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Srivastava T, Nguyen H, Haden G, Diba P, Sowa S, LaNguyen N, Reed-Dustin W, Zhu W, Gong X, Harris EN, Baltan S, Back SA. TSG-6-Mediated Extracellular Matrix Modifications Regulate Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e2215232024. [PMID: 38569926 PMCID: PMC11112645 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2215-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans containing link domains modify the extracellular matrix (ECM) to regulate cellular homeostasis and can also sensitize tissues/organs to injury and stress. Hypoxic-ischemic (H-I) injury disrupts cellular homeostasis by activating inflammation and attenuating regeneration and repair pathways. In the brain, the main component of the ECM is the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid (HA), but whether HA modifications of the ECM regulate cellular homeostasis and response to H-I injury is not known. In this report, employing both male and female mice, we demonstrate that link-domain-containing proteoglycan, TNFα-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6), is active in the brain from birth onward and differentially modifies ECM HA during discrete neurodevelopmental windows. ECM HA modification by TSG-6 enables it to serve as a developmental switch to regulate the activity of the Hippo pathway effector protein, yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), in the maturing brain and in response to H-I injury. Mice that lack TSG-6 expression display dysregulated expression of YAP1 targets, excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1; glutamate-aspartate transporter) and 2 (EAAT2; glutamate transporter-1). Dysregulation of YAP1 activation in TSG-6-/- mice coincides with age- and sex-dependent sensitization of the brain to H-I injury such that 1-week-old neonates display an anti-inflammatory response in contrast to an enhanced proinflammatory injury reaction in 3-month-old adult males but not females. Our findings thus support that a key regulator of age- and sex-dependent H-I injury response in the mouse brain is modulation of the Hippo-YAP1 pathway by TSG-6-dependent ECM modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taasin Srivastava
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Hung Nguyen
- Division of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (APOM), Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Gage Haden
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Parham Diba
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Steven Sowa
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Norah LaNguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - William Reed-Dustin
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Wenbin Zhu
- Division of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (APOM), Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Xi Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Edward N Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Selva Baltan
- Division of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (APOM), Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Stephen A Back
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97239
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon 97239
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Jiang Y, Glasstetter LM, Lerman A, Lerman LO. TSG-6 (Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Stimulated Gene/Protein-6): An Emerging Remedy for Renal Inflammation. Hypertension 2023; 80:35-42. [PMID: 36367104 PMCID: PMC9742181 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response is a major pathological feature in most kidney diseases and often evokes compensatory mechanisms. Recent evidence suggests that TSG-6 (tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated gene/protein-6) plays a pivotal role in anti-inflammation in various renal diseases, including immune-mediated and nonimmune-mediated renal diseases. TSG-6 has a diverse repertoire of anti-inflammatory functions: it potentiates antiplasmin activity of IαI (inter-α-inhibitor) by binding to its light chain, crosslinks hyaluronan to promote its binding to cell surface receptor CD44, and thereby regulate the migration and adhesion of lymphocytes, inhibits chemokine-stimulated transendothelial migration of neutrophils by directly interacting with the glycosaminoglycan binding site of CXCL8 (CXC motif chemokine ligand-8), and upregulates COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) to produce anti-inflammatory metabolites. Hopefully, further developments can target this anti-inflammatory molecule to the kidney and harness its remedial properties. This review provides an overview of the emerging role of TSG-6 in blunting renal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Jiang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Logan M. Glasstetter
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Lilach O. Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Rizzo G, Rubbino F, Elangovan S, Sammarco G, Lovisa S, Restelli S, Pineda Chavez SE, Massimino L, Lamparelli L, Paulis M, Maroli A, Roda G, Shalaby M, Carvello M, Foppa C, Drummond SP, Spaggiari P, Ungaro F, Spinelli A, Malesci A, Repici A, Day AJ, Armuzzi A, Danese S, Vetrano S. Dysfunctional Extracellular Matrix Remodeling Supports Perianal Fistulizing Crohn's Disease by a Mechanoregulated Activation of the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 15:741-764. [PMID: 36521659 PMCID: PMC9898761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Perianal fistula represents one of the most disabling manifestations of Crohn's disease (CD) due to complete destruction of the affected mucosa, which is replaced by granulation tissue and associated with changes in tissue organization. To date, the molecular mechanisms underlying perianal fistula formation are not well defined. Here, we dissected the tissue changes in the fistula area and addressed whether a dysregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis can support fistula formation. METHODS Surgical specimens from perianal fistula tissue and the surrounding region of fistulizing CD were analyzed histologically and by RNA sequencing. Genes significantly modulated were validated by real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunofluorescence assays. The effect of the protein product of TNF-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) on cell morphology, phenotype, and ECM organization was investigated with endogenous lentivirus-induced overexpression of TSG-6 in Caco-2 cells and with exogenous addition of recombinant human TSG-6 protein to primary fibroblasts from region surrounding fistula. Proliferative and migratory assays were performed. RESULTS A markedly different organization of ECM was found across fistula and surrounding fistula regions with an increased expression of integrins and matrix metalloproteinases and hyaluronan (HA) staining in the fistula, associated with increased newly synthesized collagen fibers and mechanosensitive proteins. Among dysregulated genes associated with ECM, TNFAI6 (gene encoding for TSG-6) was as significantly upregulated in the fistula compared with area surrounding fistula, where it promoted the pathological formation of complexes between heavy chains from inter-alpha-inhibitor and HA responsible for the formation of a crosslinked ECM. There was a positive correlation between TNFAI6 expression and expression of mechanosensitive genes in fistula tissue. The overexpression of TSG-6 in Caco-2 cells promoted migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, transcription factor SNAI1, and HA synthase (HAs) levels, while in fibroblasts, isolated from the area surrounding the fistula, it promoted an activated phenotype. Moreover, the enrichment of an HA scaffold with recombinant human TSG-6 protein promoted collagen release and increase of SNAI1, ITGA4, ITGA42B, and PTK2B genes, the latter being involved in the transduction of responses to mechanical stimuli. CONCLUSIONS By mediating changes in the ECM organization, TSG-6 triggers the epithelial-mesenchymal transition transcription factor SNAI1 through the activation of mechanosensitive proteins. These data point to regulators of ECM as new potential targets for the treatment of CD perianal fistula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Rizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Federica Rubbino
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | - Giusy Sammarco
- IBD Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Sara Lovisa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy; IBD Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Silvia Restelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | | | - Luca Massimino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Lamparelli
- IBD Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Marianna Paulis
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, UOS Milan, National Research Council of Italy, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Maroli
- Colon and Rectal Surgery Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Giulia Roda
- IBD Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Mohammad Shalaby
- IBD Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Michele Carvello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy; Colon and Rectal Surgery Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Caterina Foppa
- Colon and Rectal Surgery Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Sheona P Drummond
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Spaggiari
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Federica Ungaro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonino Spinelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy; Colon and Rectal Surgery Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Alberto Malesci
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Repici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy; Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Armuzzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy; IBD Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Silvio Danese
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Vetrano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy; IBD Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy.
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Myofibroblasts: Function, Formation, and Scope of Molecular Therapies for Skin Fibrosis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081095. [PMID: 34439762 PMCID: PMC8391320 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are contractile, α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells with multiple roles in pathophysiological processes. Myofibroblasts mediate wound contractions, but their persistent presence in tissues is central to driving fibrosis, making them attractive cell targets for the development of therapeutic treatments. However, due to shared cellular markers with several other phenotypes, the specific targeting of myofibroblasts has long presented a scientific and clinical challenge. In recent years, myofibroblasts have drawn much attention among scientific research communities from multiple disciplines and specialisations. As further research uncovers the characterisations of myofibroblast formation, function, and regulation, the realisation of novel interventional routes for myofibroblasts within pathologies has emerged. The research community is approaching the means to finally target these cells, to prevent fibrosis, accelerate scarless wound healing, and attenuate associated disease-processes in clinical settings. This comprehensive review article describes the myofibroblast cell phenotype, their origins, and their diverse physiological and pathological functionality. Special attention has been given to mechanisms and molecular pathways governing myofibroblast differentiation, and updates in molecular interventions.
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Li X, Feng J, Sun Y, Li X. An Exploration of the Tumor Microenvironment Identified a Novel Five-Gene Model for Predicting Outcomes in Bladder Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:642527. [PMID: 34012914 PMCID: PMC8126988 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.642527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the top ten most common cancer types globally, accounting for approximately 7% of all male malignancies. In the last few decades, cancer research has focused on identifying oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Recent studies have revealed that the interplay between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in the initiation and development of cancer. However, the current knowledge regarding its effect on BC is scarce. This study aims to explore how the TME influences the development of BC. We focused on immune and stromal components, which represent the major components of TME. We found that the proportion of immune and stromal components within the TME was associated with the prognosis of BC. Furthermore, based on the scores of immune and stromal components, 811 TME-related differentially expressed genes were identified. Three subclasses with distinct biological features were divided based on these TME-genes. Finally, five prognostic genes were identified and used to develop a prognostic prediction model for BC patients based on TME-related genes. Additionally, we validated the prognostic value of the five-gene model using three independent cohorts. By further analyzing features based on the five-gene signature, higher CD8+ T cells, higher tumor mutational burden, and higher chemosensitivity were found in the low-risk group, which presented a better prognosis. In conclusion, our exploration comprehensively analyzed the TME and identified TME-related prognostic genes for BC, providing new insights into potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Li
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiahao Feng
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yazhou Sun
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
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DNA methylation profiling reveals new potential subtype-specific gene markers for early-stage renal cell carcinoma in caucasian population. QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.15302/j-qb-021-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yang L, Xing W, Xiao WZ, Tang L, Wang L, Liu MJ, Dai B. 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2- O-beta-d-glucoside induces autophagy-mediated apoptosis in hepatocytes by upregulating miR-122 and inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: implications for its hepatotoxicity. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:806-814. [PMID: 32881597 PMCID: PMC8641687 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1803367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The potential hepatotoxicity of Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR) has attracted much attention, but the specific mechanism of inducing hepatotoxicity is still unclear due to the complexity of its components. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the specific mechanism by which 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (TSG) regulates hepatotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The toxic effects of TSG (10, 100, 1000 μg/mL) on WRL-68 cells were examined using MTT, flow cytometry, and LDH assay after 24 h of incubation. Untreated cells served as the control. Gene and protein expression levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. Immunofluorescence analysis was conducted to investigate the expression of light chain 3 (LC3). Luciferase activity assay was used to assess the targeted regulation of RUNX1 by miR-122. RESULTS The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of TSG in WRL-68 cells was calculated as 1198.62 μg/mL. TSG (1000 μg/mL) inhibited cell viability and LDH activity and promoted WRL-68 cell apoptosis by inducing autophagy. Subsequent findings showed that TSG induced autophagy and promoted apoptosis in WRL-68 cells by downregulating the levels of p-PI3K, p-Akt, and p-mTOR proteins, while RUNX1 overexpression rescued this inhibition. Additionally, the effect of TSG on hepatocyte apoptosis was reversed by miR-122 knockdown. Furthermore, bioinformatics and dual luciferase reporter assay results indicated that miR-122 targeted RUNX1. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate for the first time that TSG regulates hepatotoxicity, possibly by upregulating miR-122 and inhibiting the RUNX1-mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway to promote autophagy and induce hepatocyte apoptosis. Further in vivo research is necessary to verify our conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Department of Preparations, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xing
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Wang-Zhong Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Lin Tang
- Department of Preparations, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Preparations, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Jiao Liu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Bing Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P.R. China
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Cox SN, Chiurlia S, Divella C, Rossini M, Serino G, Bonomini M, Sirolli V, Aiello FB, Zaza G, Squarzoni I, Gangemi C, Stangou M, Papagianni A, Haas M, Schena FP. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded renal biopsy tissues: an underexploited biospecimen resource for gene expression profiling in IgA nephropathy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15164. [PMID: 32938960 PMCID: PMC7494931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary IgA nephropathy (IgAN) diagnosis is based on IgA-dominant glomerular deposits and histological scoring is done on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue (FFPE) sections using the Oxford classification. Our aim was to use this underexploited resource to extract RNA and identify genes that characterize active (endocapillary–extracapillary proliferations) and chronic (tubulo-interstitial) renal lesions in total renal cortex. RNA was extracted from archival FFPE renal biopsies of 52 IgAN patients, 22 non-IgAN and normal renal tissue of 7 kidney living donors (KLD) as controls. Genome-wide gene expression profiles were obtained and biomarker identification was carried out comparing gene expression signatures a subset of IgAN patients with active (N = 8), and chronic (N = 12) renal lesions versus non-IgAN and KLD. Bioinformatic analysis identified transcripts for active (DEFA4,TNFAIP6,FAR2) and chronic (LTB,CXCL6, ITGAX) renal lesions that were validated by RT-PCR and IHC. Finally, two of them (TNFAIP6 for active and CXCL6 for chronic) were confirmed in the urine of an independent cohort of IgAN patients compared with non-IgAN patients and controls. We have integrated transcriptomics with histomorphological scores, identified specific gene expression changes using the invaluable repository of archival renal biopsies and discovered two urinary biomarkers that may be used for specific clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Natasha Cox
- Schena Foundation, Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Strada Provinciale Valenzano-Casamassima Km. 3.00, 70100, Valenzano, Bari, Italy. .,Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
| | - Samantha Chiurlia
- Schena Foundation, Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Strada Provinciale Valenzano-Casamassima Km. 3.00, 70100, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Chiara Divella
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Rossini
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Serino
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis", Research Hospital, 70013, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Mario Bonomini
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vittorio Sirolli
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesca B Aiello
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Isabella Squarzoni
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Concetta Gangemi
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Stangou
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Papagianni
- Department of Nephrology, Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mark Haas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Francesco Paolo Schena
- Schena Foundation, Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Strada Provinciale Valenzano-Casamassima Km. 3.00, 70100, Valenzano, Bari, Italy. .,Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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Midgley AC, Woods EL, Jenkins RH, Brown C, Khalid U, Chavez R, Hascall V, Steadman R, Phillips AO, Meran S. Hyaluronidase-2 Regulates RhoA Signaling, Myofibroblast Contractility, and Other Key Profibrotic Myofibroblast Functions. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1236-1255. [PMID: 32201263 PMCID: PMC7254050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronidase (HYAL)-2 is a weak, acid-active, hyaluronan-degrading enzyme broadly expressed in somatic tissues. Aberrant HYAL2 expression is implicated in diverse pathology. However, a significant proportion of HYAL2 is enzymatically inactive; thus the mechanisms through which HYAL2 dysregulation influences pathobiology are unclear. Recently, nonenzymatic HYAL2 functions have been described, and nuclear HYAL2 has been shown to influence mRNA splicing to prevent myofibroblast differentiation. Myofibroblasts drive fibrosis, thereby promoting progressive tissue damage and leading to multimorbidity. This study identifies a novel HYAL2 cytoplasmic function in myofibroblasts that is unrelated to its enzymatic activity. In fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, HYAL2 interacts with the GTPase-signaling small molecule ras homolog family member A (RhoA). Transforming growth factor beta 1–driven fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation promotes HYAL2 cytoplasmic relocalization to bind to the actin cytoskeleton. Cytoskeletal-bound HYAL2 functions as a key regulator of downstream RhoA signaling and influences profibrotic myofibroblast functions, including myosin light-chain kinase–mediated myofibroblast contractility, myofibroblast migration, myofibroblast collagen/fibronectin deposition, as well as connective tissue growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression. These data demonstrate that, in certain biological contexts, the nonenzymatic effects of HYAL2 are crucial in orchestrating RhoA signaling and downstream pathways that are important for full profibrotic myofibroblast functionality. In conjunction with previous data demonstrating the influence of HYAL2 on RNA splicing, these findings begin to explain the broad biological effects of HYAL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Midgley
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Systems Immunity URI, Division of Infection and Immunity, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Woods
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Systems Immunity URI, Division of Infection and Immunity, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Robert H Jenkins
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Systems Immunity URI, Division of Infection and Immunity, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Brown
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Systems Immunity URI, Division of Infection and Immunity, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Usman Khalid
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Systems Immunity URI, Division of Infection and Immunity, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael Chavez
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Systems Immunity URI, Division of Infection and Immunity, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Hascall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Robert Steadman
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Systems Immunity URI, Division of Infection and Immunity, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Aled O Phillips
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Systems Immunity URI, Division of Infection and Immunity, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Soma Meran
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Systems Immunity URI, Division of Infection and Immunity, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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Shin SB, Jang HR, Xu R, Won JY, Yim H. Active PLK1-driven metastasis is amplified by TGF-β signaling that forms a positive feedback loop in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogene 2020; 39:767-785. [PMID: 31548612 PMCID: PMC6976524 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Early findings that PLK1 is highly expressed in cancer have driven an exploration of its functions in metastasis. However, whether PLK1 induces metastasis in vivo and its underlying mechanisms in NSCLC have not yet been determined. Here, we show that the expression of active PLK1 phosphorylated at T210, abundant in TGF-β-treated lung cells, potently induced metastasis in a tail-vein injection model. Active PLK1 with intact polo-box and ATP-binding domains accelerated cell motility and invasiveness by triggering EMT reprogramming, whereas a phosphomimetic version of p-S137-PLK1 did not, indicating that the phosphorylation status of PLK1 may determine the cell traits. Active PLK1-driven invasiveness upregulated TGF-β signaling and TSG6 encoded by TNFAIP6. Loss of TNFAIP6 disturbed the metastatic activity induced by active PLK1 or TGF-β. Clinical relevance shows that PLK1 and TNFAIP6 are strong predictors of poor survival rates in metastatic NSCLC patients. Therefore, we suggest that active PLK1 promotes metastasis by upregulating TGF-β signaling, which amplifies its metastatic properties by forming a positive feedback loop and that the PLK1/TGF-β-driven metastasis is effectively blocked by targeting PLK1 and TSG6, providing PLK1 and TSG6 as negative markers for prognostics and therapeutic targets in metastatic NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol-Bi Shin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hay-Ran Jang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jae-Yeon Won
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hyungshin Yim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
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11
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Han SM, Ryu HM, Suh J, Lee KJ, Choi SY, Choi S, Kim YL, Huh JY, Ha H. Network-based integrated analysis of omics data reveal novel players of TGF-β1-induced EMT in human peritoneal mesothelial cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1497. [PMID: 30728376 PMCID: PMC6365569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term peritoneal dialysis is associated with progressive fibrosis of the peritoneum. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of mesothelial cells is an important mechanism involved in peritoneal fibrosis, and TGF-β1 is considered central in this process. However, targeting currently known TGF-β1-associated pathways has not proven effective to date. Therefore, there are still gaps in understanding the mechanisms underlying TGF-β1-associated EMT and peritoneal fibrosis. We conducted network-based integrated analysis of transcriptomic and proteomic data to systemically characterize the molecular signature of TGF-β1-stimulated human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs). To increase the power of the data, multiple expression datasets of TGF-β1-stimulated human cells were employed, and extended based on a human functional gene network. Dense network sub-modules enriched with differentially expressed genes by TGF-β1 stimulation were prioritized and genes of interest were selected for functional analysis in HPMCs. Through integrated analysis, ECM constituents and oxidative stress-related genes were shown to be the top-ranked genes as expected. Among top-ranked sub-modules, TNFAIP6, ZC3H12A, and NNT were validated in HPMCs to be involved in regulation of E-cadherin, ZO-1, fibronectin, and αSMA expression. The present data shows the validity of network-based integrated analysis in discovery of novel players in TGF-β1-induced EMT in peritoneal mesothelial cells, which may serve as new prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for peritoneal dialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Min Han
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Myung Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinjoo Suh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kong-Joo Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Youn Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Lim Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joo Young Huh
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Eikrem OS, Strauss P, Beisland C, Scherer A, Landolt L, Flatberg A, Leh S, Beisvag V, Skogstrand T, Hjelle K, Shresta A, Marti HP. Development and confirmation of potential gene classifiers of human clear cell renal cell carcinoma using next-generation RNA sequencing. Scand J Urol 2016; 50:452-462. [PMID: 27739342 DOI: 10.1080/21681805.2016.1238007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A previous study by this group demonstrated the feasibility of RNA sequencing (RNAseq) technology for capturing disease biology of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), and presented initial results for carbonic anhydrase-9 (CA9) and tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein-6 (TNFAIP6) as possible biomarkers of ccRCC (discovery set) [Eikrem et al. PLoS One 2016;11:e0149743]. To confirm these results, the previous study is expanded, and RNAseq data from additional matched ccRCC and normal renal biopsies are analyzed (confirmation set). MATERIALS AND METHODS Two core biopsies from patients (n = 12) undergoing partial or full nephrectomy were obtained with a 16 g needle. RNA sequencing libraries were generated with the Illumina TruSeq® Access library preparation protocol. Comparative analysis was done using linear modeling (voom/Limma; R Bioconductor). RESULTS The formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded discovery and confirmation data yielded 8957 and 11,047 detected transcripts, respectively. The two data sets shared 1193 of differentially expressed genes with each other. The average expression and the log2-fold changes of differentially expressed transcripts in both data sets correlated, with R² = .95 and R² = .94, respectively. Among transcripts with the highest fold changes were CA9, neuronal pentraxin-2 and uromodulin. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition was highlighted by differential expression of, for example, transforming growth factor-β1 and delta-like ligand-4. The diagnostic accuracy of CA9 was 100% and 93.9% when using the discovery set as the training set and the confirmation data as the test set, and vice versa, respectively. These data further support TNFAIP6 as a novel biomarker of ccRCC. TNFAIP6 had combined accuracy of 98.5% in the two data sets. CONCLUSIONS This study provides confirmatory data on the potential use of CA9 and TNFAIP6 as biomarkers of ccRCC. Thus, next-generation sequencing expands the clinical application of tissue analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oystein S Eikrem
- a Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,b Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Philipp Strauss
- a Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,b Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Christian Beisland
- a Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,c Department of Urology , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Andreas Scherer
- d Spheromics , Kontiolahti , Finland.,e Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Lea Landolt
- a Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Arnar Flatberg
- f Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Sabine Leh
- a Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,g Department of Pathology , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Vidar Beisvag
- f Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Trude Skogstrand
- a Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Karin Hjelle
- a Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,c Department of Urology , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Anjana Shresta
- a Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Hans-Peter Marti
- a Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,b Department of Medicine , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
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Martin J, Midgley A, Meran S, Woods E, Bowen T, Phillips AO, Steadman R. Tumor Necrosis Factor-stimulated Gene 6 (TSG-6)-mediated Interactions with the Inter-α-inhibitor Heavy Chain 5 Facilitate Tumor Growth Factor β1 (TGFβ1)-dependent Fibroblast to Myofibroblast Differentiation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:13789-801. [PMID: 27143355 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.670521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are central to wound healing and fibrosis through TGFβ1-triggered differentiation into contractile, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-positive myofibroblasts. This is mediated by accumulation of a pericellular matrix of hyaluronan (HA) and the HA-dependent co-localization of CD44 with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Interactions of HA with hyaladherins, such as inter-α-inhibitor (IαI) and tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6), are also essential for differentiation. This study investigated the mechanisms involved. TSG-6 and α-SMA had different kinetics of induction by TGFβ1, with TSG-6 peaking before α-SMA Si CD44 or EGFR inhibition prevented differentiation but had no effect on TSG-6 expression. TSG-6 was essential for differentiation, and mAb A38 (preventing IαI heavy chain (HC) transfer), HA-oligosaccharides, cobalt, or Si bikunin prevented TSG-6 activity, preventing differentiation. A38 also prevented the EGFR/CD44 association. This suggested that TSG-6/IαI HC interaction was necessary for the effect of TSG-6 and that HC stabilization of HA initiated the CD44/EGFR association. The newly described HC5 was shown to be the principal HC expressed, and its cell surface expression was prevented by siRNA inhibition of TSG-6 or bikunin. HC5 was released by hyaluronidase treatment, confirming its association with cell surface HA. Finally, HC5 knockdown by siRNA confirmed its role in myofibroblast differentiation. The current study describes a novel mechanism linking the TSG-6 transfer of the newly described HC5 to the HA-dependent control of cell phenotype. The interaction of HC5 with cell surface HA was essential for TGFβ1-dependent differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, highlighting its importance as a novel potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Martin
- From the Department of Nephrology, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Midgley
- From the Department of Nephrology, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Soma Meran
- From the Department of Nephrology, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Woods
- From the Department of Nephrology, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Bowen
- From the Department of Nephrology, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Aled O Phillips
- From the Department of Nephrology, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Steadman
- From the Department of Nephrology, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine and Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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An RNA interference screen identifies new avenues for nephroprotection. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:608-15. [PMID: 26564400 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury is a major public health problem, which is commonly caused by renal ischemia and is associated with a high risk of mortality and long-term disability. Efforts to develop a treatment for this condition have met with very limited success. We used an RNA interference screen to identify genes (BCL2L14, BLOC1S2, C2ORF42, CPT1A, FBP1, GCNT3, RHOB, SCIN, TACR1, and TNFAIP6) whose suppression improves survival of kidney epithelial cells in in vitro models of oxygen and glucose deprivation. Some of the genes also modulate the toxicity of cisplatin, an anticancer agent whose use is currently limited by nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of TACR1 product NK1R was protective in a model of mouse renal ischemia, attesting to the in vivo relevance of our findings. These data shed new light on the mechanisms of stress response in mammalian cells, and open new avenues to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with renal injury.
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Yao X, Meran S, Fang Y, Martin J, Midgley A, Pan MM, Liu BC, Cui SW, Phillips GO, Phillips AO. Cordyceps sinensis: In vitro anti-fibrotic bioactivity of natural and cultured preparations. Food Hydrocoll 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Chen L, Neville RD, Michael DR, Martin J, Luo DD, Thomas DW, Phillips AO, Bowen T. Identification and analysis of the human hyaluronan synthase 1 gene promoter reveals Smad3- and Sp3-mediated transcriptional induction. Matrix Biol 2012; 31:373-9. [PMID: 23123404 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous mammalian extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of cell phenotype in fibrosis and scarring. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) up-regulate hyaluronan synthase (HAS) 1 and HAS2 in dermal fibroblasts and renal proximal tubular epithelial cells, and subsequent HA synthesis regulates cell phenotype. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of HAS1 transcriptional up-regulation in response to these cytokines. We used 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends analysis to identify the 5' end of HAS1 transcripts, resulting in an increase of 26 nucleotides to the HAS1 exon 1 sequence of reference sequence NM_001523. Constitutive luciferase activity of upstream DNA sequences was shown in luciferase reporter assays, but our reporter vector signals were refractory to the addition of TGF-β1 and IL-1β. Using siRNAs to knockdown transcription factor mRNAs, we showed that TGF-β1 up-regulation of HAS1 transcription was mediated via Smad3 but not Smad2, while HAS1 induction by IL-1β was Sp3, not Sp1, dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Section of Nephrology, Matrix Biology Research Group, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Chen J, Matzuk MM, Zhou XJ, Lu CY. Endothelial pentraxin 3 contributes to murine ischemic acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2012; 82:1195-207. [PMID: 22895517 PMCID: PMC3499641 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a receptor for damage-associated molecular pattern molecules and also the lipopolysaccharide receptor, is required for early endothelial activation leading to maximal inflammation and injury during murine ischemic acute kidney injury. DNA microarray analysis of ischemic kidneys from TLR4-sufficient and -deficient mice showed that pentraxin 3 (PTX3) was upregulated only on the former while transgenic knockout of PTX3 ameliorated acute kidney injury. PTX3 was expressed predominantly on peritubular endothelia of the outer medulla of the kidney in control mice. Acute kidney injury increased PTX3 protein in the kidney and the plasma where it may be a biomarker of the injury. Stimulation by hydrogen peroxide, or the TLR4 ligands recombinant human high-mobility group protein B1 or lipopolysaccharide, induced PTX3 expression in the Mile Sven 1 endothelial cell line and in primary renal endothelial cells, suggesting that endothelial PTX3 was induced by pathways involving TLR4 and reactive oxygen species. This increase was inhibited by conditional endothelial knockout of myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88, a mediator of a TLR4 intracellular signaling pathway. Compared to wild-type mice, PTX3 knockout mice had decreased endothelial expression of cell adhesion molecules at 4 h of reperfusion, possibly contributing to a decreased early maladaptive inflammation in the kidneys of knockout mice. At 24 h of reperfusion, PTX3 knockout increased expression of endothelial adhesion molecules when regulatory and reparative leukocytes enter the kidney. Thus, endothelial PTX3 plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of ischemic acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8856, USA
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