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Kepple D, Pestana K, Tomida J, Abebe A, Golassa L, Lo E. Alternative Invasion Mechanisms and Host Immune Response to Plasmodium vivax Malaria: Trends and Future Directions. Microorganisms 2020; 9:E15. [PMID: 33374596 PMCID: PMC7822457 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax malaria is a neglected tropical disease, despite being more geographically widespread than any other form of malaria. The documentation of P. vivax infections in different parts of Africa where Duffy-negative individuals are predominant suggested that there are alternative pathways for P. vivax to invade human erythrocytes. Duffy-negative individuals may be just as fit as Duffy-positive individuals and are no longer resistant to P.vivax malaria. In this review, we describe the complexity of P. vivax malaria, characterize pathogenesis and candidate invasion genes of P. vivax, and host immune responses to P. vivax infections. We provide a comprehensive review on parasite ligands in several Plasmodium species that further justify candidate genes in P. vivax. We also summarize previous genomic and transcriptomic studies related to the identification of ligand and receptor proteins in P. vivax erythrocyte invasion. Finally, we identify topics that remain unclear and propose future studies that will greatly contribute to our knowledge of P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kepple
- Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (K.P.); (J.T.)
| | - Kareen Pestana
- Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (K.P.); (J.T.)
| | - Junya Tomida
- Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (K.P.); (J.T.)
| | - Abnet Abebe
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa 1000, Ethiopia;
| | - Lemu Golassa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 1000, Ethiopia;
| | - Eugenia Lo
- Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (K.P.); (J.T.)
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Ngoubangoye B, Boundenga L, Arnathau C, Mombo IM, Durand P, Tsoumbou TA, Otoro BV, Sana R, Okouga AP, Moukodoum N, Willaume E, Herbert A, Fouchet D, Rougeron V, Bâ CT, Ollomo B, Paupy C, Leroy EM, Renaud F, Pontier D, Prugnolle F. The host specificity of ape malaria parasites can be broken in confined environments. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:737-44. [PMID: 27486075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed a large diversity of Plasmodium spp. among African great apes. Some of these species are related to Plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent agent of human malaria (subgenus Laverania), and others to Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium vivax (subgenus Plasmodium), three other human malaria agents. Laverania parasites exhibit strict host specificity in their natural environment. Plasmodium reichenowi, Plasmodium billcollinsi, Plasmodium billbrayi and Plasmodium gaboni infect only chimpanzees, while Plasmodium praefalciparum, Plasmodium blacklocki and Plasmodium adleri are restricted to gorillas and Plasmodium falciparum is pandemic in humans. This host specificity may be due to genetic and/or environmental factors. Infrastructures hosting captive primates, such as sanctuaries and health centres, usually concentrate different primate species, thus favouring pathogen exchanges. Using molecular tools, we analysed blood samples from captive non-human primates living in Gabon to evaluate the risk of Plasmodium spp. transfers between host species. We also included blood samples from workers taking care of primates to assess whether primate-human parasite transfers occurred. We detected four transfers of Plasmodium from gorillas towards chimpanzees, one from chimpanzees to gorillas, three from humans towards chimpanzees and one from humans to mandrills. No simian Plasmodium was found in the blood samples from humans working with primates. These findings demonstrate that the genetic barrier that determines the apparent host specificity of Laverania is not completely impermeable and that parasite exchanges between gorillas and chimpanzees are possible in confined environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barthélémy Ngoubangoye
- Centre de Primatologie, CIRMF, B.P. 769, Franceville, Gabon; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR5558, Université Lyon 1, France; LabEx ECOFECT, Eco-evolutionary Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, University of Lyon, France.
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Unité de Biodiversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Parasites, CIRMF, B.P. 769, Franceville, Gabon; Laboratoire d'Écologie et Biologie Evolutive, Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, BP5005, Senegal.
| | - Céline Arnathau
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UM-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, IRD Montpellier, France
| | - Illich Manfred Mombo
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UM-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, IRD Montpellier, France; Département de Zoonoses et maladies émergentes, CIRMF, B.P. 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Patrick Durand
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UM-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, IRD Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Rick Sana
- Centre de Primatologie, CIRMF, B.P. 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Alain-Prince Okouga
- Unité de Biodiversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Parasites, CIRMF, B.P. 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Nancy Moukodoum
- Unité de Biodiversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Parasites, CIRMF, B.P. 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Eric Willaume
- Parc de La Lékédi, Société d'Exploitation du Parc de La Lékédi/Entreprise de Recherche et d'Activités Métallurgiques/Compagnie Minière de l'Ogooué, BP 52, Bakoumba, Gabon
| | - Anaïs Herbert
- Centre de Primatologie, CIRMF, B.P. 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - David Fouchet
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR5558, Université Lyon 1, France; LabEx ECOFECT, Eco-evolutionary Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, University of Lyon, France
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- Unité de Biodiversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Parasites, CIRMF, B.P. 769, Franceville, Gabon; Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UM-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, IRD Montpellier, France
| | - Cheikh Tidiane Bâ
- Laboratoire d'Écologie et Biologie Evolutive, Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, BP5005, Senegal
| | - Benjamin Ollomo
- Unité de Biodiversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Parasites, CIRMF, B.P. 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Christophe Paupy
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UM-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, IRD Montpellier, France
| | - Eric M Leroy
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UM-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, IRD Montpellier, France
| | - François Renaud
- Unité de Biodiversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Parasites, CIRMF, B.P. 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Dominique Pontier
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR5558, Université Lyon 1, France; LabEx ECOFECT, Eco-evolutionary Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, University of Lyon, France
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Unité de Biodiversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Parasites, CIRMF, B.P. 769, Franceville, Gabon; Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UM-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, IRD Montpellier, France
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Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte-binding antigen-175 are associated with protection from clinical malaria. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011; 30:1037-42. [PMID: 21817955 PMCID: PMC3222715 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e31822d1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies to blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum antigens have been associated with protection against clinical malaria in some studies but not others. Many of these studies have not assessed whether high-titer antibodies are associated with protection and have not adjusted for differences in malaria exposure. METHODS The presence of high-titer antibodies to apical membrane antigen-1, erythrocyte-binding antigen-175 (EBA-175), and merozoite surface protein-1₁₉ (MSP-1₁₉) was assessed in 87 children living in a malaria holoendemic area of Kenya. The children were prospectively assessed during 1 year for clinical malaria. RESULTS In unadjusted analyses, high-titer antibodies to MSP-1₁₉, but not EBA-175 or apical membrane antigen-1, were associated with protection from clinical malaria. However, after adjustment for exposure, only high-titer antibodies to EBA-175 were associated with protection from clinical malaria (hazard ratio, 0.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24, 0.95; P = 0.03), and with reduced episodes of clinical malaria (incidence rate ratio, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.31, 0.81; P = 0.005). A trend toward increased protection from clinical malaria in children was seen with antibodies to both EBA-175 and MSP-1₁₉ (hazard ratio, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.03, 1.94; P = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS High-titer antibodies to EBA-175 are associated with protection from clinical malaria in children in a malaria holoendemic area of Kenya. Accurate estimates of antibody-associated protection from clinical malaria require adjustment for malaria exposure.
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Rodriguez LE, Curtidor H, Urquiza M, Cifuentes G, Reyes C, Patarroyo ME. Intimate Molecular Interactions of P. falciparum Merozoite Proteins Involved in Invasion of Red Blood Cells and Their Implications for Vaccine Design. Chem Rev 2008; 108:3656-705. [DOI: 10.1021/cr068407v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hernando Curtidor
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Carrera 50 No. 26-00, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Urquiza
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Carrera 50 No. 26-00, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Gladys Cifuentes
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Carrera 50 No. 26-00, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Claudia Reyes
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Carrera 50 No. 26-00, Bogotá, Colombia
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Patarroyo ME, Patarroyo MA. Emerging rules for subunit-based, multiantigenic, multistage chemically synthesized vaccines. Acc Chem Res 2008; 41:377-86. [PMID: 18266328 DOI: 10.1021/ar700120t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Seventeen million people die of transmittable diseases and 2/3 of the world's population suffer them annually. Malaria, tuberculosis, AIDS, hepatitis, and reemerging and new diseases are a great threat to humankind. A logical and rational approach for vaccine development is thus desperately needed. Protein chemistry provides the best tools for tackling these problems. The tremendous complexity of microbes, the different pathways they use for invading host cells, and the immune responses they induce can only be resolved by using the minimum subunit-based (chemically produced approximately 20-mer peptides), multiantigenic (most proteins involved in invasion), multistage (different invasion mechanisms) vaccine development approach. The most lethal form of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum (killing 3 million and affecting 500 million people worldwide annually) was used as target disease since many of its proteins, its invasion pathways, and its genome have been described recently. A New World primate (the Aotus monkey) is highly susceptibly to human malaria; its immune system molecules are 80-100% identical to those of its human counterpart, making it an excellent model for vaccine development. Chemically synthesized approximately 20-mer peptides, covering all the P. falciparum malaria proteins involved in red blood cell (RBC) invasion were synthesized by the classical t-Boc technology (based on synthetic SPf66 antimalarial vaccine information for identifying targets) and assayed in a highly sensitive, specific, and robust test for detecting receptor-ligand interactions between high-activity binding peptides (HABPs) and RBCs. HABPs were identified, some in which the molecule displays genetic variability (to be discarded due to their tremendous complexity) and elicits a strain-specific immune response and others that are conserved (no amino acid sequence variation). Conserved HABPs were synthesized in a polymeric form by adding cysteines at their N- and C-terminal ends to be used for monkey immunization. They became nonimmunogenic (no antibodies were induced) nonprotection inducers (monkeys were not protected against P. falciparum malaria challenge with a highly infective strain) suggesting a code of immunological silence or nonresponsiveness for these conserved HABPs. A large number of monkey trials involving a considerable number of Aotus monkeys were performed to break this code of immunological silence by replacing critical residues (determined by glycine peptide analogue scanning) to find that the following amino acid changes had to be made to render them antibody and protection inducing: F<-->R; W<-->Y; L<-->H; I<-->N; M<-->K; P<-->D; Q<-->E; C<-->T. The three-dimensional (3D) structure of >100 of these native modified HABPs (determined by (1)H NMR) revealed that the following structural changes had all to be achieved to allow a better fit into the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II)-peptide-TCR complex to properly activate the immune system: alpha-helix shortening, modifying their beta-turn, adopting segmental alpha-helix configuration, changing residue orientation, and increasing the distance of those residues fitting into the MHC II molecules from antigen-presenting cells. More than 100 such highly immunogenic, protection-inducing (against P. falciparum malaria) modified HABPs have been identified to date with this methodology, showing that it could lead to developing a highly effective subunit-based, multiantigenic, multistage synthetic vaccine against diseases scourging humankind, malaria being one of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel E. Patarroyo
- Fundacion Instituto de Inmunologia de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia, and Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Manuel A. Patarroyo
- Fundacion Instituto de Inmunologia de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia, and Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
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Reyes C, Patarroyo ME, Vargas LE, Rodríguez LE, Patarroyo MA. Functional, structural, and immunological compartmentalisation of malaria invasive proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 354:363-71. [PMID: 17239816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.12.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conserved Plasmodium falciparum merozoite high activity binding peptides (HABPs) involved in red blood cell (RBC) invasion which are present in merozoite surface proteins (MSPs) involved in attachment, rolling over RBC, those derived from soluble proteins loosely bound to the membrane, and those present in microneme and rhoptry organelles have an alpha-helical structure and bind with high affinity to HLA-DR52 molecules. On the contrary, conserved HABPs belonging to molecules anchored to the membrane by a GPI tail, or a transmembranal region, or those molecules presenting PEXEL motifs have a strand, turn or unordered configuration and bind with high affinity to HLA-DR53 molecules. Such functional, cellular, structural, and immunological compartmentalisation has tremendous implications in subunit-based, multi-epitope, synthetic, anti-malarial vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Reyes
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50#26-00, Bogota, Colombia
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Lanzillotti R, Coetzer TL. The 10 kDa domain of human erythrocyte protein 4.1 binds the Plasmodium falciparum EBA-181 protein. Malar J 2006; 5:100. [PMID: 17087826 PMCID: PMC1635724 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-5-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium falciparum parasites represents a key mechanism during malaria pathogenesis. Erythrocyte binding antigen-181 (EBA-181) is an important invasion protein, which mediates a unique host cell entry pathway. A novel interaction between EBA-181 and human erythrocyte membrane protein 4.1 (4.1R) was recently demonstrated using phage display technology. In the current study, recombinant proteins were utilized to define and characterize the precise molecular interaction between the two proteins. Methods 4.1R structural domains (30, 16, 10 and 22 kDa domain) and the 4.1R binding region in EBA-181 were synthesized in specific Escherichia coli strains as recombinant proteins and purified using magnetic bead technology. Recombinant proteins were subsequently used in blot-overlay and histidine pull-down assays to determine the binding domain in 4.1R. Results Blot overlay and histidine pull-down experiments revealed specific interaction between the 10 kDa domain of 4.1R and EBA-181. Binding was concentration dependent as well as saturable and was abolished by heat denaturation of 4.1R. Conclusion The interaction of EBA-181 with the highly conserved 10 kDa domain of 4.1R provides new insight into the molecular mechanisms utilized by P. falciparum during erythrocyte entry. The results highlight the potential multifunctional role of malaria invasion proteins, which may contribute to the success of the pathogenic stage of the parasite's life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Lanzillotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, National Health Laboratory Service, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
| | - Theresa L Coetzer
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, National Health Laboratory Service, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa
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Vera-Bravo R, Torres E, Valbuena JJ, Ocampo M, Rodríguez LE, Puentes A, García JE, Curtidor H, Cortés J, Vanegas M, Rivera ZJ, Díaz A, Calderon MN, Patarroyo MA, Patarroyo ME. Characterising Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv1510c protein and determining its sequences that specifically bind to two target cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 332:771-81. [PMID: 15907793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The process of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of the macrophage implies a very little-known initial recognition and adherence step, important for mycobacterial survival; many proteins even remain like hypothetical. The Rv1510c gene, encoding a putatively conserved membrane protein, was investigated by analysing the M. tuberculosis genome sequence data reported by Cole et al. and a previous report that used PCR assays to show that the Rv1510 gene was only present in M. tuberculosis. This article confirmed all the above and identified the transcribed gene in M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium africanum, and in M. tuberculosis clinical isolates. Antibodies raised against peptides from this protein recognised a 44 kDa band, corresponding to Rv1510c theoretical mass (44,294 Da). Assays involving synthetic peptides covering the whole protein binding to U937 and A549 cell lines led to recognising five high activity binding peptides in the Rv1510 protein: 11094, 11095, 11105, 11108, and 11111. Their affinity constants and Hill coefficients were determined by using U937 cells. Cross-linking assays performed with some of these HABPs showed that they specifically bound to a U937 cell line 51 kDa protein, but not to Hep G2 or red blood cell proteins, showing this interaction's specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Vera-Bravo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 50, No 26-00, Bogotá, Colombia.
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