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Brito HA, Napp AP, Pereira E, Bach E, Borowski JVB, Passaglia LMP, Melo VMM, Moreira R, Foster EJ, Lopes FC, Vainstein MH. Enhanced low-cost lipopeptide biosurfactant production by Bacillus velezensis from residual glycerin. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2024:10.1007/s00449-024-03051-y. [PMID: 38916653 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-024-03051-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Biosurfactants (BSFs) are molecules produced by microorganisms from various carbon sources, with applications in bioremediation and petroleum recovery. However, the production cost limits large-scale applications. This study optimized BSFs production by Bacillus velezensis (strain MO13) using residual glycerin as a substrate. The spherical quadratic central composite design (CCD) model was used to standardize carbon source concentration (30 g/L), temperature (34 °C), pH (7.2), stirring (239 rpm), and aeration (0.775 vvm) in a 5-L bioreactor. Maximum BSFs production reached 1527.6 mg/L of surfactins and 176.88 mg/L of iturins, a threefold increase through optimization. Microbial development, substrate consumption, concentration of BSFs, and surface tension were also evaluated on the bioprocess dynamics. Mass spectrometry Q-TOF-MS identified five surfactin and two iturin isoforms produced by B. velezensis MO13. This study demonstrates significant progress on BSF production using industrial waste as a microbial substrate, surpassing reported concentrations in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique A Brito
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Amanda P Napp
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Evandro Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Evelise Bach
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
- Departamento de Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - João V B Borowski
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Luciane M P Passaglia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Vania M M Melo
- Laboratório de Ecologia Microbiana e Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brasil
| | - Raphael Moreira
- Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - E Johan Foster
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Fernanda C Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
- Departamento de Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Marilene H Vainstein
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil.
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil.
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Das S, Rao KVB. A comprehensive review of biosurfactant production and its uses in the pharmaceutical industry. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:60. [PMID: 38197951 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03786-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Biosurfactants are naturally occurring, surface-active chemicals generated by microorganisms and have attracted interest recently because of their numerous industrial uses. Compared to their chemical equivalents, they exhibit qualities that include lower toxic levels, increased biodegradable properties, and unique physiochemical properties. Due to these traits, biosurfactants have become attractive substitutes for synthetic surfactants in the pharmaceutical industry. In-depth research has been done in the last few decades, demonstrating their vast use in various industries. This review article includes a thorough description of the various types of biosurfactants and their production processes. The production process discussed here is from oil-contaminated waste, agro-industrial waste, dairy, and sugar industry waste, and also how biosurfactants can be produced from animal fat. Various purification methods such as ultrafiltration, liquid-liquid extraction, acid precipitation, foam fraction, and adsorption are required to acquire a purified product, which is necessary in the pharmaceutical industry, are also discussed here. Alternative ways for large-scale production of biosurfactants using different statistical experimental designs such as CCD, ANN, and RSM are described here. Several uses of biosurfactants, including drug delivery systems, antibacterial and antifungal agents, wound healing, and cancer therapy, are discussed. Additionally, in this review, the future challenges and aspects of biosurfactant utilization in the pharmaceutical industry and how to overcome them are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriya Das
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632-014, India
| | - K V Bhaskara Rao
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632-014, India.
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3
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Treinen C, Claassen L, Hoffmann M, Lilge L, Henkel M, Hausmann R. Evaluation of an external foam column for in situ product removal in aerated surfactin production processes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1264787. [PMID: 38026897 PMCID: PMC10657896 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1264787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In Bacillus fermentation processes, severe foam formation may occur in aerated bioreactor systems caused by surface-active lipopeptides. Although they represent interesting compounds for industrial biotechnology, their property of foaming excessively during aeration may pose challenges for bioproduction. One option to turn this obstacle into an advantage is to apply foam fractionation and thus realize in situ product removal as an initial downstream step. Here we present and evaluate a method for integrated foam fractionation. A special feature of this setup is the external foam column that operates separately in terms of, e.g., aeration rates from the bioreactor system and allows recycling of cells and media. This provides additional control points in contrast to an internal foam column or a foam trap. To demonstrate the applicability of this method, the foam column was exemplarily operated during an aerated batch process using the surfactin-producing Bacillus subtilis strain JABs24. It was also investigated how the presence of lipopeptides and bacterial cells affected functionality. As expected, the major foam formation resulted in fermentation difficulties during aerated processes, partially resulting in reactor overflow. However, an overall robust performance of the foam fractionation could be demonstrated. A maximum surfactin concentration of 7.7 g/L in the foamate and enrichments of up to 4 were achieved. It was further observed that high lipopeptide enrichments were associated with low sampling flow rates of the foamate. This relation could be influenced by changing the operating parameters of the foam column. With the methodology presented here, an enrichment of biosurfactants with simultaneous retention of the production cells was possible. Since both process aeration and foam fractionation can be individually controlled and designed, this method offers the prospect of being transferred beyond aerated batch processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Treinen
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering (150k), Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Linda Claassen
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering (150k), Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mareen Hoffmann
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering (150k), Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lars Lilge
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering (150k), Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marius Henkel
- Cellular Agriculture, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hausmann
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering (150k), Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Lee D, Oh T, Kang B, Ahn JS, Cho Y. Throughput screening of Bacillus subtilis strains that abundantly secrete surfactin in vitro identifies effective probiotic candidates. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277412. [PMID: 36417387 PMCID: PMC9683610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the prohibition of antibiotics as animal growth promoters, demand for effective probiotic strains has steadily increased. The goal is to maintain productivity and mitigate environmental concerns in the livestock industry. There are many probiotic animal-diet supplements available, over 2,000 products in the Republic of Korea alone, with little explanation about the desirable properties of each probiotic strain. The purpose of this study was to describe the underlying logic and methods used to select two novel strains of probiotic candidates. To economically screen these candidates, the abundance of surfactin secreted was used as an in vitro marker. We used a modified oil-misting method to screen ~2,000 spore-forming bacteria for novel strains of Bacillus subtilis. Of these, 18 strains were initially selected based on the semiquantitative criterion that they secreted more surfactin than B. subtilis ATCC21322 on Luria-Berani (LB) agar plates. The whole genome sequence was determined for two of the 18 strains to verify their identity. A phylogeny of 1,162 orthologous genes, genome contents, and genome organization confirmed them as novel strains. The surfactin profiles produced by these two strains consisted of at least four isoforms similar to standard surfactin and enhanced cellulase activities up to 50%. Four fractionated individual isoforms of surfactin suppressed inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharides. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was about 20 μM for each isoform. Both selected strains were susceptible to seven important antibiotics. Our results implied that an abundant secretion of surfactin was a useful biomarker in vitro and could be utilized for mining probiotic candidates through high-throughput screening of environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongho Lee
- Molpaxbio, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehoon Oh
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jong Seok Ahn
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YC); (JSA)
| | - Yangrae Cho
- ProxEnrem, Osong-eup, Chungju-si, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YC); (JSA)
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Gudiña EJ, Teixeira JA. Bacillus licheniformis: The unexplored alternative for the anaerobic production of lipopeptide biosurfactants? Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108013. [PMID: 35752271 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microbial biosurfactants have attracted the attention of researchers and companies for the last decades, as they are considered promising candidates to replace chemical surfactants in numerous applications. Although in the last years, considerable advances were performed regarding strain engineering and the use of low-cost substrates in order to reduce their production costs, one of the main bottlenecks is their production at industrial scale. Conventional aerobic biosurfactant production processes result in excessive foaming, due to the use of high agitation and aeration rates necessary to increase dissolved oxygen concentration to allow microbial growth and biosurfactant production. Different approaches have been studied to overcome this problem, although with limited success. A not widely explored alternative is the development of foam-free processes through the anaerobic growth of biosurfactant-producing microorganisms. Surfactin, produced by Bacillus subtilis, is the most widely studied lipopeptide biosurfactant, and the most powerful biosurfactant known so far. Bacillus licheniformis strains produce lichenysin, a lipopeptide biosurfactant which structure is similar to surfactin. However, despite its extraordinary surface-active properties and potential applications, lichenysin has been scarcely studied. According to previous studies, B. licheniformis is better adapted to anaerobic growth than B. subtilis, and could be a good alternative for the anaerobic production of lipopeptide biosurfactants. In this review, the potential and limitations of surfactin and lichenysin production under anaerobic conditions will be analyzed, and the possibility of implementing foam-free processes for lichenysin production, in order to expand the market and applications of biosurfactants in different fields, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J Gudiña
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - José A Teixeira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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6
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Oraby أميرة عرابي A, Weickardt I, Zibek S. Foam Fractionation Methods in Aerobic Fermentation Processes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1697-1711. [PMID: 35394649 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Inherently occurring foam formation during aerobic fermentations of surface-active compounds can be exploited by fractionating the foam. This also serves as the first downstream processing step for product concentration and is used for in situ product recovery. Compared to other foam prevention methods, it does not interfere with fermentation parameters or alter broth composition. Nevertheless, parameters affecting the foaming behaviour are complex. Therefore, the specific foam fractionation designs need to be engineered for each fermentation individually. This still hinders a widespread industrial application. However, few available commercial approaches demonstrate the applicability of foam columns on an industrial scale. This systematic literature review highlights relevant design aspects and process demands that need to be considered for an application to fermentations and proposes a classification of foam fractionation designs and methods. It further analyses substance-specific characteristics associated with foam fractionation. Finally, solutions for current challenges are presented, and future perspectives are discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Oraby أميرة عرابي
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Isabell Weickardt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Susanne Zibek
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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7
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Nwankwegu AS, Zhang L, Xie D, Onwosi CO, Muhammad WI, Odoh CK, Sam K, Idenyi JN. Bioaugmentation as a green technology for hydrocarbon pollution remediation. Problems and prospects. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 304:114313. [PMID: 34942548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution mitigation measure involving bioremediation technology is a sustainable intervention for a greener ecosystem biorecovery, especially the obnoxious hydrocarbons, xenobiotics, and other environmental pollutants induced by anthropogenic stressors. Several successful case studies have provided evidence to this paradigm including the putative adoption that the technology is eco-friendly, cost-effective, and shows a high tendency for total contaminants mineralization into innocuous bye-products. The present review reports advances in bioremediation, types, and strategies conventionally adopted in contaminant clean-up. It identified that natural attenuation and biostimulation are faced with notable limitations including the poor remedial outcome under the natural attenuation system and the residual contamination occasion following a biostimulation operation. It remarks that the use of genetically engineered microorganisms shows a potentially promising insight as a prudent remedial approach but is currently challenged by few ethical restrictions and the rural unavailability of the technology. It underscores that bioaugmentation, particularly the use of high cell density assemblages referred to as microbial consortia possess promising remedial prospects thus offers a more sustainable environmental security. The authors, therefore, recommend bioaugmentation for large scale contaminated sites in regions where environmental degradation is commonplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amechi S Nwankwegu
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, 1 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716, China; Organization of African Academic Doctors, Off Kamiti Road, P.O. Box 25305-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, 1 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Deti Xie
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, 1 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Chukwudi O Onwosi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Wada I Muhammad
- Organization of African Academic Doctors, Off Kamiti Road, P.O. Box 25305-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; College of Water Conservancy, Hohai University, No.1 Xikang Road, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Chuks K Odoh
- Organization of African Academic Doctors, Off Kamiti Road, P.O. Box 25305-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kabari Sam
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Department of Marine Environment and Pollution Control, Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - John N Idenyi
- Department of Biotechnology, Ebonyi State University Abakaliki, Nigeria
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Guez JS, Vassaux A, Larroche C, Jacques P, Coutte F. New Continuous Process for the Production of Lipopeptide Biosurfactants in Foam Overflowing Bioreactor. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:678469. [PMID: 34124025 PMCID: PMC8194703 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.678469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, an original culture process in bioreactor named overflowing continuous culture (O-CC) was developed to produce and recover continuously mycosubtilin, a lipopeptide antifungal biosurfactant of major interest. The lipopeptide production was first investigated in shake conical flasks in different culture media [ammonium citrate sucrose (ACS), Difco sporulation medium (DSM), and Landy], followed by a pH condition optimization using 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) and 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffered media. A simple theoretical modeling of the biomass evolution combined with an experimental setup was then proposed for O-CC processed in stirred tank reactor at laboratory scale. Seven O-CC experiments were done in modified Landy medium at the optimized pH 6.5 by applying dilution rates comprised between 0.05 and 0.1 h-1. The O-CC allowed the continuous recovery of the mycosubtilin contained in the foam overflowing out of the reactor, achieving a remarkable in situ product removal superior to 99%. The biomass concentration in the overflowing foam was found to be twofold lower than the biomass concentration in the reactor, relating advantageously this process to a continuous one with biomass feedback. To evaluate its performances regarding the type of lipopeptide produced, the O-CC process was tested with strain BBG116, a mycosubtilin constitutive overproducing strain that also produces surfactin, and strain BBG125, its derivative strain obtained by deleting surfactin synthetase operon. At a dilution rate of 0.1 h-1, specific productivity of 1.18 mg of mycosubtilin⋅g-1(DW)⋅h-1 was reached. Compared with other previously described bioprocesses using almost similar culture conditions and strains, the O-CC one allowed an increase of the mycosubtilin production rate by 2.06-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Sébastien Guez
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Antoine Vassaux
- Université de Lille, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, équipe Métabolites Secondaires d'origine Microbienne, Institut Charles Viollette, Lille, France
| | - Christian Larroche
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Philippe Jacques
- Université de Liège, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, équipe Métabolites Secondaires d'origine Microbienne, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, MiPI, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium.,Lipofabrik, Polytech-Lille, Cité Scientifique, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - François Coutte
- Université de Lille, UMRt BioEcoAgro 1158-INRAE, équipe Métabolites Secondaires d'origine Microbienne, Institut Charles Viollette, Lille, France.,Lipofabrik, Polytech-Lille, Cité Scientifique, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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9
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Gong Z, Yang G, Che C, Liu J, Si M, He Q. Foaming of rhamnolipids fermentation: impact factors and fermentation strategies. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:77. [PMID: 33781264 PMCID: PMC8008553 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01516-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhamnolipids have recently attracted considerable attentions because of their excellent biosurfactant performance and potential applications in agriculture, environment, biomedicine, etc., but severe foaming causes the high cost of production, restraining their commercial production and applications. To reduce or eliminate the foaming, numerous explorations have been focused on foaming factors and fermentation strategies, but a systematic summary and discussion are still lacking. Additionally, although these studies have not broken through the bottleneck of foaming, they are conducive to understanding the foaming mechanism and developing more effective rhamnolipids production strategies. Therefore, this review focuses on the effects of fermentation components and control conditions on foaming behavior and fermentation strategies responded to the severe foaming in rhamnolipids fermentation and systematically summarizes 6 impact factors and 9 fermentation strategies. Furthermore, the potentialities of 9 fermentation strategies for large-scale production are discussed and some further strategies are suggested. We hope this review can further facilitate the understanding of foaming factors and fermentation strategies as well as conducive to developing the more effective large-scale production strategies to accelerate the commercial production process of rhamnolipids.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijin Gong
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong Province, 273165, China
| | - Ge Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong Province, 273165, China
| | - Chengchuan Che
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong Province, 273165, China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong Province, 273165, China
| | - Meiru Si
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong Province, 273165, China
| | - Qiuhong He
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong Province, 273165, China.
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10
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Zhang M, Fan S, Hao M, Hou H, Zheng H, Darwesh OM. Improving the production of fungal exopolysaccharides with application of repeated batch fermentation technology coupling with foam separation in the presence of surfactant. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Blesken CC, Strümpfler T, Tiso T, Blank LM. Uncoupling Foam Fractionation and Foam Adsorption for Enhanced Biosurfactant Synthesis and Recovery. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8122029. [PMID: 33353027 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8122029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of biosurfactants is often hampered by excessive foaming in the bioreactor, impacting system scale-up and downstream processing. Foam fractionation was proposed to tackle this challenge by combining in situ product removal with a pre-purification step. In previous studies, foam fractionation was coupled to bioreactor operation, hence it was operated at suboptimal parameters. Here, we use an external fractionation column to decouple biosurfactant production from foam fractionation, enabling continuous surfactant separation, which is especially suited for system scale-up. As a subsequent product recovery step, continuous foam adsorption was integrated into the process. The configuration is evaluated for rhamnolipid (RL) or 3-(3-hydroxyalkanoyloxy)alkanoic acid (HAA, i.e., RL precursor) production by recombinant non-pathogenic Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Surfactant concentrations of 7.5 gRL/L and 2.0 gHAA/L were obtained in the fractionated foam. 4.7 g RLs and 2.8 g HAAs could be separated in the 2-stage recovery process within 36 h from a 2 L culture volume. With a culture volume scale-up to 9 L, 16 g RLs were adsorbed, and the space-time yield (STY) increased by 31% to 0.21 gRL/L·h. We demonstrate a well-performing process design for biosurfactant production and recovery as a contribution to a vital bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian C Blesken
- iAMB-Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tessa Strümpfler
- iAMB-Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Till Tiso
- iAMB-Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars M Blank
- iAMB-Institute of Applied Microbiology, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Biniarz P, Henkel M, Hausmann R, Łukaszewicz M. Development of a Bioprocess for the Production of Cyclic Lipopeptides Pseudofactins With Efficient Purification From Collected Foam. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:565619. [PMID: 33330412 PMCID: PMC7719756 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.565619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial surfactants (biosurfactants) have gained interest as promising substitutes of synthetic surface-active compounds. However, their production and purification are still challenging, with significant room for efficiency and costs optimization. In this work, we introduce a method for the enhanced production and purification of cyclic lipopeptides pseudofactins (PFs) from Pseudomonas fluorescens BD5 cultures. The method is directly applicable in a technical scale with the possibility of further upscaling. Comparing to the original protocol for production of PFs (cultures in mineral salt medium in shaken flasks followed by solvent-solvent extraction of PFs), our process offers not only ∼24-fold increased productivity, but also easier and more efficient purification. The new process combines high yield of PFs (∼7.2 grams of PFs per 30 L of working volume), with recovery levels of 80–90% and purity of raw PFs up to 60–70%. These were achieved with an innovative, single-step thermal co-precipitation and extraction of PFs directly from collected foam, as a large amount of PF-enriched foam was produced during the bioprocess. Besides we present a protocol for the selective production of PF structural analogs and their separation with high-performance liquid chromatography. Our approach can be potentially utilized in the efficient production and purification of other lipopeptides of Pseudomonas and Bacillus origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Biniarz
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Department of Biotransformation, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marius Henkel
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering (150 k), Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hausmann
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering (150 k), Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marcin Łukaszewicz
- Department of Biotransformation, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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Yang N, Wu Q, Xu Y. Fe Nanoparticles Enhanced Surfactin Production in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6321-6329. [PMID: 32258866 PMCID: PMC7114131 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Surfactin, as one of the most powerful biosurfactants, can be widely applied in agriculture, food, and pharmaceutics. However, low biosynthesis efficiency is the major obstacle in its commercialization. Here, we used nanoparticles to increase the surfactin production in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MT45 through enhancing the secretion (the key step of surfactin biosynthesis). The results showed that the surfactin titer increased from 4.93 to 7.15 g/L in the flask and from 5.94 to 9.18 g/L in a 7 L bioreactor by adding 5 g/L Fe nanoparticles. They were the highest titers in the reported wild-type strain. Our results indicated that Fe nanoparticles enhanced the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of surfactin. Moreover, Fe nanoparticles increased the permeability of cell membranes, resulting in a more efficient secretion of surfactin. This study provides an efficient strategy for increasing the biosynthesis of microbial metabolites and provides new insights into the nanoparticles' impacts on microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial
Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food
Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial
Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food
Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial
Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food
Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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St-Pierre Lemieux G, Groleau D, Proulx P. Introduction on Foam and its Impact in Bioreactors. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.24870/cjb.2019-000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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15
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Evaluation of various methods of selection of B. subtilis strains capable of secreting surface-active compounds. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225108. [PMID: 31715626 PMCID: PMC6850892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was the evaluation of a three-step method for the selection of bacterial strains capable of producing surfactin. The procedure consisted of the following steps: 1.blood agar test, 2. measurement of the surface tension (ST) of the medium using the du Nouy method before and after submerged culture, 3. qualitative and quantitative assessment of surfactin by HPLC. Forty five Bacillus subtilis natto strains producing haemolysis zones (≥3mm) were selected. Nineten of them reduced ST of the medium to ≤ 40 mN/m; in six cases, the reduction was as much as 50%. All indicated strains produced surfactin. Positive correlations (p <0.5) between the percentage reduction of ST of the medium and surfactin concentration (r = 0.44), indicate that this parameter is determinant of the ability to synthesize this compound. The blood agar test has been shown to be useful only as a pre-selection criterion for surfactin producers (18 strains selected by this method reduced ST by only ≤30%). The proposed selection strategy proved effective and made it possible to select the BS15 strain that reduced the ST of the medium to 30.56 ± 0.15 mN/m and simultaneously provided a high concentration of surfactin compared to other strains.
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16
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Zanotto AW, Valério A, de Andrade CJ, Pastore GM. New sustainable alternatives to reduce the production costs for surfactin 50 years after the discovery. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8647-8656. [PMID: 31515599 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In 1968, Arima et al. discovered the heptapeptide, known as surfactin, which belongs to a family of lipopeptides. Known for its ability to reduce surface tension, it also has biological activities such as antimicrobial and antiviral. Its non-ribosomal synthesis mechanism was later discovered (1991). Lipopeptides represent an important class of surfactants, which can be applied in many industrial sectors such as food, pharmaceutical, agrochemicals, detergents, and cleaning products. Currently, 75% of the surfactants used in the various industrial sectors are from the petrochemical industry. Nevertheless, there are global current demands (green chemistry concept) to replace the petrochemical products with environmentally friendly products, such as surfactants by biosurfactants. The production biosurfactants still are costly. Thus, an alternative to reduce the production costs is using agro-industrial waste as a culture medium associated with an efficient and scalable purification process. This review puts a light on the agro-industrial residues used to produce surfactin and the techniques used for its recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Wasem Zanotto
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campus Cidade Univesitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Alexsandra Valério
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Cristino José de Andrade
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-970, Brazil.
| | - Gláucia Maria Pastore
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campus Cidade Univesitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
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18
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Sun D, Liao J, Sun L, Wang Y, Liu Y, Deng Q, Zhang N, Xu D, Fang Z, Wang W, Gooneratne R. Effect of media and fermentation conditions on surfactin and iturin homologues produced by Bacillus natto NT-6: LC-MS analysis. AMB Express 2019; 9:120. [PMID: 31352542 PMCID: PMC6661063 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopeptides possess excellent broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. Different lipopeptides have their own unique chemical structures, properties and biological activities. Quantitative analysis of the lipopeptides iturin and surfactin and their homologues produced by Bacillus natto NT-6 subjected to different culture media, shaking speed of rotary shaker, and liquid and solid fermentation methods was conducted using LC-MS. For iturins, liquid-state fermentation in Landy medium at a shaking speed of 160 r min-1 was the most suitable for maximal homologue production. Addition of 0.4% attapulgite powder increased production by 1.92-fold; activated carbon significantly reduced production. For surfactin homologues, solid-state fermentation in potato dextrose broth medium at shaking speed > 160 r min-1 was the best. Addition of 0.4% attapulgite powder increased production by 1.96-fold; activated carbon had no effect. Thus it is clear that fermentation conditions can be manipulated to maximize iturin and surfactin production.
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Kaspar F, Neubauer P, Gimpel M. Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Bacillus subtilis: A Comprehensive Review. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:2038-2053. [PMID: 31287310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is widely underappreciated for its inherent biosynthetic potential. This report comprehensively summarizes the known bioactive secondary metabolites from B. subtilis and highlights potential applications as plant pathogen control agents, drugs, and biosurfactants. B. subtilis is well known for the production of cyclic lipopeptides exhibiting strong surfactant and antimicrobial activities, such as surfactins, iturins, and fengycins. Several polyketide-derived macrolides as well as nonribosomal peptides, dihydroisocoumarins, and linear lipopeptides with antimicrobial properties have been reported, demonstrating the biosynthetic arsenal of this bacterium. Promising efforts toward the application of B. subtilis strains and their natural products in areas of agriculture and medicine are underway. However, industrial-scale availability of these compounds is currently limited by low fermentation yields and challenging accessibility via synthesis, necessitating the development of genetically engineered strains and optimized cultivation processes. We hope that this review will attract renewed interest in this often-overlooked bacterium and its impressive biosynthetic skill set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kaspar
- Institute of Biotechnology , Technical University of Berlin , Ackerstraße 76 , 13355 Berlin , Germany
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Institute of Biotechnology , Technical University of Berlin , Ackerstraße 76 , 13355 Berlin , Germany
| | - Matthias Gimpel
- Institute of Biotechnology , Technical University of Berlin , Ackerstraße 76 , 13355 Berlin , Germany
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20
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Geissler M, Kühle I, Morabbi Heravi K, Altenbuchner J, Henkel M, Hausmann R. Evaluation of surfactin synthesis in a genome reduced Bacillus subtilis strain. AMB Express 2019; 9:84. [PMID: 31190306 PMCID: PMC6562014 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain engineering is often a method of choice towards increasing the yields of the biosurfactant surfactin which is naturally synthesized by many Bacillus spp., most notably Bacillus subtilis. In the current study, a genome reduced B. subtilis 168 strain lacking 10% of the genome was established and tested for its suitability to synthesize surfactin under aerobic and anaerobic conditions at 25 °C, 30 °C, 37 °C and 40 °C. This genome reduced strain was named IIG-Bs20-5-1 and lacks, amongst others, genes synthesizing the lipopeptide plipastatin, the antibiotic bacilysin, toxins and prophages, as well as genes involved in sporulation. Amongst all temperatures tested, 37 °C was overall superior. In comparison to the reference strain JABs24, a surfactin synthesizing variant of B. subtilis 168, strain IIG-Bs20-5-1 was both aerobically and anaerobically superior with respect to specific growth rates µ and yields YX/S. However, in terms of surfactin production, strain JABs24 reached higher absolute concentrations with up to 1147.03 mg/L and 296.37 mg/L under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. Concomitant, strain JABs24 reached higher YP/S and YP/X. Here, an outstanding YP/X of 1.541 g/g was obtained under anaerobic conditions at 37 °C. The current study indicates that the employed genome reduced strain IIG-Bs20-5-1 has several advantages over the strain JABs24 such as better conversion from glucose into biomass and higher growth rates. However, regarding surfactin synthesis and yields, the strain was overall inferior at the investigated temperatures and oxygen conditions. Further studies addressing process development and strain engineering should be performed combining the current observed advantages of the genome reduced strain to increase the surfactin yields and to construct a tailor-made genome reduced strain to realize the theoretically expected advantages of such genome reduced strains.
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Patel S, Homaei A, Patil S, Daverey A. Microbial biosurfactants for oil spill remediation: pitfalls and potentials. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:27-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Anic I, Apolonia I, Franco P, Wichmann R. Production of rhamnolipids by integrated foam adsorption in a bioreactor system. AMB Express 2018; 8:122. [PMID: 30043199 PMCID: PMC6057861 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Biosurfactants offer environmental as well as health benefits over traditionally used chemical surfactants and heterologous production from engineered microorganisms has been demonstrated, offering containable as well as scalable production of these alternative chemicals. Low product titers and cost intensive downstream processing are the main hurdles for economical biosurfactant production at industrial scales. Increased biosurfactant concentrations are found in the liquid fraction of the foam formed during fermentation of producing microbes. Adsorption of biosurfactants from foam fractions in cultivations may offer a simple concentration and purification method which could enable their cost-effective production. Here, foam adsorption was applied as an in situ method for separation of the rhamnolipid biosurfactants during fermentation of Pseudomonas putida EM383. An integrated process was designed to capture the produced rhamnolipids on hydrophobic adsorbent in packed bed units while minimizing the impact of adsorption on the productivity of the system by recirculating cell-containing collapsed foam flow-through back into the reactor vessel. A stable rhamnolipid production by P. putida EM383 on glucose was performed coupled to this adsorption strategy for 82 h, after which no remaining rhamnolipids were found in the cultivation broth and 15.5 g of rhamnolipids could be eluted from the adsorbent. Rhamnolipid yield from glucose feed was 0.05 g g−1, when up to 2 g L−1 glucose pulse feeding was applied. After solvent evaporation, a product purity of 96% was obtained. The results indicate that the integrated adsorption method can be efficient for simultaneous production and recovery of rhamnolipid biosurfactants from microbial fermentations.
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23
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Gao Y, Zheng H, Hu N, Hao M, Wu Z. Technology of fermentation coupling with foam separation for improving the production of nisin using a κ-carrageenan with loofa sponges matrix and an hourglass-shaped column. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Zheng H, Gao Y, Dong K, Hu N, Xu D, Hao M, Wu Z. A novel membrane-assisted fermentation coupling with foam separation for improving the titer of polymyxin E. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2017.1405984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Kai Dong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Nan Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Mengmeng Hao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoliang Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
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25
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Production of microbial biosurfactants: Status quo of rhamnolipid and surfactin towards large-scale production. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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Goussous SA, Casford MTL, Murphy AC, Salmond GPC, Leeper FJ, Davies PB. Structure of the Fundamental Lipopeptide Surfactin at the Air/Water Interface Investigated by Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:5072-5077. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b03476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Goussous
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - M. T. L. Casford
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - A. C. Murphy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - G. P. C. Salmond
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - F. J. Leeper
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - P. B. Davies
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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27
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Dolman BM, Kaisermann C, Martin PJ, Winterburn JB. Integrated sophorolipid production and gravity separation. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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