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Pérez Compte D, Etourneau L, Hesse AM, Kraut A, Barthelon J, Sturm N, Borges H, Biennier S, Courçon M, de Saint Loup M, Mignot V, Costentin C, Burger T, Couté Y, Bruley C, Decaens T, Jaquinod M, Boursier J, Brun V. Plasma ALS and Gal-3BP differentiate early from advanced liver fibrosis in MASLD patients. Biomark Res 2024; 12:44. [PMID: 38679739 PMCID: PMC11057169 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is estimated to affect 30% of the world's population, and its prevalence is increasing in line with obesity. Liver fibrosis is closely related to mortality, making it the most important clinical parameter for MASLD. It is currently assessed by liver biopsy - an invasive procedure that has some limitations. There is thus an urgent need for a reliable non-invasive means to diagnose earlier MASLD stages. METHODS A discovery study was performed on 158 plasma samples from histologically-characterised MASLD patients using mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantitative proteomics. Differentially abundant proteins were selected for verification by ELISA in the same cohort. They were subsequently validated in an independent MASLD cohort (n = 200). RESULTS From the 72 proteins differentially abundant between patients with early (F0-2) and advanced fibrosis (F3-4), we selected Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complex acid labile subunit (ALS) and Galectin-3-binding protein (Gal-3BP) for further study. In our validation cohort, AUROCs with 95% CIs of 0.744 [0.673 - 0.816] and 0.735 [0.661 - 0.81] were obtained for ALS and Gal-3BP, respectively. Combining ALS and Gal-3BP improved the assessment of advanced liver fibrosis, giving an AUROC of 0.796 [0.731. 0.862]. The {ALS; Gal-3BP} model surpassed classic fibrosis panels in predicting advanced liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Further investigations with complementary cohorts will be needed to confirm the usefulness of ALS and Gal-3BP individually and in combination with other biomarkers for diagnosis of liver fibrosis. With the availability of ELISA assays, these findings could be rapidly clinically translated, providing direct benefits for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pérez Compte
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UA13 BGE, CNRS, FR2048 ProFI, EDyP team, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Lucas Etourneau
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UA13 BGE, CNRS, FR2048 ProFI, EDyP team, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, TIMC, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne-Marie Hesse
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UA13 BGE, CNRS, FR2048 ProFI, EDyP team, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Alexandra Kraut
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UA13 BGE, CNRS, FR2048 ProFI, EDyP team, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Justine Barthelon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Clinique Universitaire d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Nathalie Sturm
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Clinique Universitaire d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Hélène Borges
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UA13 BGE, CNRS, FR2048 ProFI, EDyP team, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Salomé Biennier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UA13 BGE, CNRS, FR2048 ProFI, EDyP team, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie Courçon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UA13 BGE, CNRS, FR2048 ProFI, EDyP team, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Marc de Saint Loup
- Hepato-Gastroenterology Department, University Hospital, Angers, France
- HIFIH Laboratory, UPRES 3859, SFR 4208, LUNAM University, Angers, France
| | - Victoria Mignot
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Clinique Universitaire d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences-INSERM U1209/ CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France
| | - Charlotte Costentin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Clinique Universitaire d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences-INSERM U1209/ CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Burger
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UA13 BGE, CNRS, FR2048 ProFI, EDyP team, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Yohann Couté
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UA13 BGE, CNRS, FR2048 ProFI, EDyP team, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Bruley
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UA13 BGE, CNRS, FR2048 ProFI, EDyP team, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Decaens
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Clinique Universitaire d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Institute for Advanced Biosciences-INSERM U1209/ CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France
| | - Michel Jaquinod
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UA13 BGE, CNRS, FR2048 ProFI, EDyP team, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Jérôme Boursier
- Hepato-Gastroenterology Department, University Hospital, Angers, France
- HIFIH Laboratory, UPRES 3859, SFR 4208, LUNAM University, Angers, France
| | - Virginie Brun
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, UA13 BGE, CNRS, FR2048 ProFI, EDyP team, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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Bersin TV, Cordova KL, Saenger EK, Journey ML, Beckman BR, Lema SC. Nutritional status affects Igf1 regulation of skeletal muscle myogenesis, myostatin, and myofibrillar protein degradation pathways in gopher rockfish (Sebastes carnatus). Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 573:111951. [PMID: 37169322 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (Igf1) regulates skeletal muscle growth in fishes by increasing protein synthesis and promoting muscle hypertrophy. When fish experience periods of insufficient food intake, they undergo slower muscle growth or even muscle wasting, and those changes emerge in part from nutritional modulation of Igf1 signaling. Here, we examined how food deprivation (fasting) modulates Igf1 regulation of liver and skeletal muscle gene expression in gopher rockfish (Sebastes carnatus), a nearshore rockfish of importance for commercial and recreational fisheries in the northeastern Pacific Ocean, to understand how food limitation impacts Igf regulation of muscle growth pathways. Rockfish were either fed or fasted for 14 d, after which a subset of fish from each group was treated with recombinant Igf1 from sea bream (Sparus aurata). Fish that were fasted lost body mass and had lower body condition, reduced hepatosomatic index, and lower plasma Igf1 concentrations, as well as a decreased abundance of igf1 gene transcripts in the liver, increased hepatic mRNAs for Igf binding proteins igfbp1a, igfbp1b, and igfbp3a, and decreased mRNA abundances for igfbp2b and a putative Igf acid labile subunit (igfals) gene. In skeletal muscle, fasted fish showed a reduced abundance of intramuscular igf1 mRNAs but elevated gene transcripts encoding Igf1 receptors A (igf1ra) and B (igf1rb), which also showed downregulation by Igf1. Fasting increased skeletal muscle mRNAs for myogenin and myostatin1, as well as ubiquitin ligase F-box only protein 32 (fbxo32) and muscle RING-finger protein-1 (murf1) genes involved in muscle atrophy, while concurrently downregulating mRNAs for myoblast determination protein 2 (myod2), myostatin2, and myogenic factors 5 (myf5) and 6 (myf6 encoding Mrf4). Treatment with Igf1 downregulated muscle myostatin1 and fbxo32 under both feeding conditions, but showed feeding-dependent effects on murf1, myf5, and myf6/Mrf4 gene expression indicating that Igf1 effects on muscle growth and atrophy pathways is contingent on recent food consumption experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa V Bersin
- Biological Sciences Department, Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Kasey L Cordova
- Biological Sciences Department, Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - E Kate Saenger
- Biological Sciences Department, Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Meredith L Journey
- Lynker Technology, 202 Church St SE #536, Leesburg, VA, 20175, USA; Under Contract to Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Brian R Beckman
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Sean C Lema
- Biological Sciences Department, Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA.
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3
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Idiopathic Short Stature: What to Expect from Genomic Investigations. ENDOCRINES 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines4010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Short stature is a common concern for physicians caring for children. In traditional investigations, about 70% of children are healthy, without producing clinical and laboratory findings that justify their growth disorder, being classified as having constitutional short stature or idiopathic short stature (ISS). In such scenarios, the genetic approach has emerged as a great potential method to understand ISS. Over the last 30 years, several genes have been identified as being responsible for isolated short stature, with almost all of them being inherited in an autosomal-dominant pattern. Most of these defects are in genes related to the growth plate, followed by genes related to the growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) axis and RAS-MAPK pathway. These patients usually do not have a specific phenotype, which hinders the use of a candidate gene approach. Through multigene sequencing analyses, it has been possible to provide an answer for short stature in 10–30% of these cases, with great impacts on treatment and follow-up, allowing the application of the concept of precision medicine in patients with ISS. This review highlights the historic aspects and provides an update on the monogenic causes of idiopathic short stature and suggests what to expect from genomic investigations in this field.
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Kim H, Fu Y, Hong HJ, Lee SG, Lee DS, Kim HM. Structural basis for assembly and disassembly of the IGF/IGFBP/ALS ternary complex. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4434. [PMID: 35907924 PMCID: PMC9338993 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) have pleiotropic roles in embryonic and postnatal growth and differentiation. Most serum IGFs are bound in a ternary complex with IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) and acid-labile subunit (ALS), extending the serum half-life of IGFs and regulating their availability. Here, we report cryo-EM structure of the human IGF1/IGFBP3/ALS ternary complex, revealing the detailed architecture of a parachute-like ternary complex and crucial determinants for their sequential and specific assembly. In vitro biochemical studies show that proteolysis at the central linker domain of IGFBP3 induces release of its C-terminal domain rather than IGF1 release from the ternary complex, yielding an intermediate complex that enhances IGF1 bioavailability. Our results provide mechanistic insight into IGF/IGFBP3/ALS ternary complex assembly and its disassembly upon proteolysis for IGF bioavailability, suggesting a structural basis for human diseases associated with IGF1 and IGFALS gene mutations such as complete ALS deficiency (ACLSD) and IGF1 deficiency. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) regulates growth and differentiation. Here, authors report the atomic structure of the ternary complex (IGF1/IGF-binding protein3/acid labile subunit) and its assembly/disassembly mechanism for IGF bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojin Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yaoyao Fu
- Center for Biomolecular & Cellular Structure, IBS, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jeong Hong
- Center for Biomolecular & Cellular Structure, IBS, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Lee
- Center for Biomolecular & Cellular Structure, IBS, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Sun Lee
- Center for Biomolecular & Cellular Structure, IBS, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Min Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Biomolecular & Cellular Structure, IBS, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Wu S, Xu Y, Zhang J, Ran X, Jia X, Wang J, Sun L, Yang H, Li Y, Fu B, Huang C, Liao P, Sun W. Longitudinal Serum Proteome Characterization of COVID-19 Patients With Different Severities Revealed Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:893943. [PMID: 35958562 PMCID: PMC9361788 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.893943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is exerting huge pressure on global healthcare. Understanding of the molecular pathophysiological alterations in COVID-19 patients with different severities during disease is important for effective treatment. In this study, we performed proteomic profiling of 181 serum samples collected at multiple time points from 79 COVID-19 patients with different severity levels (asymptomatic, mild, moderate, and severe/critical) and 27 serum samples from non-COVID-19 control individuals. Dysregulation of immune response and metabolic reprogramming was found in severe/critical COVID-19 patients compared with non-severe/critical patients, whereas asymptomatic patients presented an effective immune response compared with symptomatic COVID-19 patients. Interestingly, the moderate COVID-19 patients were mainly grouped into two distinct clusters using hierarchical cluster analysis, which demonstrates the molecular pathophysiological heterogeneity in COVID-19 patients. Analysis of protein-level alterations during disease progression revealed that proteins involved in complement activation, the coagulation cascade and cholesterol metabolism were restored at the convalescence stage, but the levels of some proteins, such as anti-angiogenesis protein PLGLB1, would not recovered. The higher serum level of PLGLB1 in COVID-19 patients than in control groups was further confirmed by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). These findings expand our understanding of the pathogenesis and progression of COVID-19 and provide insight into the discovery of potential therapeutic targets and serum biomarkers worth further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoju Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Southwest University Public Health Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Longqin Sun
- Beijing Qinglian Biotech Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yulei Li
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Changwu Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing Fifth People’s Hospital, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Sun, ; Pu Liao, ; Changwu Huang,
| | - Pu Liao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Sun, ; Pu Liao, ; Changwu Huang,
| | - Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Sun, ; Pu Liao, ; Changwu Huang,
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6
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Brierley GV, Semple RK. Insulin at 100 years - is rebalancing its action key to fighting obesity-related disease? Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:273551. [PMID: 34841432 PMCID: PMC8649170 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred years ago, insulin was purified and administered to people with diabetes to lower blood glucose, suppress ketogenesis and save lives. A century later, insulin resistance (IR) lies at the heart of the obesity-related disease pandemic. Multiple observations attest that IR syndrome is an amalgamation of gain and loss of insulin action, suggesting that IR is a misnomer. This misapprehension is reinforced by shortcomings in common model systems and is particularly pronounced for the tissue growth disorders associated with IR. It is necessary to move away from conceptualisation of IR as a pure state of impaired insulin action and to appreciate that, in the long term, insulin can harm as well as cure. The mixed state of gain and loss of insulin action, and its relationship to perturbed insulin-like growth factor (IGF) action, should be interrogated more fully in models recapitulating human disease. Only then may the potential of rebalancing insulin action, rather than simply increasing global insulin signalling, finally be appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma V Brierley
- Biomedical Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK.,The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Robert K Semple
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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7
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Al-Samerria S, Radovick S. The Role of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) in the Control of Neuroendocrine Regulation of Growth. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102664. [PMID: 34685644 PMCID: PMC8534318 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the neuroendocrine system, which includes the communication between the hypothalamus and the pituitary, plays a major role in controlling body growth and cellular metabolism. GH produced from the pituitary somatotroph is considered the master regulator of somatic development and involved, directly and indirectly, in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism via complex, yet well-defined, signaling pathways. GH production from the pituitary gland is primarily regulated by the counter-regulatory effects of the hypothalamic GHRH and SST hormones. The role of IGF-1 feedback regulation in GH production has been demonstrated by pharmacologic interventions and in genetically modified mouse models. In the present review, we discuss the role of IGF-1 in the regulation of the GH-axis as it controls somatic growth and metabolic homeostasis. We present genetically modified mouse models that maintain the integrity of the GH/GHRH-axis with the single exception of IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) deficiency in the hypothalamic GHRH neurons and somatotroph that reveals a novel mechanism controlling adipose tissues physiology and energy expenditure.
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8
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Hwa V, Fujimoto M, Zhu G, Gao W, Foley C, Kumbaji M, Rosenfeld RG. Genetic causes of growth hormone insensitivity beyond GHR. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:43-58. [PMID: 33029712 PMCID: PMC7979432 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09603-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone insensitivity (GHI) syndrome, first described in 1966, is classically associated with monogenic defects in the GH receptor (GHR) gene which result in severe post-natal growth failure as consequences of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) deficiency. Over the years, recognition of other monogenic defects downstream of GHR has greatly expanded understanding of primary causes of GHI and growth retardation, with either IGF-I deficiency or IGF-I insensitivity as clinical outcomes. Mutations in IGF1 and signaling component STAT5B disrupt IGF-I production, while defects in IGFALS and PAPPA2, disrupt transport and release of circulating IGF-I, respectively, affecting bioavailability of the growth-promoting IGF-I. Defects in IGF1R, cognate cell-surface receptor for IGF-I, disrupt not only IGF-I actions, but actions of the related IGF-II peptides. The importance of IGF-II for normal developmental growth is emphasized with recent identification of defects in the maternally imprinted IGF2 gene. Current application of next-generation genomic sequencing has expedited the pace of identifying new molecular defects in known genes or in new genes, thereby expanding the spectrum of GH and IGF insensitivity. This review discusses insights gained and future directions from patient-based molecular and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hwa
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Masanobu Fujimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-Cho, Yonago, 683-8504, Japan
| | - Gaohui Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 40014, China
| | - Wen Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Corinne Foley
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Meenasri Kumbaji
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Ron G Rosenfeld
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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9
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Guevara-Aguirre J, Torres C, Peña G, Palacios M, Bautista C, Guevara A, Gavilanes AW. IGF-I deficiency and enhanced insulin sensitivity due to a mutated growth hormone receptor gene in humans. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 519:111044. [PMID: 33053393 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human size is achieved by the coordinated expression of many genes. From conception to adulthood, a given genomic endowment is modified by highly variable environmental circumstances. During each stage of a person's life, distinct nutritional and hormonal influences continuously shape growing physical features until mature characteristics are attained. Underlying processes depend on precise provision of substrates and energy extracted by insulin action from nutrients, which allows cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival, under the concerted actions of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). It should be noted that growth and metabolic signaling pathways are interdependent and superimposed at multiple levels. Attainment of a fully developed human phenotype should be considered as a harmonious increment in body size rather than a simple increase in height. From this perspective we herein analyze adult features of individuals with an inactive growth hormone receptor, who consequently have severely diminished concentrations of serum insulin and endocrine IGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Guevara-Aguirre
- Colegio de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador; Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Instituto de Endocrinología IEMYR, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Carlos Torres
- Colegio de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Gabriela Peña
- Colegio de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
| | - María Palacios
- Colegio de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Camila Bautista
- Colegio de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles s/n y Pampite, Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
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10
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Domené S, Domené HM. The role of acid-labile subunit (ALS) in the modulation of GH-IGF-I action. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:111006. [PMID: 32861700 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acid-labile subunit (ALS) deficiency (ACLSD) constitutes the first monogenic defect involving a member of the Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) binding protein system. The lack of ALS completely disrupts the circulating IGF system. Autocrine/paracrine action of local produced IGF-I could explain the mild effect on growth. In the present work we have revised the more relevant clinical and biochemical consequences of complete ACLSD in 61 reported subjects from 31 families. Low birth weight and/or length, reduced head circumference, height between -2 and -3 SD, pubertal delay and insulin resistance are commonly observed. Partial ACLSD could be present in children initially labeled as idiopathic short stature, presenting low IGF-I levels, suggesting that one functional IGFALS allele is insufficient to stabilize ternary complexes. Dysfunction of the GH-IGF axis observed in ACLSD may eventually result in increased risk for type-2 diabetes and tumor progression. Consequently, long term surveillance is recommended in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Domené
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas 'Dr César Bergadá', (CEDIE) CONICET, FEI, División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Horacio M Domené
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas 'Dr César Bergadá', (CEDIE) CONICET, FEI, División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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11
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Nieto‐Fontarigo JJ, González‐Barcala FJ, Andrade‐Bulos LJ, San‐José ME, Cruz MJ, Valdés‐Cuadrado L, Crujeiras RM, Arias P, Salgado FJ. iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis reveals potential serum biomarkers of allergic and nonallergic asthma. Allergy 2020; 75:3171-3183. [PMID: 32424932 DOI: 10.1111/all.14406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is heterogeneous disease with different phenotypes, endotypes and severities. Definition of these subgroups requires the identification of biomarkers in biological samples, and serum proteomics is a useful and minimally invasive method for this purpose. Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect serum proteins whose abundance is distinctively associated with different asthma phenotypes (allergic vs nonallergic) or severities. METHODS For each group of donors (32 healthy controls, 43 allergic rhinitis patients and 192 asthmatics with different phenotypes and severities), we generated two pools of sera that were analysed by a shotgun MS approach based on combinatorial peptide ligand libraries and iTRAQ-LC-MS/MS. RESULTS MS analyses identified 18 proteins with a differential abundance. Functional/network study of these proteins identified key processes for asthma pathogenesis, such as complement activation, extracellular matrix organization, platelet activation and degranulation, or post-translational protein phosphorylation. Furthermore, our results highlighted an enrichment of the "Regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) transport and uptake by Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins (IGFBPs)" route in allergic asthma and the lectin pathway of complement activation in nonallergic asthma. Thus, several proteins (eg IGFALS, HSPG2, FCN2 or MASP1) displayed a differential abundance between the different groups of donors. Particularly, our results revealed IGFALS as a useful biomarker for moderate-severe allergic asthma. CONCLUSION Our data suggest a set of serum biomarkers, especially IGFALS, capable of differentiating allergic from nonallergic asthma. These proteins reveal different pathophysiological mechanisms and may be useful in the future for diagnosis, prognosis or targeted therapy purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Nieto‐Fontarigo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biology‐Biological Research Centre (CIBUS) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Francisco Javier González‐Barcala
- Department of Medicine Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Department of Respiratory Medicine University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS) Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Networking Centre‐CIBERES Madrid Spain
| | - Luis Juan Andrade‐Bulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biology‐Biological Research Centre (CIBUS) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - María Esther San‐José
- Clinical Analysis Service University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - María Jesús Cruz
- Spanish Biomedical Research Networking Centre‐CIBERES Madrid Spain
- Department of Respiratory Medicine‐Hospital Vall d'Hebron Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Luis Valdés‐Cuadrado
- Department of Medicine Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Department of Respiratory Medicine University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS) Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Rosa María Crujeiras
- Department of Statistics, Mathematical Analysis and Optimization Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Pilar Arias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biology‐Biological Research Centre (CIBUS) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Salgado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Biology‐Biological Research Centre (CIBUS) Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain
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12
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van Doorn J. Insulin-like growth factor-II and bioactive proteins containing a part of the E-domain of pro-insulin-like growth factor-II. Biofactors 2020; 46:563-578. [PMID: 32026557 PMCID: PMC7497164 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II is considered to function as an important fetal growth factor, which is structurally and functionally related to IGF-I and proinsulin. At least in vitro, IGF-II actions are mediated through the IGF-I receptor and to a lesser extent the insulin receptor. After birth, the function of IGF-II is less clear although in adults the serum level of IGF-II exceeds that of IGF-I several fold. The IGF-II gene is maternally imprinted, with exception of the liver and several parts of the brain, where it is expressed from both alleles. The regulation, organization, and translation of the IGF-II gene is complex, with five different putative promotors leading to a range of noncoding and coding mRNAs. The 180-amino acid pre-pro-IGF-II translation product can be divided into five domains and include a N-terminal signal peptide of 24 amino acid residues, the 67 amino acid long mature protein, and an 89 residues extension at the COOH terminus, designated as the E-domain. After removal of the signal peptide, the processing of pro-IGF-II into mature IGF-II requires various steps including glycosylation of the E-domain followed by the action of endo-proteases. Several of these processing intermediates can be found in the human circulation. There is increasing evidence that, besides IGF-II, several incompletely processed precursor forms of the protein, and even a 34-amino acid peptide (preptin) derived from the E-domain of pro-IGF-II, exhibit distinct biological activities. This review will focus on the current insights regarding the specific roles of the latter proteins in cancer, glucose homeostasis, and bone physiology. To address this topic clearly in the right context, a concise overview of the biological and biochemical properties of IGF-II and several relevant aspects of the IGF system will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap van Doorn
- Department of Genetics, Section Metabolic DiagnosticsUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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13
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Poudel SB, Dixit M, Neginskaya M, Nagaraj K, Pavlov E, Werner H, Yakar S. Effects of GH/IGF on the Aging Mitochondria. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061384. [PMID: 32498386 PMCID: PMC7349719 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria are key organelles regulating vital processes in the eukaryote cell. A decline in mitochondrial function is one of the hallmarks of aging. Growth hormone (GH) and the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are somatotropic hormones that regulate cellular homeostasis and play significant roles in cell differentiation, function, and survival. In mammals, these hormones peak during puberty and decline gradually during adulthood and aging. Here, we review the evidence that GH and IGF-1 regulate mitochondrial mass and function and contribute to specific processes of cellular aging. Specifically, we discuss the contribution of GH and IGF-1 to mitochondrial biogenesis, respiration and ATP production, oxidative stress, senescence, and apoptosis. Particular emphasis was placed on how these pathways intersect during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sher Bahadur Poudel
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry New York, NY 10010–4086, USA; (S.B.P.); (M.D.); (M.N.); (E.P.)
| | - Manisha Dixit
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry New York, NY 10010–4086, USA; (S.B.P.); (M.D.); (M.N.); (E.P.)
| | - Maria Neginskaya
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry New York, NY 10010–4086, USA; (S.B.P.); (M.D.); (M.N.); (E.P.)
| | - Karthik Nagaraj
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (K.N.); (H.W.)
| | - Evgeny Pavlov
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry New York, NY 10010–4086, USA; (S.B.P.); (M.D.); (M.N.); (E.P.)
| | - Haim Werner
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (K.N.); (H.W.)
| | - Shoshana Yakar
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry New York, NY 10010–4086, USA; (S.B.P.); (M.D.); (M.N.); (E.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +212-998-9721
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14
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Matsushima N, Takatsuka S, Miyashita H, Kretsinger RH. Leucine Rich Repeat Proteins: Sequences, Mutations, Structures and Diseases. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:108-131. [PMID: 30526451 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666181208170027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the genes encoding Leucine Rich Repeat (LRR) containing proteins are associated with over sixty human diseases; these include high myopia, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, and Crohn's disease. These mutations occur frequently within the LRR domains and within the regions that shield the hydrophobic core of the LRR domain. The amino acid sequences of fifty-five LRR proteins have been published. They include Nod-Like Receptors (NLRs) such as NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRP14, and Nod-2, Small Leucine Rich Repeat Proteoglycans (SLRPs) such as keratocan, lumican, fibromodulin, PRELP, biglycan, and nyctalopin, and F-box/LRR-repeat proteins such as FBXL2, FBXL4, and FBXL12. For example, 363 missense mutations have been identified. Replacement of arginine, proline, or cysteine by another amino acid, or the reverse, is frequently observed. The diverse effects of the mutations are discussed based on the known structures of LRR proteins. These mutations influence protein folding, aggregation, oligomerization, stability, protein-ligand interactions, disulfide bond formation, and glycosylation. Most of the mutations cause loss of function and a few, gain of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Matsushima
- Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan.,Institute of Tandem Repeats, Noboribetsu 059-0464, Japan
| | - Shintaro Takatsuka
- Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroki Miyashita
- Institute of Tandem Repeats, Noboribetsu 059-0464, Japan.,Hokubu Rinsho Co., Ltd, Sapporo 060-0061, Japan
| | - Robert H Kretsinger
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States
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15
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Dominguez-Menéndez G, Poggi Mayorga H, Arancibia M, Benavides F, Martinez-Aguayo A. ALS deficiency caused by an exon 2 deletion and a novel missense variant in the gene encoding ALS. Growth Horm IGF Res 2019; 48-49:5-8. [PMID: 31419723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT ALS deficiency (ACLSD), caused by mutations in IGFALS, is characterized by a mild short stature, low concentrations of IGF-I and IGFBP-3, and a normal growth hormone (GH) stimulation test response. To our knowledge, no larger deletions have been reported. CASE DESCRIPTION A 17-year-old adolescent male was evaluated due to delayed puberty and short stature. He had a height of 154.4 cm (SDS -2.84), a weight of 53.3 kg (SDS -1.41), a BMI of 22.4 kg/m2 (SDS +0.31), a Tanner 2 pubertal stage with a testicular volume of 10 mL, and a bone age of 16 years (SDS -1.33). After biochemical evaluation, low IGF-I levels, undetectable IGFBP-3 levels, and a normal response to the GH stimulation test were observed, suggesting GH insensitivity. ACLSD was confirmed by ALS measurement (116 ng/mL, SDS -3.19) and genetic analysis of IGFALS. An apparently homozygous missense variant, p. Pro624Leu, was found in exon 2 of the proband; this mutation was observed on one allele of the proband's father but was absent in the mother and siblings. Deletion/duplication analysis by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) was consistent with a deletion encompassing a significant part of exon 2 on one allele in the proband and in his mother and siblings. CONCLUSION This is the first report of a large deletion in a patient with ACLSD. Deletion/duplication analysis should be considered in the genetic study of ACLSD, especially when homozygosity for a pathogenic variant cannot be confirmed by the study of the parents or when no variants are found but ALS concentrations are very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Dominguez-Menéndez
- Division of Pediatric, Endocrinology Unit, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Chile
| | - Helena Poggi Mayorga
- Division of Pediatric, Endocrinology Unit, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Chile
| | | | - Felipe Benavides
- Facultad de Medicina, Center for Genetics and Genomics, Clinica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Martinez-Aguayo
- Division of Pediatric, Endocrinology Unit, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, School of Medicine, Chile.
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16
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Hetz JA, Menzies BR, Shaw G, Renfree MB. The tammar wallaby: a non-traditional animal model to study growth axis maturation. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 31:1276-1288. [PMID: 31030727 DOI: 10.1071/rd18271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Maturation of the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) axis is a critical developmental event that becomes functional over the peripartum period in precocial eutherian mammals such as sheep. In mice and marsupials that give birth to altricial young, the GH/IGF1 axis matures well after birth, suggesting that functional maturation is associated with developmental stage, not parturition. Recent foster-forward studies in one marsupial, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii), have corroborated this hypothesis. 'Fostering' tammar young not only markedly accelerates their development and growth rates, but also affects the timing of maturation of the growth axis compared with normal growing young, providing a novel non-traditional animal model for nutritional manipulation. This review discusses how nutrition affects the maturation of the growth axis in marsupials compared with traditional eutherian animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Hetz
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia; and Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Casilla 4-D, Quillota, Región de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Brandon R Menzies
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia; and Corresponding author.
| | - Geoffrey Shaw
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia
| | - Marilyn B Renfree
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia
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17
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Owczarczyk-Saczonek A, Lahuta LB, Ligor M, Placek W, Górecki RJ, Buszewski B. The Healing-Promoting Properties of Selected Cyclitols-A Review. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121891. [PMID: 30513929 PMCID: PMC6316775 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myo-inositol and its derivatives cyclitols play an important role in the processes of cell regulation, signal transduction, osmoregulation, and ion channel physiology, and are a component of the cell membrane. Free cyclitols present in food or released during the degradation of galactosyl cyclitols by bacteria (in digestive tract) show some physiological benefits. AIM The aim of this paper is to present and analyze the documented data about curative and healing properties of cyclitols. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Cyclitols are well known compounds in the treatment of an accompanied diabetes insulin resistance, and also obesity and polycystic ovarian syndrome. d-chiro-Inositol deficiency exacerbates insulin resistance in the liver, muscles, and fat, while depletion of myo-inositol results in the development of diabetic complications. Cyclitols are successfully applied in treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome, simultaneous are observed effective reducing of BMI, improving the hormonal profile, and increasing fertility. Moreover, cyclitols have anti-atherogenic, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. CONCLUSION The properties of cyclitols may be a good therapeutic option in the reduction of metabolically induced inflammation. Due to well drugs tolerance and low toxicity of these compounds, cyclitols are recommend for pregnant women and also for children. Another advantage is their widespread presence and easy availability, which encourages their use in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Owczarczyk-Saczonek
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Lesław Bernard Lahuta
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Ligor
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
| | - Waldemar Placek
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Ryszard Józef Górecki
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-229 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
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18
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Henry RK. Growth Hormone Deficiency and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Insights from Humans and Animals: Pediatric Implications. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2018; 16:507-513. [PMID: 30346875 DOI: 10.1089/met.2018.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its growth promoting role, growth hormone (GH) has a significant effect on intermediary metabolism in the well state. Despite the latter fact, pediatric practitioners are usually focused on the growth promoting aspects of GH as opposed to those metabolic. In recent years various animal and human studies (in adults mainly) and clinical reports in children have repeatedly shown the association of GH deficiency (GHD) and fatty liver disease. Based on this well-identified association, despite a lack of studies involving children, it behooves the pediatric clinician to ensure that not only patients with GHD are appropriately treated but also that adolescents even beyond the period of linear growth should be appropriately transitioned to adult GH therapy should this be appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan K Henry
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital/The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus, Ohio
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19
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Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Two Differently Extracted Coptis chinensis in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetic Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:3248521. [PMID: 30302116 PMCID: PMC6158947 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3248521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Coptis chinensis (CC) is widely used to treat diabetes in traditional Chinese medicine due to its significant hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. It was reported that CC powders are more effective than CC decoctions. In this study, a rat model of type 2 diabetes was established and treated with supercritical-extracted CC and gastric juice extracted CC, respectively. Body weight, fasting plasma insulin, insulin resistance index, and lipid profiles were measured along with oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs). In addition, the levels of plasma proteins were compared between type 2 diabetic rats and CC-treated rats using an iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis. The results showed that the plasma levels of triglyceride (TC), total cholesterol (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in rats of both CC-treated groups were significantly decreased. In addition, the proteomic analysis identified 929 proteins, while 15 proteins were selected from these 929 proteins based on their expression levels and bioinformatic results. Among these 15 proteins, 9 proteins (IGF-1, Igfbp4, Igfbp-6, Igfals, C2, C4, Cfi, Prdx-2, and Prdx-3) were upregulated in the two CC-treated groups, while 6 proteins (Pla2g7, Pcyox1, ApoC-1, ApoC-3, ApoB-100, and ApoE) were downregulated. The functions of these proteins are associated with glucose metabolism, insulin action, immunity, inflammation, lipid metabolism, oxidation, and antioxidation. The two differently extracted CC did not show significant differences in terms of their treatment efficacy. This research expanded our understanding on the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of CC in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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20
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Abstract
Human growth is a very complex phenomenon influenced by genetic, hormonal, nutritional and environmental factors, from fetal life to puberty. Although the GH-IGF axis has a central role with specific actions on growth, numerous genes are involved in the control of stature. Genome-wide association studies have identified >600 variants associated with human height, still explaining only a small fraction of phenotypic variation. Since short stature in childhood is a common reason for referral, pediatric endocrinologists must be aware of the multifactorial and polygenic contributions to height. Multiple disorders characterized by growth failure of prenatal and/or postnatal onset due to single gene defects have been described. Their early diagnosis, facilitated by advances in genomic technologies, is of upmost importance for their clinical management and to provide genetic counseling. Here we review the current clinical and genetic information regarding different syndromes and hormone abnormalities with proportionate short stature as the main feature, and provide an update of the approach for diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Argente
- Full Professor of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Director, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain, Chairman, Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de fisiopatología de la obesidad y nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, IMDEA Food Institute,CEIUAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis A Pérez-Jurado
- Full Professor of Genetics. Genetics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain, Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain, SA Clinical Genetics, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia, Clinical Professor, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
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21
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Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) 1-6 bind IGFs but not insulin with high affinity. They were initially identified as serum carriers and passive inhibitors of IGF actions. However, subsequent studies showed that, although IGFBPs inhibit IGF actions in many circumstances, they may also potentiate these actions. IGFBPs are widely expressed in most tissues, and they are flexible endocrine and autocrine/paracrine regulators of IGF activity, which is essential for this important physiological system. More recently, individual IGFBPs have been shown to have IGF-independent actions. Mechanisms underlying these actions include (i) interaction with non-IGF proteins in compartments including the extracellular space and matrix, the cell surface and intracellular space, (ii) interaction with and modulation of other growth factor pathways including EGF, TGF-β and VEGF, and (iii) direct or indirect transcriptional effects following nuclear entry of IGFBPs. Through these IGF-dependent and IGF-independent actions, IGFBPs modulate essential cellular processes including proliferation, survival, migration, senescence, autophagy and angiogenesis. They have been implicated in a range of disorders including malignant, metabolic, neurological and immune diseases. A more complete understanding of their cellular roles may lead to the development of novel IGFBP-based therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Bach
- Department of Medicine (Alfred)Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesAlfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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22
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Murray PG, Clayton PE, Chernausek SD. A genetic approach to evaluation of short stature of undetermined cause. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018; 6:564-574. [PMID: 29397377 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Short stature is a common presentation to paediatric endocrinologists. After exclusion of major endocrine or systemic disease, most children with short stature are diagnosed based on a description of their growth pattern and the height of their parents (eg, familial short stature). Height is a polygenic trait and genome-wide association studies have identified many of the associated genetic loci. Here we review the application of genetic studies, including copy number variant analysis, targeted gene panels, and whole-exome sequencing in children with idiopathic short stature. We estimate 25-40% of children diagnosed with idiopathic short stature could receive a molecular diagnosis using these technologies. A molecular diagnosis for short stature is important for affected individuals and their families and might inform treatment decisions surrounding use of growth hormone or insulin-like growth factor 1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Murray
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Peter E Clayton
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Steven D Chernausek
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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23
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Blum WF, Alherbish A, Alsagheir A, El Awwa A, Kaplan W, Koledova E, Savage MO. The growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-I axis in the diagnosis and treatment of growth disorders. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:R212-R222. [PMID: 29724795 PMCID: PMC5987361 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I axis is a key endocrine mechanism regulating linear growth in children. While paediatricians have a good knowledge of GH secretion and assessment, understanding and use of measurements of the components of the IGF system are less current in clinical practice. The physiological function of this axis is to increase the anabolic cellular processes of protein synthesis and mitosis, and reduction of apoptosis, with each being regulated in the appropriate target tissue. Measurement of serum IGF-I and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-3 concentrations can complement assessment of GH status in the investigation of short stature and contribute to prediction of growth response during GH therapy. IGF-I monitoring during GH therapy also informs the clinician about adherence and provides a safety reference to avoid over-dosing during long-term management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Afaf Alsagheir
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research CenterRiyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed El Awwa
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology & DiabetesHamad Medical Center, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Martin O Savage
- William Harvey Research InstituteBarts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, London, UK
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Lambert C, Cubedo J, Padró T, Vilahur G, López-Bernal S, Rocha M, Hernández-Mijares A, Badimon L. Effects of a Carob-Pod-Derived Sweetener on Glucose Metabolism. Nutrients 2018; 10:E271. [PMID: 29495516 PMCID: PMC5872689 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a higher incidence of cardiovascular (CV) events. The ingestion of high-glycemic index (GI) diets, specially sweetened beverage consumption, has been associated with the development of T2DM and CV disease. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of the intake of a sweetened beverage, obtained from natural carbohydrates containing pinitol (PEB) compared to a sucrose-enriched beverage (SEB) in the context of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and diabetes. METHODS The study was divided in three different phases: (1) a discovery phase where the plasma proteomic profile was investigated by 2-DE (two-dimensional electrophoresis) followed by mass spectrometry (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight-MALDI-TOF/TOF) in healthy and IGT volunteers; (2) a verification phase where the potential mechanisms behind the observed protein changes were investigated in the discovery cohort and in an additional group of T2DM volunteers; and (3) the results were validated in a proof-of-concept interventional study in an animal model of diabetic rats with complementary methodologies. RESULTS Six weeks of pinitol-enriched beverage (PEB) intake induced a significant increase in two proteins involved in the insulin secretion pathway, insulin-like growth factor acid labile subunit (IGF1BP-ALS; 1.3-fold increase; P = 0.200) and complement C4A (1.83-fold increase; P = 0.007) in IGT subjects but not in healthy volunteers. Changes in C4A were also found in the serum samples of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats after four weeks of PEB intake compared to basal levels (P = 0.042). In addition, an increased expression of the glucose transporter-2 (GLUT2) gene was observed in the jejunum (P = 0.003) of inositol-supplemented rats when compared to sucrose supplementation. This change was correlated with the observed change in C4A (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the substitution of a common sugar source, such as sucrose, by a naturally-based, pinitol-enriched beverage induces changes in the insulin secretion pathway that could help to reduce blood glucose levels by protecting β-cells and by stimulating the insulin secretion pathway. This mechanism of action could have a relevant role in the prevention of insulin resistance and diabetes progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lambert
- Program ICCC-Cardiovascular Research Center, Institut de Reserca, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Judit Cubedo
- Program ICCC-Cardiovascular Research Center, Institut de Reserca, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Ciber CV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Teresa Padró
- Program ICCC-Cardiovascular Research Center, Institut de Reserca, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Ciber CV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Program ICCC-Cardiovascular Research Center, Institut de Reserca, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Ciber CV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sergi López-Bernal
- Program ICCC-Cardiovascular Research Center, Institut de Reserca, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Milagros Rocha
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Dr Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46020 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Antonio Hernández-Mijares
- Service of Endocrinology, University Hospital Dr Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46020 Valencia, Spain.
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Lina Badimon
- Program ICCC-Cardiovascular Research Center, Institut de Reserca, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Ciber CV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Cardiovascular Research Chair, UAB, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
Insulinlike growth factor (IGF) binding proteins (IGFBPs) 1 to 6 are high-affinity regulators of IGF activity. They generally inhibit IGF actions by preventing binding to the IGF-I receptor but can also enhance their actions under some conditions. Posttranslational modifications such as glycosylation and phosphorylation modulate IGFBP properties, and IGFBP proteolysis results in IGF release. IGFBPs have more recently been shown to have IGF-independent actions. A number of mechanisms are involved, including modulation of other growth factor pathways, nuclear localization and transcriptional regulation, interaction with the sphingolipid pathway, and binding to non-IGF biomolecules in the extracellular space and matrix, on the cell surface and intracellularly. IGFBPs modulate important biological processes, including cell proliferation, survival, migration, senescence, autophagy, and angiogenesis. Their actions have been implicated in growth, metabolism, cancer, stem cell maintenance and differentiation, and immune regulation. Recent studies have shown that epigenetic mechanisms are involved in the regulation of IGFBP abundance. A more complete understanding of IGFBP biology is necessary to further define their cellular roles and determine their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon A Bach
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Domené HM, Fierro-Carrión G. Genetic disorders of GH action pathway. Growth Horm IGF Res 2018; 38:19-23. [PMID: 29249625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
While insensitivity to GH (GHI) is characterized by low IGF-I levels, normal or elevated GH levels, and lack of IGF-I response to GH treatment, IGF-I resistance is characterized by elevated IGF-I levels with normal/high GH levels. Several genetic defects are responsible for impairment of GH and IGF-I actions resulting in short stature that could affect intrauterine growth or be present in the postnatal period. The genetic defects affecting GH and/or IGF-I action can be divided into five different groups: GH insensitivity by defects affecting the GH receptor (GHR), the intracellular GH signaling pathway (STAT5B, STAT3, IKBKB, IL2RG, PIK3R1), the synthesis of insulin-like growth factors (IGF1, IGF2), the transport/bioavailability of IGFs (IGFALS, PAPPA2), and defects affecting IGF-I sensitivity (IGF1R). Complete GH insensitivity (GHI) was first reported by Zvi Laron and his colleagues in patients with classical appearance of GH deficiency, but presenting elevated levels of GH. The association of GH insensitivity with several clinical sings of immune-dysfunction and autoimmune dysregulation are characteristic of molecular defects in the intracellular GH signaling pathway (STAT5B, STAT3, IKBKB, IL2RG, PIK3R1). Gene mutations in the IGF1 and IGF2 genes have been described in patients presenting intrauterine growth retardation and postnatal short stature. Molecular defects have also been reported in the IGFALS gene, that encodes the acid-labile subunit (ALS), responsible to stabilize circulating IGF-I in ternary complexes, and more recently in the PAPPA2 gen that encodes the pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2, a protease that specifically cleaves IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 regulating the accessibility of IGFs to their target tissues. Mutations in the IGF1R gene resulted in IGF-I insensitivity in patients with impaired intrauterine and postnatal growth. These studies have revealed novel molecular mechanisms of GH insensitivity/primary IGF-I deficiency beyond the GH receptor gene. In addition, they have also underlined the importance of several players of the GH-IGF axis in the complex system that promotes human growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio M Domené
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas (CEDIE-CONICET), "Dr. César Bergadá", División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños R. Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gustavo Fierro-Carrión
- Escuela de Medicina, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
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Liu Z, Han T, Fishman S, Butler J, Zimmermann T, Tremblay F, Harbison C, Agrawal N, Kopchick JJ, Schaffler MB, Yakar S. Ablation of Hepatic Production of the Acid-Labile Subunit in Bovine-GH Transgenic Mice: Effects on Organ and Skeletal Growth. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2556-2571. [PMID: 28475811 PMCID: PMC5551555 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and insulinlike growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are anabolic hormones that facilitate somatic and skeletal growth and regulate metabolism via endocrine and autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. We hypothesized that excess tissue production of GH would protect skeletal growth and integrity in states of reduction in serum IGF-1 levels. To test our hypothesis, we used bovine GH (bGH) transgenic mice as a model of GH hypersecretion and ablated the liver-derived acid-labile subunit, which stabilizes IGF-1 complexes with IGF-binding protein-3 and -5 in circulation. We used a genetic approach to create bGH/als gene knockout (ALSKO) mice and small interfering RNA (siRNA) gene-silencing approach to reduce als or igf-1 gene expression. We found that in both models, decreased IGF-1 levels in serum were associated with decreased body and skeletal size of the bGH mice. Excess GH produced more robust bones but compromised mechanical properties in male mice. Excess GH production in tissues did not protect from trabecular bone loss in response to reductions in serum IGF-1 (in bGH/ALSKO or bGH mice treated with siRNAs). Reduced serum IGF-1 levels in the bGH mice did not alleviate the hyperinsulinemia and did not resolve liver or kidney pathologies that resulted from GH hypersecretion. We concluded that reduced serum IGF-1 levels decrease somatic and skeletal growth even in states of excess GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbo Liu
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, David B. Kriser Dental Center, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010-4086
| | - Tianzhen Han
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, David B. Kriser Dental Center, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010-4086
| | - Shannon Fishman
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - James Butler
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | | | | | - Carole Harbison
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Nidhi Agrawal
- Department of Endocrinology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - John J. Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701-2979
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Mitchell B. Schaffler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031
| | - Shoshana Yakar
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, David B. Kriser Dental Center, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010-4086
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28
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Işık E, Haliloglu B, van Doorn J, Demirbilek H, Scheltinga SA, Losekoot M, Wit JM. Clinical and biochemical characteristics and bone mineral density of homozygous, compound heterozygous and heterozygous carriers of three novel IGFALS mutations. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 176:657-667. [PMID: 28249955 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acid-labile subunit (ALS) deficiency (ACLSD), caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous IGFALS mutations, is associated with moderate short stature, delayed puberty, low serum IGF-I and ALS and extremely low serum IGFBP-3. Its effect on birth weight, head circumference, bone mineral density (BMD), serum IGF-II and IGFBP-2 is uncertain, as well as the phenotype of heterozygous carriers of IGFALS mutations (partial ACLSD). DESIGN From all available members of five Turkish families, carrying three mutations in exon 2 of IGFALS (c.1462G > A, p.Asp488Asn (families A, B, E); c.251A > G, p.Asn84Ser (families C and E) and c.1477del, p.Arg493fs (family D)), clinical, laboratory and BMD data were collected. METHODS Auxological and biochemical findings were expressed as SDS for age and gender. Ternary complex formation in serum was investigated by size-exclusion chromatography. BMD using DXA bone densitometry was adjusted for height and age (Ha-BMD z-score). RESULTS In ACLSD (n = 24), mean ± s.d. height SDS (-2.7 ± 1.2), head circumference SDS (-2.3 ± 0.5) and body mass index (BMI) (-0.6 ± 1.0 SDS) were lower than those in partial ACLSD (n = 26, P ≤ 0.01) and birth weight SDS (n = 7) tended to be lower (-2.2 ± 1.1 vs -0.6 ± 0.3 in partial ACLSD (P = 0.07)). Serum IGF-I was -3.7 ± 1.4 vs -1.0 ± 1.0, IGF-II: -5.6 ± 0.7 vs -1.3 ± 0.7, ALS: <-4.4 ± 1.2 vs -2.1 ± 0.9 and IGFBP-3: -9.0 ± 1.9 vs -1.6 ± 0.8 SDS respectively (P < 0.001). Ha-BMD z-score was similar and normal in both groups. CONCLUSIONS To the known phenotype of ACLSD (i.e. short stature, reduced serum levels of IGF-I and ALS, extremely low serum IGFBP-3 and disturbed ternary complex formation), we add reduced birth weight, head circumference and serum IGF-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emregül Işık
- Department of Pediatric EndocrinologyGaziantep Children's Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Belma Haliloglu
- Department of Pediatric EndocrinologyYeditepe University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Jaap van Doorn
- Department of GeneticsUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hüseyin Demirbilek
- Department of Pediatric EndocrinologyHacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | - Jan M Wit
- Departments of PediatricsLeiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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29
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Rotwein P. Large-scale analysis of variation in the insulin-like growth factor family in humans reveals rare disease links and common polymorphisms. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:9252-9261. [PMID: 28389567 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.783639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factors IGF1 and IGF2 are closely related proteins that are essential for normal growth and development in humans and other species and play critical roles in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. IGF actions are mediated by transmembrane receptors and modulated by IGF-binding proteins. The importance of IGF actions in human physiology is strengthened by the rarity of inactivating mutations in their genes and by the devastating impact caused by such mutations on normal development and somatic growth. Large-scale genome sequencing has the potential to provide new insights into human variation and disease susceptibility. Toward this end, the availability of DNA sequence data from 60,706 people through the Exome Aggregation Consortium has prompted the analyses presented here. Results reveal a broad range of potential missense and other alterations in the coding regions of every IGF family gene, but the vast majority of predicted changes were uncommon. The total number of different alleles detected per gene in the population varied over an ∼15-fold range, from 57 for IGF1 to 872 for IGF2R, although when corrected for protein length the rate ranged from 0.22 to 0.59 changes/codon among the 11 genes evaluated. Previously characterized disease-causing mutations in IGF2, IGF1R, IGF2R, or IGFALS all were found in the general population but with allele frequencies of <1:30,000. A few new highly prevalent amino acid polymorphisms were also identified. Collectively, these data provide a wealth of opportunities to understand the intricacies of IGF signaling and action in both physiological and pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rotwein
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech Health University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas 79905
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30
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Martucci LC, Gutiérrez ML, Karabatas LM, Scaglia PA, Rey RA, Domené HM, Jasper HG, Domené S. Assessment of pathogenicity of natural IGFALS gene variants by in silico bioinformatics tools and in vitro functional studies. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 429:19-28. [PMID: 27018247 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acid-labile subunit (ALS) is essential for stabilization of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in ternary complexes within the vascular system. ALS deficient (ALS-D) patients and a subset of children with idiopathic short stature (ISS), presenting IGFALS gene variants, show variable degree of growth retardation associated to IGF-I and IGFBP-3 deficiencies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential pathogenicity of eleven IGFALS variants identified in ALS-D and ISS children using in silico and in vitro approaches. We were able to classify seven of these variants as pathogenic since they present impaired synthesis (p.Glu35Lysfs*87, p.Glu35Glyfs*17, p.Asn276Ser, p.Leu409Phe, p.Ser490Trp and p.Cys540Arg), or partial impairment of synthesis and lack of secretion (p.Leu213Phe). We also observed significant reduction of secreted protein for variants p.Ala330Asp, Ala475Val and p.Arg548Trp, while still retaining their ability to form ternary complexes. These findings provide an approach to test the pathogenicity of IGFALS gene variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía C Martucci
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Gallo 1330 - C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana L Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Gallo 1330 - C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana M Karabatas
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Gallo 1330 - C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula A Scaglia
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Gallo 1330 - C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo A Rey
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Gallo 1330 - C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Horacio M Domené
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Gallo 1330 - C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Héctor G Jasper
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Gallo 1330 - C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sabina Domené
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Gallo 1330 - C1425EFD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Wit JM, Oostdijk W, Losekoot M, van Duyvenvoorde HA, Ruivenkamp CAL, Kant SG. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Novel genetic causes of short stature. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 174:R145-73. [PMID: 26578640 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The fast technological development, particularly single nucleotide polymorphism array, array-comparative genomic hybridization, and whole exome sequencing, has led to the discovery of many novel genetic causes of growth failure. In this review we discuss a selection of these, according to a diagnostic classification centred on the epiphyseal growth plate. We successively discuss disorders in hormone signalling, paracrine factors, matrix molecules, intracellular pathways, and fundamental cellular processes, followed by chromosomal aberrations including copy number variants (CNVs) and imprinting disorders associated with short stature. Many novel causes of GH deficiency (GHD) as part of combined pituitary hormone deficiency have been uncovered. The most frequent genetic causes of isolated GHD are GH1 and GHRHR defects, but several novel causes have recently been found, such as GHSR, RNPC3, and IFT172 mutations. Besides well-defined causes of GH insensitivity (GHR, STAT5B, IGFALS, IGF1 defects), disorders of NFκB signalling, STAT3 and IGF2 have recently been discovered. Heterozygous IGF1R defects are a relatively frequent cause of prenatal and postnatal growth retardation. TRHA mutations cause a syndromic form of short stature with elevated T3/T4 ratio. Disorders of signalling of various paracrine factors (FGFs, BMPs, WNTs, PTHrP/IHH, and CNP/NPR2) or genetic defects affecting cartilage extracellular matrix usually cause disproportionate short stature. Heterozygous NPR2 or SHOX defects may be found in ∼3% of short children, and also rasopathies (e.g., Noonan syndrome) can be found in children without clear syndromic appearance. Numerous other syndromes associated with short stature are caused by genetic defects in fundamental cellular processes, chromosomal abnormalities, CNVs, and imprinting disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Wit
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma Oostdijk
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Losekoot
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hermine A van Duyvenvoorde
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia A L Ruivenkamp
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sarina G Kant
- Departments of PaediatricsClinical GeneticsLeiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Ocaranza P, Morales F, Matamala Á, Gaete X, Román R, Lammoglia JJ, Cassorla F. Growth hormone signaling in fibroblasts from newborn boys and prepubertal boys. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 27:18-27. [PMID: 26843474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Responsiveness to GH in target cells is mediated by its receptor, which activates the Janus kinase-2 (JAK2) and STAT5 (signal transducers and activators of transcription 5) leading to the expression of IGF-1 and IGFALS. The aim of this study was to compare the GH signaling pathway in newborns and prepubertal boys. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We determined the GHR protein content and the effect of stimulation with recombinant human GH (rhGH; 200ng/mL) on JAK2 and STAT5 phosphorylation in skin fibroblast cultures obtained from newborns and prepubertal boys. The transcript levels of IGFALS and IGF-I, were also studied and compared after 16h or 24h of stimulation with GH in both study groups. RESULTS Newborn infants showed less GHR protein than the prepubertal boys. After rhGH stimulation, JAK2 and STAT5 phosphorylation was absent in skin fibroblasts from newborns, but was clearly detectable in prepubertal boys. After 16h of treatment with rhGH, IGFALS and IGF-I transcript levels increased in the prepubertal boys when compared to baseline. In newborns, however, we did not observe a response after 16 and 24h of rhGH stimulation. CONCLUSION The significant attenuation of the GH signaling pathway observed in fibroblasts from newborn boys appears to be related to a reduction in GHR content and lack of phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT5 in response to rhGH. This might impair STAT5 dimer formation, leading to a reduction in the transcript levels of IGFALS and IGF-I during the newborn period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ocaranza
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Fernanda Morales
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Álvaro Matamala
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ximena Gaete
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rossana Román
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Javier Lammoglia
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Cassorla
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Kurtoğlu S, Hatipoglu N. Growth hormone insensitivity: diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. J Endocrinol Invest 2016; 39:19-28. [PMID: 26062520 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-015-0327-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growth hormone resistance defines several genetic (primary) and acquired (secondary) pathologies that result in completely or partially interrupted activity of growth hormone. An archetypal disease of this group is the Laron-type dwarfism caused by mutations in growth hormone receptors. The diagnosis is based on high basal levels of growth hormone, low insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-1) level, unresponsiveness to IGF generation test and genetic testing. Recombinant IGF-1 preparations are used in the treatment CONCLUSION In this article, clinical characteristics, diagnosis and therapeutic approaches of the genetic and other diseases leading to growth hormone insensitivity are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kurtoğlu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - N Hatipoglu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
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34
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Abstract
The IGF system comprises two IGFs (IGF-1, IGF-2), two IGF-receptors (IGF-R1, IGF-R2), and six IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) with a high affinity for IGFs. The IGFBPs, of which IGFBP-3 is the most abundant in postnatal blood, link with IGFs and prevent them from being degraded; they also facilitate IGF transport through body compartments. The interaction between IGFs and their specific receptors is partly regulated by structural modifications inherent to the IGFBPs. IGFBPs also have IGF-independent biological effects. Since serum IGFBP-3 is GH-dependent and correlates quantitatively with GH secretion, its measurement is useful in tests of abnormal GH secretion. Particularly during childhood, IGFBP-3 values play an important role in ascertaining alterations in GH secretion and action (i.e., primary IGF deficiency states). A new role for IGFBP-3 and other IGFBPs with natural or altered structures is likely to be established through current studies investigating their application in promoting apoptotic processes in malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Ranke
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.
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Frysak Z, Schovanek J, Iacobone M, Karasek D. Insulin-like Growth Factors in a clinical setting: Review of IGF-I. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2015; 159:347-51. [PMID: 26365932 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2015.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Interest in growth hormone (GH) is inextricably linked to the need for in depth understanding of the somatomedins (insulin-like growth factors) which are polypeptides structurally similar to insulin and with broad physiological activity. To date, the most commonly known is Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-I). Despite considerable current knowledge of IGF-I, however, its bioactivity is incompletely understood. Measurement of IGF-I is of the utmost importance in the diagnosis and treatment of, for example acromegaly and growth hormone deficiency. The development of recombinant IGF-I, has allowed its use in such cases. Clinical practice, however, shows that few young/adult patients will benefit from treatment with the rIGF-I, mecasermin, given the number of adverse effects found. This review focuses on current knowledge mainly related to IGF-I and the use of its recombinant form (rIGF-I) in clinical practice. Several functions of IGI-II have been elucidated but their clinical significance is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Frysak
- Department of Internal Medicine III-Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic, I.P.Pavlova 6 - 779 00, - Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Schovanek
- Department of Internal Medicine III-Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic, I.P.Pavlova 6 - 779 00, - Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Maurizio Iacobone
- Minimally Invasive Endocrine Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Italy, Via Giustiniani 2 - 35128 - Padova, Italy
| | - David Karasek
- Department of Internal Medicine III-Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic, I.P.Pavlova 6 - 779 00, - Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Dysregulation of energy balance by trichothecene mycotoxins: Mechanisms and prospects. Neurotoxicology 2015; 49:15-27. [PMID: 25956358 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are toxic metabolites produced by fungi that constitute a worldwide hazard for agricultural production and both animal and human health. More than 40 countries have introduced regulations or guidelines for food and feed contamination levels of the most prevalent trichothecene, deoxynivalenol (DON), on the basis of its ability to cause growth suppression. With the development of analytical tools, evaluation of food contamination and exposure revealed that a significant proportion of the human population is chronically exposed to DON doses exceeding the provisional maximum tolerable daily dose. Accordingly, a better understanding of trichothecene impact on health is needed. Upon exposure to low or moderate doses, DON and other trichothecenes induce anorexia, vomiting and reduced weight gain. Several recent studies have addressed the mechanisms by which trichothecenes induce these symptoms and revealed a multifaceted action targeting gut, liver and brain and causing dysregulation in neuroendocrine signaling, immune responses, growth hormone axis, and central neurocircuitries involved in energy homeostasis. Newly identified trichothecene toxicosis biomarkers are just beginning to be exploited and already open up new questions on the potential harmful effects of chronic exposure to DON at apparently asymptomatic very low levels. This review summarizes our current understanding of the effects of DON and other trichothecenes on food intake and weight growth.
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Storr HL, Prasad R, Temple IK, Metherell LA, Savage MO, Walker JM. Heterogeneity of the growth phenotype and birth size in acid-labile subunit (ALS) deficiency. J Endocrinol Invest 2015; 38:407-12. [PMID: 25352235 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-014-0195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The IGFALS gene encodes the acid-labile subunit (ALS) protein, which regulates circulating IGF-1. Human IGFALS mutations cause growth hormone insensitivity (GHI) associated with ALS, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 deficiencies and mild to moderate postnatal growth impairment (height SDS -2 to -4). Prenatal growth impairment is not a recognised feature of this disorder, but heterozygous carriers may show an intermediate phenotype. METHODS We report a family of five subjects, including three children born small for gestational age, who were investigated for IGFALS gene mutations. RESULTS The proband, an 8.7 years female with pre- and postnatal growth failure (BW SDS -3.04, Ht SDS -3.86) and biochemical features of GHI, had a homozygous mutation of IGFALS, c.401T>A; p.L134Q. Her 6.1 years brother (BW SDS -2.11, Ht SDS -2.0) had the same homozygous IGFALS mutation. Both parents [adult height SDS -1.76 (father) and -1.82 (mother)] and her 2.7 years sister (BW SDS -2.60, Ht SDS -2.04) were heterozygous for the IGFALS mutation. CONCLUSION Significant phenotypic heterogeneity was observed between family members, in particular varying degrees of prenatal growth retardation were present in the three siblings, which may have contributed to the variation in the postnatal growth phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Storr
- Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, William Harvey Research Institute (WHRI), Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - R Prasad
- Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, William Harvey Research Institute (WHRI), Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - I K Temple
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - L A Metherell
- Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, William Harvey Research Institute (WHRI), Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - M O Savage
- Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, William Harvey Research Institute (WHRI), Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - J M Walker
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Portsmouth Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Portsmouth, UK
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Nguyen KH, Yao XH, Erickson AG, Mishra S, Nyomba BLG. Glucose intolerance in aging male IGFBP-3 transgenic mice: differential effects of human IGFBP-3 and its mutant IGFBP-3 devoid of IGF binding ability. Endocrinology 2015; 156:462-74. [PMID: 25490144 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We have reported a reduction of insulin secretion and glucose intolerance in young mice overexpressing human IGFBP-3 (phosphoglycerate kinase [PGK]BP3) or its mutant Gly56/Gly80/Gly81-IGFBP-3 (PGKmutBP3) under the PGK promoter. Here, we investigated changes in glucose and lipid homeostasis with age in PGKBP3 and PGKmutBP3 mice compared with wild-type mice. Body weight, glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, visceral fat, interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT), serum lipids, and pancreas histology were examined at age 3, 6, and 12 months. Murine IGFBP-3 was similar in all mouse genotypes and decreased with age in parallel with total IGF-1. Visceral fat and BAT masses increased in PGKmutBP3 mice, but not in PGKBP3 mice. Glucose tolerance was impaired in both PGKBP3 and PGKmutBP3 mice. However, PGKBP3 mice had increased expression of uncoupling protein-1 in BAT and reduced adiposity, and continued to have smaller pancreatic β-cell mass and reduced insulin secretion through age 12 months. In contrast, PGKmutBP3 mice developed insulin resistance with age in association with pancreatic β-cell hyperplasia, impaired expression of uncoupling protein-1 in BAT, and increased adiposity. In addition, both PGKBP3 and PGKmutBP3 mice had elevated glycerol in the circulation, but only PGKBP3 mice had elevated free fatty acids and only PGKmutBP3 mice had elevated triglycerides. Estimated free IGF-1 did not increase with age in transgenic mice, as it did in wild-type mice. Thus, overexpression of human IGFBP-3 or its mutant devoid of IGF binding ability leads to glucose intolerance with, however, different effects on insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, and lipid homeostasis in aging mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hoa Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3E3P4
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Renes JS, van Doorn J, Breukhoven PE, Lem AJ, de Ridder MAJ, Hokken-Koelega ACS. Acid-labile subunit levels and the association with response to growth hormone treatment in short children born small for gestational age. Horm Res Paediatr 2015; 81:126-32. [PMID: 24481285 DOI: 10.1159/000356926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To determine acid-labile subunit (ALS) levels in short small for gestational age (SGA) children and to assess the relationship between ALS levels and several clinical and laboratory characteristics. Also, to assess whether adding ALS levels to a growth prediction model might improve the long-term growth prediction. DESIGN/METHODS ALS levels were measured in 312 short SGA children at the start of growth hormone (GH) treatment. RESULTS Median (interquartile range) ALS of all subjects was -0.5 SDS, significantly below the 0 SDS (p < 0.001). In 34 children (11%), ALS levels were ≤-2 SDS. ALS SDS correlated significantly with height SDS (r = 0.24, p < 0.001), weight SDS (r = 0.30, p < 0.001), BMI SDS (r = 0.20, p = 0.001), IGF-I SDS (r = 0.56, p < 0.001) and IGFBP-3 SDS (r = 0.67, p < 0.001). ALS SDS was also positively correlated with fasting insulin (r = 0.41, p < 0.001) and glucose levels (r = 0.33, p < 0.001), and HOMA-IR (r = 0.35, p < 0.001). Baseline ALS levels contributed to the long-term growth prediction of GH treatment (5%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Short SGA children tend to have lower ALS levels compared to controls, albeit less reduced than IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels. Our data suggest that ALS may be involved in glucose homeostasis. Determination of ALS levels before the start of GH treatment in short SGA children contributes moderately to a more accurate prediction of the growth response to GH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Renes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center/Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Grandone A, Miraglia del Giudice E, Cirillo G, Abbondanza C, Cioffi M, Romano T, Micillo F, Marzuillo P, Perrone L. Clinical features of a new acid-labile subunit (IGFALS) heterozygous mutation: anthropometric and biochemical characterization and response to growth hormone administration. Horm Res Paediatr 2015; 81:67-72. [PMID: 24356109 DOI: 10.1159/000355017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homozygous mutations in acid-labile subunit (IGFALS) gene result in short stature, very low circulating levels of acid-labile subunit (ALS), insulin growth factor 1 (IGF1) and insulin growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) and a poor response to growth hormone (GH). The impact of IGFALS mutations heterozygosity on growth is unknown. PATIENT AND METHODS We describe a 10-year-old girl with severe short stature (height -3.2 SDS), heterozygous for a new IGFALS mutation. RESULTS The girl showed low circulating IGF1, IGFBP3 and ALS levels and normal GH secretion. We found a novel heterozygous frameshift IGFALS mutation (c.1283delA, p.Gln428Argfs*14). Size-exclusion chromatography showed a reduction of the IGF1, IGFBP3 and ALS 150-kDa ternary complex (by about 55%) compared to a control. An IGF-1 generation test, with two different GH dosages, showed a good response in term of increase in IGF1 and in formation of the ternary complex at size-exclusion chromatography. Clinical response after 6 months of therapy with GH was satisfactory (height velocity increased from 3 to 8 cm/year). CONCLUSION We suggest that (1) heterozygous IGFALS mutations can be responsible for a subset of patients with severe short stature (below -2.5 SDS), low IGF1 (below -2 SDS) and normal GH secretion, and (2) the identification by IGFALS molecular screening of this subset of patients could help in the administration of the appropriate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Grandone
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
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Schreiner F, Schoenberger S, Koester B, Domené HM, Woelfle J. Novel acid-labile subunit ( IGFALS ) mutation p.T145K (c.434C>A) in a patient with ALS deficiency, normal stature and immunological dysfunction. Horm Res Paediatr 2014; 80:424-30. [PMID: 24296365 DOI: 10.1159/000355927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a novel missense mutation p.T145K in the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) acid-labile subunit (IGFALS) gene identified in a Turkish patient with normal growth, transient pancytopenic episodes and signs of immunological dysfunction. Because of recurrent cutaneous mycoses and absence of pubertal development until the age of 14.75 years we determined several endocrine parameters in order to rule out autoimmune-polyendocrine syndromes. Despite a normal height between the 25th and 50th percentile we found severely decreased IGF-1 and undetectably low IGFBP-3 levels. Laboratory signs of immunological dysfunction included reduced total lymphocyte count with diminished B and T helper cell fractions, decreased serum concentrations of IgM and IgG subclass 4, and elevated antinuclear antibody and anti-dsDNA titers as well as persistently high interleukin-2-receptor levels. Further endocrine work-up revealed elevated fasting insulin and undetectably low ALS serum levels, leading to the diagnosis of ALS deficiency. Sequencing of the coding region of the IGFALS gene showed a novel homozygous missense mutation (c.434C>A; p.T145K). Since immunological abnormalities have not been reported in more than 20 ALS-deficient patients so far and our patient was born to consanguineous parents, a second autosomal recessive defect is likely to underlie the immunological phenotype, although a causative role of IGFALS p.T145K cannot be entirely ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Schreiner
- Pediatric Endocrinology Division, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Determining the normal range for IGF-I, IGFBP-3, and ALS: new reference data based on current internal standards. Wien Med Wochenschr 2014; 164:343-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10354-014-0299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Khan MJ, Jacometo CB, Graugnard DE, Corrêa MN, Schmitt E, Cardoso F, Loor JJ. Overfeeding Dairy Cattle During Late-Pregnancy Alters Hepatic PPARα-Regulated Pathways Including Hepatokines: Impact on Metabolism and Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2014; 8:97-111. [PMID: 24737933 PMCID: PMC3981572 DOI: 10.4137/grsb.s14116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic metabolic gene networks were studied in dairy cattle fed control (CON, 1.34 Mcal/kg) or higher energy (overfed (OVE), 1.62 Mcal/kg) diets during the last 45 days of pregnancy. A total of 57 target genes encompassing PPARα-targets/co-regulators, hepatokines, growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis, lipogenesis, and lipoprotein metabolism were evaluated on −14, 7, 14, and 30 days around parturition. OVE versus CON cows were in more negative energy balance (NEB) postpartum and had greater serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), and liver triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations. Milk synthesis rate did not differ. Liver from OVE cows responded to postpartal NEB by up-regulating expression of PPARα-targets in the fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis pathways, along with gluconeogenic genes. Hepatokines (fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4)) and apolipoprotein A-V (APOA5) were up-regulated postpartum to a greater extent in OVE than CON. OVE led to greater blood insulin prepartum, lower NEFA:insulin, and greater lipogenic gene expression suggesting insulin sensitivity was not impaired. A lack of change in APOB, MTTP, and PNPLA3 coupled with upregulation of PLIN2 postpartum in cows fed OVE contributed to TAG accumulation. Postpartal responses in NEFA and FGF21 with OVE support a role of this hepatokine in diminishing adipose insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jawad Khan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA. ; Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Carolina B Jacometo
- NUPEEC, Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Daniel E Graugnard
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Marcio N Corrêa
- NUPEEC, Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Felipe Cardoso
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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Tseng YM, Hwang YS, Lu CL, Lin SJ, Tsai WH. Association of umbilical cord plasma acid-labile subunit of the insulin-like growth factor ternary complex with anthropometry in term newborns. Pediatr Neonatol 2014; 55:139-44. [PMID: 24211220 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Birth size can affect neonatal morbidity and mortality. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is the most important endocrine factor influencing fetal growth. In the circulation, IGFs (mostly IGF-I) are bound to IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) and an acid-labile subunit (ALS) to form a ternary complex. The ALS protects IGFs from decay and facilitates their endocrine activity. However, the function of ALS in fetal growth has not yet been fully determined. METHODS Venous umbilical plasma samples were obtained from 98 term neonates and analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The ALS, IGF-I, and IGFBP-3 umbilical cord plasma levels were analyzed for their association with anthropometric measurements of the neonates. RESULTS The ALS, IGF-I, and IGFBP-3 cord plasma levels were positively correlated with birth weight (r = 0.42, p < 0.001; r = 0.43, p < 0.001; and r = 0.27, p < 0.01, respectively) and placental weight (r = 0.37, p < 0.001; r = 0.31, p < 0.01; and r = 0.30, p < 0.01, respectively). In addition, the ALS cord plasma levels were also positively correlated with head circumference (r = 0.29, p < 0.01). Multiple linear regression analyses showed that both ALS and IGF-I cord plasma levels were independent predictive variables for birth weight (p < 0.01 and p < 0.005, respectively). The ALS cord plasma levels were the only independent predictive variables, however, for head circumference and placental weight (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION The ALS umbilical cord plasma levels are one important factor, in addition to IGF-I, in the IGF system for predicting birth anthropometry, at least for near-term gestation. Our results suggest that the influence of ALS on the IGF system may develop prior to birth and affect fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ming Tseng
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yea-Shwu Hwang
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Li Lu
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shio-Jean Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hui Tsai
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Högler W, Martin DD, Crabtree N, Nightingale P, Tomlinson J, Metherell L, Rosenfeld R, Hwa V, Rose S, Walker J, Shaw N, Barrett T, Frystyk J. IGFALS gene dosage effects on serum IGF-I and glucose metabolism, body composition, bone growth in length and width, and the pharmacokinetics of recombinant human IGF-I administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E703-12. [PMID: 24423360 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Acid labile subunit (ALS) deficiency, caused by IGFALS mutations, is a subtype of primary IGF-I deficiency (PIGFD) and has been associated with insulin resistance (IR) and osteopenia. Whether patients respond to recombinant human IGF-I (rhIGF-I) is unknown. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN This study determined the 14-hour pharmacokinetic response of free and total IGF-I and IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) to a single sc dose of rhIGF-I (120 μg/kg) in four ALS-deficient patients, compared with severe PIGFD, moderate PIGFD, and controls. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests, fasting blood levels, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, and metacarpal radiogrammetry were performed in the four patients and 12 heterozygous family members. RESULTS IGF-I and IGFBP-3 increased above baseline (P < .05) for 2.5 hours, returning to baseline 7 hours after rhIGF-I injection. Mean (SD) IGF-I Z-score increased by 2.49 (0.90), whereas IGFBP-3 Z-score increased by 0.57 (0.10) only. IGF-I elimination rates in ALS deficiency were similar, but the IGF-I increment was lower than those for severe PIGFD. Significant gene dosage effects were found for all IGF-I peptides, height, forearm muscle size, and metacarpal width. Bone analysis showed that ALS deficiency creates a phenotype of slender bones with normal size-corrected density. Abnormal glucose handling and IR was found in three of four patients and 6 of 12 carriers. CONCLUSIONS These gene dosage effects demonstrate that one functional IGFALS allele is insufficient to maintain normal ALS levels, endocrine IGF-I action, full growth potential, muscle size, and periosteal expansion. Similar gene dosage effects may exist for parameters of IR. Despite similar IGF-I elimination compared with severe PIGFD, ALS-deficient patients cannot mount a similar response. Alternative ways of rhIGF-I administration should be sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Högler
- Departments of Endocrinology and Diabetes (W.H., N.S., T.B.) and Nuclear Medicine (N.C.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, B4 6NH Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (D.D.M.), University Children's Hospital, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany; Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility (P.N.), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom; School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (J.T., T.B.), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; William Harvey Research Institute (L.M.), Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 1BB, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (R.R.), Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Department of Paediatrics (S.R.), Heartlands Hospital, B9 5SS Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics (J.W.), Portsmouth Hospital, Portsmouth PO6 3LY, United Kingdom; and Medical Research Laboratory (J.F.), Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, and Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8000 C Aarhus, Denmark
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Kennedy OD, Sun H, Wu Y, Courtland HW, Williams GA, Cardoso L, Basta-Pljakic J, Schaffler MB, Yakar S. Skeletal response of male mice to anabolic hormone therapy in the absence of the Igfals gene. Endocrinology 2014; 155:987-99. [PMID: 24424061 PMCID: PMC3929729 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IGF-I is a critical regulator of skeletal acquisition, which acts in endocrine and autocrine/paracrine modes. In serum, IGF-I is carried by the IGF-binding proteins in binary complexes. Further stabilization of these complexes is achieved by binding to the acid labile subunit (ALS) in a ternary complex (of IGF-I-IGF-binding protein 3/5-ALS). Ablation of the Igfals gene in humans (ALS deficiency) and mice (ALS knockout [ALSKO]) leads to markedly decreased serum IGF-I levels, growth retardation, and impaired skeletal acquisition. To investigate whether hormonal replacement therapy would improve the skeletal phenotype in cases of Igfals gene ablation, we treated male ALSKO mice with GH, IGF-I, or a combination of both. Treatments were administered to animals between 4 and 16 weeks of age or from 8 to 16 weeks of age. Although all treatment groups showed an increase (20%) in serum IGF-I levels, there was no increase in body weight, weight gain, or bone length in either age group. Despite the blunted linear growth in response to hormone therapy, ALSKO mice treated with GH showed radial bone growth, which contributed to bone strength tested by 4-point bending. We found that ALSKO mice treated with GH showed increased total cross-sectional area, cortical bone area, and cortical thickness by microtomography. Dynamic histomorphometry showed that although GH and double treatment groups resulted in trends towards increased bone formation parameters, these did not reach significance. However, bone resorption parameters were significantly increased in all treatment groups. ALSKO mice treated between 4 and 16 weeks of age showed minor differences in bone traits compared with vehicle-treated mice. In conclusion, treatment with GH and IGF-I do not work synergistically to rescue the stunted growth found in mice lacking the Igfals gene. Although GH alone appears to increase bone parameters slightly, it does not affect body weight or linear growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oran D Kennedy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (O.D.K., L.C., J.B.-P., M.B.S.), City College of New York, New York 10031; David B. Kriser Dental Center (H.S., Y.W., G.A.W., S.Y.), Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010-4086; and Division of Endocrinology (H.-W.C., S.Y.), Diabetes and Bone Disease, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6547
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Hess O, Khayat M, Hwa V, Heath KE, Teitler A, Hritan Y, Allon-Shalev S, Tenenbaum-Rakover Y. A novel mutation in IGFALS, c.380T>C (p.L127P), associated with short stature, delayed puberty, osteopenia and hyperinsulinaemia in two siblings: insights into the roles of insulin growth factor-1 (IGF1). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013; 79:838-44. [PMID: 23488611 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The acid-labile subunit (ALS) protein is crucial for maintaining the circulating IGF/IGFBP system. Inactivating mutations of IGFALS result in IGF1 deficiency associated with growth retardation. Although the first IGFALS mutation in humans was described in 2004, only 16 mutations have been reported since. Moreover, the phenotype of affected patients as a consequence of ALS deficiency is still highly variable. We assessed whether children with idiopathic short stature (ISS) harbour mutations in IGFALS and characterized affected patients' phenotype. DESIGN Sixty-five children with ISS were enrolled in the study. Serum ALS levels were measured by ELISA, and IGFALS was sequenced. RESULTS A novel homozygous mutation in IGFALS, c.380T>C (p.L127P), was identified in two siblings of a consanguineous family. The proband, a 17·75-year-old male, was -1·9 SDS in height and -4·5 SDS in weight. Exaggerated stimulated GH (38 ng/ml) and extremely low IGF1 and IGFBP3 (<25 and <500 ng/ml, respectively) indicated GH insensitivity. Both affected siblings had low or no ALS (43 and 0 mU/ml, respectively). They were also mildly small for gestational age, severely underweight and showed osteopenia, insulin insensitivity and delayed and slow puberty progression. CONCLUSIONS Acid-labile subunit deficiency due to IGFALS mutations is a rare cause of growth retardation in children. The unique combination of features presented by the two affected siblings emphasizes the important role of IGF1 in bone formation, insulin regulation and the pubertal process, in addition to its crucial effect on growth. Long-term follow-up is indicated since the clinical outcome with respect to osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus and fertility has not been recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ora Hess
- Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha'Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
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Xi G, Solum MA, Wai C, Maile LA, Rosen CJ, Clemmons DR. The heparin-binding domains of IGFBP-2 mediate its inhibitory effect on preadipocyte differentiation and fat development in male mice. Endocrinology 2013; 154:4146-57. [PMID: 23981772 PMCID: PMC3800754 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-2 overexpression confers resistance to high-fat feeding and inhibits the differentiation of preadipocytes in vitro. However, whether administration of IGFBP-2 can regulate adipogenesis in vivo and the domains that mediate this response have not been defined. IGFBP-2 contains 2 heparin-binding domains (HBD), which are localized in the linker region (HBD1) and C-terminal region (HBD2) of IGFBP-2. To determine the relative importance of these domains, we used synthetic peptides as well as mutagenesis. Both HBD1 and HBD2 peptides inhibited preadipocyte differentiation, but the HBD2 peptide was more effective. Selective substitution of charged residues in the HBD1 or HBD2 regions attenuated the ability of the full-length protein to inhibit cell differentiation, but the HBD2 mutant had the greatest reduction. To determine their activities in vivo, pegylated forms of each peptide were administered to IGFBP-2(-/-) mice for 12 weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging scanning showed that only the HBD2 peptide significantly reduced (48 ± 9%, P < .05) gain in total fat mass. Both inguinal (32 ± 7%, P < .01) and visceral fat (44 ± 7%, P < .01) were significantly decreased by HBD2 whereas HBD1 reduced only visceral fat accumulation (24 ± 5%, P < .05). The HBD2 peptide was more effective peptide in reducing triglyceride content and serum adiponectin, but only the HBD2 peptide increased serum leptin. These findings demonstrate that the HBD2 domain of IGFBP-2 is the primary region that accounts for its ability to inhibit adipogenesis and that a peptide encompassing this region has activity that is comparable with native IGFBP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xi
- MD, CB no. 7170, 8024 Burnett Womack, Division of Endocrinology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7170.
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Castell AL, Sadoul JL, Bouvattier C. L’axe GH-IGF-I dans la croissance. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2013; 74 Suppl 1:S33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4266(13)70019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Clayton P, Bonnemaire M, Dutailly P, Maisonobe P, Naudin L, Pham E, Zhang Z, Grupe A, Thiagalingam A, Denèfle P. Characterizing short stature by insulin-like growth factor axis status and genetic associations: results from the prospective, cross-sectional, epidemiogenetic EPIGROW study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E1122-30. [PMID: 23596138 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-4283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Serum IGF-I levels are often low in patients with short stature (SS) without defined etiology. Hence, genetic investigations have focused on the GH-IGF-I axis. OBJECTIVE Our objectives were to characterize IGF-I axis status and search for a broader range of genetic associations in children with SS and normal GH. DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional, epidemiogenetic case-control study in 9 European countries (2008-2010). PARTICIPANTS Children (n = 275) aged ≥2 years with SS without defined etiology (≤-2.5 height SD score [SDS]) and ≥1 peak GH ≥7 μg/L) were recruited. METHODS Serum IGF-I, IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), and acid-labile subunit (ALS) levels were measured in a central laboratory. Candidate gene exome sequencing was performed in this cohort and ethnicity-matched controls. RESULTS Serum IGF-I, IGFBP-3, and ALS levels were highly correlated, but there was a discrepancy between prevalence of IGF-I, IGFBP-3, and ALS deficiencies (53%, 30%, and 0.8%, respectively). An insertion-deletion (Indel) on the IGF1 gene (P = 1.2 × 10(-5), Bonferroni-corrected; case vs control frequency: 0.04 vs 0.112), an Indel on NFKB1 (P = 1.36 × 10(-10); case vs control frequency: 0.464 vs 0.272), and 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms on ZBTB38 (P < 2.3 × 10(-6)) were associated with SS. At P < 10(-4), single-nucleotide polymorphisms on genes related to protein kinase regulation, MAPK, and Fanconi pathways were also associated with SS. CONCLUSIONS IGF-I deficiency is a common feature in SS without defined etiology; an Indel in the IGF1 gene was associated with SS. However, genes involved in transcriptional regulation (NFKB1 and ZBTB38) and growth factor signaling were also associated, providing further candidates for genetic investigations on individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Clayton
- University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Pediatric Endocrinology, Fifth Floor (Research), Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom.
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