1
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Mentzel HJ. [(Uro)genital developmental disorders]. RADIOLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 64:373-381. [PMID: 38575809 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-024-01288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
CLINICAL ISSUE Congenital anomalies of the urogenital tract are common, whereas isolated developmental disorders of the genital organs are rare and varied. The type and timing of imaging to characterize these developmental disorders and the planning of any treatment are the subject of discussion. The aim of this article is to provide a brief overview of embryology, diagnostic procedures, and examples of findings. STANDARD RADIOLOGICAL METHODS The primary procedure for imaging the genitals is sonography, which must be performed with appropriate empathy. In addition to the genitals, the general situation of the kidneys and urinary tract should be examined, as urogenital malformations are often combined. Dedicated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is indicated as advanced imaging in interdisciplinary consultations. Invasive procedures, such as genitography combined with micturition cystourethrography (MCU) using X‑rays or contrast-enhanced sonography, are rarely required. Computed tomography (CT) or excretory urography play no role. CONCLUSION Imaging plays an important role in the assessment of genital anomalies. Knowledge of embryology facilitates anatomical understanding and the assessment of pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Mentzel
- Sektion Kinderradiologie, Institut für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena. Am Klinikum 1., 07747, Jena, Deutschland.
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2
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Wu Z, Bao L, Wang H, Zheng J, Chen Y, Wang W, Qiu D. Association between weight-adjusted waist index and serum total testosterone in males aged 6-19 years in the United States: Data from NHANES 2013-2016. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27520. [PMID: 38496858 PMCID: PMC10944222 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to estimate the association between weight-adjusted waist index and serum total testosterone (sTT) in males aged 6-19 years in the United States. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2016. sTT was considered as the response variable, and weight-adjusted waist circumference index (WWI) as the independent variable. Multiple linear regression was performed to estimate the association between the two variables, and subgroup analysis was performed to identify sensitive cohorts. Smoothing curve fitting and threshold effects analysis was carried out to assess possible nonlinear relationships between WWI and sTT. Results The study included 4207 participants. The mean value of sTT (117.93 ng/dl) was used as the grouping basis, with 1066 participants having serum total testosterone levels above the mean. A negative association was observed between WWI and sTT [beta coefficient (β) = -72.50, 95% confidence interval (CI): -79.45, -65.55], which decreased as WWI increased (P for trend<0.05). Subgroup analysis indicated a stronger negative correlation in late adolescent (16-19 years) males (β = -128.94, 95% CI: -146.75, -111.13). The smoothing curve fit analysis revealed a U-shaped curve relationship for the negative correlation between WWI and sTT. Threshold effect analysis suggested a significant change when WWI exceeded 10.09 (β = -15.82, 95% CI: -24.11, -7.54), and stepwise threshold effect analysis indicated that this negative correlation became less stable when WWI exceeded 11.45 (β = -0.80, 95% CI: -9.15, 7.56). Conclusions Participants with higher WWI exhibited lower total testosterone levels, and a negative association was found between WWI and total testosterone, particularly in late adolescent males aged 16-19 years. Among males aged 6-19 years, caution should be exercised regarding the risk of lower testosterone levels associated with elevated WWI, particularly when WWI is below 10.09.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Beilun District People's Hospital, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Lingling Bao
- Beilun District People's Hospital, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Beilun District People's Hospital, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Jiajing Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Beilun District People's Hospital, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Beilun District People's Hospital, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Beilun District People's Hospital, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Dongkai Qiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Beilun District People's Hospital, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, PR China
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3
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Chen J, Zhao T, Zheng X, Kang L, Wang J, Wei Y, Wu Y, Shen L, Long C, Wei G, Wu S. Protective effects of melatonin on DEHP-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in prepubertal testes via the PI3K/AKT pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:952-964. [PMID: 37975621 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), an environmental endocrine disruptor, is one of the most common plasticizers and is widely used in various plastic products. DEHP induces apoptosis and oxidative stress and has been shown to have androgenic toxicity. However, the methods to combat DEHP-induced testicular damage and the mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we used melatonin, which has strong antioxidant properties, to intervene in prepubertal mice and mouse Leydig cells (TM3) treated with DEHP or its metabolite mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP). The results showed that melatonin protected against DEHP-induced testicular damage in prepubertal mice, mainly by protecting against DEHP-induced structural destruction of the germinal tubules and by attenuating the DEHP-induced decrease in testicular organ coefficients and testosterone levels. Transcriptomic analysis found that melatonin may attenuate DEHP-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in prepubertal testes. In vitro studies further revealed that MEHP induces oxidative stress injury and increases apoptosis in TM3 cells, while melatonin reversed this damage. In vitro studies also found that MEHP exposure inhibited the expression levels of molecules related to the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and melatonin reversed this change. In conclusion, these findings suggest that melatonin protects against DEHP-induced prepubertal testicular injury via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and provide a theoretical basis and experimental rationale for combating male reproductive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Tianxin Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Woman and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangqin Zheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Lian Kang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Junke Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuexin Wei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhao Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Lianju Shen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunlan Long
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Guanghui Wei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengde Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Lindbo D, Arendt LH, Ernst A, Lunddorf LLH, Brix N, Ramlau-Hansen CH. Maternal Cigarette Smoking During Pregnancy and Genital Anomalies in Boys: A Register-Based Cohort and Sibling-Matched Design Study. Clin Epidemiol 2022; 14:901-910. [PMID: 35912163 PMCID: PMC9329573 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s368826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cryptorchidism and hypospadias share several prenatal risk factors. However, in published studies, boys exposed to cigarette smoking during pregnancy have a higher risk of cryptorchidism and a lower risk of hypospadias. Using Danish register-based data, we revisited these findings with a cohort and sibling-matched design to investigate the potential effect of shared time-stable factors. Patients and Methods For the cohort study, we included 823,670 live-born, singleton boys born from 1991 to 2016. Crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox regression models for each genital anomaly according to maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy. For the sibling-matched design, we included 399,258 brothers and used a stratified Cox regression model creating family-adjusted results. Results In the cohort study, we found a higher risk of cryptorchidism (aHR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.24) and a lower risk of hypospadias (aHR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.76, 0.93) when comparing boys exposed to cigarette smoking with non-exposed, and for increasing numbers of cigarettes smoked. In comparison, the sibling-matched analyses suggested a slightly weaker association for cryptorchidism and an association of similar magnitude for hypospadias, both in the same direction as in the cohort study. Conclusion Shared, familial confounding does not seem to explain earlier findings of higher risk of cryptorchidism and lower risk of hypospadias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lindbo
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Correspondence: Daniel Lindbo, Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark, Tel +45 21950102, Email
| | - Linn Håkonsen Arendt
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Horsens Region Hospital, Horsens, Denmark
| | - Andreas Ernst
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Nis Brix
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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5
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Stancampiano MR, Suzuki K, O'Toole S, Russo G, Yamada G, Faisal Ahmed S. Congenital Micropenis: Etiology And Management. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvab172. [PMID: 35036822 PMCID: PMC8754418 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the newborn, penile length is determined by a number of androgen dependent and independent factors. The current literature suggests that there are interracial differences in stretched penile length in the newborn and although congenital micropenis should be defined as a stretched penile length of less than 2.5 SDS of the mean for the corresponding population and gestation, a pragmatic approach would be to evaluate all boys with a stretched penile length below 2 cm, as congenital micropenis can be a marker for a wide range of endocrine conditions. However, it remains unclear as to whether the state of micropenis, itself, is associated with any long-term consequences. There is a lack of systematic studies comparing the impact of different therapeutic options on long-term outcomes, in terms of genital appearance, quality of life, and sexual satisfaction. To date, research has been hampered by a small sample size and inclusion of a wide range of heterogeneous diagnoses; for these reasons, condition-specific outcomes have been difficult to compare between studies. Lastly, there is a need for a greater collaborative effort in collecting standardized data so that all real-world or experimental interventions performed at an early age can be studied systematically into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Stuart O'Toole
- Department of Paediatric Surgery and Urology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Gianni Russo
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Unit, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Syed Faisal Ahmed
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
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6
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Dioxin-like Activity in Pregnant Women and Indices of Fetal Growth: The ACCEPT Birth Cohort. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10010026. [PMID: 35051068 PMCID: PMC8781564 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to lipophilic persistent organic pollutants (lipPOPs) elicits a number of species- and tissue-specific toxic responses, many of which involve the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). This study aims to measure the combined serum dioxin-like activity of lipPOPs in Greenlandic Inuit pregnant women and the associations with fetal growth indices. The combined dioxin-like activity of serum lipPOPs extracts was determined using the AhR reporter gene bioassay and expressed as pico-gram (pg) TCDD equivalent (TEQ) per gram serum lipid [AhR-TEQ (pg/g lipid)]. Significant AhR-TEQ was found in >87% of serum samples with the median level of 86.2 pg TEQ/g lipid. The AhR-TEQ level positively correlated with the marine food intake biomarker n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio, while negatively correlated with body mass index and parity. Women giving birth to infants with low birth weight (<2500 g) and length (<50 cm) had higher AhR-TEQ level compared to those with normal weight and length infants. For previous smokers, we found significant inverse associations between maternal AhR-TEQ level and fetal growth indices. In conclusion, exposure of Greenlandic Inuit pregnant women to dioxin-like compounds through traditional marine food can adversely influence the fetal growth via induced AhR activity. Smoking might have modifying effects.
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7
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Kumar S, Sharma A, Thaker R. Air pollutants and impairments of male reproductive health-an overview. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2021; 36:565-575. [PMID: 33544535 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Excessive air pollution, both ambient and indoor are might be detrimental to human wellbeing and are related to morbidity and mortality, it may also affect the reproductive function and its outcome. It is a recognized fact that air pollution contains several toxicants, gases, particulate matter, toxic metals etc. Some of them might affect reproductive and developmental process and a few are persistent. The information accessible on air pollution to human male reproduction is stated to affect semen quality by diminishing one or more sperm quality parameters i.e., sperm morphology, concentration, motility etc. and may causes sperm DNA damage, these might alter the fertility potential which in turn affect pregnancy or its outcome. The impact might be related to the pollutant's concentration and duration of exposure. The data on impact of air contamination on endocrine function are inadequate, inconsistence and the diversity of existence of air contaminants in area to area and multiplicity in semen quality parameters assessed in various studies as well as study design variables complicated the problem of evaluation of impact of air pollution on male reproduction. The data available suggests the air pollution is might be injurious to human male reproductive health, which depends upon amounts of air pollutants in the air, duration of exposure etc. but more comprehensive data are needed to substantiate the findings. The data are also needed on indoor air pollution on reproduction as people are might be subjected to greater quantities of some of the indoor air pollutants as compared to ambient air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- A-10, Radhey Kunj Apartment, Shahi Baugh, Ahmedabad, 380004, India
- National Institute of Occupational Health (ICMR), Ahmedabad, 380016, India
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Padmanabhan V, Song W, Puttabyatappa M. Praegnatio Perturbatio-Impact of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:295-353. [PMID: 33388776 PMCID: PMC8152448 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The burden of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth and low birth weight is considerable across the world. Several risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes have been identified. One risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes receiving considerable attention in recent years is gestational exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Humans are exposed to a multitude of environmental chemicals with known endocrine-disrupting properties, and evidence suggests exposure to these EDCs have the potential to disrupt the maternal-fetal environment culminating in adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. This review addresses the impact of maternal and fetal exposure to environmental EDCs of natural and man-made chemicals in disrupting the maternal-fetal milieu in human leading to adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes-a risk factor for adult-onset noncommunicable diseases, the role lifestyle and environmental factors play in mitigating or amplifying the effects of EDCs, the underlying mechanisms and mediators involved, and the research directions on which to focus future investigations to help alleviate the adverse effects of EDC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenhui Song
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Messina M, Mejia SB, Cassidy A, Duncan A, Kurzer M, Nagato C, Ronis M, Rowland I, Sievenpiper J, Barnes S. Neither soyfoods nor isoflavones warrant classification as endocrine disruptors: a technical review of the observational and clinical data. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5824-5885. [PMID: 33775173 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1895054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Soybeans are a rich source of isoflavones, which are classified as phytoestrogens. Despite numerous proposed benefits, isoflavones are often classified as endocrine disruptors, based primarily on animal studies. However, there are ample human data regarding the health effects of isoflavones. We conducted a technical review, systematically searching Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library (from inception through January 2021). We included clinical studies, observational studies, and systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRMA) that examined the relationship between soy and/or isoflavone intake and endocrine-related endpoints. 417 reports (229 observational studies, 157 clinical studies and 32 SRMAs) met our eligibility criteria. The available evidence indicates that isoflavone intake does not adversely affect thyroid function. Adverse effects are also not seen on breast or endometrial tissue or estrogen levels in women, or testosterone or estrogen levels, or sperm or semen parameters in men. Although menstrual cycle length may be slightly increased, ovulation is not prevented. Limited insight could be gained about possible impacts of in utero isoflavone exposure, but the existing data are reassuring. Adverse effects of isoflavone intake were not identified in children, but limited research has been conducted. After extensive review, the evidence does not support classifying isoflavones as endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Messina
- Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Sonia Blanco Mejia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Aedin Cassidy
- Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Alison Duncan
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Mindy Kurzer
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chisato Nagato
- Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Martin Ronis
- Health Sciences Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Baton Rouge, New Orleans, USA
| | - Ian Rowland
- Human Nutrition, University of Reading, Reading, England, UK
| | | | - Stephen Barnes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama, Alabama, USA
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Komarowska MD, Grubczak K, Czerniecki J, Hermanowicz A, Hermanowicz JM, Debek W, Matuszczak E. Identification of the Bisphenol A (BPA) and the Two Analogues BPS and BPF in Cryptorchidism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:694669. [PMID: 34335471 PMCID: PMC8318035 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.694669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to explore the association of plasma concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), and bisphenol F (BPF) with unilateral cryptorchidism. In addition, to analyze selected demographic and intraoperative characteristics. DESIGN Retrospective analysis to determine plasma concentrations of total BPA, BPS and BPF using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) among prepubertal boys with cryptorchidism and prebupertal male control subjects. During operation, the size, turgor and location of the cryptorchid testes were assessed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Plasma concentrations of total BPA, BPS and BPF. RESULTS In children with cryptorchidism, plasma levels of BPA, BPS and BPF were significantly higher compared to the control subjects. For BPA, it was: median value: 9.95 ng/mL vs. 5.54 ng/mL, p<0.05. For BPS, it was: median value: 3.93 ng/mL vs. 1.45 ng/mL, p<0.001. For BPF, it was: median value: 3.56 ng/mL vs. 1.83 ng/mL, p<0.05. In cryptorchid group, BPA was detected in 61.4% samples, BPS in 19.3% and BPF in 19.3%. All the three bisphenols were detected in plasma samples of both the healthy subjects and the study cohort. In the latter group, we found significant higher levels of BPA in boys from urban areas. We found a weak positive correlation between the levels of BPS and BPF and reduced turgor of the testes. Furthermore, results showed weak positive correlations between BPA and BPS levels and the age of the children as well as between BPS and BPF concentrations and the place of residence. CONCLUSIONS Results provide a first characterization of prepubertal boys suffering from cryptorchidism and exposed to different kind of bisphenols. Our study suggests that cryptorchid boys are widely exposed to BPA and, to a lesser extent, also to its alternatives, such as BPS and BPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Diana Komarowska
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
- *Correspondence: Marta Diana Komarowska, ; Justyna Magdalena Hermanowicz,
| | - Kamil Grubczak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Jan Czerniecki
- Department of Biology and Pathology of Human Reproduction, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Adam Hermanowicz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Justyna Magdalena Hermanowicz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
- *Correspondence: Marta Diana Komarowska, ; Justyna Magdalena Hermanowicz,
| | - Wojciech Debek
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Matuszczak
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
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11
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Tavalieri YE, Galoppo GH, Canesini G, Luque EH, Muñoz-de-Toro MM. Effects of agricultural pesticides on the reproductive system of aquatic wildlife species, with crocodilians as sentinel species. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110918. [PMID: 32619582 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural pesticides represent a significant class of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) to which non-target organisms around the world are constantly exposed. Laboratory studies have found strong evidence showing the endocrine-disruptive potential of these pesticides at environmentally relevant exposure levels. Since the field of endocrine disruption continues to grow in richness and complexity, this review aims to provide an update on the effects of two agricultural pesticides that act as EDCs: atrazine and endosulfan. We will focus mainly on the effects on crocodilians due to their worldwide occurrence in tropical and sub-tropical wetland ecosystems and their ecological and physiological features, which render them vulnerable to exposure to pesticides with endocrine-disrupting action at all life stages. The results here reviewed provide important insights into the effects of hormonally active agricultural pesticides at cellular, tissue, and organ levels in the reproductive system of crocodiles. A better understanding of the effects of exposure to environmentally relevant doses of EDCs on the reproductive system of crocodilians will contribute to protect and improve the health of both wildlife species and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Tavalieri
- Laboratorio de EcoFisioPatología, Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - G H Galoppo
- Laboratorio de EcoFisioPatología, Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - G Canesini
- Laboratorio de EcoFisioPatología, Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - E H Luque
- Laboratorio de EcoFisioPatología, Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M M Muñoz-de-Toro
- Laboratorio de EcoFisioPatología, Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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12
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Rouget F, Kadhel P, Monfort C, Viel JF, Thome JP, Cordier S, Multigner L. Chlordecone exposure and risk of congenital anomalies: the Timoun Mother-Child Cohort Study in Guadeloupe (French West Indies). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:40992-40998. [PMID: 31376129 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlordecone is an organochlorine pesticide that was extensively used to control the banana root borer population in the French West Indies until 1993. Its persistence in soil has led to widespread pollution of the environment, and human beings, including pregnant women, are still exposed to this chemical. High levels of exposure to chlordecone during gestation have been shown to cause congenital anomalies, including undescended testes in rodents. We assessed the associations between chlordecone concentrations in maternal and cord plasma and the risk of congenital anomalies in the Timoun Mother-Child Cohort Study (2004-2007) that included 1068 pregnant women in Guadeloupe. Odds ratios were estimated using unconditional logistic regression analysis, controlling for confounding factors. The median plasma concentrations in maternal and cord plasma were 0.39 μg/L and 0.20 μg/L, respectively. Thirty-six children were diagnosed with malformations according to the European Registration of Congenital Anomalies guidelines and 25 with undescended testes. There was no association between maternal or cord plasma concentration of chlordecone and the risk of overall malformations nor undescended testes. These results suggest that prenatal exposure to the currently observed environmental levels of chlordecone in French West Indies does not increase the risk of birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Rouget
- CHU de Rennes, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Philippe Kadhel
- CHU de Pointe-à-Pitre, Univ Antilles, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-97110, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Christine Monfort
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Jean François Viel
- CHU de Rennes, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Jean Pierre Thome
- LEAE-CART (Laboratoire d'Ecologie Animale et d'Ecotoxicologie-Centre de Recherche Analytique et Technologique), Université de Liège, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sylvaine Cordier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Luc Multigner
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
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13
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Alvarez-Bulnes O, Monés-Llivina A, Cavero-Roig L, Ventura PS, Llagostera-Benedico J, Valls-Sirera C, Talló-Catarineu G. Ophthalmic Pathology in the Offspring of Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Matern Child Health J 2020; 24:524-529. [PMID: 31997119 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-020-02887-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes (GD) occurs in 5.8% to 25.1% of pregnant women. This disorder has been linked with intrauterine growth delays, congenital anomalies, and neurobehavioral disorders following birth. As to ophthalmological effects, changes in macular thickness and hypoplasia of the upper quadrant of the papilla have been described. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether GD has an effect on ophthalmological development in the children born of mothers with this condition. METHODS Observational study carried out in children seen in the ophthalmological outpatient clinic of a pediatric hospital in Barcelona (Spain) between January 2011 and December 2015. Participants were ultimately divided into two groups, a study group whose mothers had GD managed either by insulin or diet (GD group) and a control group of children with non-diabetic mothers. Pregestational diabetes cases, were excluded. Complete information was collected on the children's refraction status, ophthalmological disease, and congenital malformations. RESULTS Data were compiled on 350 children (229 children born of mothers with GD-186 managed with diet vs 43, with insulin- and 121 controls). The prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus was similar between the groups, but children of mothers with GD had a three-fold greater probability of having refractive errors than children born to mothers without GD. Hyperopia (14.8% vs. 7.4%) and myopia (3.5% vs 0%) were found to be significantly more prevalent in children born of mothers with GD than in the controls (p = 0.027 in both groups).The prevalence of astigmatism was similar in both groups (1.7% vs 0.8%). CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE Refractive errors are more common in children born of mothers with GD. These conditions are easily managed, but if they are not detected, they can lead to amblyopia or accommodative strabismus, interfere with acquisition of fine motor skills, and lead to learning problems. Regular ocular examinations would be recommended in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Alvarez-Bulnes
- Ophthalmology Unit, HM Nens, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut Oftalmològic Eurolàser, Mataró, Barcelona, Spain.
- Hospital de Mataro - Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain.
| | - Anna Monés-Llivina
- Ophthalmology Unit, HM Nens, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Oftalmològic Eurolàser, Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Cavero-Roig
- Ophthalmology Unit, HM Nens, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Oftalmològic Eurolàser, Mataró, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Kortenkamp A. Which chemicals should be grouped together for mixture risk assessments of male reproductive disorders? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 499:110581. [PMID: 31525431 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There is concern about cumulative exposures to compounds that disrupt male sexual differentiation in foetal life, leading to irreversible effects in adulthood, including declines in semen quality, testes non-descent, malformations of the penis and testis cancer. Traditional chemical-by-chemical risk assessment approaches cannot capture the likely cumulative health risks. Past efforts of focusing on combinations of phthalates, a subgroup of chemicals suspected of contributing to these risks, do not go far enough, as they ignore the contribution of other types of chemicals. With the aim of providing criteria for the inclusion of additional chemicals in mixture risks assessments for male reproductive health, this paper examines the mechanisms of action of various chemicals capable of disrupting male sexual differentiation. An Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) network for malformations of the male reproductive system is constructed that includes new findings about the role of disruptions of prostaglandin signalling. This network is used to identify pathways that converge at critical nodal points to produce down-stream adverse effects. From this knowledge, combinations of chemicals with different mechanisms of action are predicted that should result in cumulative effects. These predictions are then mapped against evidence from experimental mixture studies with relevant combinations. From the outcome of this analysis it is concluded that cumulative assessment groups for male reproductive health risks should not only include phthalates but also comprise androgen receptor (AR) antagonists, chemicals capable of disrupting steroid synthesis, InsL3 production, prostaglandin signalling and co-planar polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins together with other dioxin-like compounds. This list goes far beyond what has been suggested previously. A minimum set of chemicals to be assessed together with phthalates includes pesticides such as vinclozolin, prochloraz, procymidone, linuron, the pain killers paracetamol, aspirin and ibuprofen, pharmaceuticals such as finasteride, ketoconazole, and the lipid-lowering drug simvastin, poly-chlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and other dioxin-like pollutants and phenolics such as bisphenol A and butylparaben. AOP network analyses are essential to overcome difficulties in establishing groupings of chemicals for mixture risk assessments that derive from a narrow focus on mechanisms and modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kortenkamp
- Brunel University London, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK.
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15
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Yao Q, Zhou G, Xu M, Dai J, Qian Z, Cai Z, Zhang L, Tan Y, Hu R. Blood metal levels and serum testosterone concentrations in male and female children and adolescents: NHANES 2011-2012. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224892. [PMID: 31697766 PMCID: PMC6837506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental exposure to metals is ubiquitous, but its relation to androgen hormone levels is not well understood, especially in children and adolescents. This study aimed to explore the relationship between blood metal concentrations (lead, cadmium, total mercury, selenium, and manganese) and serum total testosterone (TT) levels in 6–19-year-old children and adolescents in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2012. Weighted multivariable linear regression models using NHANES sampling weights were employed to evaluate the association between log-transformed serum TT and each metal categories in male and female children (age 6-11years) and adolescents (age 12–19 years). We established that blood cadmium and manganese levels were associated with significantly higher serum TT levels in the female adolescents. Additionally, the blood selenium levels in male adolescents were related to significantly higher serum TT. No significant associations between blood lead or total mercury levels and TT were observed in children or adolescents of either sex. These findings suggest that environmental exposure to certain metals could affect serum TT levels in adolescents, which might have important implications for the health of adolescents. Further research is required to confirm and extend our present findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ge Zhou
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Meilin Xu
- Medical department life science China, GE healthcare China, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Dai
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ziwei Qian
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zijing Cai
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yong Tan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (RH); (YT)
| | - Rongkui Hu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail: (RH); (YT)
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16
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Maternal Exposure to Housing Renovation During Pregnancy and Risk of Offspring with Congenital Malformation: The Japan Environment and Children's Study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11564. [PMID: 31399615 PMCID: PMC6689001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47925-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been no large, nationwide, birth cohort studies in Japan examining the effects of house renovation during pregnancy on congenital abnormality. This study examined the impact of (1) prenatal exposure to house renovation and (2) maternal occupational exposure to organic solvents and/or formaldehyde on the incidence of congenital abnormality. The fixed data of 67,503 singleton births from a large national birth cohort study that commenced in 2011 were used to evaluate the presence of congenital abnormalities and potential confounding factors. We employed multiple logistic regression analysis to search for correlations between maternal exposure to house renovation or organic solvents and/or formaldehyde during pregnancy and such congenital abnormalities as congenital heart disease, cleft lip and/or palate, male genital abnormality, limb defect, and gastrointestinal obstruction. After controlling for potential confounding factors, we observed that house renovation was significantly associated with male genital abnormality (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.03-3.17, P = 0.04) when stratified by congenital abnormality, with no other remarkable relations to house renovation or occupational use of organic solvents and/or formaldehyde during pregnancy. There were also significant correlations for maternal BMI before pregnancy, history of ovulation induction through medication, maternal diabetes mellitus/gestational diabetes mellitus, and hypertensive disorder of pregnancy with an increased risk of congenital abnormality. In conclusion, this large nationwide survey provides important information on a possible association of house renovation during pregnancy with congenital male genital abnormality which needs confirmation in future studies.
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Gianfrilli D, Ferlin A, Isidori AM, Garolla A, Maggi M, Pivonello R, Santi D, Sansone A, Balercia G, Granata ARM, Sinisi A, Lanfranco F, Pasqualetti P, Foresta C, Lenzi A. Risk behaviours and alcohol in adolescence are negatively associated with testicular volume: results from the Amico‐Andrologo survey. Andrology 2019; 7:769-777. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Gianfrilli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - A. Ferlin
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism University of Brescia Brescia Italy
| | - A. M. Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - A. Garolla
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine Department of Medicine University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - M. Maggi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Dipartimento Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche ‘Mario Serio’ University of Florence Firenze Italy
| | - R. Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia Università Federico II di Napoli Naples Italy
| | - D. Santi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
| | - A. Sansone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - G. Balercia
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences Polytechnic University of Marche Ancona Italy
| | - A. R. M. Granata
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Modena Italy
| | - A. Sinisi
- Andrology Unit Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences University HospitalL. Vanvitelli University of Campania Naples Italy
| | - F. Lanfranco
- Andrology Unit Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism Department of Medical Sciences University of Turin Torino Italy
| | - P. Pasqualetti
- Service of Medical Statistics and Information Technology Fatebenefratelli Foundation for Health Research and Education Rome Italy
| | - C. Foresta
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine Department of Medicine University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - A. Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
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Jain VG, Goyal V, Chowdhary V, Swarup N, Singh RJ, Singal A, Shekhawat P. Anogenital distance is determined during early gestation in humans. Hum Reprod 2019; 33:1619-1627. [PMID: 30124868 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does cord blood androgen level obtained at birth affect the AGD in human newborns? SUMMARY ANSWER In human newborns, though males have a significantly longer AGD compared to females (as early as 22 weeks of gestation) the AGD is not affected by androgen levels at birth in both the sexes. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Animal studies have reported a critical time period in early fetal life, termed the masculinization programming window (MPW) during which AGD is fixed by in utero androgen action and is unaffected by testosterone levels later during gestation. Thus, AGD may serve as a lifelong biomarker of androgen exposure during this window. This MPW is hypothesized to occur in humans at 8-14 weeks of gestation during which AGD is fixed. The effect of androgens (testosterone) on AGD after the MPW in humans is not known. Furthermore, altered AGD has been associated with various human reproductive health disorders in both males and females. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A prospective descriptive cohort study was performed using data from randomly selected neonates (n = 205) born at a single center over a period of 1 year (August 2015 to August 2016). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS AGDs in male (n = 117) and female infants (n = 88) together with penile width, glans girth and stretched penile length were measured by trained caregivers. Gestation ranged from 22 to 41 weeks and infants were examined within 24 h of birth (within 48-72 h in very sick preterm infants after clinical stabilization). AGD-1 was measured from the center of the anus to the posterior base of scrotum in males or to the posterior fourchette in females. AGD-2 was measured from the center of the anus to the anterior base of the penis in males or to the clitoris in females. Sex steroid hormones (testosterone, 17-OH progesterone (17-OHP) and androstenedione) were measured in serum prepared from umbilical cord blood samples taken at birth, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Males had a significantly lower gestational age (mean ± SD; 34.6 ± 4.9 versus 36.1 ± 4.1 weeks, P = 0.04), and a significantly longer AGD-1 (mean ± SD; 21.6 ± 6.0 versus 12.7 ± 3.8 mm, P < 0.001) and AGD-2 (41.9 ± 8.7 versus 33.9 ± 7.1 mm, P = 0.004) compared to female infants, respectively. The cord serum testosterone levels were significantly higher for male than female infants [median, interquartile range; 13.0 (7.3, 20.5) versus 4.1 (2.5, 5.9), ng/dl, P < 0.001]. There was no difference in levels of 17-OHP (P = 0.697) or androstenedione (P = 0.601) between the two sexes. On multiple regression analysis after adjusting for potential confounders, none of the AGD's in both males and females correlated with any sex steroid hormonal levels. We also provide normative charts for penile length, penile width and glans girth in preterm and term infants. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION No data were collected on family history of genital malformation, infertility or hormonal disorders, parental endocrine-disrupting chemical exposure or diet pattern, any of which might have influenced the AGD and/or sex steroid hormone levels in the offspring. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our results suggest that AGD in humans, like animals, is fixed in early gestation (likely during the hypothesized MPW) and is unaffected by androgen levels thereafter. Thus, AGD can serve as a biomarker of in utero androgen action during early gestation (likely 8-14 weeks) in humans. As such, causes of human newborn and adult reproductive health disorders, such as endocrine disruptors, should be explored during early gestation. However, further larger studies are needed to help corroborate these findings. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS No specific funding was obtained for this study, and all authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viral G Jain
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Neonatology, MetroHealth Medical Centre (Case Western Reserve University), 2500 MetroHealth Dr, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Vaibhav Goyal
- Division of Neonatology, MetroHealth Medical Centre (Case Western Reserve University), 2500 MetroHealth Dr, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Vikas Chowdhary
- Division of Neonatology, MetroHealth Medical Centre (Case Western Reserve University), 2500 MetroHealth Dr, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Namita Swarup
- Division of Neonatology, MetroHealth Medical Centre (Case Western Reserve University), 2500 MetroHealth Dr, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ravinder J Singh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First St. SW Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Arbinder Singal
- Hypospadias Foundation & MITR Hospital, Plot:37, Eden Garden, Sector-5, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Prem Shekhawat
- Division of Neonatology, MetroHealth Medical Centre (Case Western Reserve University), 2500 MetroHealth Dr, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Perinatal Exposure to Environmental Endocrine Disruptors in the Emergence of Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Diseases: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16081318. [PMID: 31013727 PMCID: PMC6517937 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16081318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Exposure to endocrine disruptors is on the rise, with new compounds regularly incriminated. In animals and humans, this exposure during critical developmental windows has been associated with various developmental abnormalities, including the emergence of psychiatric disorders. We aimed to review the association between perinatal endocrine disruptor exposure and neurodevelopmental disorders in humans, focusing on cognitive and psychiatric disorders. Methods: We performed a systematic review with key words referring to the fields of neurodevelopment and endocrine disruptors. We reviewed 896 titles, choosing studies on the basis of titles and abstracts. We searched through the methodology sections to find perinatal exposure and neurodevelopmental disorders, following the categories indicated in the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition). References in some studies brought us to a total of 47 studies included here. Results: Convergent studies report an association between exposure to endocrine disruptors and autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, global developmental delay, intellectual disability, communication disorders and unspecified neurodevelopmental disorders. Conclusion: Sufficient data exist to report that exposure to some endocrine disruptors is a risk factor for the emergence of neurodevelopmental disorders. Studying endocrine disruptor exposure in humans is still associated with some limits that are difficult to overcome.
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Campos PD, Oliveira IM, Sena de Souza J, Da Conceição RR, Giannocco G, Chiamolera MI, Silva MRDD, Romano MA, Romano RM. Maternal bisphenol A exposure disrupts spermatogenesis in adult rat offspring. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:163-175. [PMID: 30755151 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1572557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) that is widely used in the manufacturing of plastics and inner linings of food cans. Previously, it was reported that BPA disturbed the sexual dimorphic nucleus of the hypothalamus and delaying the onset of puberty attributed to an estrogenic action. In addition, BPA during the perinatal period increased LH serum concentrations in male offspring of dams at doses below the reproductive NOAEL (No Observable Adverse Effect Level) based upon World Health Organization guidelines. Based upon these findings, the objective of this study was to (1) determine the effects of perinatal treatment with low doses of BPA on regulation of spermatogenesis in adult offspring and (2) elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of gonadal dysfunction. The expression of genes related to spermatogenesis was disrupted with adverse consequences on sperm production, reserves, and function. Both BPA treated groups exhibited reduction in sperm production and epithelial height of seminiferous tubules, accompanied by diminished integrity of the acrosome and plasma membrane, decreased mitochondrial activity and increased incidence of morphological abnormalities. The sperm transit time was also slower. However, only in the group receiving the higher BPA dose was transcript expression of genes affected (reduced Ar and increased Esr1). It is of interest that serum testosterone levels were elevated in the same group where Ar was decreased. Data suggest that exposure to low BPA doses during hypothalamic sexual differentiation period produces permanent deleterious effects on spermatogenesis in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia De Campos
- a Laboratory of Reproductive Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy , State University of Centro-Oeste , Parana , Brazil
| | - Isabela M Oliveira
- a Laboratory of Reproductive Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy , State University of Centro-Oeste , Parana , Brazil
| | - Janaina Sena de Souza
- b Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina , Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp/EPM) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rodrigues Da Conceição
- b Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina , Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp/EPM) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Gisele Giannocco
- b Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina , Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp/EPM) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Maria I Chiamolera
- b Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina , Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp/EPM) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Magnus R Dias-Da Silva
- b Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina , Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp/EPM) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Marco A Romano
- a Laboratory of Reproductive Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy , State University of Centro-Oeste , Parana , Brazil
| | - Renata Marino Romano
- a Laboratory of Reproductive Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy , State University of Centro-Oeste , Parana , Brazil
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21
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Jiang X, Zhang N, Yin L, Zhang WL, Han F, Liu WB, Chen HQ, Cao J, Liu JY. A commercial Roundup® formulation induced male germ cell apoptosis by promoting the expression of XAF1 in adult mice. Toxicol Lett 2018; 296:163-172. [PMID: 29908847 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Roundup® is extensively used for weed control worldwide. Residues of this compound may lead to side effects of the male reproductive system. However, the toxic effects and mechanisms of Roundup® of male germ cells remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the apoptosis-inducing effects of Roundup® on mouse male germ cells and explore the role of a novel tumor suppressor XAF1 (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis-associated factor 1) involved in this process. We demonstrated that Roundup® can impair spermatogenesis, decrease sperm motility and concentration, and increase the sperm deformity rate in mice. In addition, excessive apoptosis of germ cells accompanied by the overexpression of XAF1 occurred after Roundup® exposure both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the low expression of XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis) induced by Roundup® was inversely correlated with XAF1. Moreover, the knockdown of XAF1 attenuated germ cell apoptosis, improved XIAP expression and inhibited the activation of its downstream target proteins, caspase-3 and PARP, after Roundup® exposure. Taken together, our data indicated that XAF1 plays an important role in Roundup®-induced male germ cell apoptosis. The present study suggested that Roundup® exposure has potential negative implications on male reproductive health in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jiang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Li Yin
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Wen-Long Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Fei Han
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Wen-Bin Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Hong-Qiang Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Jia Cao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Jin-Yi Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, PR China.
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22
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Hua XG, Hu R, Hu CY, Li FL, Jiang W, Zhang XJ. Associations between hypospadias, cryptorchidism and anogenital distance: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrologia 2018; 50:e13152. [PMID: 30251425 DOI: 10.1111/and.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypospadias and cryptorchidism are potential manifestations of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) at birth. Anogenital distance (AGD) has been presumed as an indicator related to endocrine disruptors proposed as one of the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying male reproductive disorders. In humans, recent studies have correlated AGD in boys to testicular anomalies. However, the associations between hypospadias, cryptorchidism and AGD remain inconsistent and have not been combined. Hence, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess gradations in the severity of the endocrine disruption in cryptorchidism or hypospadias by using AGD. A total of 2,119 boys from five birth cohort studies and two cross-sectional studies were subjected to meta-analysis. Random-effect model was used to calculate the standardised mean difference (SMD) of AGD. Our results reveal that boys with hypospadias or cryptorchidism have shorter AGD ([SMD, -2.63; 95% CI, -4.65 to -0.62] and [SMD, -0.69; 95% CI, -1.36 to -0.02]) respectively. There was no indication of a publication bias either from the result of Egger's test or Begg's test for hypospadias and cryptorchidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Guo Hua
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Hu
- School of Health Services Management, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Cheng-Yang Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Feng-Li Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiu-Jun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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23
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Rossitto M, Marchive C, Pruvost A, Sellem E, Ghettas A, Badiou S, Sutra T, Poulat F, Philibert P, Boizet-Bonhoure B. Intergenerational effects on mouse sperm quality after in utero exposure to acetaminophen and ibuprofen. FASEB J 2018; 33:339-357. [PMID: 29979629 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800488rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and analgesic drugs, such as N-acetyl- p-aminophenol (APAP; acetaminophen, paracetamol), are widely used by pregnant women. Accumulating evidence has indicated that these molecules can favor genital malformations in newborn boys and reproductive disorders in adults. However, the consequences on postnatal testis development and adult reproductive health after exposure during early embryogenesis are still unknown. Using the mouse model, we show that in utero exposure to therapeutic doses of the widely used APAP-ibuprofen combination during the sex determination period leads to early differentiation and decreased proliferation of male embryonic germ cells, and early 5-methylcytosine and extracellular matrix protein deposition in 13.5 d postcoitum exposed testes. Consequently, in postnatal testes, Sertoli-cell maturation is delayed, the Leydig-cell compartment is hyperplasic, and the spermatogonia A pool is decreased. This results in a reduced production of testosterone and in epididymal sperm parameter defects. We observed a reduced sperm count (19%) in utero-exposed (F0) adult males and also a reduced sperm motility (40%) in their offspring (F1) when both parents were exposed, which leads to subfertility among the 6 mo old F1 animals. Our study suggests that the use of these drugs during the critical period of sex determination affects the germ-line development and leads to adverse effects that could be passed to the offspring.-Rossitto, M., Marchive, C., Pruvost, A., Sellem, E., Ghettas, A., Badiou, S., Sutra, T., Poulat, F., Philibert, P., Boizet-Bonhoure, B. Intergenerational effects on mouse sperm quality after in utero exposure to acetaminophen and ibuprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moïra Rossitto
- Institute of Human Genetics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Candice Marchive
- Institute of Human Genetics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Alain Pruvost
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse (SPI), Small Molecules Analysis by Mass Spectrometry (SMArt-MS), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Eli Sellem
- Research and Development Department, Allice, Biology of Reproduction, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Aurélie Ghettas
- Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse (SPI), Small Molecules Analysis by Mass Spectrometry (SMArt-MS), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Stéphanie Badiou
- Département de Biochimie et d'Hormonologie, Hopital Lapeyronie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier; PhyMedExp, INSERM Unité 1046, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9214, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thibault Sutra
- Département de Biochimie et d'Hormonologie, Hopital Lapeyronie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier; PhyMedExp, INSERM Unité 1046, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9214, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Francis Poulat
- Institute of Human Genetics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Philibert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Département de Biochimie et d'Hormonologie, Hopital Lapeyronie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier; PhyMedExp, INSERM Unité 1046, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 9214, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Brigitte Boizet-Bonhoure
- Institute of Human Genetics, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Exposure to an anti-androgenic herbicide negatively impacts reproductive physiology and fertility in Xenopus tropicalis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9124. [PMID: 29904069 PMCID: PMC6002408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibians are threatened on a global scale and pollutants may be contributing to population declines, but how chemicals impact on their reproduction is poorly understood. We conducted a life cycle analysis to investigate the impacts of early life exposure to two anti-androgens (exposure until completion of metamorphosis;stage 66): flutamide, (50 µg/L)/linuron (9 and 45 µg/L)) on sexual development and breeding competence in Xenopus tropicalis. Our analyses included: mRNA levels of dmrt1, cyp17, amh, cyp19, foxl2 and ar (tadpoles/metamorphs), gonadal histomorphology (metamorphs/adults), mRNA levels of ar/gr (adult male brain/gonad/forelimb), testosterone/corticosterone levels (adult males), secondary sexual characteristics (forelimb width/nuptial pad: adult males) and breeding competence (amplexus/fertility: adult males). Compared to controls, feminised sex ratios and increased number of spermatogonia (adults) were observed after exposure to flutamide and the lower linuron concentration. Exposure to the lower linuron concentration also resulted in demasculinisation of secondary sexual characteristics and reduced male fertility. Flutamide exposure resulted in masculinisation of the nuptial pad and elevated mRNA levels of dmrt1, cyp17, amh and foxl2 in brains (metamorphs). Testosterone levels were higher in all treatment groups, however, overall few effects were observed in response to the higher linuron concentration. Our findings advance understanding of reproductive biology of X. tropicalis and illustrate negative effects of linuron on reproductive processes at a concentration measured in freshwater environments.
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25
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Anand-Ivell R, Cohen A, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Jönsson BAG, Bonde JP, Hougaard DM, Lindh CH, Toft G, Lindhard MS, Ivell R. Amniotic Fluid INSL3 Measured During the Critical Time Window in Human Pregnancy Relates to Cryptorchidism, Hypospadias, and Phthalate Load: A Large Case-Control Study. Front Physiol 2018; 9:406. [PMID: 29740335 PMCID: PMC5928321 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The period of the first to second trimester transition in human pregnancy represents a sensitive window for fetal organogenesis, particularly in regard to the development of the male reproductive system. This is a time of relative analytical inaccessibility. We have used a large national biobank of amniotic fluid samples collected at routine amniocentesis to determine the impacts of exogenous endocrine disruptor load on specific fetal biomarkers at this critical time. While adrenal and testicular steroids are highly correlated, they are also mostly positively influenced by increasing phthalate load, represented by the metabolites 7cx-MMeHP and 5cx-MEPP, by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) exposure, and by smoking, suggesting an adrenal stress response. In contrast, the testis specific biomarkers insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) and androstenedione are negatively impacted by the phthalate endocrine disruptors. Using a case-control design, we show that cryptorchidism and hypospadias are both significantly associated with increased amniotic concentration of INSL3 during gestational weeks 13-16, and some, though not all steroid biomarkers. Cases are also linked to a specifically increased variance in the Leydig cell biomarker INSL3 compared to controls, an effect exacerbated by maternal smoking. No influence of phthalate metabolites or PFOS was evident on the distribution of cases and controls. Considering that several animal and human studies have shown a negative impact of phthalate load on fetal and cord blood INSL3, respectively, the present results suggest that such endocrine disruptors may rather be altering the relative dynamics of testicular development and consequent hormone production, leading to a desynchronization of tissue organization during fetal development. Being born small for gestational age appears not to impact on the testicular biomarker INSL3 in second trimester amniotic fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arieh Cohen
- Section of Neonatal Screening and Hormones, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bent Nørgaard-Pedersen
- Section of Neonatal Screening and Hormones, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo A. G. Jönsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jens-Peter Bonde
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David M. Hougaard
- Section of Neonatal Screening and Hormones, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian H. Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Toft
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten S. Lindhard
- Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Richard Ivell
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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26
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Eladak S, Moison D, Guerquin MJ, Matilionyte G, Kilcoyne K, N’Tumba-Byn T, Messiaen S, Deceuninck Y, Pozzi-Gaudin S, Benachi A, Livera G, Antignac JP, Mitchell R, Rouiller-Fabre V, Habert R. Effects of environmental Bisphenol A exposures on germ cell development and Leydig cell function in the human fetal testis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191934. [PMID: 29385186 PMCID: PMC5791995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using an organotypic culture system termed human Fetal Testis Assay (hFeTA) we previously showed that 0.01 μM BPA decreases basal, but not LH-stimulated, testosterone secreted by the first trimester human fetal testis. The present study was conducted to determine the potential for a long-term antiandrogenic effect of BPA using a xenograft model, and also to study the effect of BPA on germ cell development using both the hFETA and xenograft models. METHODS Using the hFeTA system, first trimester testes were cultured for 3 days with 0.01 to 10 μM BPA. For xenografts, adult castrate male nude mice were injected with hCG and grafted with first trimester testes. Host mice received 10 μM BPA (~ 500 μg/kg/day) in their drinking water for 5 weeks. Plasma levels of total and unconjugated BPA were 0.10 μM and 0.038 μM respectively. Mice grafted with second trimester testes received 0.5 and 50 μg/kg/day BPA by oral gavage for 5 weeks. RESULTS With first trimester human testes, using the hFeTA model, 10 μM BPA increased germ cell apoptosis. In xenografts, germ cell density was also reduced by BPA exposure. Importantly, BPA exposure significantly decreased the percentage of germ cells expressing the pluripotency marker AP-2γ, whilst the percentage of those expressing the pre-spermatogonial marker MAGE-A4 significantly increased. BPA exposure did not affect hCG-stimulated androgen production in first and second trimester xenografts as evaluated by both plasma testosterone level and seminal vesicle weight in host mice. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to BPA at environmentally relevant concentrations impairs germ cell development in first trimester human fetal testis, whilst gonadotrophin-stimulated testosterone production was unaffected in both first and second trimester testis. Studies using first trimester human fetal testis demonstrate the complementarity of the FeTA and xenograft models for determining the respective short-term and long term effects of environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soria Eladak
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, Unité 967, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Delphine Moison
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, Unité 967, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Marie-Justine Guerquin
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, Unité 967, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Gabriele Matilionyte
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Kilcoyne
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Thierry N’Tumba-Byn
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, Unité 967, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Sébastien Messiaen
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, Unité 967, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Yoann Deceuninck
- Laboratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire Agroalimentaire et de l’Alimentation Nantes Atlantique (ONIRIS), Nantes, France
| | - Stéphanie Pozzi-Gaudin
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique et Médecine de la Reproduction, Hôpital A. Béclère, Université Paris Sud, Clamart, France
| | - Alexandra Benachi
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique et Médecine de la Reproduction, Hôpital A. Béclère, Université Paris Sud, Clamart, France
| | - Gabriel Livera
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, Unité 967, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Antignac
- Laboratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire Agroalimentaire et de l’Alimentation Nantes Atlantique (ONIRIS), Nantes, France
| | - Rod Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Virginie Rouiller-Fabre
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, Unité 967, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - René Habert
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- INSERM, Unité 967, Fontenay aux Roses, France
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Haraux E, Braun K, Buisson P, Stéphan-Blanchard E, Devauchelle C, Ricard J, Boudailliez B, Tourneux P, Gouron R, Chardon K. Maternal Exposure to Domestic Hair Cosmetics and Occupational Endocrine Disruptors Is Associated with a Higher Risk of Hypospadias in the Offspring. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 14:ijerph14010027. [PMID: 28036072 PMCID: PMC5295278 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant women are exposed to various chemical products at home and at work. Some of these products contain endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as cosmetics, pesticides, industrial chemicals, heavy metals, plastics or medications that could alter sexual differentiation and increase the risk of hypospadias. We evaluated maternal occupational and household exposures that could constitute risk factors for hypospadias. From 2011 to 2014, we enrolled 57 full-term newborns with hypospadias and three randomly selected controls per case (162 control newborns), matched for gestational age, from 11 maternity units in Picardy, France. Neonatal and parental data were collected at birth (personal characteristics, maternal lifestyle, and medical history). Maternal occupational exposure was assessed by a job-exposure matrix for EDCs from a job history questionnaire completed by mothers. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated with univariate and multivariable logistic regression, and adjusted for relevant covariates. Multivariate analysis showed a strong association between hypospadias and potential maternal occupational exposure to EDCs and maternal household use of hair cosmetics (OR 6.1, 95% CI: 1.1–34.9; OR: 9.6, 95% CI: 1.4–66.1, respectively). Our results suggest that maternal occupational exposure to EDCs is a risk factor for hypospadias and suggests a possible influence of household use of hair cosmetics during early pregnancy on the incidence of hypospadias in the offspring. A larger study with more accurate exposure assessment should evaluate the impact of EDCs in hair cosmetics on the incidence of hypospadias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Haraux
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Amiens University Hospital, 80054 Amiens, France.
| | - Karine Braun
- Department of Paediatrics, Amiens University Hospital, 80054 Amiens, France.
| | - Philippe Buisson
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Amiens University Hospital, 80054 Amiens, France.
| | | | | | - Jannick Ricard
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Amiens University Hospital, 80054 Amiens, France.
| | - Bernard Boudailliez
- Department of Paediatrics, Amiens University Hospital, 80054 Amiens, France.
| | - Pierre Tourneux
- Department of Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Amiens University Hospital, 80054 Amiens, France.
| | - Richard Gouron
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Amiens University Hospital, 80054 Amiens, France.
| | - Karen Chardon
- PériTox-INERIS Laboratory, Jules Verne University of Picardy, 80054 Amiens, France.
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28
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Dekant W, Bridges J. Assessment of reproductive and developmental effects of DINP, DnHP and DCHP using quantitative weight of evidence. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 81:397-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Singal AK, Jain VG, Gazali Z, Shekhawat P. Shorter anogenital distance correlates with the severity of hypospadias in pre-pubertal boys. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:1406-10. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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30
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Nistal M, Paniagua R, González-Peramato P, Reyes-Múgica M. Perspectives in Pediatric Pathology, Chapter 14. Natural History of Undescended Testes. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2016; 19:183-201. [PMID: 25105691 DOI: 10.2350/14-05-1483-pb.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cryptorchidism is one of the most frequent problems encountered in pediatric urology. Its causes, associated lesions, and prognosis in terms of fertility have been a source of interest and discrepancies for pediatric pathologists and urological surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Nistal
- 1 Department of Pathology, Hospital La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Arzobispo Morcillo No. 2, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ricardo Paniagua
- 2 Department of Cell Biology, Universidad de Alcala, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar González-Peramato
- 1 Department of Pathology, Hospital La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Arzobispo Morcillo No. 2, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Miguel Reyes-Múgica
- 3 Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Defarge N, Takács E, Lozano VL, Mesnage R, Spiroux de Vendômois J, Séralini GE, Székács A. Co-Formulants in Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Disrupt Aromatase Activity in Human Cells below Toxic Levels. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E264. [PMID: 26927151 PMCID: PMC4808927 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide formulations contain declared active ingredients and co-formulants presented as inert and confidential compounds. We tested the endocrine disruption of co-formulants in six glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH), the most used pesticides worldwide. All co-formulants and formulations were comparably cytotoxic well below the agricultural dilution of 1% (18-2000 times for co-formulants, 8-141 times for formulations), and not the declared active ingredient glyphosate (G) alone. The endocrine-disrupting effects of all these compounds were measured on aromatase activity, a key enzyme in the balance of sex hormones, below the toxicity threshold. Aromatase activity was decreased both by the co-formulants alone (polyethoxylated tallow amine-POEA and alkyl polyglucoside-APG) and by the formulations, from concentrations 800 times lower than the agricultural dilutions; while G exerted an effect only at 1/3 of the agricultural dilution. It was demonstrated for the first time that endocrine disruption by GBH could not only be due to the declared active ingredient but also to co-formulants. These results could explain numerous in vivo results with GBHs not seen with G alone; moreover, they challenge the relevance of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) value for GBHs exposures, currently calculated from toxicity tests of the declared active ingredient alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Defarge
- Institute of Biology, University of Caen Normandy, EA2608 and Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Environment MRSH, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, Caen Cedex 5, France.
- CRIIGEN, 81 rue Monceau, 75008 Paris, France.
| | - Eszter Takács
- Agro-Environmental Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, H-1022, Herman Ottó u. 15, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Verónica Laura Lozano
- Institute of Biology, University of Caen Normandy, EA2608 and Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Environment MRSH, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, Caen Cedex 5, France.
| | - Robin Mesnage
- Institute of Biology, University of Caen Normandy, EA2608 and Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Environment MRSH, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, Caen Cedex 5, France.
- CRIIGEN, 81 rue Monceau, 75008 Paris, France.
| | | | - Gilles-Eric Séralini
- Institute of Biology, University of Caen Normandy, EA2608 and Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Environment MRSH, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, Caen Cedex 5, France.
- CRIIGEN, 81 rue Monceau, 75008 Paris, France.
| | - András Székács
- Agro-Environmental Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, H-1022, Herman Ottó u. 15, Budapest, Hungary.
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Skakkebaek NE, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Buck Louis GM, Toppari J, Andersson AM, Eisenberg ML, Jensen TK, Jørgensen N, Swan SH, Sapra KJ, Ziebe S, Priskorn L, Juul A. Male Reproductive Disorders and Fertility Trends: Influences of Environment and Genetic Susceptibility. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:55-97. [PMID: 26582516 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is predicted that Japan and European Union will soon experience appreciable decreases in their populations due to persistently low total fertility rates (TFR) below replacement level (2.1 child per woman). In the United States, where TFR has also declined, there are ethnic differences. Caucasians have rates below replacement, while TFRs among African-Americans and Hispanics are higher. We review possible links between TFR and trends in a range of male reproductive problems, including testicular cancer, disorders of sex development, cryptorchidism, hypospadias, low testosterone levels, poor semen quality, childlessness, changed sex ratio, and increasing demand for assisted reproductive techniques. We present evidence that several adult male reproductive problems arise in utero and are signs of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS). Although TDS might result from genetic mutations, recent evidence suggests that it most often is related to environmental exposures of the fetal testis. However, environmental factors can also affect the adult endocrine system. Based on our review of genetic and environmental factors, we conclude that environmental exposures arising from modern lifestyle, rather than genetics, are the most important factors in the observed trends. These environmental factors might act either directly or via epigenetic mechanisms. In the latter case, the effects of exposures might have an impact for several generations post-exposure. In conclusion, there is an urgent need to prioritize research in reproductive physiology and pathophysiology, particularly in highly industrialized countries facing decreasing populations. We highlight a number of topics that need attention by researchers in human physiology, pathophysiology, environmental health sciences, and demography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels E Skakkebaek
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ewa Rajpert-De Meyts
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Germaine M Buck Louis
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael L Eisenberg
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Kold Jensen
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Jørgensen
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shanna H Swan
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katherine J Sapra
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Ziebe
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lærke Priskorn
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth & Reproduction and EDMaRC, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Physiology & Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Male Reproductive Medicine & Surgery Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Introduction Endocrine disruptors or environmental agents, disrupt the endocrine system, leading to various adverse effects in humans and animals. Although the phenomenon has been noted historically in the cases of diethylstilbestrol (DES) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), the term “endocrine disruptor” is relatively new. Endocrine disruptors can have a variety of hormonal activities such as estrogenicity or anti-androgenicity. The focus of this review concerns on the induction of hypospadias by exogenous estrogenic endocrine disruptors. This has been a particular clinical concern secondary to reported increased incidence of hypospadias. Herein, the recent literature is reviewed as to whether endocrine disruptors cause hypospadias. Methods A literature search was performed for studies involving both humans and animals. Studies within the past 5 years were reviewed and categorized into basic science, clinical science, epidemiologic, or review studies. Results Forty-three scientific articles were identified. Relevant sentinel articles were also reviewed. Additional pertinent studies were extracted from the reference of the articles that obtained from initial search results. Each article was reviewed and results presented. Overall, there were no studies which definitely stated that endocrine disruptors caused hypospadias. However, there were multiple studies which implicated endocrine disruptors as one component of a multifactorial model for hypospadias. Conclusions Endocrine disruption may be one of the many critical steps in aberrant development that manifests as hypospadias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisir Botta
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gerald R Cunha
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Laurence S Baskin
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Gomes J, Roche G. The Role of Estrogens and Estrogenic Metabolites and Male Reproductive Health Disorders. IMPLICATIONS AND CONSEQUENCES OF ANTHROPOGENIC POLLUTION IN POLAR ENVIRONMENTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-12315-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Singal AK, Jain VG. Maternal and infant characteristics influencing the anogenital distance and penile length in newborns. Andrologia 2015; 48:708-13. [PMID: 26666590 DOI: 10.1111/and.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that maternal characteristics can affect reproductive health of offspring, possibly through pre-natal hormonal influence. Anogenital distance (AGD) is an anthropometric measure which is a sensitive reproductive endpoint of masculinisation. It provides a read-out of pre-natal androgen exposure and has been associated with several reproductive health outcomes in humans. We studied AGD and stretched penile length (SPL) in a large, racially homogenous sample of consecutive newborns to understand their association with maternal and infant characteristics. A prospective cross-sectional study involving measurement of AGD and SPL at birth was performed by a single trained observer. A total of 1077 newborns (553 males and 524 females) were included in final anthropometric analysis. The mean AGD of males was 2.56 ± 0.31 cm, and the mean AGD of females was 1.54 ± 0.17 cm. The mean SPL of males was 3.31 ± 0.38 cm. On multiple regression analysis, for both males and females, birthweight (β = 0.229, P < 0.001 and β = 0.135, P < 0.001, respectively) was modest but significant predictor for AGD. For SPL, only gestational age (β = 0.054, P < 0.001) was found to be statistically significant predictor. There was no significant association observed for gravidity, parity and maternal age with both AGD and SPL. Thus, no maternal characteristics (age, gravidity, parity) influence AGD or SPL in human infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbinder Kumar Singal
- MITR Hospital & Hypospadias Foundation, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India.,Division of Pediatric Urology, MGM Medical College and MGM University of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Viral G Jain
- MITR Hospital & Hypospadias Foundation, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India.,Department of Pediatrics, MetroHealth Medical Centre, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Nilsson EE, Skinner MK. Environmentally Induced Epigenetic Transgenerational Inheritance of Reproductive Disease. Biol Reprod 2015; 93:145. [PMID: 26510870 PMCID: PMC6058737 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.134817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive disease and fertility issues have dramatically increased in the human population over the last several decades, suggesting environmental impacts. Epigenetics provides a mechanistic link by which an organism can respond to environmental factors. Interestingly, environmentally induced epigenetic alterations in the germ line can promote aberrant gene expression and disease generationally. Environmentally induced epigenetic transgenerational inheritance is defined as germ-line transmission of altered epigenetic information between generations in the absence of continued environmental exposures. This form of nongenetic inheritance has been shown to directly influence fertility and reproductive disease. This review describes the studies in a variety of species that impact reproductive disease and abnormalities. Observations suggest serious attention be paid to the possibility that ancestral exposures to environmental insults promotes transgenerational inheritance of reproductive disease susceptibility. Environmentally induced epigenetic transgenerational inheritance appears to be an important contributing factor to reproductive disease in many organisms, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Nilsson
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Michael K Skinner
- Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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37
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Mesnage R, Defarge N, Spiroux de Vendômois J, Séralini GE. Potential toxic effects of glyphosate and its commercial formulations below regulatory limits. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84:133-53. [PMID: 26282372 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GlyBH), including Roundup, are the most widely used pesticides worldwide. Their uses have increased exponentially since their introduction on the market. Residue levels in food or water, as well as human exposures, are escalating. We have reviewed the toxic effects of GlyBH measured below regulatory limits by evaluating the published literature and regulatory reports. We reveal a coherent body of evidence indicating that GlyBH could be toxic below the regulatory lowest observed adverse effect level for chronic toxic effects. It includes teratogenic, tumorigenic and hepatorenal effects. They could be explained by endocrine disruption and oxidative stress, causing metabolic alterations, depending on dose and exposure time. Some effects were detected in the range of the recommended acceptable daily intake. Toxic effects of commercial formulations can also be explained by GlyBH adjuvants, which have their own toxicity, but also enhance glyphosate toxicity. These challenge the assumption of safety of GlyBH at the levels at which they contaminate food and the environment, albeit these levels may fall below regulatory thresholds. Neurodevelopmental, reproductive, and transgenerational effects of GlyBH must be revisited, since a growing body of knowledge suggests the predominance of endocrine disrupting mechanisms caused by environmentally relevant levels of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mesnage
- University of Caen, Institute of Biology and Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Environment (MRSH), Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France; CRIIGEN, 81 rue de Monceau, 75008 Paris, France
| | - N Defarge
- University of Caen, Institute of Biology and Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Environment (MRSH), Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France; CRIIGEN, 81 rue de Monceau, 75008 Paris, France
| | | | - G E Séralini
- University of Caen, Institute of Biology and Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Environment (MRSH), Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France; CRIIGEN, 81 rue de Monceau, 75008 Paris, France.
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38
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Vigueras-Villaseñor RM, Cortés-Trujillo L, Chávez-Saldaña M, Vázquez FG, Carrasco-Daza D, Cuevas-Alpuche O, Rojas-Castañeda JC. Analysis of POU5F1, c-Kit, PLAP, AP2γ and SALL4 in gonocytes of patients with cryptorchidism. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:752-61. [PMID: 26315991 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cryptorchidism is a risk factor for the development of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs). The most common type of TGCT in cryptorchidism is seminoma. The intratubular germ cell neoplasia unclassified (ITGCNU) is a histological pattern preceding the development of seminomas and non-seminomas. It was suggested that in patients with cryptorchidism, the gonocytes remained undifferentiated with pluripotent abilities expressing proteins like POU domain class 5 transcription factor 1 (POU5F1), tyrosine kinase receptor c-Kit, placental-like alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), the transcription factor AP2γ and sal-like protein 4 (SALL4) that confer to the gonocytes this ability and therefore make them susceptible to develop ITGCNU. The aim of the present study was to determine if the gonocytes of patients with cryptorchidism express POU5F1, c-Kit, PLAP, AP2γ and SALL4 proteins after their differentiation period. Based on this, we evaluated samples of testicular tissue from newborns to 16-year old subjects with or without cryptorchidism in search of POU5F1, c-Kit, PLAP, AP2γ and SALL4 using immunocytochemical method, the results of which were validated by RT-PCR. The results showed that control subjects witnessed a down-regulation in the expression of these five proteins in the first year of life, which eventually disappeared. On the other hand, it was determined that 21.6% (8/37) of the patients with cryptorchidism continued to express, at least, one of the proteins analyzed in this study after the second year of life. And only 5.4% (2/37) of the patients were positive to the five markers. These data sustain the proposed hypothesis that in cryptorchid patients, ITGCNU arises from gonocytes that fail in their differentiation process to spermatogonia with conservation of the proteins (POU5F1, c-Kit, PLAP, AP2γ and SALL4) that maintain pluripotency and undifferentiated characteristics and which are responsible for making the gonocytes susceptible to malignancy. However, we cannot guarantee that these patients present neoplastic transformation.
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Arrebola JP, Molina-Molina JM, Fernández MF, Sáenz JM, Amaya E, Indiveri P, Hill EM, Scholze M, Orton F, Kortenkamp A, Olea N. A novel biomarker for anti-androgenic activity in placenta reveals risks of urogenital malformations. Reproduction 2015; 149:605-13. [PMID: 25784770 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that the rise in male reproductive disorders over recent decades may at least be partially attributable to environmental factors, including chemical exposures, but observed associations with single chemicals were rather weak. The aim of this case-control study was to explore the relationship between exposure to mixtures of (anti-)androgenic chemicals during pregnancy and the risk of cryptorchidism and/or hypospadias in offspring, using the total effective xenobiotic burden of anti-androgens (TEXB-AA) as a biomarker. A subsample of 29 cases (16 of cryptorchidism, 12 of hypospadias, and one of both disorders) and 60 healthy controls was nested in a cohort of male newborns recruited between October 2000 and July 2002. The (anti-)androgenic activity of placenta samples collected at delivery was assessed using TEXB-AA biomarker, combined with a bioassay-directed fractionation protocol that separated endogenous hormones from most (anti-)androgenic chemicals by normal-phase HPLC. The bioassay measures the androgen-induced luciferase activity and the inhibition of this pathway by (anti-)androgens. First, we collected 27 HPLC fractions in each placenta extract, which were all tested in the bioassay. The multivariable statistical analyses indicated a statistically significant positive dose-response association between the potent anti-androgenic activity of the HPLC fraction collected during minutes 1-2 (F2) and the risk of malformations (odds ratio: 2.33, 95% CI: 1.04-5.23). This study represents a novel approach for the estimation of combined effects of the total anti-androgenic load and the associations suggest an effect of environmental pollutants on the development of fetal reproductive tract.Free Spanish abstract: A Spanish translation of this abstract is freely available at http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/149/6/605/suppl/DC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Arrebola
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - José M Molina-Molina
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Mariana F Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Jose M Sáenz
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Esperanza Amaya
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Paolo Indiveri
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Elizabeth M Hill
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Martin Scholze
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Frances Orton
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Nicolás Olea
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADASan Cecilio University Hospital, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainCIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)Madrid, SpainSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UKInstitute of the EnvironmentHealth and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UKBiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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Komarowska MD, Hermanowicz A, Czyzewska U, Milewski R, Matuszczak E, Miltyk W, Debek W. Serum Bisphenol A Level in Boys with Cryptorchidism: A Step to Male Infertility? Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:973154. [PMID: 26491444 PMCID: PMC4600910 DOI: 10.1155/2015/973154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptorchidism is the most common congenital birth defect in boys and affects about 2-4% full-term male neonates. Its etiology is multifactorial. Purpose. To evaluate the serum bisphenol A (BPA) levels in boys with cryptorchidism and healthy boys and to assess the risk of environmental exposure to BPA using the authors' questionnaire. The data were acquired from a study on boys with cryptorchidism (n = 98) and a control group (n = 57). Prior to surgery, all patients had BPA serum levels evaluated. The size, position, rigidity of the testis, and abnormality of the epididymis of the undescended testis were assessed. Parents also completed a questionnaire on the risks of exposure to BPA in everyday life. Results. The testes in both groups were similar in size. The turgor of the undescended testis in the group of boys with cryptorchidism was decreased. Free serum BPA level in cryptorchid boys and in the control group was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The conjugated serum BPA level in cryptorchid boys and in the control group was statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). Total serum BPA level in cryptorchid boys and in the control group was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Serum total BPA level was related with a positive answer about problems with conception (p < 0.02). Conclusion. Our study indicated that high serum BPA was associated with cryptorchidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Diana Komarowska
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Ulica Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Hermanowicz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Ulica Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
- *Adam Hermanowicz:
| | - Urszula Czyzewska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, Ulica Adama Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Robert Milewski
- Department of Statistics and Medical Informatics, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Matuszczak
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Ulica Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Wojciech Miltyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, Ulica Adama Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Wojciech Debek
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, Ulica Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
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Rouiller-Fabre V, Guerquin MJ, N’Tumba-Byn T, Muczynski V, Moison D, Tourpin S, Messiaen S, Habert R, Livera G. Nuclear receptors and endocrine disruptors in fetal and neonatal testes: a gapped landscape. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:58. [PMID: 25999913 PMCID: PMC4423451 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, many studies reported that male reproductive disorders are increasing among humans. It is currently acknowledged that these abnormalities can result from fetal exposure to environmental chemicals that are progressively becoming more concentrated and widespread in our environment. Among the chemicals present in the environment (air, water, food, and many consumer products), several can act as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), thus interfering with the endocrine system. Phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), and diethylstilbestrol (DES) have been largely incriminated, particularly during the fetal and neonatal period, due to their estrogenic and/or anti-androgenic properties. Indeed, many epidemiological and experimental studies have highlighted their deleterious impact on fetal and neonatal testis development. As EDCs can affect many different genomic and non-genomic pathways, the mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of EDC exposure are difficult to elucidate. Using literature data and results from our laboratory, in the present review, we discuss the role of classical nuclear receptors (genomic pathway) in the fetal and neonatal testis response to EDC exposure, particularly to phthalates, BPA, and DES. Among the nuclear receptors, we focused on some of the most likely candidates, such as peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor (PPAR), androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptors (ERα and β), liver X receptors (LXR), and small heterodimer partner (SHP). First, we describe the expression and potential functions (based on data from studies using receptor agonists and mouse knockout models) of these nuclear receptors in the developing testis. Then, for each EDC studied, we summarize the main evidences indicating that the reprotoxic effect of each EDC under study is mediated through a specific nuclear receptor(s). We also point-out the involvement of other receptors and nuclear receptor-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Rouiller-Fabre
- Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Unité 967, INSERM, Fontenay aux Roses, France
- *Correspondence: Virginie Rouiller-Fabre, Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, BP6, Fontenay aux Roses F-92265, France,
| | - Marie Justine Guerquin
- Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Unité 967, INSERM, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Thierry N’Tumba-Byn
- Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Unité 967, INSERM, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Vincent Muczynski
- Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Unité 967, INSERM, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Delphine Moison
- Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Unité 967, INSERM, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Sophie Tourpin
- Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Unité 967, INSERM, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Sébastien Messiaen
- Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Unité 967, INSERM, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - René Habert
- Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Unité 967, INSERM, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Gabriel Livera
- Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Unité 967, INSERM, Fontenay aux Roses, France
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42
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Grinspon RP, Rey RA. When hormone defects cannot explain it: malformative disorders of sex development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:359-73. [PMID: 25472912 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The birth of a baby with malformations of the genitalia urges medical action. Even in cases where the condition is not life-threatening, the identification of the external genitalia as male or female is emotionally essential for the family, and genital malformations represent one of the most stressful situations around a newborn. The female or male configuration of the genitalia normally evolves during fetal life according to the genetic, gonadal, and hormonal sex. Disorders of sex development occur when male hormone (androgens and anti-Müllerian hormone) secretion or action is insufficient in the 46,XY fetus or when there is an androgen excess in the 46,XX fetus. However, sex hormone defects during fetal development cannot explain all congenital malformations of the reproductive tract. This review is focused on those congenital conditions in which gonadal function and sex hormone target organ sensitivity are normal and, therefore, not responsible for the genital malformation. Furthermore, because the reproductive and urinary systems share many common pathways in embryo-fetal development, conditions associating urogenital malformations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina P Grinspon
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD, Buenos, Aires, Argentina
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43
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Eladak S, Grisin T, Moison D, Guerquin MJ, N'Tumba-Byn T, Pozzi-Gaudin S, Benachi A, Livera G, Rouiller-Fabre V, Habert R. A new chapter in the bisphenol A story: bisphenol S and bisphenol F are not safe alternatives to this compound. Fertil Steril 2014; 103:11-21. [PMID: 25475787 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely studied typical endocrine-disrupting chemical, and one of the major new issues is the safe replacement of this commonly used compound. Bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF) are already or are planned to be used as BPA alternatives. With the use of a culture system that we developed (fetal testis assay [FeTA]), we previously showed that 10 nmol/L BPA reduces basal testosterone secretion of human fetal testis explants and that the susceptibility to BPA is at least 100-fold lower in rat and mouse fetal testes. Here, we show that addition of LH in the FeTA system considerably enhances BPA minimum effective concentration in mouse and human but not in rat fetal testes. Then, using the FeTA system without LH (the experimental conditions in which mouse and human fetal testes are most sensitive to BPA), we found that, as for BPA, 10 nmol/L BPS or BPF is sufficient to decrease basal testosterone secretion by human fetal testes with often nonmonotonic dose-response curves. In fetal mouse testes, the dose-response curves were mostly monotonic and the minimum effective concentrations were 1,000 nmol/L for BPA and BPF and 100 nmol/L for BPS. Finally, 10,000 nmol/L BPA, BPS, or BPF reduced Insl3 expression in cultured mouse fetal testes. This is the first report describing BPS and BPF adverse effects on a physiologic function in humans and rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soria Eladak
- Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells, and Radiation, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Tiphany Grisin
- Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells, and Radiation, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Delphine Moison
- Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells, and Radiation, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marie-Justine Guerquin
- Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells, and Radiation, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Thierry N'Tumba-Byn
- Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells, and Radiation, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Stéphanie Pozzi-Gaudin
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique et Médecine de la Reproduction, Hôpital A. Béclère, Université Paris Sud, Clamart, France
| | - Alexandra Benachi
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique et Médecine de la Reproduction, Hôpital A. Béclère, Université Paris Sud, Clamart, France
| | - Gabriel Livera
- Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells, and Radiation, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Virginie Rouiller-Fabre
- Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells, and Radiation, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - René Habert
- Unit of Genetic Stability, Stem Cells, and Radiation, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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Meeker JD, Ferguson KK. Urinary phthalate metabolites are associated with decreased serum testosterone in men, women, and children from NHANES 2011-2012. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:4346-52. [PMID: 25121464 PMCID: PMC4223430 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-2555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is evidence of declining trends in T levels among men in recent decades, as well as trends in related conditions at multiple life stages and in both sexes. There is also animal and limited human evidence that exposure to phthalates, chemicals found in plastics and personal care products, is associated with reduced androgen levels and associated disorders. OBJECTIVE To explore relationships between urinary concentrations of 13 phthalate metabolites and serum total T levels among men, women, and children when adjusting for important confounders and stratifying by sex and age (6-12, 12-20, 20-40, 40-60, and 60-80 y). DESIGN A cross-sectional study. SETTING US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-2012. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS US general population. INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Serum total T measured by isotope dilution-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Multiple phthalates were associated with significantly reduced T in both sexes and in differing age groups. In females, the strongest and most consistent inverse relationships were found among women ages 40-60 years. In boys 6-12 years old, an interquartile range increase in metabolites of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate was associated with a 29% (95% confidence interval, 6, 47) reduction in T. In adult men, the only significant or suggestive inverse associations between phthalates (metabolites of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and dibutyl phthalate) and T were observed among men ages 40-60 years. CONCLUSIONS Because T plays an important role in all life stages for both sexes, future efforts should focus on better defining these relationships and their broader impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029
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45
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Orton F, Tyler CR. Do hormone-modulating chemicals impact on reproduction and development of wild amphibians? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:1100-17. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frances Orton
- Biosciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter; Stocker Road Exeter EX4 4QD U.K
| | - Charles R. Tyler
- Biosciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter; Stocker Road Exeter EX4 4QD U.K
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Ward MH, Colt JS, Deziel NC, Whitehead TP, Reynolds P, Gunier RB, Nishioka M, Dahl GV, Rappaport SM, Buffler PA, Metayer C. Residential levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in California. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:1110-6. [PMID: 24911217 PMCID: PMC4181922 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND House dust is a major source of exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are found at high levels in U.S. homes. METHODS We studied 167 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases 0-7 years of age and 214 birth certificate controls matched on date of birth, sex, and race/ethnicity from the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study. In 2001-2007, we sampled carpets in the room where the child spent the most time while awake; we used a high-volume small-surface sampler or we took dust from the home vacuum. We measured concentrations of 14 PBDE congeners including penta (28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154), octa (183, 196, 197, 203), and decaBDEs (206-209). Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using logistic regression, adjusting for demographics, income, year of dust collection, and sampling method. RESULTS BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-209 were found at the highest concentrations (medians, 1,173, 1,579, and 938 ng/g, respectively). Comparing the highest to lowest quartile, we found no association with ALL for summed pentaBDEs (OR = 0.7; 95% CI: 0.4, 1.3), octaBDEs (OR = 1.3; 95% CI: 0.7, 2.3), or decaBDEs (OR = 1.0; 95% CI: 0.6, 1.8). Comparing homes in the highest concentration (nanograms per gram) tertile to those with no detections, we observed significantly increased ALL risk for BDE-196 (OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.8), BDE-203 (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.6), BDE-206 (OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.9), and BDE-207 (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.03, 3.8). CONCLUSION We found no association with ALL for common PBDEs, but we observed positive associations for specific octa and nonaBDEs. Additional studies with repeated sampling and biological measures would be informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary H Ward
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Habert R, Livera G, Rouiller-Fabre V. Man is not a big rat: concerns with traditional human risk assessment of phthalates based on their anti-androgenic effects observed in the rat foetus. Basic Clin Androl 2014; 24:14. [PMID: 25780587 PMCID: PMC4349750 DOI: 10.1186/2051-4190-24-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates provide one of the most documented example evidencing how much we must be cautious when using the traditional paradigm based on extrapolation of experimental data from rodent studies for human health risk assessment of endocrine disruptors (EDs). Since foetal testis is known as one of the most sensitive targets of EDs, phthalate risk assessment is routinely based on the capacity of such compounds to decrease testosterone production by the testis or to impair masculinization in the rat during foetal life. In this paper, the well-established inhibiting effects of phthalates of the foetal Leydig cells function in the rat are briefly reviewed. Then, data obtained in humans and other species are carefully analysed. Already in January 2009, using the organotypic culture system named Fetal Testis Assay (FeTA) that we developed, we reported that phthalates might not affect testosterone production in human foetal testes. Several recent experimental studies using xenografts confirm the absence of detectable anti-androgenic effect of phthalates in the human foetal testes. Epidemiological studies led to contradictory results. Altogether, these findings suggest that phthalates effects on foetal Leydig cells are largely species-specific. Consequently, the phthalate threshold doses that disturb foetal steroidogenesis in rat testes and that are presently used to define the acceptable daily intake levels for human health protection must be questioned. This does not mean that phthalates are safe because these compounds have many deleterious effects upon germ cell development that may be common to the different studied species including human. More generally, the identification of common molecular, cellular or/and phenotypic targets in rat and human testes should precede the choice of the toxicological endpoint in rat to accurately assess the safety threshold of any ED in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Habert
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Stem Cells and Radiation, University Paris Diderot, BP 6, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; INSERM, Unité 967, F-92265 Fontenay aux Roses, France ; Stem Cells and Radiation Unit, LDG / SCSR / iRCM / DSV, Centre CEA, BP6, F-92265 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Gabriel Livera
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Stem Cells and Radiation, University Paris Diderot, BP 6, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; INSERM, Unité 967, F-92265 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Virginie Rouiller-Fabre
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, Unit of Stem Cells and Radiation, University Paris Diderot, BP 6, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, LDG, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France ; INSERM, Unité 967, F-92265 Fontenay aux Roses, France
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Svechnikov K, Stukenborg JB, Savchuck I, Söder O. Similar causes of various reproductive disorders in early life. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:50-9. [PMID: 24369133 PMCID: PMC3901882 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.122199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past few decades, scientific evidence has been accumulated concerning the possible adverse effects of the exposure to environmental chemicals on the well-being of wildlife and human populations. One large and growing group of such compounds of anthropogenic or natural origin is referred to as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), due to their deleterious action on the endocrine system. This concern was first focused on the control of reproductive function particularly in males, but has later been expanded to include all possible endocrine functions. The present review describes the underlying physiology behind the cascade of developmental events that occur during sexual differentiation of males and the specific role of androgen in the masculinization process and proper organogenesis of the external male genitalia. The impact of the genetic background, environmental exposures and lifestyle factors in the etiology of hypospadias, cryptorchidism and testicular cancer are reviewed and the possible role of EDCs in the development of these reproductive disorders is discussed critically. Finally, the possible direct and programming effects of exposures in utero to widely use therapeutic compounds, environmental estrogens and other chemicals on the incidence of reproductive abnormalities and poor semen quality in humans are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Olle Söder
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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50
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Maternal Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors During Early Pregnancy and the Prevalence of Hypospadias in Male Offspring. Am J Ther 2014; 21:254-9. [DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0b013e3182456a8f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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