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Chen L, Wang L, Shao Y, Guo X, Li Y, Guo J, Tan F, Shen H, Hu Y, Huang L, Lu Y, Fan Y. Identification and genetic validation of leukemia inhibitory factor super-enhancers in acute respiratory distress syndrome and lung cancer. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4031. [PMID: 38760985 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Super-enhancers play prominent roles in driving robust pathological gene expression, but they are hidden in human genome at noncoding regions, making them difficult to explore. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a multifunctional cytokine crucially involved in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and lung cancer progression. However, the mechanisms governing LIF regulation in disease contexts remain largely unexplored. In this study, we observed elevated levels of LIF in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with sepsis-related ARDS compared to those with nonsepsis-related ARDS. Furthermore, both basal and LPS-induced LIF expression were under the control of super-enhancers. Through analysis of H3K27Ac ChIP-seq data, we pinpointed three potential super-enhancers (LIF-SE1, LIF-SE2, and LIF-SE3) located proximal to the LIF gene in cells. Notably, genetic deletion of any of these three super-enhancers using CRISPR-Cas9 technology led to a significant reduction in LIF expression. Moreover, in cells lacking these super-enhancers, both cell growth and invasion capabilities were substantially impaired. Our findings highlight the critical role of three specific super-enhancers in regulating LIF expression and offer new insights into the transcriptional regulation of LIF in ARDS and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuting Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Wang
- The Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yeling Shao
- The Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaohong Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yanli Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jinjing Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Fangzheng Tan
- Shanghai Chongming Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoliang Shen
- The Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yunhong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Huang
- The Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yihui Fan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Streitfeld WS, Dalton AC, Howley BV, Howe PH. PCBP1 regulates LIFR through FAM3C to maintain breast cancer stem cell self-renewal and invasiveness. Cancer Biol Ther 2023; 24:2271638. [PMID: 37927213 PMCID: PMC10629429 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2023.2271638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The poly(rC) binding protein 1 gene (PCBP1) encodes the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein E1 (hnRNPE1), a nucleic acid-binding protein that plays a tumor-suppressive role in the mammary epithelium by regulating phenotypic plasticity and cell fate. Following the loss of PCBP1 function, the FAM3C gene (encoding the Interleukin-like EMT inducer, or "ILEI" protein) and the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) gene are upregulated. Interaction between FAM3C and LIFR in the extracellular space induces phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3). Overexpression and/or hyperactivity of STAT3 has been detected in 40% of breast cancer cases and is associated with a poor prognosis. Herein, we characterize feed-forward regulation of LIFR expression in response to FAM3C/LIFR/STAT3 signaling in mammary epithelial cells. We show that PCBP1 upregulates LIFR transcription through activity at the LIFR promoter, and that FAM3C participates in transcriptional regulation of LIFR. Additionally, our bioinformatic analysis reveals a signature of transcriptional regulation associated with FAM3C/LIFR interaction and identifies the TWIST1 transcription factor as a downstream effector that participates in the maintenance of LIFR expression. Finally, we characterize the effect of LIFR expression in cell-based experiments that demonstrate the promotion of invasion, migration, and self-renewal of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), consistent with previous studies linking LIFR expression to tumor initiation and metastasis in mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S. Streitfeld
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Annamarie C. Dalton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Breege V. Howley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Philip H. Howe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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3
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Wang J, Chang CY, Yang X, Zhou F, Liu J, Feng Z, Hu W. Leukemia inhibitory factor, a double-edged sword with therapeutic implications in human diseases. Mol Ther 2023; 31:331-343. [PMID: 36575793 PMCID: PMC9931620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) superfamily. LIF was initially discovered as a factor to induce the differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells and thus inhibit their proliferation. Subsequent studies have highlighted the multi-functions of LIF under a wide variety of physiological and pathological conditions in a highly cell-, tissue-, and context-dependent manner. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that LIF plays an essential role in the stem cell niche, where it maintains the homeostasis and regeneration of multiple somatic tissues, including intestine, neuron, and muscle. Further, LIF exerts a crucial regulatory role in immunity and functions as a protective factor against many immunopathological diseases, such as infection, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and graft-verse-host disease (GVHD). It is worth noting that while LIF displays a tumor-suppressive function in leukemia, recent studies have highlighted the oncogenic role of LIF in many types of solid tumors, further demonstrating the complexities and context-dependent effects of LIF. In this review, we summarize the recent insights into the roles and mechanisms of LIF in stem cell homeostasis and regeneration, immunity, and cancer, and discuss the potential therapeutic options for human diseases by modulating LIF levels and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Wang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Chun-Yuan Chang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Xue Yang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Fan Zhou
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Juan Liu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Zhaohui Feng
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
| | - Wenwei Hu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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Halder S, Parte S, Kshirsagar P, Muniyan S, Nair HB, Batra SK, Seshacharyulu P. The Pleiotropic role, functions and targeted therapies of LIF/LIFR axis in cancer: Old spectacles with new insights. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188737. [PMID: 35680099 PMCID: PMC9793423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulation of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and its cognate receptor (LIFR) has been associated with multiple cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. LIF plays a significant tumor-promoting role in cancer, while LIFR functions as a tumor promoter and suppressor. Epithelial and stromal cells secrete LIF via autocrine and paracrine signaling mechanism(s) that bind with LIFR and subsequently with co-receptor glycoprotein 130 (gp130) to activate JAK/STAT1/3, PI3K/AKT, mTORC1/p70s6K, Hippo/YAP, and MAPK signaling pathways. Clinically, activating the LIF/LIFR axis is associated with poor survival and anti-cancer therapy resistance. This review article provides an overview of the structure and ligands of LIFR, LIF/LIFR signaling in developmental biology, stem cells, cancer stem cells, genetics and epigenetics of LIFR, LIFR regulation by long non-coding RNAs and miRNAs, and LIF/LIFR signaling in cancers. Finally, neutralizing antibodies and small molecule inhibitors preferentially blocking LIF interaction with LIFR and antagonists against LIFR under pre-clinical and early-phase pre-clinical trials were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushanta Halder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Seema Parte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Prakash Kshirsagar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Sakthivel Muniyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | | | - Surinder K. Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, USA,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA,Corresponding authors at: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA. (S.K. Batra), (P. Seshacharyulu)
| | - Parthasarathy Seshacharyulu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, USA,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA,Corresponding authors at: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA. (S.K. Batra), (P. Seshacharyulu)
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5
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Transcription factor networks in trophoblast development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:337. [PMID: 35657505 PMCID: PMC9166831 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The placenta sustains embryonic development and is critical for a successful pregnancy outcome. It provides the site of exchange between the mother and the embryo, has immunological functions and is a vital endocrine organ. To perform these diverse roles, the placenta comprises highly specialized trophoblast cell types, including syncytiotrophoblast and extravillous trophoblast. The coordinated actions of transcription factors (TFs) regulate their emergence during development, subsequent specialization, and identity. These TFs integrate diverse signaling cues, form TF networks, associate with chromatin remodeling and modifying factors, and collectively determine the cell type-specific characteristics. Here, we summarize the general properties of TFs, provide an overview of TFs involved in the development and function of the human trophoblast, and address similarities and differences to their murine orthologs. In addition, we discuss how the recent establishment of human in vitro models combined with -omics approaches propel our knowledge and transform the human trophoblast field.
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6
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Jorgensen MM, de la Puente P. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor: An Important Cytokine in Pathologies and Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020217. [PMID: 35204717 PMCID: PMC8961628 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) is a member of the IL-6 cytokine family and is expressed in almost every tissue type within the body. Although LIF was named for its ability to induce differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells, studies of LIF in additional diseases and solid tumor types have shown that it has the potential to contribute to many other pathologies. Exploring the roles of LIF in normal physiology and non-cancer pathologies can give important insights into how it may be dysregulated within cancers, and the possible effects of this dysregulation. Within various cancer types, LIF expression has been linked to hallmarks of cancer, such as proliferation, metastasis, and chemoresistance, as well as overall patient survival. The mechanisms behind these effects of LIF are not well understood and can differ between different tissue types. In fact, research has shown that while LIF may promote malignancy progression in some solid tumors, it can have anti-neoplastic effects in others. This review will summarize current knowledge of how LIF expression impacts cellular function and dysfunction to help reveal new adjuvant treatment options for cancer patients, while also revealing potential adverse effects of treatments targeting LIF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Jorgensen
- Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
- MD/PhD Program, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
| | - Pilar de la Puente
- Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
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Li W, Soufiany I, Lyu X, Lu C, Wei Y, Shi Z, You Y. SP1-upregulated LBX2-AS1 promotes the progression of glioma by targeting the miR-491-5p/LIF axis. J Cancer 2021; 12:6989-7002. [PMID: 34729101 PMCID: PMC8558668 DOI: 10.7150/jca.63289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mounting evidences have shown the importance of lncRNAs in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. LBX2-AS1 is identified as an oncogenic lncRNA that is abnormally expressed in gastric cancer and lung cancer samples. This study aims to explore the potential role of LBX2-AS1 in regulating proliferation and EMT in glioma, and the underlying mechanism. Methods: Relative levels of LBX2-AS1 in glioma samples and cell lines were detected by qRT-PCR and FISH. In vivo and in vitro regulatory effects of LBX2-AS1 on proliferation and EMT were examined in the xenograft glioma model and glioma cells. The interaction between SP1 and LBX2-AS1 was assessed by ChIP. Through bioinformatic analyses, dual-luciferase reporter assay, RIP and Western blot, the regulation of LBX2-AS1 and miR-491-5p on the target gene LIF was identified. Results: LBX2-AS1 was upregulated in glioma samples and cell lines, and its transcription was promoted by binding to the transcription factor SP1. As a lncRNA mainly distributed in the cytoplasm, LBX2-AS1 sponge miR-491-5p to further upregulate LIF. The subsequent activated LIF/STAT3 signaling was responsible for promoting proliferation and EMT in glioma. Conclusion: LBX2-AS1 is upregulated by SP1 in glioma, which promotes the progression of glioma by targeting the miR-491-5p/LIF axis. In view of this, LBX2-AS1 is suggested as a novel diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ismatullah Soufiany
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Lyu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenfei Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yutian Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhumei Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.,Institute for Brain Tumors, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongping You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.,Institute for Brain Tumors, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
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8
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Christianson J, Oxford JT, Jorcyk CL. Emerging Perspectives on Leukemia Inhibitory Factor and its Receptor in Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:693724. [PMID: 34395259 PMCID: PMC8358831 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.693724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis and metastasis have deep connections to inflammation and inflammatory cytokines, but the mechanisms underlying these relationships are poorly understood. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) and its receptor (LIFR), part of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) cytokine family, make up one such ill-defined piece of the puzzle connecting inflammation to cancer. Although other members of the IL-6 family have been shown to be involved in the metastasis of multiple types of cancer, the role of LIF and LIFR has been challenging to determine. Described by others in the past as enigmatic and paradoxical, LIF and LIFR are expressed in a diverse array of cells in the body, and the narrative surrounding them in cancer-related processes has been vague, and at times even contradictory. Despite this, recent insights into their functional roles in cancer have highlighted interesting patterns that may allude to a broader understanding of LIF and LIFR within tumor growth and metastasis. This review will discuss in depth the signaling pathways activated by LIF and LIFR specifically in the context of cancer-the purpose being to summarize recent literature concerning the downstream effects of LIF/LIFR signaling in a variety of cancer-related circumstances in an effort to begin teasing out the intricate web of contradictions that have made this pair so challenging to define.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Christianson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
| | - Julia Thom Oxford
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
| | - Cheryl L. Jorcyk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
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9
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Zhang C, Liu J, Wang J, Hu W, Feng Z. The emerging role of leukemia inhibitory factor in cancer and therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 221:107754. [PMID: 33259884 PMCID: PMC8084904 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a multi-functional cytokine of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) superfamily. Initially identified as a factor that inhibits the proliferation of murine myeloid leukemia cells, LIF displays a wide variety of important functions in a cell-, tissue- and context-dependent manner in many physiological and pathological processes, including regulating cell proliferation, pluripotent stem cell self-renewal, tissue/organ development and regeneration, neurogenesis and neural regeneration, maternal reproduction, inflammation, infection, immune response, and metabolism. Emerging evidence has shown that LIF plays an important but complex role in human cancers; while LIF displays a tumor suppressive function in some types of cancers, including leukemia, LIF is overexpressed and exerts an oncogenic function in many more types of cancers. Further, targeting LIF has been actively investigated as a novel strategy for cancer therapy. This review summarizes the recent advances in the studies on LIF in human cancers and its potential application in cancer therapy. A better understanding of the role of LIF in different types of cancers and its underlying mechanisms will help to develop more effective strategies for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Jianming Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Wenwei Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
| | - Zhaohui Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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Vaziri N, Shariati L, Javanmard SH. Leukemia inhibitory factor: A main controller of breast cancer. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Jahanbin KH, Ghafourian M, Rashno M. Effect of Different Concentrations of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor on Gene Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A in Trophoblast Tumor Cell Line. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2020; 14:116-121. [PMID: 32681623 PMCID: PMC7382685 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2020.6058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Several studies have shown that leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is one of the most important cytokines participating in the process of embryo implantation and pregnancy, while, the role of this factor on vascular endothelial factor-A (VEGF-A), as one of the most important angiogenic factor, has not been fully investigated yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of LIF on gene expression of VEGF in the choriocarcinoma cells (JEG-3). Materials and Methods In this experimental study, JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells were treated with different concentrations of LIF (1, 10, and 50 ng) for 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Expression of VEGF was analyzed by real-time PCR. Delta CTs were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a post hoc Tukey's test by SPSS version 25.0 software for data analyzing. Results In the stimulated cells, different concentrations of LIF caused significant decrease of VEGF gene expression (P<0.05) at 12, 24 and 48 hours. In contrast, it was increased after 72 hours (P<0.001). Analysis of data after 6 hours also showed that level of VEGF gene expression was significantly decreased by increasing LIF concentration (P<0.001). Conclusion Expression level of VEGF gene was decreased in trophoblast cells (except after 72 hours) under the effect of different concentrations of LIF in a time-dependent manner. So, this study showed that further studies are needed to determine the effect of LIF on other angiogenic factors in trophoblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hodakaram Jahanbin
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehri Ghafourian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Electronic Address: .,Fertility, Infertility, and Perinatology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rashno
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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12
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Morales-Prieto DM, Barth E, Murrieta-Coxca JM, Favaro RR, Gutiérrez-Samudio RN, Chaiwangyen W, Ospina-Prieto S, Gruhn B, Schleußner E, Marz M, Markert UR. Identification of miRNAs and associated pathways regulated by Leukemia Inhibitory Factor in trophoblastic cell lines. Placenta 2019; 88:20-27. [PMID: 31586768 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) regulates behavior of trophoblast cells and their interaction with immune and endothelial cells. In vitro, trophoblast cell response to LIF may vary depending on the cell model. Reported differences in the miRNA profile of trophoblastic cells may be responsible for these observations. Therefore, miRNA expression was investigated in four trophoblastic cell lines under LIF stimulation followed by in silico analysis of altered miRNAs and their associated pathways. METHODS Low density TaqMan miRNA assays were used to quantify levels of 762 mature miRNAs under LIF stimulation in three choriocarcinoma-derived (JEG-3, ACH-3P and AC1-M59) and a trophoblast immortalized (HTR-8/SVneo) cell lines. Expression of selected miRNAs was confirmed in primary trophoblast cells and cell lines by qPCR. Targets and associated pathways of the differentially expressed miRNAs were inferred from the miRTarBase followed by a KEGG Pathway Enrichment Analysis. HTR-8/SVneo and JEG-3 cells were transfected with miR-21-mimics and expression of miR-21 targets was assessed by qPCR. RESULTS A similar number of miRNAs changed in each tested cell line upon LIF stimulation, however, low coincidence of individual miRNA species was observed and occurred more often among choriocarcinoma-derived cells (complete data set at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/ under GEO accession number GSE130489). Altered miRNAs were categorized into pathways involved in human diseases, cellular processes and signal transduction. Six cascades were identified as significantly enriched, including JAK/STAT and TGFB-SMAD. Upregulation of miR-21-3p was validated in all cell lines and primary cells and STAT3 was confirmed as its target. DISCUSSION Dissimilar miRNA responses may be involved in differences of LIF effects on trophoblastic cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuel Barth
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, RNA Bioinformatics and High Throughput Analysis, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipman Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jose Martín Murrieta-Coxca
- Placenta-Labor, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany; Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo R Favaro
- Placenta-Labor, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Wittaya Chaiwangyen
- Placenta-Labor, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Gruhn
- Children's Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Kochstraße 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Schleußner
- Placenta-Labor, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Manja Marz
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, RNA Bioinformatics and High Throughput Analysis, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Age Research, Fritz Lipman Institute (FLI), Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745, Jena, Germany; European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Leutragraben 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Udo R Markert
- Placenta-Labor, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
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Pillai VV, Siqueira LG, Das M, Kei TG, Tu LN, Herren AW, Phinney BS, Cheong SH, Hansen PJ, Selvaraj V. Physiological profile of undifferentiated bovine blastocyst-derived trophoblasts. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio037937. [PMID: 30952696 PMCID: PMC6550082 DOI: 10.1242/bio.037937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophectoderm of blastocysts mediate early events in fetal-maternal communication, enabling implantation and establishment of a functional placenta. Inadequate or impaired developmental events linked to trophoblasts directly impact early embryo survival and successful implantation during a crucial period that corresponds with high incidence of pregnancy losses in dairy cows. As yet, the molecular basis of bovine trophectoderm development and signaling towards initiation of implantation remains poorly understood. In this study, we developed methods for culturing undifferentiated bovine blastocyst-derived trophoblasts and used both transcriptomics and proteomics in early colonies to categorize and elucidate their functional characteristics. A total of 9270 transcripts and 1418 proteins were identified and analyzed based on absolute abundance. We profiled an extensive list of growth factors, cytokines and other relevant factors that can effectively influence paracrine communication in the uterine microenvironment. Functional categorization and analysis revealed novel information on structural organization, extracellular matrix composition, cell junction and adhesion components, transcription networks, and metabolic preferences. Our data showcase the fundamental physiology of bovine trophectoderm and indicate hallmarks of the self-renewing undifferentiated state akin to trophoblast stem cells described in other species. Functional features uncovered are essential for understanding early events in bovine pregnancy towards initiation of implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viju Vijayan Pillai
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Luiz G Siqueira
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation - Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36038-330, Brazil
| | - Moubani Das
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Tiffany G Kei
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lan N Tu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Anthony W Herren
- Genome Center, Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brett S Phinney
- Genome Center, Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Soon Hon Cheong
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Peter J Hansen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Vimal Selvaraj
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Liu YN, Niu S, Chen WY, Zhang Q, Tao Y, Chen WH, Jiang KC, Chen X, Shi H, Liu A, Li J, Li Y, Lee YC, Zhang X, Huang J. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Promotes Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer and Neuroendocrine Differentiation by Activated ZBTB46. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:4128-4140. [PMID: 30962287 PMCID: PMC7168873 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The molecular targets for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) are unknown because the disease inevitably recurs, and therapeutic approaches for patients with CRPC remain less well understood. We sought to investigate regulatory mechanisms that result in increased therapeutic resistance, which is associated with neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer and linked to dysregulation of the androgen-responsive pathway. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The underlying intracellular mechanism that sustains the oncogenic network involved in neuroendocrine differentiation and therapeutic resistance of prostate cancer was evaluated to investigate and identify effectors. Multiple sets of samples with prostate adenocarcinomas and CRPC were assessed via IHC and other assays. RESULTS We demonstrated that leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) was induced by androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and was upregulated by ZBTB46 in prostate cancer to promote CRPC and neuroendocrine differentiation. LIF was found to be induced in patients with prostate cancer after ADT and was associated with enriched nuclear ZBTB46 staining in high-grade prostate tumors. In prostate cancer cells, high ZBTB46 output was responsible for the activation of LIF-STAT3 signaling and neuroendocrine-like features. The abundance of LIF was mediated by ADT-induced ZBTB46 through a physical interaction with the regulatory sequence of LIF. Analysis of serum from patients showed that cases of higher tumor grade and metastatic prostate cancer exhibited higher LIF titers. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that LIF is a potent serum biomarker for diagnosing advanced prostate cancer and that targeting the ZBTB46-LIF axis may therefore inhibit CRPC development and neuroendocrine differentiation after ADT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Nien Liu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shaoxi Niu
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical Academy, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Qingfu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yulei Tao
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Wei-Hao Chen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ching Jiang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xufeng Chen
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Huaiyin Shi
- Department of Pathology, The PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Aijun Liu
- Department of Pathology, The PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhang Li
- Department of Pathology, The PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjing Li
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yi-Chao Lee
- PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Medical Academy, Beijing, China.
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
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15
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Liu SC, Hsu T, Chang YS, Chung AK, Jiang SS, OuYang CN, Yuh CH, Hsueh C, Liu YP, Tsang NM. Cytoplasmic LIF reprograms invasive mode to enhance NPC dissemination through modulating YAP1-FAK/PXN signaling. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5105. [PMID: 30504771 PMCID: PMC6269507 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07660-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis remains a clinically unsolved issue in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Here, we report that higher levels of cytoplasmic leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and LIF receptor are correlated with poorer metastasis/recurrence-free survival. Further, single nucleotide variations and signal peptide mutation of LIF are identified in NPC. Cytoplasmic LIF reprograms the invasive mode from collective to mesenchymal migration via acquisition of EMT and invadopodia-associated characteristics. Higher cytoplasmic LIF enhances cancer vascular dissemination and local invasion mechanistically through modulation of YAP1-FAK/PXN signaling. Immunohistochemical analyses of NPC biopsies reveal a positive correlation of cytoplasmic LIF expression with focal adhesion kinases. Pharmaceutical intervention with AZD0530 markedly reverses LIF-mediated cancer dissemination and local invasion through promotion of cytoplasmic accumulation of YAP1 and suppression of focal adhesion kinases. Given the significant role of LIF/YAP1-focal adhesion signaling in cancer dissemination, targeting of this pathway presents a promising opportunity to block metastasis. Molecular pathways regulating nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) metastasis are unclear. Here they report higher levels of cytoplasmic leukemia inhibitory factor (cLIF) and LIF receptor (LIFR) to correlate with higher metastasis in NPC patients, and show cLIF to promote NPC metastasis and vascular dissemination via the YAP1-FAK/PXN axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chen Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, 300, Zhongda Rd., Jhongli Dist., 32001, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
| | - Tien Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, 300, Zhongda Rd., Jhongli Dist., 32001, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sun Chang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., 33302, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - An-Ko Chung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., 33302, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Shih Sheng Jiang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Rd., Zhunan, 35053, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Nan OuYang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., 33302, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Hwa Yuh
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Rd., Zhunan, 35053, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chuen Hsueh
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Lin-Kou, 5 Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., 333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ping Liu
- Pathology Core of the Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., 333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Ngan-Ming Tsang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and University at Lin-Kou, 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., 333, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
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Xu G, Wang H, Li W, Xue Z, Luo Q. Leukemia inhibitory factor inhibits the proliferation of gastric cancer by inducing G1‐phase arrest. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:3613-3620. [PMID: 30565675 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoxing Xu
- Department of Endoscopy Center The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Weizheng Li
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Zengfu Xue
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment Xiamen Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University Xiamen China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery First Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Qi Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery First Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
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Differential expression of leukemia inhibitory factor and insulin like growth factor-1 between normal pregnancies, partial hydatidiform moles and complete hydatidiform moles. Placenta 2018; 69:64-70. [PMID: 30213486 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are two of the most important growth factors mediating trophoblast actions. We hypothesized that the localization and expression patterns of LIF and IGF-1 in partial and complete hydatidiform moles (HM) compared with normal first trimester placentas may provide an understanding of the proliferative processes in HMs. METHODS The study population included curettage material of women diagnosed as complete or partial HM as a result of histopathological and immunohistochemical examination (complete HM group, n = 8; partial HM group, n = 8) and women undergoing dilatation&curettage for unwanted pregnancies (control group, n = 8). Expression of LIF and IGF-1 among placental cell groups was evaluated immunohistochemically and given a score depending on immunostaining intensity. RESULTS In normal chorionic villi strong expression of LIF and IGF-1 was present. Both LIF and IGF-1 expressions were weaker in the chorionic villi of complete HMs. In complete mole decidua there was a significant decrease in glandular and endothelial IGF-1 expression along with a decrease in decidual cell LIF expression compared to normal first trimester decidua. LIF expression in extravillous trophoblasts was stronger in complete molar placentas compared to normal placentas. DISCUSSION LIF and IGF-1 are important regulators of trophoblast proliferation and invasion. Differential expression of LIF and IGF-1 in molar trophoblasts and chorionic villi might have a role in regulation of trophoblasts in complete moles. Decreased expression of glandular IGF-1 and decidual LIF might be related to the decidual changes during trophoblastic proliferation and invasion of decidua in complete HMs.
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18
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Peng Z, Zhang C, Zhou W, Wu C, Zhang Y. The STAT3/NFIL3 signaling axis-mediated chemotherapy resistance is reversed by Raddeanin A via inducing apoptosis in choriocarcinoma cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:5370-5382. [PMID: 29215740 PMCID: PMC5901038 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance is the major issue of choriocarcinoma. Apoptosis always is the ultimate outcome of chemotherapeutic drugs, which considered one of the reasons of resistance. We investigated the role of STAT3/NFIL3 signaling‐inhibited apoptosis in chemotherapy resistance and whether Raddeanin A (RA) could be a new drug to reverse resistance. Established three drug‐resistant cell lines as JEG‐3/MTX, JEG‐3/5‐FU, and JEG‐3/VP16. NFIL3 and STAT3 expression was evaluated in the cells. The IC50 value, apoptosis rate and apoptins were observed with transfection of siNFIL3, Lenti‐OE™‐NFIL3, shSTAT3, and Lenti‐OE™‐STAT3 or RA treatment. In addition, the luciferase reporter analysis and co‐immunoprecipitation assays were used to investigate the relation of STAT3 and NFIL3. Hyper‐activation of STAT3 and NFIL3 expression were observed in three drug‐resistant cell lines. STAT3 enhanced NFIL3 transcriptional activity by binding the relative promoter region. Activated STAT3/NFIL3 pathway caused low rate of apoptosis which resulted in chemotherapy resistance. RA reduced the resistance index of resistant cells and induced caspase 3 dependent apoptosis, meanwhile it repressed the STAT3/NFIL3 activation. STAT3/NFIL3 axis‐inhibited apoptosis is a novel mechanism of chemotherapy resistance in choriocarcinoma. With the suppression of STAT3/NFIL3 axis and apoptosis induction, RA is a potential agent or lead candidate for improving chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Peng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chenchun Wu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Examination of pathways involved in leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-induced cell growth arrest using label-free proteomics approach. J Proteomics 2017; 168:37-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Pereira de Sousa FL, Chaiwangyen W, Morales-Prieto DM, Ospina-Prieto S, Weber M, Photini SM, Sass N, Daher S, Schleussner E, Markert UR. Involvement of STAT1 in proliferation and invasiveness of trophoblastic cells. Reprod Biol 2017; 17:218-224. [PMID: 28552376 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Trophoblast proliferation and invasion are controlled by cytokines and growth factors present at the implantation site. Members of the Interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines trigger their effects through activation of intracellular cascades including the Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway. Functions of several STAT molecules in trophoblast cells have been described, but the role of STAT1 remained unclear. Here, potential functions of STAT1 and its activation by Oncostatin M (OSM) have been investigated in an in vitro model. STAT1 expression and phosphorylation were analyzed in human term placenta tissue by immunohistochemistry. HTR-8/SVneo cells (immortalized human extravillous trophoblast cells) were stimulated with OSM, IL-6, IL-11, Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) and Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor. Expression and phosphorylation of STAT1 were analyzed by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Fludarabine and STAT1 siRNA were employed for STAT1 depletion. STAT1 transcriptional activity was evaluated by DNA-binding capacity assay. Cell viability and invasion were assessed by MTS and Matrigel assays, respectively. STAT1 was expressed in villous and extravillous trophoblast cells. Low phosphorylation was detectable exclusively in extravillous trophoblast cells. Only OSM and LIF induced phosphorylation of STAT1 in the in vitro model. Challenge with OSM increased cell invasion but not proliferation. Inhibition of STAT1 by fludarabine treatment or STAT1 siRNA transfection reduced cell viability and invasiveness in presence and absence of OSM. These results indicate the potential involvement of STAT1 in the regulation of trophoblast behavior. Furthermore, STAT 1 functions are more efficiently inhibited by blocking its expression than its phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Lázaro Pereira de Sousa
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; Department of Obstetrics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wittaya Chaiwangyen
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Diana M Morales-Prieto
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Ospina-Prieto
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Maja Weber
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Stella M Photini
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Nelson Sass
- Department of Obstetrics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia Daher
- Department of Obstetrics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ekkehard Schleussner
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Udo R Markert
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
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Gates KC, Goetzmann LN, Cantlon JD, Jeckel KM, Anthony RV. Effect of proline rich 15-deficiency on trophoblast viability and survival. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174976. [PMID: 28380025 PMCID: PMC5381842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Deviations from the normal program of gene expression during early pregnancy can lead to early embryonic loss as well as dysfunctional placentation, which can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Proline rich 15 (PRR15) is a low molecular weight nuclear protein expressed by the trophoblast during early gestation. Lentivirus-mediated knockdown of PRR15 mRNA in ovine trophectoderm led to demise of the embryo by gestational day 15, providing compelling evidence that PRR15 expression is critical during this precarious window of development. Our objective was to determine the effect of PRR15 knockdown on trophoblast gene expression, proliferation, and survival. The first-trimester human trophoblast cell line, ACH-3P, was infected with control lentivirus or a lentivirus expressing a short hairpin (sh)RNA to target PRR15 mRNA for degradation, resulting in a 68% reduction in PRR15 mRNA. Microarray analysis of these cell lines revealed differential expression of genes related to cancer, focal adhesion, and p53 signaling. These changes included significant up-regulation of GDF15, a cytokine increased in pregnancies with preeclampsia. Viability and proliferation decreased in PRR15-deficient cells, which was consistent with down-regulation of cell cycle-related genes CCND1 and CDK6 and an up-regulation of CCNG2 and CDKN1A in the PRR15-deficient cells. TNFSF10, a tumor necrosis factor superfamily member known to induce apoptosis increased significantly in the PRR15-deficient cells. Migration through a basement membrane matrix decreased and an increased population of apoptotic cells was present when treated with shRNA to target PRR15. These results suggest that PRR15 enhances trophoblast viability and survival during early implantation and placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C. Gates
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lindsey N. Goetzmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jeremy D. Cantlon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kimberly M. Jeckel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Russell V. Anthony
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Gulluoglu S, Sahin M, Tuysuz EC, Yaltirik CK, Kuskucu A, Ozkan F, Sahin F, Ture U, Bayrak OF. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Promotes Aggressiveness of Chordoma. Oncol Res 2017; 25:1177-1188. [PMID: 28247842 PMCID: PMC7841199 DOI: 10.3727/096504017x14874349473815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chordomas are rare tumors of the spine and skull base that are locally destructive and resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, with a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Chordoma patients have a long life expectancy with high mortality from the disease. Cancer stem cells, which are known to exist in chordomas, have extensive proliferative and self-renewal potential and are responsible for maintaining tumor heterogeneity along with chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has multiple functions in stem cell biology, the immune response, and cancer, and is potentially a key molecule that allows cancer stem cells to self-renew. The purpose of this study was to determine whether LIF increases the aggressive traits of chordoma cells and leads to a poor prognosis in patients. Chordoma cell lines were treated with LIF, and functional tests were done. Twenty skull base chordoma samples were checked for levels of LIF and a correlation with clinicopathological features. The whole transcriptome microarray was used to observe changes in gene expression. We observed increased migration, invasion, tumorosphere formation, colony formation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and chemoresistance accompanied by a dramatic elevation in inflammatory gene networks and pathways in chordomas. The expression of LIF was associated with tumor size and a poorer overall survival. Microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assessments suggest that LIF can facilitate tumor-promoting inflammation. Results indicate that LIF plays a role in maintaining cancer stem cells in chordomas.
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Masri S, Papagiannakopoulos T, Kinouchi K, Liu Y, Cervantes M, Baldi P, Jacks T, Sassone-Corsi P. Lung Adenocarcinoma Distally Rewires Hepatic Circadian Homeostasis. Cell 2017; 165:896-909. [PMID: 27153497 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock controls metabolic and physiological processes through finely tuned molecular mechanisms. The clock is remarkably plastic and adapts to exogenous "zeitgebers," such as light and nutrition. How a pathological condition in a given tissue influences systemic circadian homeostasis in other tissues remains an unanswered question of conceptual and biomedical importance. Here, we show that lung adenocarcinoma operates as an endogenous reorganizer of circadian metabolism. High-throughput transcriptomics and metabolomics revealed unique signatures of transcripts and metabolites cycling exclusively in livers of tumor-bearing mice. Remarkably, lung cancer has no effect on the core clock but rather reprograms hepatic metabolism through altered pro-inflammatory response via the STAT3-Socs3 pathway. This results in disruption of AKT, AMPK, and SREBP signaling, leading to altered insulin, glucose, and lipid metabolism. Thus, lung adenocarcinoma functions as a potent endogenous circadian organizer (ECO), which rewires the pathophysiological dimension of a distal tissue such as the liver. PAPERCLIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Masri
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, INSERM Unit 904, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Kenichiro Kinouchi
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, INSERM Unit 904, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Computer Science, UCI, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Marlene Cervantes
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, INSERM Unit 904, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Pierre Baldi
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Computer Science, UCI, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Paolo Sassone-Corsi
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, INSERM Unit 904, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Ko HS, Park BJ, Choi SK, Kang HK, Kim A, Kim HS, Park IY, Shin JC. STAT3 and ERK Signaling Pathways Are Implicated in the Invasion Activity by Oncostatin M through Induction of Matrix Metalloproteinases 2 and 9. Yonsei Med J 2016; 57:761-8. [PMID: 26996579 PMCID: PMC4800369 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2016.57.3.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our previous studies have shown that oncostatin M (OSM) promotes trophoblast invasion activity through increased enzyme activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9. We further investigated OSM-induced intracellular signaling mechanisms associated with these events in the immortalized human trophoblast cell line HTR8/SVneo. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the effects of OSM on RNA and protein expression of MMP-2 and -9 in the first-trimester extravillous trophoblast cell line (HTR8/SVneo) via Western blot. The selective signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 inhibitor, stattic, STAT3 siRNA, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) siRNA were used to investigate STAT3 and ERK activation by OSM. The effects of STAT3 and ERK inhibitors on OSM-induced enzymatic activities of MMP-2 and -9 and invasion activity were further determined via Western blot and gelatin zymography. RESULTS OSM-induced MMP-2 and -9 protein expression was significantly suppressed by STAT3 inhibition with stattic and STAT3 siRNA silencing, whereas the ERK1/2 inhibitor (U0126) and ERK silencing significantly suppressed OSM-induced MMP-2 protein expression. OSM-induced MMP-2 and MMP-9 enzymatic activities were significantly decreased by stattic pretreatment. The increased invasion activity induced by OSM was significantly suppressed by STAT3 and ERK1/2 inhibition, though to a greater extent by STAT3 inhibition. CONCLUSION Both STAT3 and ERK signaling pathways are involved in OSM-induced invasion activity of HTR8/SVneo cells. Activation of STAT3 appears to be critical for the OSM-mediated increase in invasiveness of HTR8/SVneo cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sun Ko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Joon Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sae Kyung Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ahyoung Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Shik Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Yang Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Chul Shin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
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Chaiwangyen W, Ospina-Prieto S, Morales-Prieto DM, Pereira de Sousa FL, Pastuschek J, Fitzgerald JS, Schleussner E, Markert UR. Oncostatin M and leukaemia inhibitory factor trigger signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathways but result in heterogeneous cellular responses in trophoblast cells. Reprod Fertil Dev 2016; 28:608-17. [DOI: 10.1071/rd14121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and oncostatin M (OSM) are pleiotropic cytokines present at the implantation site that are important for the normal development of human pregnancy. These cytokines share the cell membrane receptor subunit gp130, resulting in similar functions. The aim of this study was to compare the response to LIF and OSM in several trophoblast models with particular regard to intracellular mechanisms and invasion. Four trophoblast cell lines with different characteristics were used: HTR-8/SVneo, JEG-3, ACH-3P and AC1-M59 cells. Cells were incubated with LIF, OSM (both at 10 ng mL–1) and the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 inhibitor S3I-201 (200 µM). Expression and phosphorylation of STAT3 (tyr705) and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 (thr202/204) and the STAT3 DNA-binding capacity were analysed by Western blotting and DNA-binding assays, respectively. Cell viability and invasiveness were assessed by the methylthiazole tetrazolium salt (MTS) and Matrigel assays. Enzymatic activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 was investigated by zymography. OSM and LIF triggered phosphorylation of STAT3 and ERK1/2, followed by a significant increase in STAT3 DNA-binding activity in all tested cell lines. Stimulation with LIF but not OSM significantly enhanced invasion of ACH-3P and JEG-3 cells, but not HTR-8/SVneo or AC1-M59 cells. Similarly, STAT3 inhibition significantly decreased the invasiveness of only ACH-3P and JEG-3 cells concomitant with decreases in secreted MMP-2 and MMP-9. OSM shares with LIF the capacity to activate ERK1/2 and STAT3 pathways in all cell lines tested, but their resulting effects are dependent on cell type. This suggests that LIF and OSM may partially substitute for each other in case of deficiencies or therapeutic interventions.
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Wu L, Yu H, Zhao Y, Zhang C, Wang J, Yue X, Yang Q, Hu W. HIF-2α mediates hypoxia-induced LIF expression in human colorectal cancer cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:4406-17. [PMID: 25726527 PMCID: PMC4414199 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a multi-functional cytokine, has a complex role in cancer. While LIF induces the differentiation of several myeloid leukemia cells and inhibits their growth, it also promotes tumor progression, metastasis and chemoresistance in many solid tumors. LIF is frequently overexpressed in a variety of human tumors and its overexpression is often associated with poor prognosis of patients. Currently, the mechanism for LIF overexpression in tumor cells is not well-understood. Here, we report that hypoxia, a hallmark of solid tumors, induced LIF mRNA expression in human colorectal cancer cells. Analysis of LIF promoter revealed several hypoxia-responsive elements (HREs) that can specifically interact with and be transactivated by HIF-2α but not HIF-1α. Consistently, ectopic expression of HIF-2α but not HIF-1α transcriptionally induced LIF expression levels in cells. Knockdown of endogenous HIF-2α but not HIF-1α by siRNA largely abolished the induction of LIF by hypoxia in cells. Furthermore, there is a strong association of HIF-2α overexpression with LIF overexpression in human colorectal cancer specimens. In summary, results from this study demonstrate that hypoxia induces LIF expression in human cancer cells mainly through HIF-2α, which could be an important underlying mechanism for LIF overexpression in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Yuhan Zhao
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Cen Zhang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jiabei Wang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Xuetian Yue
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.,Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenwei Hu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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27
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Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a secreted cytokine, plays an important role in a wide array of biological processes including inducing differentiation of leukemia cell, inflammatory response, neuronal development, embryonic implantation, stem cell self-renewal and cancer progression, etc. LIF exerts its biological functions mainly through the activation and regulation of JAK/STAT3, AKT, EKR1/2 and mTOR signal pathways. The expression levels of LIF are regulated by many different factors under different conditions in different tissue/cell types. For example, estrogen and p53 are important regulators for the high LIF production in uterine tissues at the implantation stage. Hypoxia plays a critical role in LIF overexpression in solid tumors. Many cytokines, including IL-6, IL-1β, can also induce the LIF expression and production. In this review, we summarize the current understanding on the transcriptional regulation of LIF under various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetian Yue
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - Lihua Wu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ USA; First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwei Hu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ USA
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Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is the most pleiotropic member of the interleukin-6 family of cytokines. It utilises a receptor that consists of the LIF receptor β and gp130 and this receptor complex is also used by ciliary neurotrophic growth factor (CNTF), oncostatin M, cardiotrophin1 (CT1) and cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CLC). Despite common signal transduction mechanisms (JAK/STAT, MAPK and PI3K) LIF can have paradoxically opposite effects in different cell types including stimulating or inhibiting each of cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. While LIF can act on a wide range of cell types, LIF knockout mice have revealed that many of these actions are not apparent during ordinary development and that they may be the result of induced LIF expression during tissue damage or injury. Nevertheless LIF does appear to have non-redundant actions in maternal receptivity to blastocyst implantation, placental formation and in the development of the nervous system. LIF has also found practical use in the maintenance of self-renewal and totipotency of embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicos A Nicola
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Pde, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Royal Pde, Melbourne 3050, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jeffrey J Babon
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Pde, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Royal Pde, Melbourne 3050, VIC, Australia
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Lash GE. Molecular Cross-Talk at the Feto-Maternal Interface. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:cshperspect.a023010. [PMID: 26385089 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular cross-talk at the feto-maternal interface occurs between many different cell types, including uterine leukocytes, extravillous trophoblast cells, and uterine spiral arteries, is essential for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. This review concentrates on human pregnancy and examines three main areas in which cross-talk occurs; immune tolerance, regulation of extravillous trophoblast invasion, and remodeling of the uterine spiral arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gendie E Lash
- Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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30
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Winship A, Correia J, Krishnan T, Menkhorst E, Cuman C, Zhang JG, Nicola NA, Dimitriadis E. Blocking Endogenous Leukemia Inhibitory Factor During Placental Development in Mice Leads to Abnormal Placentation and Pregnancy Loss. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13237. [PMID: 26272398 PMCID: PMC4536525 DOI: 10.1038/srep13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta forms the interface between the maternal and fetal circulation and is critical for the establishment of a healthy pregnancy. Specialized trophoblast cells derived from the embryonic trophectoderm play a pivotal role in the establishment of the placenta. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is one of the predominant cytokines present in the placenta during early pregnancy. LIF has been shown to regulate trophoblast adhesion and invasion in vitro, however its precise role in vivo is unknown. We hypothesized that LIF would be required for normal placental development in mice. LIF and LIFRα were immunolocalized to placental trophoblasts and fetal vessels in mouse implantation sites during mid-gestation. Temporally blocking LIF action during specific periods of placental development via intraperitoneal administration of our specific LIFRα antagonist, PEGLA, resulted in abnormal placental trophoblast and vascular morphology and reduced activated STAT3 but not ERK. Numerous genes regulating angiogenesis and oxidative stress were altered in the placenta in response to LIF inhibition. Pregnancy viability was also significantly compromised in PEGLA treated mice. Our data suggest that LIF plays an important role in placentation in vivo and the maintenance of healthy pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Winship
- 1] MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright St, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia [2] Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Wellington Road, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Jeanne Correia
- MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright St, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Tara Krishnan
- 1] MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright St, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia [2] Faculty of Medicine, Nursing &Health Sciences, Wellington Road, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Ellen Menkhorst
- MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright St, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Carly Cuman
- MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright St, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicos A Nicola
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Evdokia Dimitriadis
- 1] MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright St, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia [2] Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Wellington Road, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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31
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Stimulation of the JAK/STAT pathway by LIF and OSM in the human granulosa cell line COV434. J Reprod Immunol 2015; 108:48-55. [PMID: 25817464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The development of the follicle and competent oocyte is highly coordinated, requiring interplay among several systems. These implicate endocrine, immune, and metabolic signals, intrafollicular paracrine factors from theca, mural, and cumulus granulosa cells, and the oocyte itself. Granulosa cells play a key role in their interaction. COV434 is one of the few human granulosa cell lines that can be used as an in vitro model for ovarian research. We aimed to evaluate the possible activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway by IL-6-type cytokines leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and oncostatin M (OSM) in COV434 cells. Expression of GP130 (glycoprotein 130), STAT3 (signal transducer and activators of transcription 3), PIAS3 (protein inhibitor of activated STAT 3), and SOCS3 (suppressor of cytokine signaling 3) genes after stimulation with LIF or OSM was assessed using RT-qPCR (real-time PCR). GP130 transcripts were significantly upregulated after incubation with LIF or OSM for 24h. Expression of the STAT3 gene was stimulated only after incubation with LIF, but not OSM. SOCS3 showed significant upregulation for all time periods and the levels of PIAS3 were initially down- and after 24h upregulated. Furthermore, the major signaling components of the JAK/STAT pathway, GP130 and STAT3, and the kinase activation patterns of STAT3, were examined at protein level. We found constitutive protein expression for GP130, STAT3, pSTAT3(ser727) and upregulation of pSTAT3(tyr705) by LIF and OSM. Our results demonstrate the activation of the JAK/STAT pathway by LIF and OSM in human granulosa cells.
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32
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Li X, Yang Q, Yu H, Wu L, Zhao Y, Zhang C, Yue X, Liu Z, Wu H, Haffty BG, Feng Z, Hu W. LIF promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis of breast cancer through the AKT-mTOR pathway. Oncotarget 2015; 5:788-801. [PMID: 24553191 PMCID: PMC3996668 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a multi-functional cytokine protein. The role of LIF in tumorigenesis is not well-understood. Here, we found that LIF promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis of breast cancer. LIF promotes cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of breast cancer cells in vitro, and the growth of xenograft breast tumors in vivo. LIF also promotes invasion and migration of breast cancer cells in vitro and metastasis of breast cancer in vivo. We found that LIF activates the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway to promote tumorigenesis and metastasis of breast cancer. Inhibiting the AKT activity can largely block the activation of the mTOR pathway by LIF, suggesting that LIF activates the mTOR pathway through AKT. Inhibiting the AKT activity as well as inhibiting the mTOR activity largely block the promoting effect of LIF on tumorigenesis and metastasis. Furthermore, overexpression of LIF is significantly associated with a poorer relapse free survival in breast cancer patients. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that LIF plays an important role in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of breast cancer, and could be an important prognostic marker for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Yu H, Yue X, Zhao Y, Li X, Wu L, Zhang C, Liu Z, Lin K, Xu-Monette ZY, Young KH, Liu J, Shen Z, Feng Z, Hu W. LIF negatively regulates tumour-suppressor p53 through Stat3/ID1/MDM2 in colorectal cancers. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5218. [PMID: 25323535 PMCID: PMC4203416 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has been recently identified as a p53 target gene, which mediates the role of p53 in maternal implantation under normal physiological conditions. Here, we report that LIF is a negative regulator of p53; LIF downregulates p53 protein levels and function in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. The downregulation of p53 by LIF is mediated by the activation of Stat3, which transcriptionally induces ID1. ID1 upregulates MDM2, a key negative regulator of p53, and promotes p53 protein degradation. LIF is overexpressed in a large percentage of CRCs. LIF overexpression promotes cellular resistance towards chemotherapeutic agents in cultured CRC cells and colorectal xenograft tumors in a largely p53-dependent manner. Overexpression of LIF is associated with a poor prognosis in CRC patients. Taken together, LIF is a novel negative regulator of p53, overexpression of LIF is an important mechanism for the attenuation of p53, which promotes chemoresistance in CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Yu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Xuetian Yue
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Yuhan Zhao
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- 1] Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA [2] Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Lihua Wu
- 1] Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA [2] First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Cen Zhang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Zhen Liu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Kevin Lin
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Zijun Y Xu-Monette
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ken H Young
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Juan Liu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Shen
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Zhaohui Feng
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - Wenwei Hu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
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34
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Liu SC, Chang YS. Role of leukemia inhibitory factor in nasopharyngeal carcinogenesis. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 1:e29900. [PMID: 27308310 PMCID: PMC4905174 DOI: 10.4161/mco.29900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although Epstein-Barr virus-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a highly radiosensitive cancer, approximately 20% of patients with NPC develop local recurrence after radiation therapy. Multiple proinflammatory cytokines are thought to protect NPC tumor cells from immune surveillance and therapeutic interventions. The cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a critical component of the NPC microenvironment. LIF influences tumor growth and survival, and is therefore considered a potential therapeutic target and/or prognostic predictor for NPC. High LIF levels have been detected in the circulating blood of patients with recurrent NPC and NPC tumor cells. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms that link LIF to NPC tumor progression and radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chen Liu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sun Chang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan, Taiwan
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35
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Suman P, Gupta SK. STAT3 and ERK1/2 cross-talk in leukaemia inhibitory factor mediated trophoblastic JEG-3 cell invasion and expression of mucin 1 and Fos. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 72:65-74. [PMID: 24716848 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The aim of this study was to investigate the relative importance of STAT3 and ERK1/2 activation in leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-mediated invasion of JEG-3 cells. METHOD OF STUDY Matrigel matrix-based invasion assay; Western blot; cDNA microarray; quantitative RT-PCR; gene silencing by siRNA. RESULTS Leukaemia inhibitory factor treatment led to the activation of STAT3 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways which was followed by changes in the expression of several invasion-associated molecules such as mucin1 (MUC1), Fos, Jun, etc. Abrogation of either STAT3 or ERK1/2 signaling reduced (P < 0.05) the LIF-mediated invasion of JEG-3 cells. It was associated with a significant reduction in the expression of both MUC1 and Fos, suggesting a common denominator in LIF-STAT3-ERK1/2 signaling. To this effect, we observed a decrease in LIF-mediated p-STAT3 (Ser727) upon blocking STAT3 or ERK1/2 signaling. CONCLUSIONS ERK1/2 as well as JAK-STAT-mediated STAT3 (Ser727) phosphorylation play an important role in LIF-mediated JEG-3 trophoblastic cell invasion and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Suman
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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36
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Zhang J, Ren R, Luo X, Fan P, Liu X, Liang S, Ma L, Yu P, Bai H. A small physiological electric field mediated responses of extravillous trophoblasts derived from HTR8/SVneo cells: involvement of activation of focal adhesion kinase signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92252. [PMID: 24643246 PMCID: PMC3958492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Moderate invasion of trophoblast cells into endometrium is essential for the placental development and normal pregnancy. Electric field (EF)-induced effects on cellular behaviors have been observed in many cell types. This study was to investigate the effect of physiological direct current EF (dc EF) on cellular responses such as elongation, orientation and motility of trophoblast cells. Immortalized first trimester extravillous trophoblast cells (HTR-8/SVneo) were exposed to the dc EF at physiological magnitude. Cell images were recorded and analyzed by image analyzer. Cell lysates were used to detect protein expression by Western blot. Cultured in the dc EFs the cells showed elongation, orientation and enhanced migration rate compared with non-EF stimulated cells at field strengths of 100 mV/mm to 200 mV/mm. EF exposure increased focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner and increased expression levels of MMP-2. Pharmacological inhibition of FAK impaired the EF-induced responses including motility and abrogated the elevation of MMP-2 expression. However, the expression levels of integrins like integrin α1, α5, αV and β1 were not affected by EF stimulation. Our results demonstrate the importance of FAK activation in migration/motility of trophobalst cells driven by EFs. In addition, it raises the feasibility of using applied EFs to promote placentation through effects on trophoblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Rongmei Ren
- Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Luo
- Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Ping Fan
- Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xinghui Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Lei Ma
- Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Ping Yu
- Laboratory of Cell and Gene Therapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Huai Bai
- Laboratory of Genetic Disease and Perinatal Medicine and Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Proliferation-stimulating effect of colony stimulating factor 2 on porcine trophectoderm cells is mediated by activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88731. [PMID: 24520418 PMCID: PMC3919804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2), also known as granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, facilitates mammalian embryonic development and implantation. However, biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of action of porcine endometrial CSF2 in peri-implantation events have not been elucidated. The aim of present study was to determine changes in cellular activities induced by CSFs and to access CSF2-induced intracellular signaling in porcine primary trophectoderm (pTr) cells. Differences in expression of CSF2 mRNA in endometrium from cyclic and pregnant gilts were evaluated. Endometrial CSF2 mRNA expression increases during the peri-implantation period, Days 10 to 14 of pregnancy, as compared to the estrous cycle. pTr cells obtained in Day 12 of pregnancy were cultured in the presence or absence of CSF2 (20 ng/ml) and LY294002 (20 µM), U0126 (20 µM), rapamycin (20 nM), and SB203580 (20 µM). CSF2 in pTr cell culture medium at 20 ng/ml significantly induced phosphorylation of AKT1, ERK1/2, MTOR, p70RSK and RPS6 protein, but not STAT3 protein. Also, the PI3K specific inhibitor (LY294002) abolished CSF2-induced increases in p-ERK1/2 and p-MTOR proteins, as well as CSF2-induced phosphorylation of AKT1. Changes in proliferation and migration of pTr cells in response to CSF2 were examined in dose- and time-response experiments. CSF2 significantly stimulated pTr cell proliferation and, U0126, rapamycin and LY294002 blocked this CSF2-induced proliferation of pTr cells. Collectively, during the peri-implantation phase of pregnancy in pigs, endometrial CSF2 stimulates proliferation of trophectoderm cells by activation of the PI3K-and ERK1/2 MAPK-dependent MTOR signal transduction cascades.
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Augsten M, Böttcher A, Spanbroek R, Rubio I, Friedrich K. Graded inhibition of oncogenic Ras-signaling by multivalent Ras-binding domains. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:1. [PMID: 24383791 PMCID: PMC3898410 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-12-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ras is a membrane-associated small G-protein that funnels growth and differentiation signals into downstream signal transduction pathways by cycling between an inactive, GDP-bound and an active, GTP-bound state. Aberrant Ras activity as a result of oncogenic mutations causes de novo cell transformation and promotes tumor growth and progression. RESULTS Here, we describe a novel strategy to block deregulated Ras activity by means of oligomerized cognate protein modules derived from the Ras-binding domain of c-Raf (RBD), which we named MSOR for multivalent scavengers of oncogenic Ras. The introduction of well-characterized mutations into RBD was used to adjust the affinity and hence the blocking potency of MSOR towards activated Ras. MSOR inhibited several oncogenic Ras-stimulated processes including downstream activation of Erk1/2, induction of matrix-degrading enzymes, cell motility and invasiveness in a graded fashion depending on the oligomerization grade and the nature of the individual RBD-modules. The amenability to accurate experimental regulation was further improved by engineering an inducible MSOR-expression system to render the reversal of oncogenic Ras effects controllable. CONCLUSION MSOR represent a new tool for the experimental and possibly therapeutic selective blockade of oncogenic Ras signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Augsten
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Liu SC, Tsang NM, Chiang WC, Chang KP, Hsueh C, Liang Y, Juang JL, Chow KPN, Chang YS. Leukemia inhibitory factor promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression and radioresistance. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:5269-83. [PMID: 24270418 DOI: 10.1172/jci63428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioresistance of EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is associated with poor prognosis for patients with this form of cancer. Here, we found that NPC patients had increased serum levels of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and that higher LIF levels correlated with local tumor recurrence. Furthermore, in vitro studies with NPC cells and in vivo xenograft mouse studies demonstrated that LIF critically contributes to NPC tumor growth and radioresistance. Using these model systems, we found that LIF treatment activated the mTORC1/p70S6K signaling pathway, enhanced tumor growth, inhibited DNA damage responses, and enhanced radioresistance. Treatment with either soluble LIF receptor (sLIFR), a LIF antagonist, or the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin reversed LIF-mediated effects, resulting in growth arrest and increased sensitivity to γ irradiation. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses of human NPC biopsies revealed that LIF and LIFR were overexpressed in tumor cells and that LIF expression correlated with the presence of the activated p-p70S6K. Finally, we found that the EBV-encoded protein latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) enhances LIF production. Together, our findings indicate that LIF promotes NPC tumorigenesis and suggest that serum LIF levels may predict local recurrence and radiosensitivity in NPC patients.
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Intranuclear crosstalk between extracellular regulated kinase1/2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 regulates JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cell invasion and proliferation. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:259845. [PMID: 24288470 PMCID: PMC3833059 DOI: 10.1155/2013/259845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasiveness of trophoblast and choriocarcinoma cells is in part mediated via leukemia inhibitory factor- (LIF-) induced activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). The regulation of STAT3 phosphorylation at its ser727 binding site, possible crosstalk with intracellular MAPK signaling, and their functional implications are the object of the present investigation. JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells were cultured in presence/absence of LIF and the specific ERK1/2 inhibitor (U0126). Phosphorylation of signaling molecules (p-STAT3 (ser727 and tyr705) and p-ERK1/2 (thr 202/tyr 204)) was assessed per Western blot. Immunocytochemistry confirmed results, but also pinpointed the location of phosphorylated signaling molecules. STAT3 DNA-binding capacity was studied with a colorimetric ELISA-based assay. Cell viability and invasion capability were assessed by MTS and Matrigel assays. Our results demonstrate that LIF-induced phosphorylation of STAT3 (tyr705 and ser727) is significantly increased after blocking ERK1/2. STAT3 DNA-binding capacity and cell invasiveness are enhanced after LIF stimulation and ERK1/2 blockage. In contrast, proliferation is enhanced by LIF but reduced after ERK1/2 inhibition. The findings herein show that blocking ERK1/2 increases LIF-induced STAT3 phosphorylation and STAT3 DNA-binding capacity by an intranuclear crosstalk, which leads to enhanced invasiveness and reduced proliferation.
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Yucha RW, Jost M, Rothstein D, Robertson N, Marcolongo MS. Quantifying the biomechanics of conception: L-selectin-mediated blastocyst implantation mechanics with engineered "trophospheres". Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:189-96. [PMID: 23927766 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 12% of women in the United States suffer from some form of infertility. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the most common treatment for infertility encompassing over 99% of all assisted reproductive technologies. However, IVF has a low success rate. Live birth rates using IVF can range from 40% in women younger than 35 years to 4% in women older than 42 years. Costs for a successful IVF outcome can be upward of $61,000. The low success rate of IVF has been attributed to the inability of the blastocyst to implant to the uterus. Blastocyst implantation is initiated by L-selectin expressing cells, trophoblasts, binding to L-selectin ligands, primarily sialyl Lewis X (sLeX), on the uterine surface endometrium. Legal and ethical considerations have limited the research on human subjects and tissues, whereas animal models are costly or do not properly mimic human implantation biochemistry. In this work, we describe a cellular model system for quantifying L-selectin adhesion mechanics. L-selectin expression was confirmed in Jeg-3, JAR, and BeWo cell lines, with only Jeg-3 cells exhibiting surface expression. Jeg-3 cells were cultured into three-dimensional spheres, termed "trophospheres," as a mimic to human blastocysts. Detachment assays using a custom-built parallel plate flow chamber show that trophospheres detach from sLeX functionalized slides with 2.75 × 10(-3) dyn of force and 7.5 × 10(-5) dyn-cm of torque. This work marks the first time a three-dimensional cell model has been utilized for quantifying L-selectin binding mechanics related to blastocyst implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Yucha
- 1 School of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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42
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San Martin S, Fitzgerald JS, Weber M, Párraga M, Sáez T, Zorn TM, Markert UR. Stat3 and Socs3 expression patterns during murine placenta development. Eur J Histochem 2013; 57:e19. [PMID: 23807298 PMCID: PMC3794345 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2013.e19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) has been identified as an important signal transducer in the invasive phenotype of the trophoblasts cells in in vitro studies. However, the in situ distribution and patterns of expression of this molecule in trophoblast cells during the development of the placenta are still under-elucidated. Mice uteri of gestational ages between 7 and 14 days of pregnancy (dop) were fixed in methacarn and processed with immunoperoxidase techniques for detection of STAT3 and its phosphorylation at serine (p-ser727) residues, as well as the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) expression. STAT3 was observed at 7 through 9 dop in both the antimesometrial and mesometrial deciduas, while continued immunoreactivity between 10 and 13 dop was seen only in the mesometrial decidua. In the placenta, STAT3 was detected in the cytotrophoblast cells of labyrinth and giant trophoblast cells between 10 and 14 dop. Immunoreactivity for STAT3 was also seen in trophoblast cells surrounding the maternal blood vessels. On days 10 and 11 of pregnancy, p-ser727 was detectable in the mesometrial decidua and in giant trophoblasts, while during 12-14 dop in the spongiotrophoblast region. In addition, SOCS3 was immunodetected in maternal and placental tissues, principally in the giant trophoblast cells during the whole period of the study. The present in situ study shows the distribution of STAT3, its serine activation and SOCS3 in different maternal and fetal compartments during murine placental development, thus further supporting the idea that they play a role during physiological placentation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S San Martin
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaiso, Chile.
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Suman P, Malhotra SS, Gupta SK. LIF-STAT signaling and trophoblast biology. JAKSTAT 2013; 2:e25155. [PMID: 24416645 PMCID: PMC3876431 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.25155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a pleiotropic growth factor that regulates several biological functions. This review focuses on the LIF-dependent STAT activation and its impact on modulation of trophoblast functions during embryo implantation. LIF is mainly produced by the maternal endometrium at the time of implantation while its receptors are present both on the endometrium and trophoblasts. It might influence blastocyst attachment through STAT3 activation and expression of integrins. After attachment of the blastocyst, trophoblasts undergo proliferation and differentiation into invasive EVTs and non-invasive STBs. Under in vitro conditions, LIF regulates all these processes through activation of STAT- and MAPK-dependent signaling pathways. The observations that LIF and STAT3 knockout mice are infertile further strengthen the notion about the critical involvement of LIF-mediated signaling during embryo implantation. Hence, a better understanding of LIF-STAT signaling would help in improving fertility as use of LIF in in vitro blastocyst culture improves the implanting ability of blastocyst after IVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Suman
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory; National Institute of Immunology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg; New Delhi, India
| | - Sudha Saryu Malhotra
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory; National Institute of Immunology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg; New Delhi, India
| | - Satish Kumar Gupta
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory; National Institute of Immunology; Aruna Asaf Ali Marg; New Delhi, India
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Suman P, Shembekar N, Gupta SK. Leukemia inhibitory factor increases the invasiveness of trophoblastic cells through integrated increase in the expression of adhesion molecules and pappalysin 1 with a concomitant decrease in the expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases. Fertil Steril 2013; 99:533-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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45
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Wang LJ, Cheong ML, Lee YS, Lee MT, Chen H. High-temperature requirement protein A4 (HtrA4) suppresses the fusogenic activity of syncytin-1 and promotes trophoblast invasion. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:3707-17. [PMID: 22778138 PMCID: PMC3430202 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00223-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell fusion and cell invasion are essential for placental development. Human cytotrophoblasts in the chorionic villi may undergo cell-cell fusion to form syncytiotrophoblasts to facilitate nutrient-gas exchange or differentiate into extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) to facilitate maternal-fetal circulation. The placental transcription factor glial cells missing 1 (GCM1) regulates syncytin-1 and -2 expression to mediate trophoblast fusion. Interestingly, GCM1 and syncytin-1 are also expressed in EVTs with unknown physiological functions. In this study, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation-on-chip (ChIP-chip) analysis and identified the gene for high-temperature requirement protein A4 (HtrA4) as a GCM1 target gene, which encodes a serine protease facilitating cleavage of fibronectin and invasion of placental cells. Importantly, HtrA4 is immunolocalized in EVTs at the maternal-fetal interface, and its expression is decreased by hypoxia and in preeclampsia, a pregnancy complication associated with placental hypoxia and shallow trophoblast invasion. We further demonstrate that HtrA4 interacts with syncytin-1 and suppresses cell-cell fusion. Therefore, HtrA4 may be crucial for EVT differentiation by playing a dual role in prevention of cell-cell fusion of EVTs and promotion of their invasion into the uterus. Our study reveals a novel function of GCM1 and HtrA4 in regulation of trophoblast invasion and that abnormal HrtA4 expression may contribute to shallow trophoblast invasion in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Jie Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Leng Cheong
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Shien Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ting Lee
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hungwen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
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Leduc K, Bourassa V, Asselin É, Leclerc P, Lafond J, Reyes-Moreno C. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Regulates Differentiation of Trophoblastlike BeWo Cells Through the Activation of JAK/STAT and MAPK3/1 MAP Kinase-Signaling Pathways1. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:54. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.094334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Suman P, Godbole G, Thakur R, Morales-Prieto DM, Modi DN, Markert UR, Gupta SK. AP-1 transcription factors, mucin-type molecules and MMPs regulate the IL-11 mediated invasiveness of JEG-3 and HTR-8/SVneo trophoblastic cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29745. [PMID: 22235337 PMCID: PMC3250480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the IL-11 mediated activation of downstream signaling and expression of effector molecules to resolve the controversies associated with the IL-11 mediated regulation of the invasiveness of two commonly used trophoblastic cell models viz. JEG-3 and HTR-8/SVneo cells. It has been reported that IL-11 increases the invasiveness of JEG-3 cells while, reduces the invasiveness of HTR-8/SVneo cells. Invasion assay performed simultaneously for both the cell lines confirmed the above findings. In addition, HTR-8/SVneo cells showed a higher basal invasiveness than JEG-3 cells. Western blot showed the IL-11 mediated activation of STAT3(tyr705) and STAT1(tyr701) in both the cell lines. However, IL-11 activated the ERK1/2 phosphorylation in JEG-3 cells but, inhibited it in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Within 10 min of IL-11 treatment, p-STAT3(tyr705) was localized inside the nucleus of both the cell lines but, there was enhanced co-localization of protein inhibitor of activated STAT1/3 (PIAS1/3) and p-STAT3(tyr705) in HTR-8/SVneo cells and not in JEG-3 cells. This could be reason for the poor responsiveness of STAT3 responsive genes like mucin 1 (MUC1) in HTR-8/SVneo cells and not in JEG-3 cells. Further, microarray analysis of the IL-11 treated cells revealed differential responsiveness of JEG-3 as compared to HTR-8/SVneo cells. Several family of genes like activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factors (Jun and Fos), mucin-type molecules, MMP23B etc showed enhanced expression in IL-11 treated JEG-3 cells while, there was no response or decrease in their expression in IL-11 treated HTR-8/SVneo cells. Expression of these molecules was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. In addition, HTR-8/SVneo cells also showed a significant decrease in the expression of MMP2, MMP3 and MMP9 upon IL-11 treatment. Hence, IL-11 mediated differential activation of signaling and expression of effector molecules is responsible for the differential invasive response of JEG-3 and HTR-8/SVneo cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Suman
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Geeta Godbole
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Ravi Thakur
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Diana M. Morales-Prieto
- Placenta Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Deepak N. Modi
- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Udo R. Markert
- Placenta Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Satish K. Gupta
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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Markert UR, Morales-Prieto DM, Fitzgerald JS. Understanding the link between the IL-6 cytokine family and pregnancy: implications for future therapeutics. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2011; 7:603-9. [PMID: 21895473 DOI: 10.1586/eci.11.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are involved in almost all processes during the menstrual cycle, the fertilization period and pregnancy. They are expressed in numerous reproduction-related body fluids and tissues. Disorders of cytokine expression patterns may cause pregnancy pathologies. Therefore, cytokines have the potential as new biomarkers in different body compartments for a variety of such pathologies. Furthermore, cytokines may also serve to treat fertility and pregnancy disorders. The IL-6-like family of cytokines is an intensively investigated group of cytokines with well-accepted functions in fertility and pregnancy. This article summarizes current knowledge on IL-6-like cytokines in regard of their role in reproduction and their potential for new strategies in the treatment of reproductive pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo R Markert
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital of Jena, Bachstrasse 18, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Ong PS, Chan SY, Ho PC. Microarray analysis revealed dysregulation of multiple genes associated with chemoresistance to As(2)O(3) and increased tumor aggressiveness in a newly established arsenic-resistant ovarian cancer cell line, OVCAR-3/AsR. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 45:367-78. [PMID: 22178533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The potential of arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) for use as a novel therapy for ovarian cancer treatment has been increasingly recognized. In this study, we developed an arsenic-resistant OVCAR-3 subline (OVCAR-3/AsR) and aimed to identify the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways contributing to the development of acquired arsenic chemoresistance in ovarian cancer. OVCAR-3/AsR cells were obtained following continual exposure of parental OVCAR-3 cells to low dose As(2)O(3) for 12months. Cytotoxicity of OVCAR-3/AsR cells to As(2)O(3), paclitaxel and cisplatin was investigated. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle distribution following As(2)O(3) treatment of OVCAR-3/AsR cells was also analyzed using flow cytometry. Subsequently, cDNA microarray analysis was performed from the RNA samples of OVCAR-3 and OVCAR-3/AsR cells in duplicate experiments. Microarray data were analyzed using Genespring® and Pathway Studio® Softwares. OVCAR-3/AsR cells showed 9-fold greater resistance to As(2)O(3) and lack of collateral resistance to cisplatin and paclitaxel. Compared with parental OVCAR-3 cells, OVCAR-3/AsR had significantly lower apoptotic rates following As(2)O(3) treatment. These cells were also arrested at both the S phase and G(2)/M phase of the cell cycle after exposure to high concentrations of As(2)O(3). Gene expression profiling revealed significant differences in expression levels of 397 genes between OVCAR-3/AsR and OVCAR-3 cells. The differentially regulated transcripts genes have functional ontologies related to continued cancer cell growth, cell survival, tumor metastasis and tumor aggressiveness. Additionally, numerous gene targets of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) transcription factor showed elevated expression in OVCAR-3/AsR cells. Subsequent pathway analysis further revealed a gene network involving interleukin 1-alpha (IL1A) in mediating the arsenic-resistant phenotype. These results showed that changes in multiple genes and an increased in tumor aggressiveness occurred during the development of acquired chemoresistance to As(2)O(3) in ovarian cancer cells. The functional relevance of these genetic changes should be validated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shi Ong
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117 543, Singapore.
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Prakash GJ, Suman P, Morales Prieto DM, Markert UR, Gupta SK. Leukaemia inhibitory factor mediated proliferation of HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells is dependent on activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Reprod Fertil Dev 2011; 23:714-24. [PMID: 21635820 DOI: 10.1071/rd10315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is one of the cytokines that is indispensable for embryo implantation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 in LIF-mediated proliferation of HTR-8/SVneo cells. Stimulation of HTR-8/SVneo cells with LIF (50 ng mL(-1)) resulted in an increase in cell proliferation (P < 0.05) via increased transition of cells to the G(2)/M phase of cell cycle. Stimulation with LIF resulted in the activation of both signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 Tyr(705) and ERK1/2, but inhibition of ERK1/2 signalling by pretreatment of cells with U0126 (10 µM) for 2h resulted in abrogation of LIF-mediated increases in G(2)/M transition, with a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in absolute cell numbers compared with control. Although STAT3 silencing had no effect on LIF-dependent proliferation of HTR-8/SVneo cells, it did result in an increase in cell apoptosis, which increased further upon inhibition of ERK1/2 activation irrespective of LIF stimulation. Stimulation of cells with LIF increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, whereas ERK1/2 inhibition decreased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, even after LIF stimulation. Hence, it can be inferred that ERK1/2 activation is essential for LIF-mediated increases in proliferation and that both STAT3 and ERK1/2 activation are important for the survival of HTR-8/SVneo cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golla Jaya Prakash
- Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
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