomyl exposure on aquatic organisms, emphasizing the necessity for further research to mitigate its repercussions on environmental health and ecosystem stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiao Li
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China; Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Chao Song
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China; Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Limin Fan
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China; Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Liping Qiu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Huimin Xu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Shunlong Meng
- Wuxi Fishery College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China; Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fishery Resources and Environment in the Lower Reaches of the Changjiang River, Wuxi, 214081, China.
| | - Xiyan Mu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Bin Xia
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jun Ling
- Fisheries Institute, Anhui Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
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Liu P, Li Q, Zhu G, Zhang T, Tu D, Zhang F, Finel M, He Y, Ge G. Characterization of the glucuronidating pathway of pectolinarigenin, the major active constituent of the Chinese medicine Daji, in humans and its influence on biological activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117280. [PMID: 37797876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Chinese medicine Daji (the aerial part of Cirsium japonicum DC.) and its charred product (Cirsii Japonici Herba Carbonisata) have been widely used as hemostatic agents or diuretic agents to prepare a variety of Chinese herbal formula. Pectolinarigenin (PEC), one of the most abundant constituents in both Daji and its charred product, has been considered as the key effective substance responsible for the major pharmacological activities of Daji, including hemostasis, hepatoprotective, anti-tumor and anti-osteoporosis effects. However, the major metabolic pathways of PEC in humans and the influence of PEC metabolism on its biological activities are poorly understood. AIM OF THE STUDY To characterize the main metabolic pathway(s) and key enzymes of PEC in human biological systems, as well as to reveal the influence of PEC metabolism on its biological activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS The metabolic stability assays of PEC were investigated in human liver microsomes (HLM). The O-glucuronide of PEC was biosynthesized and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The key enzymes responsible for O-glucuronidation of PEC in humans were assigned by performing UGT reaction phenotyping, chemical inhibition and enzymatic kinetic assays. The agonist effects of PEC and its O-glucuronide on nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARα and PPARβ) were tested at the cellular level. RESULTS PEC could be readily metabolized to form a mono-O-glucuronide in both human liver microsome (HLM) and human intestinal microsome (HIM). The mono-O-glucuronide was bio-synthesized by mouse liver S9 and its structure was fully characterized as PEC-7-O-β-D-glucuronide (PEC-O-7-G). UGT1A1, UGT1A3 and UGT1A9 are key enzymes responsible for PEC-7-O-glucuronidation in HLM, while UGT1A1, UGT1A9 and 1A10 may play key roles in this reaction in HIM. Biological tests revealed that PEC displayed strong agonist effects on Nrf2, PPARα and PPARβ, whereas PEC-7-O-glucuronide showed relatively weak Nrf2 agonist effect and very weak PPAR agonist effects, indicating that PEC-7-O-glucuronidation strongly weaken its agonist effects on Nrf2 and PPAR. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that 7-O-glucuronidation is the major metabolic pathway of PEC in human tissues, while UGT1A1, 1A3 and 1A9 are key contributing enzymes responsible for PEC-7-O-glucuronidation in human liver. It is also found that PEC 7-O-glucuronidation significantly weakens the Nrf2 and PPAR agonist effects. All these findings are very helpful for the pharmacologists to deep understand the metabolic rates of PEC in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qian Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Guanghao Zhu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dongzhu Tu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Moshe Finel
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Yuqi He
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
| | - Guangbo Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Kojima A, Nadai M, Katoh M. Species and Tissue Differences in Regorafenib Glucuronidation. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:129-133. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2055507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Kojima
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nadai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miki Katoh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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Uno Y, Uehara S, Yamazaki H. Drug-oxidizing and conjugating non-cytochrome P450 (non-P450) enzymes in cynomolgus monkeys and common marmosets as preclinical models for humans. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 197:114887. [PMID: 34968483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many drug oxidations and conjugations are mediated by a variety of cytochromes P450 (P450) and non-P450 enzymes in humans and non-human primates. These non-P450 enzymes include aldehyde oxidases (AOX), carboxylesterases (CES), flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO), glutathione S-transferases (GST), arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NAT),sulfotransferases (SULT), and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) and their substrates include both endobiotics and xenobiotics. Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis, an Old-World monkey) are widely used in preclinical studies because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans. However, many reports have indicated the usefulness of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus, a New World monkey) as an alternative non-human primate model. Although knowledge of the drug-metabolizing properties of non-P450 enzymes in non-human primates is relatively limited, new research has started to provide an insight into the molecular characteristics of these enzymes in cynomolgus macaques and common marmosets. This mini-review provides collective information on the isoforms of non-P450 enzymes AOX, CES, FMO, GST, NAT, SULT, and UGT and their enzymatic profiles in cynomolgus macaques and common marmosets. In general, these non-P450 cynomolgus macaque and marmoset enzymes have high sequence identities and similar substrate recognitions to their human counterparts. However, these enzymes also exhibit some limited differences in function between species, just as P450 enzymes do, possibly due to small structural differences in amino acid residues. The findings summarized here provide a foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms of polymorphic non-P450 enzymes and should contribute to the successful application of non-human primates as model animals for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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Uehara S, Higuchi Y, Yoneda N, Yamazaki H, Suemizu H. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4-mediated N2-glucuronidation is the major metabolic pathway of lamotrigine in chimeric NOG-TKm30 mice with humanised-livers. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:1146-1154. [PMID: 34423713 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1972492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lamotrigine is a phenyltriazine anticonvulsant used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder, with species-dependent metabolic profiles. In this study, we investigated the metabolism of lamotrigine in chimeric NOG-TKm30 mice transplanted with human hepatocytes (humanised-liver mice).Substantial lamotrigine N2-glucuronidation activities were observed in the liver microsomes from humanised-liver mice, humans, marmosets, and rabbits, compared to those from monkeys, minipigs, guinea pigs, rats, and mice. Lamotrigine N2-glucuronidation activities in the liver microsomes from humanised-liver mice were dose-dependently inhibited by hecogenin, a specific inhibitor of the human UGT1A4.The major metabolite in the hepatocytes from humanised-liver mice and humans was lamotrigine N2-glucuronide, whereas that in mouse hepatocytes was lamotrigine N2-oxide. After a single oral dose of lamotrigine (10 mg/kg), the plasma levels of N2-glucuronide, N5-glucuronide, and N2-methyl were higher in humanised-liver mice compared to that in NOG-TKm30 mice. Lamotrigine N2-glucuronide was the most abundant metabolite in the urine in humanised-liver mice, similar to that reported in humans; whereas, lamotrigine N2-oxide was predominantly excreted in the urine in NOG-TKm30 mouse.These results suggest that humanised-liver mice may be a suitable animal model for studying the UGT1A4 mediated-lamotrigine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Uehara
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | - Nao Yoneda
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan
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Uno Y, Mikami T, Tsukazaki Y, Nakanishi Y, Murayama N, Ikushiro S, Tsusaki H, Yamazaki H. Genetic variants of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases 1A1, 1A6, and 1A9 in cynomolgus and rhesus macaques. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:115-121. [PMID: 32811258 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1810367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. In the cynomolgus macaque, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) 1As have similar molecular and enzymatic characteristics to those of their human orthologs. However, genetic polymorphisms in major cynomolgus UGT1A1/6/9 have not been investigated. 2. We re-sequenced UGT1A1, UGT1A6, and UGT1A9 in 186 cynomolgus macaques (bred in Cambodia, China, or Indonesia) and 54 rhesus macaques and found 15, 13, and 26 non-synonymous variants, respectively. 3. Of these UGT1A1, UGT1A6, and UGT1A9 variants, respectively, 10, 9, and 12 were unique to cynomolgus macaques; 4, 1, and 2 were unique to rhesus macaques; and 1, 2, and 5 were found in both cynomolgus and rhesus macaques. The frequency of the UGT1A1 mutation G69R was 23%, 28%, and 63% in cynomolgus macaques bred in Cambodia, China, and Indonesia, respectively, and 97% in rhesus macaques. 4. The O-glucuronidation activities of liver microsomes from cynomolgus and rhesus macaques with respect to estradiol, serotonin, and propofol were measured. Among these activities, liver microsomes from cynomolgus macaques heterozygous for UGT1A1 G69R (n = 11) showed significantly reduced estradiol 3-O-glucuronidation activities compared with those from wild-type animals (n = 38). 5. These results suggest genetic variants such as UGT1A1 G69R could influence the UGT1A1-mediated glucuronidation of drugs in cynomolgus and rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-City, Japan.,Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ikushiro
- Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Uno Y, Yamazaki H. Molecular characterization of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases 3A and 8A in cynomolgus macaques. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:397-400. [PMID: 32646660 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are drug-metabolizing enzymes essential for the metabolism of endogenous substrates and xenobiotics. The cynomolgus macaque is a nonhuman primate species widely used in drug metabolism studies. The molecular characteristics of UGTs have been extensively investigated in humans, but they remain to be elucidated in cynomolgus macaques. In this study, cynomolgus macaque UGT3A1, UGT3A2, and UGT8A1 cDNAs were isolated and characterized. Amino acid sequences deduced from cynomolgus UGT3A1, UGT3A2, and UGT8A1 cDNAs were highly identical with their human orthologs (93, 96, and 99%, respectively) and were closely clustered in a phylogenetic tree. In the genome, cynomolgus UGT3A and UGT8A genes were located in the regions corresponding to those of their human orthologs. Among the 10 tissue types analyzed, expression of cynomolgus UGT3A1 and UGT3A2 mRNAs was detected in liver, kidney, and testis; the UGT3A1 and UGT3A2 mRNAs were most abundant in liver and testis, respectively. Cynomolgus UGT8A1 was most abundantly expressed in kidney, followed by brain, jejunum, and testis. These results suggest that cynomolgus UGT3As and UGT8A1 have molecular similarities to their human orthologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima, 890-8580, Japan; Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama, 642-0017, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan.
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Nakanishi Y, Uno Y, Yamazaki H. Regional distributions of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities toward estradiol and serotonin in the liver and small intestine of cynomolgus macaques. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:401-404. [PMID: 32651149 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cynomolgus macaque is a nonhuman primate species that is often used in drug metabolism studies during drug development. However, the localization of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), essential drug-metabolizing enzymes, has not been fully investigated in the liver and small intestine of cynomolgus macaques. In this study, UGT activities were analyzed in liver (five lobes) and small intestine (the duodenum and six sections from the proximal jejunum to the distal ileum) using typical probe substrates of human UGTs: 7-hydroxycoumarin, estradiol, serotonin, propofol, and zidovudine. In liver, UGT activities with respect to all substrates were detected, and the activity levels were similar in all liver lobes of the cynomolgus macaques tested. In contrast, in the small intestine, UGT activities toward all substrates were detected, but their levels generally decreased from jejunum to ileum in cynomolgus macaques. The localization of estradiol 3-O-glucuronosyltransferases and serotonin O-glucuronosyltransferases (which are mainly UGT1A enzymes) appear to be different in liver and small intestine. These results collectively suggest that, in cynomolgus macaques, UGT1As are differentially localized in the small intestine but are relatively homogeneously distributed in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Nakanishi
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Kainan, Wakayama, 642-0017, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Kainan, Wakayama, 642-0017, Japan; Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima, 890-8580, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan.
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Uno Y, Yamazaki H. mRNA levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes in 11 brain regions of cynomolgus macaques. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 35:248-252. [PMID: 31964621 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The cynomolgus macaque is an important nonhuman primate species in drug metabolism studies, in part because of its evolutionary closeness to humans. Cytochromes P450 (P450s) have been investigated in the major drug-metabolizing organs, i.e., the liver and small intestine, but have not been fully investigated in the brain. However, recent investigations have indicated possible important roles for P450s in the brain. In this study, by using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we measured the mRNA levels of 38 cynomolgus drug-metabolizing enzymes, including 19 P450s, 10 UDP-glycosyltransferases, and 9 other enzymes, in 11 brain regions. Among these drug-metabolizing enzymes, expression of 32 enzyme mRNAs were detected in one or more brain regions, indicating their possible roles in the brain. Further investigation of metabolic activities would facilitate better understanding of the importance of these enzymes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Japan; Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Japan.
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Uno Y, Uehara S, Inoue T, Kawamura S, Murayama N, Nishikawa M, Ikushiro S, Sasaki E, Yamazaki H. Molecular characterization of functional UDP-glucuronosyltransferases 1A and 2B in common marmosets. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 172:113748. [PMID: 31830470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are essential drug-conjugation enzymes that metabolize a variety of endobiotic and xenobiotic substrates. The molecular characteristics of UGTs have been extensively investigated in humans, but remain to be investigated in common marmosets, a nonhuman primate species widely used in drug metabolism studies. In this study, 11 UGT cDNAs (UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A7, and 1A9; and UGT2B49, 2B50, 2B51, 2B52, and 2B53) were isolated and characterized in marmosets. Marmoset UGT1As had high sequence identities (89-93%) with human UGT1As, but the sequence identities of marmoset UGT2Bs were lower (82-86%). Marmoset UGTs were found to be phylogenetically close to human UGTs. Just as human UGT1As do, marmoset UGT1A genes shared exons 2-5 and contained a variable exon 1 unique to each gene; in contrast, marmoset UGT2B genes contained six unique exons. Moreover, marmoset and human UGT1A and UGT2B gene clusters were located in corresponding regions in their respective genomes. Among the five tissue types tested, marmoset UGT mRNAs were most abundantly expressed in liver, jejunum, and/or kidney, i.e., in tissues important for drug metabolism, just as human UGTs are. Among the 11 marmoset UGT mRNAs investigated, marmoset UGT1A9, 1A4, and 1A6 mRNAs were the most abundantly expressed in liver, small intestine, and kidney, respectively. Marmoset liver microsomes and recombinant UGT1A proteins catalyzed the glucuronidation of the same substrates that human UGT1As catalyze, including estradiol, trifluoperazine, 4-methylumbelliferone, serotonin, 4-nitrophenol, and propofol. Trifluoperazine was glucuronidated by marmoset liver microsomes, but not by any of the UGT1A isoforms examined under the present conditions. These results collectively suggest that functional marmoset UGTs have generally similar molecular characteristics to human UGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan; Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Kainan, Wakayama 642 0017, Japan.
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Department of Applied Developmental Biology, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kawasaki-ku, Japan
| | - Shu Kawamura
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Miyu Nishikawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama 939 0398, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama 939 0398, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Applied Developmental Biology, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kawasaki-ku, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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Uno Y, Takahira R, Murayama N, Onozeki S, Kawamura S, Uehara S, Ikenaka Y, Ishizuka M, Ikushiro S, Yamazaki H. Functional and molecular characterization of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2 family in cynomolgus macaques. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 163:335-344. [PMID: 30836059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are essential enzymes metabolizing endogenous and exogenous chemicals. However, characteristics of UGTs have not been fully investigated in molecular levels of cynomolgus macaques, one of non-human primates widely used in preclinical drug metabolism studies. In this study, three UGT2A cDNAs (UGT2A1, 2A2, and 2A3) were isolated and characterized along with seven UGT2Bs previously identified in cynomolgus macaques. Several transcript variants were found in cynomolgus UGT2A1 and UGT2A2, like human orthologs. Cynomolgus UGT2A and UGT2B amino acid sequences were highly identical (87-96%) to their human counterparts. By phylogenetic analysis, all these cynomolgus UGT2s were more closely clustered with their human homologs than with dog, rat, or mouse UGT2s. Especially, UGT2As showed orthologous relationships between humans and cynomolgus macaques. All the cynomolgus UGT2 mRNAs were expressed in livers, jejunum, and/or kidneys abundantly, except that UGT2A1 and UGT2A2 mRNAs were predominantly expressed in nasal mucosa, like human UGT2s. UGT2A and UGT2B genes together form a gene cluster in the cynomolgus and human genome. Among the seven cynomolgus UGT2Bs heterologously expressed in yeast, UGT2B9 and UGT2B30 showed activities in estradiol 17-O-glucuronidation and morphine 3-O-glucuronidation but did not show activities in estradiol 3-O-glucuronidation, similar to human UGT2Bs. In liver microsomes, cynomolgus macaques showed higher estradiol 17-O-glucuronidase and morphine 3-O-glucuronidase activities than humans, suggesting functional activities of the responsible UGT2B enzymes in cynomolgus macaques. Therefore, cynomolgus UGT2s had overall molecular similarities to human UGT2s, but also showed some differences in UGT2B enzyme properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan, Wakayama 642-0017, Japan.
| | - Rika Takahira
- Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Onozeki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Shu Kawamura
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ikushiro
- Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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