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Du X, Zhao C, Xi Y, Lin P, Liu H, Wang S, Guo F. Exploring the role of Yuxuebi tablet in neuropathic pain with the method of similarity research of drug pharmacological effects based on unsupervised machine learning. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1440542. [PMID: 39355777 PMCID: PMC11442203 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1440542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Having multiple pharmacological effects is a characteristic of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Currently, there is a lack of suitable methods to explore and discover modern diseases suitable for TCM treatment using this characteristic. Unsupervised machine learning technology is an efficient strategy to predict the pharmacological activity of drugs. This study takes Yuxuebi Tablet (YXB) as the research object. Using the unsupervised machine learning technology of drug cell functional fingerprint similarity research, the potential pharmacological effects of YXB were discovered and verified. Methods LC-MS combined with the in vitro intestinal absorption method was used to identify components of YXB that could be absorbed by the intestinal tract of rats. Unsupervised learning hierarchical clustering was used to calculate the degree of similarity of cellular functional fingerprints between these components and 121 marketed Western drugs whose indications are diseases and symptoms that YXB is commonly used to treat. Then, based on the Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures database, pathway analysis was performed for selected Western drugs with high similarity in cellular functional fingerprints with the components of YXB to discover the potential pharmacological effects of YXB, which were validated by animal experiments. Results We identified 40 intestinally absorbed components of YXB. Through predictive studies, we found that they have pharmacological effects very similar to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids. In addition, we found that they have very similar pharmacological effects to anti-neuropathic pain medications (such as gabapentin, duloxetine, and pethidine) and may inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway and biological processes related to pain perception. Therefore, YXB may have an antinociceptive effect on neuropathic pain. Finally, we demonstrated that YXB significantly reduced neuropathic pain in a rat model of sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI). Transcriptome analysis further revealed that YXB regulates the expression of multiple genes involved in nerve injury repair, signal transduction, ion channels, and inflammatory response, with key regulatory targets including Sgk1, Sst, Isl1, and Shh. Conclusion This study successfully identified and confirmed the previously unknown pharmacological activity of YXB against neuropathic pain through unsupervised learning prediction and experimental verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Du
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Xi
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Lin
- China Resources Sanjiu Medical and Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- China Resources Sanjiu Medical and Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuling Wang
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feifei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Sato A, Yasukochi S, Iwanaka N, Yamauchi T, Tsuruta A, Koyanagi S, Ohdo S. Dosing Time-Dependent Difference in the Suppressive Effect of Empagliflozin on the Development of Mechanical Pain Hypersensitivity in Diabetic Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 390:177-185. [PMID: 38458768 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
A problem for patients with diabetes is the rise of complications, such as peripheral neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. Among them, peripheral neuropathy, characterized by numbness and/or hypersensitivity to pain in the extremities, is likely to develop in the early stages of diabetes. Empagliflozin (EMPA), a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, exerts hypoglycemic effects by preventing glucose reabsorption in proximal tubular cells. EMPA can improve cardiovascular and renal outcomes in diabetic patients, but its suppressive effect on the development of diabetic neuropathy remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that optimizing the dosing schedule of EMPA suppressed the development of pain hypersensitivity in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic model mice maintained under standardized light/dark cycle conditions. A single intraperitoneal administration of STZ to mice induced hyperglycemia accompanied by pain hypersensitivity. Although EMPA did not exert anti-hypersensitivity effect on STZ-induced diabetic mice after the establishment of neuropathic pain, the development of pain hypersensitivity in the diabetic mice was significantly suppressed by daily oral administration of EMPA at the beginning of the dark phase. On the other hand, the suppressive effect was not observed when EMPA was administered at the beginning of the light phase. The hypoglycemic effect of EMPA and its stimulatory effect on urinary glucose excretion were also enhanced by the administration of the drug at the beginning of the dark phase. Nocturnal mice consumed their food mainly during the dark phase. Our results support the notion that morning administration of EMPA may be effective in suppressing the development of peripheral neuropathy in diabetic patients. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor suppressed the development of neuropathic pain hypersensitivity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic model mice in a dosing time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.S., S.Y., N.I., T.Y., A.T., S.K., S.O.) and Department of Glocal Healthcare Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.T., S.K.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sai Yasukochi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.S., S.Y., N.I., T.Y., A.T., S.K., S.O.) and Department of Glocal Healthcare Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.T., S.K.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Naho Iwanaka
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.S., S.Y., N.I., T.Y., A.T., S.K., S.O.) and Department of Glocal Healthcare Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.T., S.K.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Yamauchi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.S., S.Y., N.I., T.Y., A.T., S.K., S.O.) and Department of Glocal Healthcare Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.T., S.K.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akito Tsuruta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.S., S.Y., N.I., T.Y., A.T., S.K., S.O.) and Department of Glocal Healthcare Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.T., S.K.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Satoru Koyanagi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.S., S.Y., N.I., T.Y., A.T., S.K., S.O.) and Department of Glocal Healthcare Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.T., S.K.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Ohdo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.S., S.Y., N.I., T.Y., A.T., S.K., S.O.) and Department of Glocal Healthcare Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.T., S.K.), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Cronin SJF, Andrews NA, Latremoliere A. Peripheralized sepiapterin reductase inhibition as a safe analgesic therapy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1173599. [PMID: 37251335 PMCID: PMC10213231 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1173599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of novel analgesics for chronic pain in the last 2 decades has proven virtually intractable, typically failing due to lack of efficacy and dose-limiting side effects. Identified through unbiased gene expression profiling experiments in rats and confirmed by human genome-wide association studies, the role of excessive tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) in chronic pain has been validated by numerous clinical and preclinical studies. BH4 is an essential cofactor for aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, nitric oxide synthases, and alkylglycerol monooxygenase so a lack of BH4 leads to a range of symptoms in the periphery and central nervous system (CNS). An ideal therapeutic goal therefore would be to block excessive BH4 production, while preventing potential BH4 rundown. In this review, we make the case that sepiapterin reductase (SPR) inhibition restricted to the periphery (i.e., excluded from the spinal cord and brain), is an efficacious and safe target to alleviate chronic pain. First, we describe how different cell types that engage in BH4 overproduction and contribute to pain hypersensitivity, are themselves restricted to peripheral tissues and show their blockade is sufficient to alleviate pain. We discuss the likely safety profile of peripherally restricted SPR inhibition based on human genetic data, the biochemical alternate routes of BH4 production in various tissues and species, and the potential pitfalls to predictive translation when using rodents. Finally, we propose and discuss possible formulation and molecular strategies to achieve peripherally restricted, potent SPR inhibition to treat not only chronic pain but other conditions where excessive BH4 has been demonstrated to be pathological.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick A. Andrews
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alban Latremoliere
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Neurosurgery Pain Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Brécier A, Li VW, Smith CS, Halievski K, Ghasemlou N. Circadian rhythms and glial cells of the central nervous system. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:520-539. [PMID: 36352529 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells are the most abundant cells in the central nervous system and play crucial roles in neural development, homeostasis, immunity, and conductivity. Over the past few decades, glial cell activity in mammals has been linked to circadian rhythms, the 24-h chronobiological clocks that regulate many physiological processes. Indeed, glial cells rhythmically express clock genes that cell-autonomously regulate glial function. In addition, recent findings in rodents have revealed that disruption of the glial molecular clock could impact the entire organism. In this review, we discuss the impact of circadian rhythms on the function of the three major glial cell types - astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes - across different locations within the central nervous system. We also review recent evidence uncovering the impact of glial cells on the body's circadian rhythm. Together, this sheds new light on the involvement of glial clock machinery in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Brécier
- Pain Chronobiology & Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Queen's University, Botterell Hall, room 754, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Vina W Li
- Pain Chronobiology & Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Queen's University, Botterell Hall, room 754, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Chloé S Smith
- Pain Chronobiology & Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Queen's University, Botterell Hall, room 754, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Katherine Halievski
- Pain Chronobiology & Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Queen's University, Botterell Hall, room 754, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Nader Ghasemlou
- Pain Chronobiology & Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Queen's University, Botterell Hall, room 754, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, 76 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 2V7, Canada
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
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Nakahata Y, Fukada Y. Molecular connections between circadian clock and health/aging. J Biochem 2022; 171:473-476. [PMID: 35383844 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, considerable efforts have been expended for solving the molecular mechanisms of disease progression. An important clue to tackle this question is the circadian clock. Recent findings have uncovered previously unknown molecular connections between circadian clock and disease incidence, consequently causing the aging process. Furthermore, "chronotherapy" is emerging as a new concept of optimizing the time of the day for drug administration according to target gene expressions in order to maximize therapeutic efficacy and minimize the side effects. This concept will help cure patients and prevent them from suffering evitable pain and side effects. This JB special issue "Molecular connections between circadian clock and health/aging" discusses how the circadian clocks link to health and aging from molecular to organismal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Nakahata
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Fukada
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Koyanagi S, Kusunose N, Yasukochi S, Ohdo S. Basis for diurnal exacerbation of neuropathic pain hypersensitivity and its application for drug development. J Biochem 2021; 171:487-492. [PMID: 34967399 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to diurnal rhythms in physiology and behavior, a variety of pathological conditions also exhibit marked day-night changes in symptom intensity, exemplified by allergic rhinitis, arthritis, asthma, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, stroke, and chronic pain disorders. Currently, novel therapeutic approaches are facilitated by the development of chemical compounds targeted to key proteins that cause diurnal exacerbation of pathological events. Neuropathic pain is a chronic condition that occurs by tumor-induced nerve compression, cancer cell infiltration into the nerve, diabetes, and herpes virus infection. One troublesome hallmark symptom of neuropathic pain is hypersensitivity to normally innocuous stimuli known as "mechanical allodynia" that is often refractory to common analgesic therapies. Millions of patients worldwide presently endure neuropathic pain. We summarize the recent insights gained into the mechanism of diurnal exacerbation of neuropathic pain hypersensitivity and introduce the strategy of circadian clock-based drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Koyanagi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University; 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Naoki Kusunose
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University; 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sai Yasukochi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University; 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Ohdo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University; 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Halland N, Schmidt F, Weiss T, Li Z, Czech J, Saas J, Ding-Pfennigdorff D, Dreyer MK, Strübing C, Nazare M. Rational Design of Highly Potent, Selective, and Bioavailable SGK1 Protein Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis. J Med Chem 2021; 65:1567-1584. [PMID: 34931844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase SGK1 is an activator of the β-catenin pathway and a powerful stimulator of cartilage degradation that is found to be upregulated under genomic control in diseased osteoarthritic cartilage. Today, no oral disease-modifying treatments are available and chronic treatment in this indication sets high requirements for the drug selectivity, pharmacokinetic, and safety profile. We describe the identification of a highly selective druglike 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine SGK1 inhibitor 17a that matches both safety and pharmacokinetic requirements for oral dosing. Rational compound design was facilitated by a novel hSGK1 co-crystal structure, and multiple ligand-based computer models were applied to guide the chemical optimization of the compound ADMET and selectivity profiles. Compounds were selected for subchronic proof of mechanism studies in the mouse femoral head cartilage explant model, and compound 17a emerged as a druglike SGK1 inhibitor, with a highly optimized profile suitable for oral dosing as a novel, potentially disease-modifying agent for osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nis Halland
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Friedemann Schmidt
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tilo Weiss
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ziyu Li
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg Czech
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joachim Saas
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Matthias K Dreyer
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Carsten Strübing
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi R&D, Industriepark Höchst, D-65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marc Nazare
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
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Koyanagi S. Chrono-Pharmaceutical Approaches to Optimize Dosing Regimens Based on the Circadian Clock Machinery. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1577-1584. [PMID: 34719634 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Daily rhythmic variations in biological functions affect the efficacy and/or toxicity of drugs: a large number of drugs cannot be expected to exhibit the same potency at different administration times. The "circadian clock" is an endogenous timing system that broadly regulates metabolism, physiology and behavior. In mammals, this clock governs the oscillatory expression of the majority of genes with a period length of approximately 24 h. Genetic studies have revealed that molecular components of the circadian clock regulate the expression of genes responsible for the sensitivity to drugs and their disposition. The circadian control of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics enables 'chrono-pharmaceutical' applications, namely drug administration at appropriate times of day to optimize the therapeutic index (efficacy vs. toxicity). On the other hand, a variety of pathological conditions also exhibit marked day-night changes in symptom intensity. Currently, novel therapeutic approaches are facilitated by the development of chemical compound targeted to key proteins that cause circadian exacerbation of disease events. This review presents an overview of the current understanding of the role of the circadian biological clock in regulating drug efficacy and disease conditions, and also describes the importance of identifying the difference in the circadian machinery between diurnal and nocturnal animals to select the most appropriate times of day to administer drugs in humans.
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Liu B, Li N, He Z, Zhang X, Duan G. Emerging Role of Serum Glucocorticoid-Regulated Kinase 1 in Pathological Pain. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:683527. [PMID: 34093127 PMCID: PMC8177009 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.683527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the management of acute and chronic pain in clinical practice remains unsatisfactory due to the existence of limited effective treatments, and novel therapeutic strategies for pathological pain are urgently needed. In the past few decades, the role of serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) in the development of pain and diurnal rhythms has been implicated in numerous studies. The expression levels of SGK1 mRNA and protein were found to be elevated in the spinal cord and brain in various pathological pain models. Blocking SGK1 significantly attenuated pain-like responses and the development of pathological pain. These studies provide strong evidence that SGK1 plays a role in the development of various types of pathological pain and that targeting SGK1 may be a novel therapeutic strategy for pain management. In this review article, we provide evidence from animal models for the potential role of SGK1 in the regulation of pathological pain caused by inflammation, nerve injury, psychiatric disorders, and chronic opioid exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ningbo Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhigang He
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianwei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangyou Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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